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<li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Prominent members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_evolution_and_the_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_evolution_and_the_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Biological evolution and the society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_evolution_and_the_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_fellows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_fellows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Female fellows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_fellows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Present interests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Meetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medals_and_prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medals_and_prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Medals and prizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medals_and_prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fellows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fellows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Fellows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fellows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجمعية اللينيانية اللندنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجمعية اللينيانية اللندنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societat_Linneana_de_Londres" title="Societat Linneana de Londres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Societat Linneana de Londres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Linnean_Society_of_London" title="The Linnean Society of London – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="The Linnean Society of London" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Linnean Society of London" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_%C3%9Ching" title="Linné Ühing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linné Ühing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_Linneana_de_Londres" title="Sociedad Linneana de Londres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociedad Linneana de Londres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linea_Societo_de_Londono" title="Linea Societo de Londono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Linea Societo de Londono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="انجمن لینه‌ای‌های لندن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجمن لینه‌ای‌های لندن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Linnean Society of London" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Linneana_de_Londres" title="Sociedade Linneana de Londres – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sociedade Linneana de Londres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Linnean Society of London" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linnean Society of London" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="האגודה הלינאית של לונדון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האגודה הלינאית של לונדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societas_Linnaeana_Londiniensis" title="Societas Linnaeana Londiniensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Societas Linnaeana Londiniensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BB" title="ലിന്ന്യൻ സൊസൈറ്റി ഓഫ് ലണ്ടൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിന്ന്യൻ സൊസൈറ്റി ഓഫ് ലണ്ടൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Linnean Society of London" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A" title="ロンドン・リンネ協会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンドン・リンネ協会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Linnean Society of London" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towarzystwo_Linneuszowskie_w_Londynie" title="Towarzystwo Linneuszowskie w Londynie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Towarzystwo Linneuszowskie w Londynie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linnean Society of London" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Linnean Society of London" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лондонское Линнеевское общество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лондонское Линнеевское общество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Linnean Society of London" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society" title="Linnean Society – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linnean Society" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Linnean Society of London" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra_Linne_Derne%C4%9Fi" title="Londra Linne Derneği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Londra Linne Derneği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лондонське Ліннеївське товариство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лондонське Ліннеївське товариство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="倫敦林奈學會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="倫敦林奈學會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Linnean Society" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Linnean Society (disambiguation)">Linnean Society (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">The Linnean Society of London</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Linnean_Society.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/57/The_Linnean_Society.png/300px-The_Linnean_Society.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/57/The_Linnean_Society.png 1.5x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="104" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1788<span class="noprint">; 236 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1788</span>)</span> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>: 1802)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Natural History, Evolution & Taxonomy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a><br /><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/W_postcode_area" title="W postcode area">W1</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,168 <span style="font-size:85%;">(as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anjali_Goswami" title="Anjali Goswami">Anjali Goswami</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnean.org">www<wbr />.linnean<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Remarks</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Motto</b>: <i>Naturae Discere Mores</i><br /><small>("To Learn the Ways of Nature")</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Linnean Society of London</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned society</a> dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature collections, and publishes <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a> and books on plant and animal biology. The society also awards a number of prestigious medals and prizes. </p><p>A product of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">18th-century enlightenment</a>, the society is the oldest extant biological society in the world and is historically important as the venue for the first public presentation of the theory of evolution by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> on 1 July 1858. </p><p>The former patron of the society was Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>. Honorary members include: <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a> of the United Kingdom, Emeritus Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden">Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden</a> (both of the latter have active interests in natural history), and the eminent naturalist and broadcaster Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burlington_House_(5125727595).