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vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="অধিক বিকল্প" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ব্যক্তিগত সৰঞ্জাম" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ব্যক্তিগত সৰঞ্জাম</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_as.wikipedia.org&uselang=as"><span>দান কৰক</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF&returnto=%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95+%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97&returntoquery=oldid%3D388947" title="আপোনাক এটা একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰি প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনোৱা হৈছে, কিন্তু এয়া বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6&returnto=%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95+%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97&returntoquery=oldid%3D388947" title="বাধ্যতামূলক নহ'লেও প্ৰৱেশ কৰাটো বাঞ্চনীয় [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>প্ৰৱেশ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> লগ-আউট কৰা সদস্যৰ বাবে পৃষ্ঠাসমূহ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" aria-label="সম্পাদনাৰ বিষয়ে অধিক জানক"><span>অধিক শিকক</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>বৰঙণি</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8" title="এই আই.পি. ঠিকনাৰ পৰা কৰা সম্পাদনাসমূহৰ আলোচনা [n]" accesskey="n"><span>এই IPটোৰে যোগাযোগ কৰক</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="সূচী" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">সূচী</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">পাৰ্শ্বদণ্ডলৈ যাওক</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">লুকুৱাওক</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">পাতনি</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ইতিহাস" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ইতিহাস"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ইতিহাস</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ইতিহাস-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ব্যৱহাৰ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ব্যৱহাৰ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ব্যৱহাৰ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ব্যৱহাৰ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-তথ্য_সংগ্ৰহ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#তথ্য_সংগ্ৰহ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-তথ্য_সংগ্ৰহ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="সূচী" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="সূচীপত্ৰ টগ'ল কৰক" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">সূচীপত্ৰ টগ'ল কৰক</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">শক যুগ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="অন্য এটা ভাষাৰ প্ৰবন্ধলৈ যাওক। 26টা ভাষাত উপলব্ধ।" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26টা ভাষা</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="শকাব্দ – বাংলা" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শকাব্দ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="বাংলা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka_Samvat" title="Shaka Samvat – কাতালান" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Shaka Samvat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="কাতালান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era – ইংৰাজী" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Shaka era" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ইংৰাজী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_saka" title="Era saka – স্পেনিচ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Era saka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="স্পেনিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88re_Saka" title="Ère Saka – ফ্ৰেন্স" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ère Saka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ফ্ৰেন্স" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A4" title="શક સંવત – গুজৰাটী" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શક સંવત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="গুজৰাটী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="शालिवाहन शक – হিন্দী" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शालिवाहन शक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="হিন্দী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սաքայի դարաշրջան – আৰ্মেনীয়" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սաքայի դարաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="আৰ্মেনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AB%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83" title="シャカ紀元 – জাপানী" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャカ紀元" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="জাপানী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87" title="មហាសករាជ – খমেৰ" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មហាសករាជ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="খমেৰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಶಾಲಿವಾಹನ ಶಕೆ – কানাড়া" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಾಲಿವಾಹನ ಶಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="কানাড়া" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сачка ера – মেচিডোনীয়" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сачка ера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="মেচিডোনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="शालिवाहन शक – মাৰাঠী" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शालिवाहन शक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="মাৰাঠী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Shaka" title="Zaman Shaka – মালয়" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Shaka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="মালয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D" title="शक संवत् – নেপালী" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शक संवत्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="নেপালী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ra_Saka" title="Èra