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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">11th-century illuminated Gospel Book</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_des_Codex_Aureus_Epternacensis_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Meister_des_Codex_Aureus_Epternacensis_001.jpg/250px-Meister_des_Codex_Aureus_Epternacensis_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Meister_des_Codex_Aureus_Epternacensis_001.jpg/375px-Meister_des_Codex_Aureus_Epternacensis_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Meister_des_Codex_Aureus_Epternacensis_001.jpg/500px-Meister_des_Codex_Aureus_Epternacensis_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2955" /></a><figcaption>Folio 78 recto from the Codex Aureus of Echternach, <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_and_Dives" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarus and Dives">Lazarus and Dives</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg/220px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg/330px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg/440px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2703" /></a><figcaption>Text page (Mt 4:22–5:16)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Codex Aureus of Echternach</b> (<i>Codex aureus Epternacensis</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a>, created in the approximate period 1030–1050,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a re-used front cover from around the 980s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now in the <a href="/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseum" title="Germanisches Nationalmuseum">Germanisches Nationalmuseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manuscript contains the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> versions of the four <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a> plus prefatory matter including the <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebian</a> <a href="/wiki/Canon_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon tables">canon tables</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a major example of <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a> illumination, though the manuscript, as opposed to the cover, probably falls just outside the end of rule by the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty">Ottonian dynasty</a>. It was produced at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Echternach" title="Abbey of Echternach">Abbey of Echternach</a> under the direction of Abbot Humbert. </p><p>The manuscript has 136 folios which measure 446 mm by 310 mm. It is one of the most lavishly illuminated Ottonian manuscripts. It contains over 60 decorative pages including 16 full page <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures</a>, 9 full page <a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">initials</a>, 5 <a href="/wiki/Evangelist_portrait" title="Evangelist portrait">evangelist portraits</a>, 10 decorated pages of canon tables, and 16 half-page initials. In addition there are 503 smaller initials, and pages painted to resemble textiles. The entire text is written in <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> ink.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text_and_miniatures">Text and miniatures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Text and miniatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each gospel is preceded by the following: two pages summarizing the gospel, two pages imitating textiles, four pages of narrative scenes laid out in three registers per page, a full-page evangelist portrait, two pages of decorative text, before a full-page initial, which begins the actual text. As one art historian put it, the planner of the book "was in no hurry to bring his reader to the text".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative scenes cover the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ</a>, including many of his miracles, and preceding Luke his parables, which by this date was becoming unusual.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are one, two or sometimes three scenes in each register, giving a total of 48 framed images with 60 scenes, an unusually large number for a medieval cycle. Unlike the comparable scenes in the <a href="/wiki/Augustine_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine Gospels">Augustine Gospels</a>, the scenes are arranged to cover the life and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry of Jesus</a> without concern for whether a particular scene is covered in the gospel it precedes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CodexAureusEpternacensisf76fDetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CodexAureusEpternacensisf76fDetail.jpg/220px-CodexAureusEpternacensisf76fDetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CodexAureusEpternacensisf76fDetail.jpg/330px-CodexAureusEpternacensisf76fDetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CodexAureusEpternacensisf76fDetail.jpg/440px-CodexAureusEpternacensisf76fDetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>Labourers in the vineyard</figcaption></figure> <p>The pages before Matthew take the story from the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> to the "Feast in the House of Levi", and those before Mark cover miracles from the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a> thanking Jesus after <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_ten_lepers" title="Cleansing ten lepers">Cleansing ten lepers</a> (Luke 17:11-19). The scenes before Luke show four of the <a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">parables of Jesus</a>, each over a whole page: the <i><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Workers_in_the_Vineyard" title="Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard">Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Wicked_Husbandmen" title="Parable of the Wicked Husbandmen">Parable of the Wicked Husbandmen</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_great_banquet" class="mw-redirect" title="Parable of the great banquet">Parable of the great banquet</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Rich man and Lazarus</a></i>. The pages preceding John cover the final period, from the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> to his <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the miniatures are attributed to two artists, known as the "workshop master" and another presumed to be a pupil. A third, cruder, painter contributed some of the narrative scenes, and perhaps other elements which are harder to attribute. For example, the last three pages of the final narrative scenes preceding John are attributed to the master (so from the <a href="/wiki/Crowning_with_Thorns" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowning with Thorns">Crowning with Thorns</a> onwards), and the first page to the pupil. It is likely that the compositions and <a href="/wiki/Underdrawing" title="Underdrawing">underdrawings</a> were all by the master, so the changes of painter are not over-conspicuous.