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Burlington_House_%285125727595%29.jpg/220px-Burlington_House_%285125727595%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Burlington_House_%285125727595%29.jpg/330px-Burlington_House_%285125727595%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Burlington_House_%285125727595%29.jpg/440px-Burlington_House_%285125727595%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4506" data-file-height="3102" /></a><figcaption>Burlington House: the Linnean Society occupies the range to the left of, and above, the entrance arch.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_The_Linnean_Society_of_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Exterior_of_The_Linnean_Society_of_London.JPG/220px-Exterior_of_The_Linnean_Society_of_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Exterior_of_The_Linnean_Society_of_London.JPG/330px-Exterior_of_The_Linnean_Society_of_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Exterior_of_The_Linnean_Society_of_London.JPG/440px-Exterior_of_The_Linnean_Society_of_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>The society's premises in Burlington House seen from within the courtyard.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_admission_of_lady_Fellows_to_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/First_admission_of_lady_Fellows_to_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg/220px-First_admission_of_lady_Fellows_to_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/First_admission_of_lady_Fellows_to_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg/330px-First_admission_of_lady_Fellows_to_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/First_admission_of_lady_Fellows_to_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg/440px-First_admission_of_lady_Fellows_to_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>The first admission of women as fellows of the society in 1905, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Louisa_Turner" title="Emma Louisa Turner">Emma Louisa Turner</a> is on the far left, <a href="/wiki/Lilian_J._Veley" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilian J. Veley">Lilian J. Veley</a> is shown signing the membership book, whilst Lady Crisp receives the 'hand of Fellowship' from the president, <a href="/wiki/William_Abbott_Herdman" title="William Abbott Herdman">William Abbott Herdman</a>, behind Lilian J. Veley and standing is <a href="/wiki/Constance_Sladen" title="Constance Sladen">Constance Sladen</a> – from a painting by James Sant (1820–1916)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin-Wallace_medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Darwin-Wallace_medal.jpg/220px-Darwin-Wallace_medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Darwin-Wallace_medal.jpg/330px-Darwin-Wallace_medal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Darwin-Wallace_medal.jpg/440px-Darwin-Wallace_medal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_main_library_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_main_library_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London_2.jpg/220px-The_main_library_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_main_library_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London_2.jpg/330px-The_main_library_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_main_library_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London_2.jpg/440px-The_main_library_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>The library of the Linnean Society, Burlington House</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg/220px-A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg/330px-A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg/440px-A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>A display of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> notebooks in the Linnean Society library</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muscicapa_malachura-_Thomas_Davies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Muscicapa_malachura-_Thomas_Davies.jpg/220px-Muscicapa_malachura-_Thomas_Davies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Muscicapa_malachura-_Thomas_Davies.jpg/330px-Muscicapa_malachura-_Thomas_Davies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Muscicapa_malachura-_Thomas_Davies.jpg/440px-Muscicapa_malachura-_Thomas_Davies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption> <i>Muscicapa malachura</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Southern_emu-wren" title="Southern emu-wren">Southern emu-wren</a>), a new species from <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davies_(British_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Davies (British Army officer)">Thomas Davies</a>, 1798, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Volume 4, facing page 242</figcaption></figure> <p>The Linnean Society was founded in 1788 by botanist Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Smith_(botanist)" title="James Edward Smith (botanist)">James Edward Smith</a>. The society takes its name from the Swedish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, the 'father of taxonomy', who systematised biological classification through his <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>. (He was known as Carl von Linné after his ennoblement, hence the spelling 'Linnean', rather than 'Linnaean'.) The society had a number of minor name variations before it gained its Royal Charter on 26 March 1802, when the name became fixed as "The Linnean Society of London". As a newly incorporated society, it comprised 228 fellows. It is the oldest extant natural history society in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2, 19">: 2, 19 </span></sup> Throughout its history the society has been a non-political and non-sectarian institution, existing solely for the furtherance of natural history.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 148">: 148 </span></sup> </p><p>The inception of the society was the direct result of the purchase by Sir James Edward Smith of the specimen, book and correspondence collections of Carl Linnaeus. When the collection was offered for sale by Linnaeus's heirs, Smith was urged to acquire it by Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, the eminent botanist and president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Five years after this purchase Banks gave Smith his full support in founding the Linnean Society, and became one of its first Honorary Members.