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class="meta-information"> <div class="data"> </div> </div> <div class="summary">High-Energy astrophysics deals with phenomena which occur at the end of the stellar lifetime, like supernova explosions, neutron stars, and stellar black holes. Far outside our own Galaxy, the X-ray and Gamma-ray sky is dominated by active galaxies (radio galaxies, Seyfert galaxies, and quasars) with accreting supermassive black holes in their centers and by clusters of galaxies, the largest physical formations of our universe. Also, normal stars and galaxies can be studied with modern X-ray telescopes. And even comets and planets in the solar system are seen in X-rays. The research activities of the high-energy group cover all these high-energetic phenomena.</div> <div class="box-grey"> <div class="teaser-extension teaser teaser-horizontal horizontal"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="text-box"> <div class="meta-information "> <h3> </h3> <div class="data"> </div> </div> <div class="description"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-grey"> <div class="teaser-extension teaser teaser-horizontal vertical"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="img-box"> <a href="/1348352/Black_Hole_Evolution"><picture class=" deferred-picture" data-iesrc="/6868473/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NDczfQ%3D%3D--195b7a4d7bd63bf3e7c62b9445d55f787d1a05aa" data-alt="Supermassive Black Hole Evolution" data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" 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type="image/jpeg" data-srcset="/6868473/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NDczfQ%3D%3D--195b7a4d7bd63bf3e7c62b9445d55f787d1a05aa 190w, /6868473/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzgwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjI4NSwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NDczfQ%3D%3D--a0481de8eea4f83a93a3ca32386185089142bdec 380w" /><img alt="Supermassive Black Hole Evolution" data-src="/6868473/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NDczfQ%3D%3D--195b7a4d7bd63bf3e7c62b9445d55f787d1a05aa" class="img-responsive" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-9 mt-2 mt-md-0"> <div class="text-box"> <div class="meta-information "> <h3> <a href="/1348352/Black_Hole_Evolution">Supermassive Black Hole Evolution</a> </h3> <div class="data"> <span class="attribute date"></span> </div> </div> <div class="description"> In the past decade, studies of the local Universe have established the presence of supermassive black holes (SMBH) in the nuclei of virtually all galaxies with a bulge/spheroidal component, dramatically changing our perception of this class of objects, and implying a clear relationship between the growth of SMBH and that of the galaxy. Because the cosmological growth of SMBHs is mostly due to accretion of matter during active phases and the energy released in the process of accretion can be higher than the total binding energy of a massive galaxy, active galactic nuclei (AGN) can in principle have a profound effect on the galaxy formation and evolution processes. X-ray emission offers a unique signpost of accretion of matter onto the supermassive black holes in AGN, being able to penetrate through obscuring material and overcome light from stellar processes. Investigating whether and how nuclear black holes influence their host galaxies, and vice versa, has been and remains to be a major focus in the activity of the MPE HE Group. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-grey"> <div class="teaser-extension teaser teaser-horizontal vertical"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="img-box"> <a href="/2040034/clusters_and_groups_of_galaxies"><picture class=" deferred-picture" data-iesrc="/6868485/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NDg1fQ%3D%3D--074e4eb977c0304212e9ddb0b4bd4a975f70abf3" data-alt="Clusters and Groups of Galaxies" data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E 1w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" 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/6868485/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzgwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjI4NSwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NDg1fQ%3D%3D--b982847612cf6beb1ba82b354912d264a1f8d091 380w" /><img alt="Clusters and Groups of Galaxies" data-src="/6868485/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NDg1fQ%3D%3D--074e4eb977c0304212e9ddb0b4bd4a975f70abf3" class="img-responsive" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-9 mt-2 mt-md-0"> <div class="text-box"> <div class="meta-information "> <h3> <a href="/2040034/clusters_and_groups_of_galaxies">Clusters and Groups of Galaxies</a> </h3> <div class="data"> <span class="attribute date"></span> </div> </div> <div class="description"> Clusters and groups of galaxies are the largest objects in the universe which are bound together by gravitational attraction. When viewed in the optical waveband, they consist of 10s to 1000s of galaxies. However, most of the mass in a cluster is in the form of unseen dark matter, which can only be studied indirectly. The galaxies make up only a small fraction of the normal, light-emitting matter in a cluster. Most of that matter is in the form of a hot plasma at 10s of millions of degrees, that emits brightly by its X-ray emission. Therefore X-ray observations of clusters are vital in finding them and studying their nature. In the MPE HE Group we are engaged in making surveys of galaxy clusters, as their distribution tells us a great deal about the evolution of the universe. In addition, we also study clusters themselves, as they are fascinating massive laboratories where we can study the physics of dark matter, black holes, hot plasmas, accelerated particles and cold gas. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-grey"> <div class="teaser-extension teaser teaser-horizontal vertical"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="img-box"> <a href="/1048427/CompactObjects"><picture class=" deferred-picture" data-iesrc="/6868497/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NDk3fQ%3D%3D--69946838441868be1fb26c65f4fa73573c920338" data-alt="Compact Objects and Extreme Astrophysics" data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E 1w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" 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sizes="190px" type="image/webp" data-srcset="/6868497/original-1517424237.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoid2VicCIsInF1YWxpdHkiOjg2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjY4Njg0OTd9--c256d75c050172edf21a5cad5aa15eb84a03d4b5 190w, /6868497/original-1517424237.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzgwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjI4NSwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoid2VicCIsIm9ial9pZCI6Njg2ODQ5N30%3D--e1cca9ff9249576f67d8ed36382d8a4465e9f36c 380w" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E 1w" sizes="190px" type="image/jpeg" data-srcset="/6868497/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NDk3fQ%3D%3D--69946838441868be1fb26c65f4fa73573c920338 190w, /6868497/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzgwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjI4NSwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NDk3fQ%3D%3D--d58a1bf119b037facaac3f1c3a82548a7ce92649 380w" /><img alt="Compact Objects and Extreme Astrophysics" data-src="/6868497/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NDk3fQ%3D%3D--69946838441868be1fb26c65f4fa73573c920338" class="img-responsive" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-9 mt-2 mt-md-0"> <div class="text-box"> <div class="meta-information "> <h3> <a href="/1048427/CompactObjects">Compact Objects and Extreme Astrophysics</a> </h3> <div class="data"> <span class="attribute date"></span> </div> </div> <div class="description"> The most compact and extreme objects in the Universe, e.g., black holes and neutron stars, give rise to some of the most violent and energetic phenomena known to mankind. Research in the High-Energy Group of the MPE specifically focusses on a few key aspects, such as accretion, strong gravity, and gamma-ray bursts. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-grey"> <div class="teaser-extension teaser teaser-horizontal vertical"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="img-box"> <a href="/2040064/galaxy_structure_ISM"><picture class=" deferred-picture" data-iesrc="/6868509/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NTA5fQ%3D%3D--4b4e8fbd90093d61f6d8d9860eb83bf831ce31fe" data-alt="Galaxy Structures and the ISM" data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E 1w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" 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sizes="190px" type="image/webp" data-srcset="/6868509/original-1517424237.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoid2VicCIsInF1YWxpdHkiOjg2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjY4Njg1MDl9--3af5256986700fcc5c1e73be17cf22785be9c394 190w, /6868509/original-1517424237.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzgwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjI4NSwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoid2VicCIsIm9ial9pZCI6Njg2ODUwOX0%3D--ace810100dd0844be8ae6a42caf1116c553d102d 380w" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E 1w" sizes="190px" type="image/jpeg" data-srcset="/6868509/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NTA5fQ%3D%3D--4b4e8fbd90093d61f6d8d9860eb83bf831ce31fe 190w, /6868509/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzgwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjI4NSwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NTA5fQ%3D%3D--3bbf55849c421d0af4eb32808589ab8f7597112d 380w" /><img alt="Galaxy Structures and the ISM" data-src="/6868509/original-1517424237.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NTA5fQ%3D%3D--4b4e8fbd90093d61f6d8d9860eb83bf831ce31fe" class="img-responsive" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-9 mt-2 mt-md-0"> <div class="text-box"> <div class="meta-information "> <h3> <a href="/2040064/galaxy_structure_ISM">Galaxy Structures and the ISM</a> </h3> <div class="data"> <span class="attribute date"></span> </div> </div> <div class="description"> The interstellar medium with its structure and dynamics plays a key role in galactic evolution, being the birthplace of stars. At MPE star formation and its interstellar conditions and signatures are studied by our colleagues in the infrared group, while the high-energy group studies the terminal stages of stellar evolution and their impacts on the hot, dynamic, and relativistic phases of the interstellar medium. Stellar outputs, their wind and explosion energies and their ejecta lead to bubbles and superbubbles up to 1 kpc in size, they thus shape the state and dynamics of interstellar gas. Magnetic field configurations follow from this and determine observable radiation such as, e.g., synchrotron emission. High energy astronomy provides more observational tools through emission from relativistic particles in the ISM, and from interstellar radioactivities, in addition to the thermal emission which still can be traced up to X-ray energies. Lessons from specific emission processes, and from source regions and its objects, are transferred to populations of sources or entire galaxies. This connects these nearby universe studies to surveys of the more distant universe and to models of stellar and galaxy evolution. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-grey"> <div class="teaser-extension teaser teaser-horizontal horizontal"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="img-box"> <a href="/solarsystem"><picture class=" deferred-picture" data-iesrc="/6868521/original-1527584616.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NTIxfQ%3D%3D--0772cb17848fa3e5e4bf027dec7ca2ce222118c2" data-alt="Planets and Solar System" data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E 1w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" 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sizes="190px" type="image/webp" data-srcset="/6868521/original-1527584616.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoid2VicCIsInF1YWxpdHkiOjg2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjY4Njg1MjF9--862734407a843b4d9ece38d09023b118e6fb592f 190w, /6868521/original-1527584616.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzgwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjI4NSwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoid2VicCIsIm9ial9pZCI6Njg2ODUyMX0%3D--16df03191a8b94e33a7c1e36eb5cd295715c7eaa 380w" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E 1w" sizes="190px" type="image/jpeg" data-srcset="/6868521/original-1527584616.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NTIxfQ%3D%3D--0772cb17848fa3e5e4bf027dec7ca2ce222118c2 190w, /6868521/original-1527584616.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzgwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjI4NSwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NTIxfQ%3D%3D--c67982fed844a53e6c1ee3c2b10479886aef6763 380w" /><img alt="Planets and Solar System" data-src="/6868521/original-1527584616.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NTIxfQ%3D%3D--0772cb17848fa3e5e4bf027dec7ca2ce222118c2" class="img-responsive" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-9 mt-2 mt-md-0"> <div class="text-box"> <div class="meta-information "> <h3> <a href="/solarsystem">Planets and Solar System</a> </h3> <div class="data"> <span class="attribute date"></span> </div> </div> <div class="description"> Solar system X-ray research has experienced a boost during the last two decades. Before 1996, Sun, Earth, Moon, and Jupiter were the only solar system X-ray sources known. Since then, this number has considerably increased, including now also Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn, the Jovian moons Io and Europa, the Io plasma torus, the rings of Saturn, two asteroids, as well as comets as an unexpected new class, and even the heliosphere itself. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-grey"> <div class="teaser-extension teaser teaser-horizontal vertical"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="img-box"> <a href="/2040079/detector_devel"><picture class=" deferred-picture" data-iesrc="/6868533/original-1517424238.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NTMzfQ%3D%3D--774a7642bfc871f1535c9d8c1681bae10f7e2e2c" data-alt="X-ray Detector Development" data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E 1w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" 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sizes="190px" type="image/webp" data-srcset="/6868533/original-1517424238.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoid2VicCIsInF1YWxpdHkiOjg2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjY4Njg1MzN9--d5cd7e3aa4a6785f6f3d395c58a15785761eba15 190w, /6868533/original-1517424238.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzgwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjI4NSwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoid2VicCIsIm9ial9pZCI6Njg2ODUzM30%3D--712b64c97eff86242fe752fc050483edc69db4ac 380w" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E 1w" sizes="190px" type="image/jpeg" data-srcset="/6868533/original-1517424238.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NTMzfQ%3D%3D--774a7642bfc871f1535c9d8c1681bae10f7e2e2c 190w, 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eROSITA project and the DEPFET active pixel detectors for the WFI instrument of ATHENA. While the eROSITA has reached its final phase of development, ATHENA has recently started. Two different detectors concepts have been chosen to fulfil the diverse specifications of the projects optimally. However, both detector developments have in common their application for spectroscopy and imaging of X-ray photons on a space telescope with high time resolution and excellent quantum efficiency. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-grey"> <div class="teaser-extension teaser teaser-horizontal vertical"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="img-box"> <picture class=" deferred-picture" data-iesrc="/6868545/original-1517424238.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTkwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjE0MiwiZml0IjoiY3JvcCIsImZpbGVfZXh0ZW5zaW9uIjoianBnIiwib2JqX2lkIjo2ODY4NTQ1fQ%3D%3D--2327422b18b6c64b8e580893f1769677e6260360" data-alt="X-ray Optics Development" data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E 1w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" 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