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id="toc-Local_exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-LINX_Manchester" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LINX_Manchester"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>LINX Manchester</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LINX_Manchester-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LINX_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LINX_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>LINX Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LINX_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LINX_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LINX_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>LINX Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LINX_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LINX_NOVA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LINX_NOVA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>LINX NOVA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LINX_NOVA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">London Internet Exchange</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="تبادل اینترنت لندن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبادل اینترنت لندن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Internet_Exchange" title="London Internet Exchange – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="London Internet Exchange" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Internet_Exchange" title="London Internet Exchange – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="London Internet Exchange" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Internet_Exchange" title="London Internet Exchange – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="London Internet Exchange" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINX" title="LINX – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="LINX" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINX" title="LINX – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="LINX" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=London_Internet_Exchange&params=51.511453_N_0.003418_W_region:GB_type:landmark_scale:2000_source:Google"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°00′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.511453°N 0.003418°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.511453; -0.003418</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Internet exchange point in London</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LINX" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Linx_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Linx (disambiguation)">Linx (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">London Internet Exchange</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">London Internet Exchange</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">LINX</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1994</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England, UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linx.net">www.linx.net</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">988 as of May 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ports</th><td class="infobox-data">1,730 as of August 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.linx.net/">9.29 Tbit/s</a> as of December 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=London_Internet_Exchange&params=51.511453_N_0.003418_W_region:GB_type:landmark_scale:2000_source:Google"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°00′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.511453°N 0.003418°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.511453; -0.003418</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TelehouseDocklands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/TelehouseDocklands.jpg/300px-TelehouseDocklands.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/TelehouseDocklands.jpg/450px-TelehouseDocklands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/TelehouseDocklands.jpg/600px-TelehouseDocklands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Telehouse_Docklands" class="mw-redirect" title="Telehouse Docklands">Telehouse Docklands</a>, home of the <b>London Internet Exchange</b> since 1994.</figcaption></figure> <p>The London Internet Exchange (LINX) is a mutually governed Internet exchange point (IXP) providing peering services and public policy representation to network operators, encompassing over 950 different autonomous systems (ASNs). Established in 1994 in London, LINX operates IXPs in London, Manchester, Scotland, and Wales in the United Kingdom, as well as in Northern Virginia, United States. </p><p>Founded by a consortium of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and educational networks, LINX is a founding member of Euro-IX, a Europe-wide alliance of Internet exchanges. It is one of the largest neutral IXPs in Europe by average throughput. </p><p>LINX functions as a non-profit organization, structured as a company limited by guarantee. Membership involves signing a memorandum of understanding, with each member collectively owning the company. All members hold a single vote at Annual General Meetings (AGMs) and Extraordinary General Meetings (EGMs) on issues related to finances, the constitution, and the scope of LINX activities. The members periodically elect the non-executive board of directors and convene at regular meetings to discuss technical, corporate governance, and regulatory matters. LINX operates under a mandate to avoid direct competition with its members. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1994, using a donated piece of equipment no bigger than a video recorder and without any written contracts, five UK-based <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> (ISPs) linked their networks to exchange data and avoid paying high transatlantic bandwidth costs. </p><p>LINX effectively began when two ISPs (<a href="/wiki/PIPEX" class="mw-redirect" title="PIPEX">PIPEX</a> and UK Net) linked their networks via a 64-kilobit serial link to save the cost and time delay involved in routing data across the Atlantic to US Internet exchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Demon_Internet" title="Demon Internet">Demon Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/UKERNA" class="mw-redirect" title="UKERNA">UKERNA</a> – the UK academic network – and other ISPs showed interest in establishing similar serial links, Keith Mitchell, then chief technical officer of PIPEX, initiated a meeting with BT to discuss the creation of a London-based Internet exchange. </p><p>PIPEX provided the LINX founders with a Cisco Catalyst 1200 switch with eight 10-megabit ports. Rack space was leased at a then virtually empty data center operated by Telehouse International Corporation of Europe Ltd at Coriander Avenue in London's Dockland.