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_members">Prominent members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prominent members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The society has numbered many prominent scientists amongst its fellows. One such was the botanist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(Scottish_botanist_from_Montrose)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)">Robert Brown</a>, who was librarian, and later president (1849–1853); he named the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nucleus</a> and discovered <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1854, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> was elected a fellow; he is undoubtedly the most illustrious scientist ever to appear on the membership rolls of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> Another famous fellow was biologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a>, who would later gain the nickname "Darwin's bulldog" for his outspoken defence of Darwin and evolution. Men notable in other walks of life have also been fellows of the society, including the physician <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a>, pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> explorers Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a>, colonial administrator and founder of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles">Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> of the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Lord Aberdeen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50, 53 197–198">: 50, 53 197–198 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_evolution_and_the_society">Biological evolution and the society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biological evolution and the society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first public exposition of the 'Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection', arguably the greatest single leap of progress made in biology, was presented to a meeting of the Linnean Society on 1 July 1858. At this meeting a <a href="/wiki/On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection" title="On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection">joint presentation of papers</a> by Charles Darwin and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> was made, sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>, as neither author could be present.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 288–289">: 288–289 </span></sup> </p><p>The society's connection with evolution remained strong into the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Sir Edward Poulton</a>, who was president in 1912–1916, was a great defender of natural selection, and was the first biologist to recognise the importance of <a href="/wiki/Frequency-dependent_selection" title="Frequency-dependent selection">frequency-dependent selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 95">: 95 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_fellows">Female fellows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Female fellows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1904, the society elected its first female fellows, following a number of years of tireless campaigning by the botanist <a href="/wiki/Marian_Farquharson" title="Marian Farquharson">Marian Farquharson</a>. Whilst the society's council was reluctant to admit women, the wider fellowship was more supportive; only 17% voted against the proposal. Among the first to benefit from this were the ornithologist and photographer <a href="/wiki/Emma_Louisa_Turner" title="Emma Louisa Turner">Emma Louisa Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lilian_J._Veley" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilian J. Veley">Lilian J. Veley</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Microbiologist" title="Microbiologist">microbiologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Lorrain_Smith" title="Annie Lorrain Smith">Annie Lorrain Smith</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lichenologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichenologist">lichenologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycologist">mycologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulielma_Lister" title="Gulielma Lister">Gulielma Lister</a>, a mycologist, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Jane_Benson" title="Margaret Jane Benson">Margaret Jane Benson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Paleobotanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleobotanist">paleobotanist</a>, all formally admitted on 19 January 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 88">: 88 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also numbered in the first cohort of women to be elected in 1904 were: the paleobotanist, and later pioneer of family planning, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes" title="Marie Stopes">Marie Stopes</a>, the philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Constance_Sladen" title="Constance Sladen">Constance Sladen</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sladen_Memorial_Trust" title="Percy Sladen Memorial Trust">Percy Sladen Memorial Trust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Laura_Embleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice Laura Embleton">Alice Laura Embleton</a> (1876–1960), <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoologist">zoologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffragist" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragist">suffragist</a>, who had been one of the earliest women to deliver a paper to the society on 4 Jun 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, 15 out of 16 women nominated in 1904 were elected to the society. Marian Farquharson was not admitted, having been "shamefully blackballed" as the society now states, although she was finally admitted in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The painting "Admission of Lady Fellows" by <a href="/wiki/James_Sant" title="James Sant">James Sant</a> R.A., which hangs on the upper staircase, shows the eleven women signing the society's Book of Admission and Obligation on 19 January 1905. The painting was altered to remove the figures of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roscoe_Rede_Stebbing" title="Thomas Roscoe Rede Stebbing">T R R Stebbing</a>, the Zoological Secretary, and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Stebbing" title="Mary Anne Stebbing">Mary Anne</a>, from the right hand side sometime before the painting was presented to the society in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first female president of the society was <a href="/wiki/Irene_Manton" title="Irene Manton">Irene Manton</a> (1973 to 1976), who pioneered the biological use of <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a>. Her work revealed the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a>, which are central to many systems of cellular motility.