Saka – অ’চিটান" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Èra Saka" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="অ’চিটান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸ਼ਕ ਸੰਮਤ – পাঞ্জাবী" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਕ ਸੰਮਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="পাঞ্জাবী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_%C5%9Aaka" title="Era Śaka – প’লিচ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Era Śaka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="প’লিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сакская эра – ৰাছিয়ান" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сакская эра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ৰাছিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1" title="ශක දිනදසුන – সিংহলা" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශක දිනදසුන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="সিংহলা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shaka era" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சாலிவாகன ஆண்டு – তামিল" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாலிவாகன ஆண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="তামিল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="శాలివాహన శకం – তেলুগু" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శాలివాహన శకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="তেলুগু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" title="มหาศักราช – থাই" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาศักราช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="থাই" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шака самват – ইউক্ৰেইনীয়" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шака самват" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ইউক্ৰেইনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6%E7%B4%80%E5%B9%B4" title="塞迦紀年 – চীনা" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞迦紀年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="চীনা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2358959#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সম্পাদনা কৰক" class="wbc-editpage">আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সম্পাদনা কৰক</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info">04:21, 26 October 2023-ত <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF:Chiring_chandan" class="mw-userlink" title="সদস্য:Chiring chandan" data-mw-revid="388947"><bdi>Chiring chandan</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:Chiring_chandan" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Chiring chandan">আলোচনা</a> | <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9/Chiring_chandan" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="বিশেষ:বৰঙনিসমূহ/Chiring chandan">বৰঙণি</a>)</span> সদস্য‌ই কৰা সংশোধন <span class="comment">(<a 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href="/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0:Western_Satrap_Damasena_year_153.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Western_Satrap_Damasena_year_153.jpg/300px-Western_Satrap_Damasena_year_153.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Western_Satrap_Damasena_year_153.jpg/450px-Western_Satrap_Damasena_year_153.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Western_Satrap_Damasena_year_153.jpg/600px-Western_Satrap_Damasena_year_153.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>পশ্চিম সত্ৰপৰ শাসক দমাসেনাৰ মুদ্ৰা। শক যুগৰ ১৫৩ ( ব্ৰাহ্মী লিপি সংখ্যাত ১০০-৫০-৩ ) ইয়াত ৰজাৰ মূৰৰ আঁৰত স্পষ্টকৈ দেখা যায়। </figcaption></figure> <p><b>শক যুগ</b> ( IAST : <b>Śaka, Śāka</b> ) হৈছে এটা ঐতিহাসিক হিন্দু কেলেণ্ডাৰ যুগ (বছৰ সংখ্যা), যি <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> আৰম্ভ হৈছিল জুলিয়ান কেলেণ্ডাৰৰ ৭৮ তম বছৰৰ পৰা। </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশ">ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ</a> বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলৰ লগতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াতো এই যুগ ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="ভাৰত চৰকাৰ">ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ</a> মতে, ইয়াক <b>শলিবাহন যুগ</b> (IAST: <b>Śālivāhana</b> ) বুলি কোৱা হয়। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ইতিহাস"><span id=".E0.A6.87.E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.B9.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B8"></span>ইতিহাস</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97&action=edit&section=1" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: ইতিহাস"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0:Nepal30005a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nepal30005a.JPG/250px-Nepal30005a.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nepal30005a.JPG/375px-Nepal30005a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nepal30005a.JPG/500px-Nepal30005a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>শক যুগ ১৬৮৫-ৰ (খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৭৬৩) গোৰ্খালী ৰজা পৃথ্বী নাৰায়ণ শ্বাহৰ মোহৰ</figcaption></figure> <p>শক যুগৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়টো অত্যন্ত বিতৰ্কিত। <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998182–184_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998182–184-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> পণ্ডিতসকলৰ মাজত দুটা শক যুগৰ প্ৰচলন আছে। এটাক <i>পুৰণি শক যুগ</i> বুলি কোৱা হয়, যাৰ সময়সীমা অনিশ্চিত। সম্ভৱতঃ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১ম সহস্ৰাব্দৰ কোনোবা এটা সময়ত ইয়াৰ আৰম্ভণি হৈছিল কাৰণ প্ৰাচীন বৌদ্ধ আৰু জৈন শিলালিপি আৰু গ্ৰন্থসমূহে ইয়াক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, কিন্তু এইটো বিষয়ে পণ্ডিতসকলৰ মাজত বিতৰ্ক আছে। আনটোক <i>৭৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ শক যুগ</i> বা সৰলভাৱে শক <i>যুগ</i> বুলি কোৱা হয়, ই দক্ষিণ ভাৰতৰ প্ৰাচীন লিপিবোৰত বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহৃত। ইয়াৰ সমান্তৰালভাৱে উত্তৰ ভাৰতত <i>বিক্ৰম যুগৰ</i> ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। এই ব্যৱস্থাত বিক্ৰমাদিত্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8E" title="বিক্ৰম সংবৎ">বিক্ৰমী কেলেণ্ডাৰ</a> ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998181–183_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998181–183-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>শক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি বৰ্তমান ৭৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাৰত-চিথিয়ান ৰজা চষ্টানাৰ সিংহাৰোহণৰ সৈতে জড়িত বুলি মানি লোৱা হৈছে। <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ১১ আৰু ৫২ চনৰ তেওঁৰ শিলালিপি কুচ অঞ্চলৰ আন্ধাউত পোৱা গৈছে। এই বছৰকেইটাক শক বছৰ ১১ (৮৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) আৰু ৫২ (১৩০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বুলি ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়। <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ইয়াৰ আগেয়ে সাধাৰণ ধাৰণা আছিল যে শক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ৭৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত প্ৰথম কনিষ্কৰ অভিষেকৰ লগত জড়িত। <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998182–184_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998182–184-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> কিন্তু হেনৰী ফল্কৰ শেহতীয়া গৱেষণাৰ পৰা কনিষ্কে ১২৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সিংহাসনত আৰোহণ কৰাৰ ইংগিত পোৱা গৈছে। <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> তদুপৰি কনিষ্ক শক নহয়, কুশান শাসকহে আছিল। <sup id="cite_ref-KCS_1992_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCS_1992-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বিভিন্ন ঐতিহাসিক ৰজাৰ সৈতে এই শক যুগক জড়িত কৰা হৈছে। <sup id="cite_ref-KCS_1992_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCS_1992-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ইতিহাসবিদ দীনেশচন্দ্ৰ ছিৰকাৰৰ মতে, "শালীবাহন যুগ"ৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে অশুদ্ধ ধাৰণাটো <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="সাতবাহন ৰাজবংশ">সাতবাহন</a> শাসক গৌতমীপুত্ৰ সতকৰ্ণীয়ে কিছুমান শক ( পশ্চিম ক্ষত্ৰপ ) ৰজাৰ ওপৰত জয়লাভৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি লোৱা যেন লাগে। ছিৰকাৰে এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে উত্তৰ ৰজা বিক্ৰমাদিত্যৰ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8E" title="বিক্ৰম সংবৎ">বিক্ৰম যুগৰ</a> সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক থকাৰ বাবেই হয়তো দক্ষিণৰ পণ্ডিতসকলেও একেধৰণৰ কিংবদন্তি ৰচনা কৰিছিল। <sup id="cite_ref-DCS_1965_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCS_1965-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> আন এক অনুৰূপ বিৱৰণীত দাবী কৰা হৈছে যে কিংবদন্তি সম্ৰাট বিক্ৰমাদিত্যৰ নাতি সম্ৰাট শালিবাহন <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -এ ৭৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত শকসকলক পৰাস্ত কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়েই শক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি। এই কিংবদন্তি <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="ব্ৰহ্মগুপ্ত">ব্ৰহ্মগুপ্ত</a> (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব সপ্তম শতিকা), আল-বেৰুণী (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৯৭৩–১০৪৮) আদিৰ লিখনিত উল্লেখ আছে। অৱশ্যে ই স্পষ্টভাৱে কাল্পনিক। <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> সময়ৰ লগে লগে "শক" শব্দটো সাধাৰণ হৈ পৰিল,যাৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল "এটা যুগ"; এইদৰেই যুগটো "শালীবাহন শক" নামেৰে জনাজাত হ'ল। <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ব্যৱহাৰ"><span id=".E0.A6.AC.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF.E0.A7.B1.E0.A6.B9.E0.A6.BE.E0.A7.B0"></span>ব্যৱহাৰ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97&action=edit&section=2" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: ব্যৱহাৰ"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>এই যুগৰ প্ৰাচীনতম জ্ঞাত ব্যৱহাৰকাৰীসকল হৈছে পশ্চিমীয়া সত্ৰপ, উজ্জয়িনৰ শক ( ভাৰত - চিথিয়ান ) শাসকসকল। প্ৰথম ৰুদ্ৰসিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ পৰা (১৭৮–১৯৭) তেওঁলোকে শক যুগত তেওঁলোকৰ মুদ্ৰা নিৰ্মাণৰ তাৰিখ লিপিবদ্ধ কৰিছিল। এই তাৰিখ সাধাৰণতে মুদ্ৰাৰ সন্মুখফালে থকা ৰজাৰ মূৰৰ প্ৰতীকৰ পিছফালে ব্ৰাহ্মী সংখ্যাৰে লিখা হৈছিল। <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>শক যুগৰ ব্যৱহাৰ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="গুপ্ত সাম্ৰাজ্য">গুপ্ত যুগলৈকে</a> জীয়াই আছিল আৰু ভাৰতত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অৱনতিৰ পিছত ই <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="হিন্দু ধৰ্ম">হিন্দু</a> পৰম্পৰাৰ অংশ হৈ পৰিছিল। ষষ্ঠৰ পৰা সপ্তম শতিকালৈকে ইয়াৰ ব্যাপক ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল, যেনে <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0" title="বৰাহমিহিৰ">বৰাহমিহিৰ</a> আৰু <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="ব্ৰহ্মগুপ্ত">ব্ৰহ্মগুপ্তৰ</a> গ্ৰন্থত আৰু সপ্তম শতিকাৰ হিন্দু দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ প্ৰাচীন লিপিবোৰতো ইয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ দেখা যায়। </p><p>মধ্যযুগৰ সময়তো ভাৰত আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত এই যুগ প্ৰচলিত হৈ আছিল, সেই সময়ত ইয়াৰ বিকল্প আছিল হিন্দু পৰম্পৰাগত <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8E" title="বিক্ৰম সংবৎ">বিক্ৰম সংবৎ</a> যুগ (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫৬)। ১৬৩৩ চনলৈকে ইয়াক জাভানী আদালতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, তাৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ঠাইত Anno Javanico নামৰ এটা জাভা-ইছলামিক ব্যৱস্থাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ১৯৫৭ চনত ইয়াক <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="শকাব্দ">ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কেলেণ্ডাৰ</a> হিচাপে (যাক "শক কেলেণ্ডাৰ" বুলিও জনা যায়) গ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও ইয়াৰ বেছি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নহ'ল। </p><p>শক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি দিনটো হৈছে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৭৮ চনৰ বসন্ত বিষুৱ। চৰকাৰী শক কেলেণ্ডাৰৰ বছৰটো সাধাৰণতে <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80" title="গ্ৰেগৰিয়ান বৰ্ষপঞ্জী">গ্ৰেগৰিয়ান তাৰিখ</a> ২২ মাৰ্চৰ দিনা আৰম্ভ হয়, অৱশ্যে গ্ৰেগৰিয়ান অধিবৰ্ষ বা লিপ্‌ইয়েৰত ই ২১ মাৰ্চৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয়। দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম ভাৰতত বহু ধৰ্মীয় আৰু কিছুমান ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ কাম যেনে বীজ সিঁচা আৰু কৃষিৰ বাবে চান্দ্ৰ-সৌৰ শলিবাহন শক এতিয়াও ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ হৈ আছে। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="তথ্য_সংগ্ৰহ"><span id=".E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.A5.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF_.E0.A6.B8.E0.A6.82.E0.A6.97.E0.A7.8D.E0.A7.B0.E0.A6.B9"></span>তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97&action=edit&section=3" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r368696">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Report-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Report_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGovernment_of_India1955">Government of India (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/39692">"The Saka Era"</a>, <i>Report of the Calendar Reform Committee</i>, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, pp. 255–256<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/39692">https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/39692</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Saka+Era&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Calendar+Reform+Committee&rft.aulast=Government+of+India&rft.au=Government+of+India&rft.date=1955&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B255%E2%80%93256&rft.pub=Council+of+Scientific+and+Industrial+Research%2C+New+Delhi&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Like most Indian eras, the Śaka era uses expired, elapsed, or complete years, where a year must have elapsed before it can be counted. This is similar to the Western method of determining a person's age, whose first year must have been completed before that person reaches one year old. The uncounted first year of the era is numbered as year zero. This differs from Western eras which use current years.<sup id="cite_ref-Report_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998182–184-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998182–184_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998182–184_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichard_Salomon1998">Richard Salomon 1998</a>, পৃষ্ঠা. 182–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998181–183-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998181–183_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichard_Salomon1998">Richard Salomon 1998</a>, পৃষ্ঠা. 181–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Shailendra Bhandare (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA69">"Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta interlude in the Gangetic Plains"</a>. In Patrick Olivelle. <i>Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE</i>. Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 69. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9780199775071" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9780199775071">9780199775071</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA69">https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA69</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Numismatics+and+History%3A+The+Maurya-Gupta+interlude+in+the+Gangetic+Plains&rft.atitle=Between+the+Empires+%3A+Society+in+India+300+BCE+to+400+CE%3A+Society+in+India+300+BCE+to+400+CE&rft.aulast=Shailendra+Bhandare&rft.au=Shailendra+Bhandare&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780199775071&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Adalbert J. Gail, ed (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkOdPtZmVcC&pg=PA193"><i>Script and Image: Papers on Art and Epigraphy</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motilal_Banarsidass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motilal Banarsidass (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. পৃষ্ঠা. 193. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9788120829442" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9788120829442">9788120829442</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkOdPtZmVcC&pg=PA193">https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkOdPtZmVcC&pg=PA193</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Script+and+Image%3A+Papers+on+Art+and+Epigraphy&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B193&rft.pub=%5B%5BMotilal+Banarsidass%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9788120829442&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwkOdPtZmVcC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Ladislav Stančo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKJyCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Greek Gods in the East</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karolinum_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karolinum Press (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">Karolinum Press</a>. পৃষ্ঠা. 18. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9788024620459" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9788024620459">9788024620459</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKJyCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">https://books.google.com/books?id=lKJyCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Gods+in+the+East&rft.aulast=Ladislav+Stan%C4%8Do&rft.au=Ladislav+Stan%C4%8Do&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B18&rft.pub=%5B%5BKarolinum+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9788024620459&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlKJyCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KCS_1992-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-KCS_1992_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-KCS_1992_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Krishna Chandra Sagar (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA135"><i>Foreign Influence on Ancient India</i></a>. Northern Book Centre. পৃষ্ঠা. 