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style has been criticized for excessive interest in decorative effect: it "produced some vigorous and cheerful patterns, as in the St Luke, but it could descend to fussiness, as in the <a href="/wiki/Christ_in_Majesty" title="Christ in Majesty">Christ in Majesty</a>, where the strength of the composition has been frittered away by the ornamental vagaries of the Echternach artist. This weakness was even more apparent in the evangelist 'portraits', where the ornamental bands of the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle_Gospel_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte-Chapelle Gospel Book">Sainte-Chapelle Gospels</a> are degraded into decorative garrulity, and there is so little weight and structure under the draperies that they might be covering mere inanimate cushions."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_run_of_four_pages_preceding_Matthew">A run of four pages preceding Matthew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: A run of four pages preceding Matthew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These come after the two textile pages and the four pages of narrative images. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_20_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Evangelist portrait (Matthew), folio 20 verso"><img alt="Evangelist portrait (Matthew), folio 20 verso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_20_verso.jpg/191px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_20_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_20_verso.jpg/286px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_20_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_20_verso.jpg/382px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_20_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="2722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Evangelist portrait (Matthew), folio 20 verso</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_21_recto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Angel holding "tablet", folio 21 recto, with text "Ye men, believe the word of the man Matthew, so that He of Whom he speaks, the Man Jesus, may reward ye".[12]"><img alt="Angel holding "tablet", folio 21 recto, with text "Ye men, believe the word of the man Matthew, so that He of Whom he speaks, the Man Jesus, may reward ye".[12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_21_recto.jpg/192px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_21_recto.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_21_recto.jpg/289px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_21_recto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_21_recto.jpg/385px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_21_recto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Angel holding "tablet", folio 21 recto, with text "Ye men, believe the word of the man Matthew, so that He of Whom he speaks, the Man Jesus, may reward ye".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Incipit" page *"Here begins the Gospel of Matthew", folio 21 verso"><img alt=""Incipit" page *"Here begins the Gospel of Matthew", folio 21 verso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_verso.jpg/192px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_verso.jpg/288px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_verso.jpg/383px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">Incipit</a>" page *"Here begins the Gospel of Matthew", folio 21 verso</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_recto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Initial page "Liber", the first word of the Vulgate text"><img alt="Initial page "Liber", the first word of the Vulgate text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_recto.jpg/187px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_recto.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_recto.jpg/281px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_recto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_recto.jpg/374px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_22_recto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="2721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Initial page "Liber", the first word of the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> text</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cover">Cover</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CodexAureusEpternacDEckel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CodexAureusEpternacDEckel.JPG/220px-CodexAureusEpternacDEckel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CodexAureusEpternacDEckel.JPG/330px-CodexAureusEpternacDEckel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CodexAureusEpternacDEckel.JPG/440px-CodexAureusEpternacDEckel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption>The front cover</figcaption></figure> <p>The front cover of the manuscript is an Ottonian <a href="/wiki/Treasure_binding" title="Treasure binding">treasure binding</a> which dates from about 50 years before the manuscript; the metalwork is attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> workshop set up by <a href="/wiki/Egbert,_Archbishop_of_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Egbert, Archbishop of Trier">Egbert, Archbishop of Trier</a>. It centres on an ivory plaque showing the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a>, which is stylistically different from the other elements, and whose origin has been the subject of much discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plaque has traces of blue paint on the cross and green paint highlighting some parts of the composition.<sup id="cite_ref-Metz60_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metz60-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surrounding the ivory plaque are panels, now rather battered, with figures in <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">repoussé</a> gold <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>, and in a very different style than the plaque. These panels are set in a framework whose larger elements are made up of alternating units of gold <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a> set with gems, and <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a> enamel with stylized plant decorative motifs. Thinner gold bands set with small <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a> run along the diagonal axes, further separating the relief images into compartments, and creating an "X" that may stand for "Christ"; an "X" in ash was traced on the floor of a new church in the ritual of its <a href="/wiki/Consecration#Churches,_altars,_and_other_ritual_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metz60_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metz60-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general arrangement of the cover may be compared to others of the period – for example, that of the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Aureus_of_St._Emmeram" title="Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram">Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram</a> of about 870, which probably forms part of the same tradition descending from the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Reims" title="School of Reims">school of Reims</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian art</a>, as shown by the style of the relief figures.