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_interests">Present interests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Present interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent years have seen an increased interest within the society in issues of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> conservation. This was highlighted by the inception in 2015 of an annual award, the <a href="/wiki/John_Spedan_Lewis" title="John Spedan Lewis">John Spedan Lewis</a> Medal, specifically honouring persons making significant and innovative contributions to conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The society has had a number of different homes, initially meeting in Marlborough Coffee House (1788), before moving to Panton Square in 1795, then Gerrard Street, <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a> in 1805, and Soho Square in 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1857 the society has been based at <a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>; an address it shares with a number of other learned societies: the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries of London</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p><p>In April 1939 the threat of war obliged the society to relocate the Linnean collections out of London to <a href="/wiki/Woburn_Abbey" title="Woburn Abbey">Woburn Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a>, where they remained for the duration of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This move was facilitated by the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Russell,_12th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="Hastings Russell, 12th Duke of Bedford">12th Duke of Bedford</a>, a Fellow of the Linnean Society himself. Three thousand of the most precious items from the library collections were packed up and evacuated to Oxford; the country house of librarian <a href="/wiki/Warren_Royal_Dawson" title="Warren Royal Dawson">Warren Royal Dawson</a> provided a refuge for the society's records.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110">: 110 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellowship</a> requires nomination by at least one fellow, and election by a minimum of two-thirds of those electors voting. Fellows may employ the <a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">post-nominal letters</a> 'FLS'. Fellowship is open to both professional scientists and to amateur naturalists who have shown active interest in natural history and allied disciplines. Having authored relevant publications is an advantage, but not a necessity, for election. Following election, new fellows must be formally admitted, in person at a meeting of the society, before they are able to vote in society elections. Admission takes the form of signing the membership book, and thereby agreeing to an obligation to abide by the statutes of the society. Following this the new fellow is taken by the hand by the president, who recites a formula of admission to the fellowship.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 195, 198–202">: 195, 198–202 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charter_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other forms of membership exist: 'Associate' (or 'ALS'), for supporters of the society who do not wish to submit to the formal election process for fellowship, and 'Student Associate', for those registered as students at a place of tertiary education. Associate members may apply for election to the fellowship at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 195, 198–202">: 195, 198–202 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charter_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, there are three types of membership that are prestigious and strictly limited in number: 'Fellow <i>honoris causa'</i>, 'Foreign', and lastly, 'Honorary'. These forms of membership are bestowed following election by the fellowship at the annual Anniversary Meeting in May.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 195, 198–202">: 195, 198–202 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charter_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meetings">Meetings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meetings have historically been, and continue to be, the main justification for the society's existence. Meetings are venues for people of like interests to exchange information, talk about scientific and literary concerns, exhibit specimens, and listen to lectures. Today, meetings are held in the evening and also at lunchtime. Most are open to the general public as well as to members, and the majority are offered without charge for admission.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149–152">: 149–152 </span></sup> </p><p>On or near 24 May, traditionally regarded as the birthday of Carl Linnaeus, the Anniversary Meeting is held. This is for fellows and guests only, it includes ballots for membership of the council of the society and the awarding of medals.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149–152">: 149–152 </span></sup> On 22 May 2020, for the first time in its history, the Anniversary Meeting was held online via <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videotelephony</a>. This was due to restrictions on public gatherings imposed in response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medals_and_prizes">Medals and prizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Medals and prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Linnean Society of London aims to promote the study of all aspects of the biological sciences, with particular emphasis on evolution, taxonomy, biodiversity, and sustainability. Through awarding medals and grants, the society acknowledges and encourages excellence in all of these fields.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165–174">: 165–174 </span></sup> </p><p>The following medals and prizes are awarded by the Linnean Society: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Medal" title="Linnean Medal">Linnean Medal</a>, established 1888, awarded annually to alternately a botanist or a zoologist or (as has been common since 1958) to one of each in the same year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin-Wallace_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin-Wallace Medal">Darwin-Wallace Medal</a>, first awarded in 1908, for major advances in evolutionary biology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Bloomer_Award" title="H. H. Bloomer Award">H. H. Bloomer Award</a>, established 1963 from a legacy by the amateur naturalist Harry Howard Bloomer, awarded to "an amateur naturalist who has made an important contribution to biological knowledge"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail-Crisp_Award" title="Trail-Crisp Award">Trail-Crisp Award</a>, established in 1966 from the amalgamation of two previous awards – both dating to 1910 – awarded "in recognition of an outstanding contribution to biological microscopy that has been published in the UK".