135–136. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9788172110284" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9788172110284">9788172110284</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA135">https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA135</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Influence+on+Ancient+India&rft.aulast=Krishna+Chandra+Sagar&rft.au=Krishna+Chandra+Sagar&rft.date=1992&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B135%E2%80%93136&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.isbn=9788172110284&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UA4rkm9MgkC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCS_1965-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DCS_1965_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">D. C. Sircar (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&pg=PA262"><i>Indian Epigraphy</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motilal_Banarsidass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motilal Banarsidass (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. পৃষ্ঠা. 262–266. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9788120811669" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9788120811669">9788120811669</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&pg=PA262">https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&pg=PA262</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy&rft.aulast=D.+C.+Sircar&rft.au=D.+C.+Sircar&rft.date=1965&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B262%E2%80%93266&rft.pub=%5B%5BMotilal+Banarsidass%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9788120811669&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhXMB3649biQC%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFD._C._Sircar1965">D. C. Sircar (1965). </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">kamlesh kapur (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&q=shalivahan+ujjain&pg=PA321"><i>History of Ancient India</i></a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd. পৃষ্ঠা. 321. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-81-207-5212-2" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-81-207-5212-2">978-81-207-5212-2</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&q=shalivahan+ujjain&pg=PA321">https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&q=shalivahan+ujjain&pg=PA321</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India&rft.aulast=kamlesh+kapur&rft.au=kamlesh+kapur&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B321&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt+Ltd&rft.isbn=978-81-207-5212-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ic4BjWFmNIC%26q%3Dshalivahan%2Bujjain%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">RajendraSingh Kushwaha (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZuAAAAMAAJ&q=shalivahan"><i>Glimpses of Bhartiya History</i></a>. Ocean books. পৃষ্ঠা. 184. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9788188322404" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9788188322404">9788188322404</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZuAAAAMAAJ&q=shalivahan">https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZuAAAAMAAJ&q=shalivahan</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Bhartiya+History&rft.aulast=RajendraSingh+Kushwaha&rft.au=RajendraSingh+Kushwaha&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B184&rft.pub=Ocean+books&rft.isbn=9788188322404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEDZuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dshalivahan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_Salomon1998_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichard_Salomon1998">Richard Salomon 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA80"><i>South Indian Shrines: Illustrated</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_Educational_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asian Educational Services (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">Asian Educational Services</a>. পৃষ্ঠা. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-81-206-0151-2" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-81-206-0151-2">978-81-206-0151-2</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA80">https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA80</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Shrines%3A+Illustrated&rft.aulast=P.+V.+Jagadisa+Ayyar&rft.au=P.+V.+Jagadisa+Ayyar&rft.date=1982&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B80%E2%80%9381&rft.pub=%5B%5BAsian+Educational+Services%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0151-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLSGFW1uZboC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rapson, "A Catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc." p. CCVIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). <i>A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300</i> (2nd সম্পাদনা). Stanford University Press and Macmillans. পৃষ্ঠা. 5 and 46. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9780804721950" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9780804721950">9780804721950</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Indonesia+since+c.+1300&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=Merle+Calvin&rft.au=Ricklefs%2C%26%2332%3BMerle+Calvin&rft.date=1993&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B5+and+46&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press+and+Macmillans&rft.isbn=9780804721950&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> 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