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in other treasure bindings, the gems do not merely create an impression of richness. They offer a foretaste of the bejeweled nature of the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial city">Celestial city</a>, and particular types of gem were believed to have actual powerful properties in various "scientific", medical, and magical respects, as set out in the popular <a href="/wiki/Lapidary_(text)" title="Lapidary (text)">lapidary books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the original gems and pearls are now lost, but there are replacements in paste or <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of pearl">mother of pearl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metz60_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metz60-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reliefs show the <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a> with their symbols and background foliage in the compartments at top and bottom, and two figures each in four compartments on the sides. The lowest figures on each side are (left) the young Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto III">Otto III</a> with (right) his regent and mother <a href="/wiki/Theophanu" title="Theophanu">Theophanu</a> (d. 991). At the top of the sides stand the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> (left) opposite <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>; these two were the patron saints of Echternach Abbey. The remaining four figures are saints: Echternach's founder <a href="/wiki/Willibrord" title="Willibrord">Willibrord</a>; Saints <a href="/wiki/Boniface" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface">Boniface</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludger" title="Ludger">Ludger</a>, also early missionaries in Germany; and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine order">monastery's order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figures are produced in an elegant, elongated style which contrasts strongly with the forceful and slightly squat figures of the ivory.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is sometimes thought that the cover was made for the Trier manuscript in Paris known as the Sainte-Chapelle Gospels, illustrated by the <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Master">Gregory Master</a>, whose style influenced some of the later miniatures in the text now bound with the cover.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite all the figures shown on the cover having a connection with Echternach, some authors suggest that the original manuscript was not made for that monastery at all; and that Archbishop Egbert presented it to Otto III and Theophanu, perhaps as a peace offering after he initially supported <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Quarrelsome" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Quarrelsome">Henry the Quarrelsome</a> as successor to Otto II, rather than his young son Otto III, in 983–984. At a later point the imperial family would then have passed the manuscript on to Echternach.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A highly plausible suggestion however<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been made by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_Wolf(Historiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Gunther Wolf(Historiker)">Gunther Wolf</a>, namely that the front cover was commissioned really for Echternach (to Archbishop Egbert, while meeting him at Christmas <a href="/wiki/988" title="988">988</a> in Cologne) by Empress <a href="/wiki/Theophanu" title="Theophanu">Theophanu</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a>) out of religious gratitude for her recovering of the illness that struck her at the end of the summer of <a href="/wiki/988" title="988">988</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a>; her adoration for Saint <a href="/wiki/Willibrord" title="Willibrord">Willibrord</a>, as shown by former gifts to Echternach, in that case was an additional motive in the perspective of the 250th anniversary of his death (November 7, 739 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberg_%E2%80%94_GNM_2013-09-07_Mattes_(101).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/N%C3%BCrnberg_%E2%80%94_GNM_2013-09-07_Mattes_%28101%29.JPG/220px-N%C3%BCrnberg_%E2%80%94_GNM_2013-09-07_Mattes_%28101%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/N%C3%BCrnberg_%E2%80%94_GNM_2013-09-07_Mattes_%28101%29.JPG/330px-N%C3%BCrnberg_%E2%80%94_GNM_2013-09-07_Mattes_%28101%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/N%C3%BCrnberg_%E2%80%94_GNM_2013-09-07_Mattes_%28101%29.JPG/440px-N%C3%BCrnberg_%E2%80%94_GNM_2013-09-07_Mattes_%28101%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the cover, with Theophanu in the lower right</figcaption></figure> <p>It is thought that this is the manuscript shown to <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor</a> when he visited Echternach with his mother <a href="/wiki/Gisela_of_Swabia" title="Gisela of Swabia">Gisela of Swabia</a> (d. 1043), which so impressed him that he commissioned similar works from the abbey, notably the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gospels_of_Henry_III" title="Golden Gospels of Henry III">Golden Gospels of Henry III</a>, which he presented in 1046 to <a href="/wiki/Speyer_Cathedral" title="Speyer Cathedral">Speyer Cathedral</a>, the burial-place of his dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manuscript was at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Echternach" title="Abbey of Echternach">Abbey of Echternach</a> in today's <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a>, Luxembourg was conquered and annexed by <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">Revolutionary France</a>, becoming part of the <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partements_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Départements of France">département</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/For%C3%AAts" title="Forêts">Forêts</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1795. The monastery was seized and sold, and most of the monks fled, carrying the manuscript and other portable treasures with them. It was one of a group of three manuscripts and five <a href="/wiki/Incunabula" class="mw-redirect" title="Incunabula">incunabula</a> sold to <a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a> in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It remained in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, which was turned over to a foundation after World War I, until after World War II. It was decided to sell it but the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">then duke</a> was keen to keep it in Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/German_Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="German Federal government">German Federal government</a> and the provinces or Länder contributed the funds jointly, with <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> in the lead, as its new home was to be the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg, where it remains.