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicentenary_Medal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Bicentenary Medal of the Linnean Society">Bicentenary Medal</a>, established 1978, on the 200th anniversary of the death of Linnaeus, "in recognition of work done by a person under the age of 40 years".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Smythies_Award" title="Jill Smythies Award">Jill Smythies Award</a>, established 1986, awarded for botanical illustrations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Gold_Medal" title="Linnean Gold Medal">Linnean Gold Medal</a>, For services to the society – awarded in exceptional circumstances, from 1988.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Manton_Prize" title="Irene Manton Prize">Irene Manton Prize</a>, established 1990, for the best dissertation in botany during an academic year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Tercentenary_Medal" title="Linnean Tercentenary Medal">Linnean Tercentenary Medal</a>, awarded in 2007 in celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_John_C_Marsden_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="The John C Marsden Medal">John C Marsden Medal</a>, established 2012, for the best doctoral thesis in biology examined during a single academic year.</li> <li>John Spedan Lewis Medal, established 2015, awarded to "an individual who is making a significant and innovative contribution to conservation".</li> <li>Sir David Attenborough Award for Fieldwork, established in 2015.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Herbarium" title="Linnaean Herbarium">Linnaean Herbarium</a></div> <p>Linnaeus' <a href="/wiki/Botanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical">botanical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoological</a> collections were purchased in 1783 by Sir James Edward Smith, the first president of the society, and are now held in London by the society.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collections include 14,000 plants, 158 fish, 1,564 shells, 3,198 insects, 1,600 books and 3,000 letters and documents. They may be viewed by appointment and there is a monthly tour of the collections.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith's own plant collection of 27,185 dried specimens, together with his correspondence and book collection, is also held by the society.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable holdings of the society include the notebooks and journals of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> and the paintings of plants and animals made by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">Francis Buchanan-Hamilton</a> (1762–1829) in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2014, the society's specimen, library, and archive collections were granted <a href="/wiki/Designated_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Designated status">designated status</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Arts_Council_England" title="Arts Council England">Arts Council England</a>, recognising collections of national and international importance (one of only 152 institutions so recognised as of 2020).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Linnean Society began its extensive series of publications on 13 August 1791, when Volume I of <i>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London</i> was produced. Over the following centuries the society published a number of different journals, some of which specialised in more specific subject areas, whilst earlier publications were discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 153–164">: 153–164 </span></sup> </p><p>Those still in publication include: the <i><a href="/wiki/Biological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>, which covers the evolutionary biology of all organisms, <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>, which focuses on plant sciences, and <i><a href="/wiki/Zoological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i> focusing on animal systematics and evolution. In 2022, the society launched the <i>Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society</i>, its first fully <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> scholarly publication.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Linnean</i> is a biannual newsletter. It contains commentary on recent activities and events, articles on history and science, and occasional biographies/obituaries of people connected to the Linnean Society; it also includes book reviews, reference material and correspondence. The society also publishes books and <i>Synopses of the British Fauna</i>, a series of field-guides.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 153–164">: 153–164 </span></sup> </p><p>Previously, an electronic magazine for Fellows, <i>Pulse</i>, was produced quarterly. This ceased publication in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>1788–1828: <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Edward_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Edward Smith">Sir James Edward Smith</a></li> <li>1828–1833: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_13th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby">Edward Smith-Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby</a></li> <li>1833–1836: <a href="/wiki/Edward_St_Maur,_11th_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset">Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li>1837–1849: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley_(bishop)" title="Edward Stanley (bishop)">Edward Stanley</a></li> <li>1849–1853: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(Scottish_botanist_from_Montrose)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)">Robert Brown</a></li> <li>1853–1861: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bell_(zoologist)" title="Thomas Bell (zoologist)">Thomas Bell</a></li> <li>1861–1874: <a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">George Bentham</a></li> <li>1874–1881: <a href="/wiki/George_James_Allman" class="mw-redirect" title="George James Allman">George James Allman</a></li> <li>1881–1886: <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">Sir John Lubbock, 4th Baronet</a> (later 1st Baron Avebury)</li> <li>1886–1890: <a href="/wiki/William_Carruthers_(botanist)" title="William Carruthers (botanist)">William Carruthers</a></li> <li>1890–1894: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(zoologist)" title="Charles Stewart (zoologist)">Charles Stewart</a></li> <li>1894–1896: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baron_Clarke" title="Charles Baron Clarke">Charles Baron Clarke</a></li> <li>1896–1900: <a href="/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther" title="Albert Günther">Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf Günther</a></li> <li>1900–1904: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Howard_Vines" title="Sydney Howard Vines">Sydney Howard Vines</a></li> <li>1904–1908: <a href="/wiki/William_Abbott_Herdman" title="William Abbott Herdman">William Abbott Herdman</a></li> <li>1908–1912: <a href="/wiki/Dukinfield_Henry_Scott" title="Dukinfield Henry Scott">Dukinfield Henry Scott</a></li> <li>1912–1916: <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Poulton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Poulton">Sir Edward Poulton</a></li> <li>1916–1919: <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Prain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Prain">Sir David Prain</a></li> <li>1919–1923: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Smith_Woodward" title="Arthur Smith Woodward">Arthur Smith Woodward</a></li> <li>1923–1927: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Barton_Rendle" title="Alfred Barton Rendle">Alfred Barton Rendle</a></li> <li>1927–1931: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Frederic_Harmer" title="Sidney Frederic Harmer">Sidney Frederic Harmer</a></li> <li>1931–1934: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ernest_Weiss" title="Frederick Ernest Weiss">Frederick Ernest Weiss</a></li> <li>1934–1937: <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Calman" title="William Thomas Calman">William Thomas Calman</a></li> <li>1937–1940: <a href="/wiki/John_Ramsbottom_(mycologist)" title="John Ramsbottom (mycologist)">John Ramsbottom</a></li> <li>1940–1943: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stuart_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Stuart Russell">Edward Stuart Russell</a></li> <li>1943–1946: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Disbrowe_Cotton" title="Arthur Disbrowe Cotton">Arthur Disbrowe Cotton</a></li> <li>1946–1949: Sir <a href="/wiki/Gavin_de_Beer" title="Gavin de Beer">Gavin de Beer</a></li> <li>1949–1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Eugen_Fritsch" title="Felix Eugen Fritsch">Felix Eugen Fritsch</a></li> <li>1952–1955: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Beresford_Seymour_Sewell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Beresford Seymour Sewell">Robert Beresford Seymour Sewell</a></li> <li>1955–1958: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hamshaw_Thomas" title="Hugh Hamshaw Thomas">Hugh Hamshaw Thomas</a></li> <li>1958–1961: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Pantin" title="Carl Pantin">Carl Pantin</a></li> <li>1961–1964: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Maxwell_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Maxwell Harris">Thomas Maxwell Harris</a></li> <li>1964–1967: <a href="/wiki/Errol_White" title="Errol White">Errol White</a></li> <li>1967–1970: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Roy_Clapham" title="Arthur Roy Clapham">Arthur Roy Clapham</a></li> <li>1970–1973: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cave" title="Alexander Cave">Alexander James Edward Cave</a></li> <li>1973–1976: <a href="/wiki/Irene_Manton" title="Irene Manton">Irene Manton</a></li> <li>1976–1979: <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Greenwood" title="Humphry Greenwood">Humphry Greenwood</a></li> <li>1979–1982: <a href="/wiki/William_T._Stearn" title="William T. Stearn">William T. Stearn</a></li> <li>1982–1985: <a href="/wiki/R._J._Berry" title="R. J. Berry">Robert James "Sam" Berry</a></li> <li>1985–1988: <a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_Chaloner" title="William Gilbert Chaloner">William Gilbert Chaloner</a></li> <li>1988–1991: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Frederick_Claridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Frederick Claridge">Michael Frederick Claridge</a></li> <li>1991–1994: <a href="/wiki/John_G._Hawkes" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Hawkes">John G. Hawkes</a></li> <li>1994–1997: <a href="/wiki/Brian_G._Gardiner_(biologist)" title="Brian G. Gardiner (biologist)">Brian G. Gardiner</a></li> <li>1997–2000: <a href="/wiki/Ghillean_Prance" title="Ghillean Prance">Sir Ghillean Prance</a></li> <li>2000–2003: <a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(botanist)" title="David Smith (botanist)">Sir David Smith</a></li> <li>2003–2006: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_McGregor_Reid" title="Gordon McGregor Reid">Gordon McGregor Reid</a></li> <li>2006–2009: <a href="/wiki/David_F._Cutler" title="David F. Cutler">David F. Cutler</a></li> <li>2009–2012: <a href="/wiki/Vaughan_R._Southgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaughan R. Southgate">Vaughan R. Southgate</a></li> <li>2012–2015: <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Edwards" title="Dianne Edwards">Dianne Edwards</a></li> <li>2015–2018: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brakefield" title="Paul Brakefield">Paul Brakefield</a></li> <li>2018–2022: <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Knapp" title="Sandra Knapp">Sandra Knapp</a></li> <li>2022–2025: <a href="/wiki/Anjali_Goswami" title="Anjali Goswami">Anjali Goswami</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Linnean Society of London </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Linnean_Society_of_London_Coat_of_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Linnean_Society_of_London_Coat_of_Arms.svg/220px-Linnean_Society_of_London_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Linnean_Society_of_London_Coat_of_Arms.svg/330px-Linnean_Society_of_London_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Linnean_Society_of_London_Coat_of_Arms.svg/440px-Linnean_Society_of_London_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="1237" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Crest</dt> <dd>On a wreath of the colours behind a mount in which vegetates the linnaea-borealis the sun rising in splendour all Proper.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Per fesse the chief per pale Gules and Vert the base Sable on a fesse Argent a hurt charged with an egg erect Proper.</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>On the dexter side a lion Or gorged with a linnaea-borealis Proper therefrom a shield pendent per pale wavy Argent and Ermine charged with a rose slipped Gules and a thistle fesseways Proper and on the sinister side an eagle rising Proper gorged as the dexter therefrom a shield pendent Argent charged with a trefoil slipped Vert.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd><b>NATURAE DISCERE MORES</b><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fellows">Fellows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fellows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>For the fellows of the Linnean Society of London, see: <a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London">Fellows of the Linnean Society of London</a></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Pertz" title="Dorothea Pertz">Dorothea Pertz</a>, one of the first women awarded full membership</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_Link_Project" title="Linnaeus Link Project">Linnaeus Link Project</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/48px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/64px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annual Review 2023, Linnean Society, p. 10: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/AnnualReview_LinneanSociety_2023_Final_Web.pdf">https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/AnnualReview_LinneanSociety_2023_Final_Web.