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metz, 55 and preceding pages, followed by Lasko, 98 prefer "between 1053 and 1056" (Lasko), but do not seem to have convinced later scholars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lasko, 98 "the cover must date between Otto III's royal coronation of 983 and <a href="/wiki/Theophanu" title="Theophanu">Theophanu</a>'s death in 991", followed by the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, who add "perhaps 985–987".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseum" title="Germanisches Nationalmuseum">Germanisches Nationalmuseum</a>, Hs. 156142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apart from the short texts on the tablets carried by angels, there are three prefaces by <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Eusebius" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of Eusebius">Letter of Eusebius</a></i>, all often found prefacing medieval Gospel books. Metz, 64–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walther, 128; Metz has full details</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Review by William C. Loerke of Metz (see references), <i><a href="/wiki/College_Art_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="College Art Journal">College Art Journal</a></i>, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Autumn, 1958), p. 86, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/773903">JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodwell, 144; all are illustrated and described in Metz, see list of plates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metz, 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metz, plates and the notes on them; all pages are illustrated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walther, 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodwell, 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metz, 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metz, 60 sees it as contemporary with the rest of the cover, Lasko, 98 as from 1053–56 (like the text in his view); Beckwith, 133–136 attributes it and other pieces to a workshop active "possibly at Tier in the last twenty years of the tenth century".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metz60-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metz60_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metz60_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metz60_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Metz, 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferber, 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metz, 26-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lasko, 98; Beckwith, 133; Metz, 59, who astonishingly omits to mention the Evangelists</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferber, 14; Beckwith, 133-136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/BnF" class="mw-redirect" title="BnF">BnF</a> MS lat. 8851: Dodwell, 144; Beckwith, 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Head, 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westermann-Angerhausen, 217-218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf, 147-151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckwith, 122-123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literally 'woods', in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metz, 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metz, 11-12</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Codex Aureus of Echternach">Codex Aureus of Echternach</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Beckwith, John, <i>Early Christian and Byzantine Art</i>, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 2nd edn. 1979, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140560335" title="Special:BookSources/0140560335">0140560335</a></li> <li>Dodwell, C.R.; <i>The Pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200</i>, 1993, Yale UP, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300064934" title="Special:BookSources/0300064934">0300064934</a></li> <li>Ferber, Stanley, "Aspects of the Development of Ottonian Respousse Gold Work", <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_(journal)" title="Gesta (journal)">Gesta</a></i>, Vol. 1/2, (1964), pp. 14–19, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/766617">JSTOR</a></li> <li>Head, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/767279">"Art and Artifice in Ottonian Trier."</a> <i>Gesta</i>, Vol. 36, No. 1. (1997), pp 65–82.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lasko" title="Peter Lasko">Lasko, Peter</a>, <i>Ars Sacra, 800-1200</i>, Yale University Press, 1995 (2nd edn.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300060485" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300060485">978-0300060485</a>(cover)</li> <li>Metz, Peter (trans. Ilse Schrier and Peter Gorge), <i>The Golden Gospels of Echternach</i>, 1957, Frederick A. Praeger, LOC 57-5327</li> <li>Walther, Ingo F. and Norbert Wolf. <i>Codices Illustres: The world's most famous illuminated manuscripts, 400 to 1600</i>. Köln, TASCHEN, 2005.</li> <li>Westermann-Angerhausen, Hiltrud: Spuren der Theophanu in der Ottonischen Schatzkunst?, in: Euw, Anton von en Schreiner, Peter, <i>Kaiserin Theophanu. Begegnung des Ostens und Westens um die Wende des ersten Jahrtausends. Gedenkschrift des Kölner Schnütgen-Museums zum 1000. Todesjahr der Kaiserin</i>, 1990, Köln. Vol. 2, p. 175–191.</li> <li>Wolf, Gunther: Zur Datierung des Buchedeckels des Codex Aureus Epternacensis, <i>Hémecht (Revue d'histoire luxembourgeoise)</i>, 1990, 2, 42</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Oettinger, Karl, "Der Elfenbeinschnitzer des Echternacher Codex Aureus und die Skulptur Unter Heinrich III. (1039-56)", <i>Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen</i>, Vol. 2., (1960), pp. 34–54, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Museen_zu_Berlin" title="Staatliche Museen zu Berlin">Staatliche Museen zu Berlin</a> - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4122684">JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlib.gnm.de/item/Hs156142">Digitised facsimile</a> on the Germanisches Nationalmuseum website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4148190-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Codex aureus Epternacensis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2012721415&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007369656705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.bildindex.de/thing/0001062178">Bildindex</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.bildindex.de/thing/0001020773">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach&oldid=1242285239">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach&oldid=1242285239</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1030s_books" title="Category:1030s books">1030s books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th-century_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Category:11th-century illuminated manuscripts">11th-century illuminated 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