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linnean.org/our-fellows/royal-patrons-and-honorary-fellows">"Royal Patrons and Honorary Fellows"</a>. <i>The Linnean Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Royal+Patrons+and+Honorary+Fellows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnean.org%2Four-fellows%2Froyal-patrons-and-honorary-fellows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnean+Society+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gage-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGageStearn1988" class="citation book cs1">Gage, A.T.; Stearn, W.T. 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Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthofcell0000harr/page/76">76</a>–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07384-3"><bdi>978-0-300-07384-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Cell&rft.pages=76-81&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07384-3&rft.au=Harris%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirthofcell0000harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnean+Society+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1985" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, I.B. 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Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1884: 27–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterfield2004" class="citation journal cs1">Waterfield, Amanda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3668497">"The Listers and the Myxomycete Collections at the Natural History Museum (BM), London"</a>. <i>Systematics and Geography of Plants</i>. <b>74</b> (2): 289–291. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1374-7886">1374-7886</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3668497">3668497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematics+and+Geography+of+Plants&rft.atitle=The+Listers+and+the+Myxomycete+Collections+at+the+Natural+History+Museum+%28BM%29%2C+London&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=289-291&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3668497%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1374-7886&rft.aulast=Waterfield&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3668497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnean+Society+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Linnean". <b>21</b> (2). 2005: 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Linnean&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnean+Society+of+London" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gage, A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+Linnean+Society+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproceedingsoflin190206linn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnean+Society+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linnean.org/news/2020/03/27/celebrating-the-first-women-fellows">"New Exhibition: Celebrating the Linnean Society's First Women Fellows"</a>. <i>The Linnean Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=New+Exhibition%3A+Celebrating+the+Linnean+Society%27s+First+Women+Fellows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnean.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F03%2F27%2Fcelebrating-the-first-women-fellows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnean+Society+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1984" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Margot (January 1984). 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T. and Stearn W. T. (1988) <i>A Bicentenary History of the Linnean Society of London</i>, Linnean Society of London, pp. 175–181 (specimen collections) 183–188 (manuscript, illustration and publication collections)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advisor.museumsandheritage.com/news/four-collections-of-national-importance-gain-designated-status-from-arts-co/">"Four collections of national importance gain Designated Status from Arts Council"</a>. <i>Museums + Heritage Advisor</i>. 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museums+%2B+Heritage+Advisor&rft.atitle=Four+collections+of+national+importance+gain+Designated+Status+from+Arts+Council&rft.date=2014-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadvisor.museumsandheritage.com%2Fnews%2Ffour-collections-of-national-importance-gain-designated-status-from-arts-co%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnean+Society+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linnean.org/our-publications/our-journals">"Our Journals"</a>. <i>The Linnean Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Our+Journals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnean.org%2Four-publications%2Four-journals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnean+Society+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linnean.org/Our-Publications/PuLSe">"Pulse"</a>. The Linnean Society of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulse&rft.pub=The+Linnean+Society+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnean.org%2FOur-Publications%2FPuLSe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnean+Society+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London">"Linnean Society of London"</a>. Heraldry of the World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linnean+Society+of+London&rft.pub=Heraldry+of+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldry-wiki.com%2Fheraldrywiki%2Fwiki%2FLinnean_Society_of_London&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnean+Society+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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Linnean Society of London">Transactions of the Linnean Society of London</a></i>. 2nd series, Zoology 1875–1921</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/682">BHL</a> scans of <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Linnean_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London">Transactions of the Linnean Society of London</a></i>, 2nd series: Botany 1875–1922</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/37164">Works by Linnean Society of London</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Linnean+Society+of+London%22%29">Works by or about Linnean Society of London</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carl_Linnaeus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Template:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Template talk:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carl_Linnaeus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Published works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_bibliography" title="Carl Linnaeus bibliography">Linnaeus bibliography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> (1735)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fundamenta_Botanica" title="Fundamenta Botanica">Fundamenta Botanica</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Botanica" title="Bibliotheca Botanica">Bibliotheca Botanica</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Cliffortiana" class="extiw" title="de:Musa Cliffortiana">Musa Cliffortiana</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_Botanica" title="Critica Botanica">Critica Botanica</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Lapponica" title="Flora Lapponica">Flora Lapponica</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classes_Plantarum" title="Classes Plantarum">Classes Plantarum</a></i> (1738)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Svecica" title="Flora Svecica">Flora Svecica</a></i> (1745)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Svecica" title="Fauna Svecica">Fauna Svecica</a></i> (1746)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></i> (1751)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> (1753)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centuria_Insectorum" title="Centuria Insectorum">Centuria Insectorum</a></i> (1763)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mantissa_Plantarum_Altera" title="Mantissa Plantarum Altera">Mantissa Plantarum Altera</a></i> (1771)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Vegetabilium" title="Systema Vegetabilium">Systema Vegetabilium</a></i> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9,_1707-1778,_botanist,_professor_(Alexander_Roslin)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-90px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-135px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="3655" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Herbarium" title="Linnaean Herbarium">Linnaean Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a> (Linnaean classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">Zoological nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus">Taxa named by Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Linnaeus" title="Apostles of Linnaeus">Apostles of Linnaeus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Afzelius" title="Adam Afzelius">Adam Afzelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Berlin" title="Andreas Berlin">Andreas Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Falk" title="Johan Peter Falk">Johan Peter Falk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Peter Forsskål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Kalm" title="Pehr Kalm">Pehr Kalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_L%C3%B6fling" title="Pehr Löfling">Pehr Löfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Osbeck" title="Pehr Osbeck">Pehr Osbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rolander" title="Daniel Rolander">Daniel Rolander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Rothman" title="Göran Rothman">Göran Rothman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sparrman" title="Anders Sparrman">Anders Sparrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg" title="Carl Peter Thunberg">Carl Peter Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_family" title="Linné family">Family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl Linnaeus the Younger</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christina_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Elisabeth Christina von Linné">Elisabeth Christina von Linné</a> (daughter))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Linnaeus" title="List of students of Linnaeus">Students of Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bauhin" title="Johann Bauhin">Johann Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Artedi" title="Peter Artedi">Peter Artedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Burman" title="Johannes Burman">Johannes Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clifford_III" title="George Clifford III">George Clifford III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus">Recognitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_Linn%C3%A9" title="Expedition Linné">Expedition Linné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaea" title="Linnaea">Linnaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Garden" title="Linnaean Garden">Linnaean Garden</a> (<i>including the Linnaeus Museum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeite" title="Linnaeite">Linnaeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemya" title="Linnaemya">Linnaemya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemyini" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaemyini">Linnaemyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7412_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="7412 Linnaeus">7412 Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_Arboretum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus Arboretum">Linnaeus Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus%27s_Hammarby" title="Linnaeus's Hammarby">Linnaeus's Hammarby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_(crater)" title="Linné (crater)">Linné (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9a" title="Linnéa">Linnéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Medal" title="Linnean Medal">Linnean Medal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linnean Society of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Linnaeus_Society" title="Swedish Linnaeus Society">Swedish Linnaeus Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_New_South_Wales" title="Linnean Society of New South Wales">Linnean Society of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Tercentenary_Medal" title="Linnean Tercentenary Medal">Linnean Tercentenary Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Maine" title="Linneus, Maine">Linneus, Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Missouri" title="Linneus, Missouri">Linneus, Missouri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Carl Linnaeus">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Carl_Linnaeus" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Carl Linnaeus"><b>Wikiquote</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867447#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867447#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867447#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406194440">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148721817">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/38819-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80037022">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122779650">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122779650">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35307421">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Linnean Society of London"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003186573&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000079007&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264786105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01269318?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">ISIL</a>: OCLC-UKLIL</span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">ISIL</a>: GB-UkLoLS</span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/905826">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032474954">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&oldid=1248797958#Membership">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&oldid=1248797958#Membership</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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