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Switching the first data through the Telehouse hub was accomplished by primarily technical specialists who were unconcerned about the formalities of legal contracts. However, while PIPEX continued to provide administrative and technical oversight, the need for a formal constitution was eventually recognized. </p><p>The solution was to form a company limited by guarantee. Lawyers produced a draft memorandum and constitution which was extensively modified by members. The company was formed in 1995, and a board of five non-executive directors was elected, with Keith Mitchell as the initial chairman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Not_for_profit_organization">Not for profit organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Not for profit organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the beginning, it was agreed that LINX would be a non-profit organization run for the benefit of members and governed collectively through regular member meetings, a practice which continues to this day. </p><p>While PIPEX continued to provide administrative oversight – charged at cost to LINX – member meetings were held every two months (now every three months) to decide strategic direction. Eventually, it was accepted that the purely co-operative system of operation at LINX was becoming overly demanding. Then, in late 1996, Keith Mitchell accepted the role of full-time chairman, working with a personal assistant from offices in Peterborough. </p><p>In the summer of 1996, LINX became the first Internet exchange in the world to deploy a 100-megabit switch – a Cisco Catalyst 5000.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1999, it pioneered the implementation of a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) running over gigabit Ethernet connections. </p><p>As the Internet grew in popularity, legislators and law enforcement agencies began to call for its regulation. LINX increasingly found itself taking on non-core activities, such as providing expert advice on behalf of its members (and, therefore, the whole industry) to a wide range of official agencies. </p><p>In 1999, LINX appointed its first full-time regulation officer in Roland Perry to advise organizations such as the Home Office Internet Task Force, the <a href="/wiki/National_Hi-Tech_Crime_Unit" title="National Hi-Tech Crime Unit">National Hi-Tech Crime Unit</a>, the Department of Trade and Industry and relevant departments of the EU Commission. In 2003, Roland was succeeded by Malcolm Hutty when Roland left to form his own advisory group. </p><p>LINX also actively and financially supports the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation" title="Internet Watch Foundation">Internet Watch Foundation</a> which, since 1996, has worked to eradicate child abuse images from the UK Internet. Initial funding from LINX was instrumental in enabling the IWF to launch and the decision to create the IWF and define its charter was taken at a LINX member meeting in Heathrow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LINX_in_the_twenty-first_century">LINX in the twenty-first century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: LINX in the twenty-first century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>2000</b> – A training manager was appointed to introduce an accredited training program for Internet engineers and technicians. </p><p><b>2001</b> – LINX amended its corporate structure to make the post of chairman non-executive and appointed its first chief executive officer, John Souter, previously UK managing director of German-owned Varieties Communications. </p><p><b>2002</b> – LINX was the first exchange to introduce 10G Ethernet operation, using equipment from Foundry Networks – in fact, the second of their worldwide customers to deploy their technology. </p><p><b>2003</b> – This year saw the launch of the 'LINX from Anywhere' service, a facility that permits smaller ISPs to piggyback on the networks of existing members to obtain a secure, virtual presence on the LINX exchange without incurring the manpower and Rackspace costs of having their own installation in London. </p><p><b>2004</b> – LINX considerably expanded its footprint, with four new points of presence (Pop's) – all in the Docklands area of London. </p><p><b>2005</b> – LINX members voted to make public affairs one of the company's "core functions", placing it on an equal footing with peering and interconnection. </p><p><b>2006</b> – LINX membership reached 200. </p><p><b>2008</b> – LINX expanded again opening three new PoPs, this time adding considerably to the geographical diversity by doing so in the City of London, North Acton and Slough. It also heralded new relationships with data centre operators, with the addition of Interxion and Equinix (to the pre-existing ones of Telehouse and Telecity). </p><p><b>2011</b> – The LINX primary LAN was redesigned to a VPLS-based infrastructure with a new vendor, Juniper Networks. </p><p><b>2012</b> – The Connection reseller Programme launched. Also this year LINX became the first Internet exchange in the world to install a Juniper PTX5000 in a live network and the exchange opened its first site outside London in Manchester (IX Manchester). </p><p><b>2013</b> – Two additional local exchanges, IX Scotland in Edinburgh and LINX NOVA in <a href="/wiki/North_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Virginia">North Virginia, USA</a>, were launched. They were the exchange's first sites outside England. </p><p><b>2014</b> – Another local exchange, IX Cardiff in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, was launched. </p><p><b>2016</b> – Sees the introduction of new hardware and a restructuring of LON2 with hardware from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epsglobal.com/manufacturers/edgecore">EdgeCore Networks</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>2017</b> – Following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016" title="Investigatory Powers Act 2016">Investigatory Powers Act</a>, a new constitution was proposed which would ban directors from reporting the installation of surveillance equipment to members. This caused dissension among members, many of which are non-UK based ISPs operating from countries where mass surveillance is, like in the UK, not legal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation of the constitutional change was disputed on the official LINX website.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voting on the constitutional revision took place during a hastily called Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) on 21 February; although a majority supported the change the number attending was too small for the motion to be carried.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>2021</b> – LINX reported a record level of UK Traffic at 6.05 Tbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>2022</b> – LINX joined the long list of organizations supporting <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> by disconnecting Russian services from its networks.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, LINX operates two physically separate networks, or <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switching platforms</a>, on different <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">architectures</a> using equipment from different manufacturers (<a href="/wiki/Extreme_Networks" title="Extreme Networks">Extreme Networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juniper_Networks" title="Juniper Networks">Juniper Networks</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). These networks are deployed over ten locations, each connected by multiple <a href="/wiki/100_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="100 Gigabit Ethernet">100 Gigabit Ethernet</a> or <a href="/wiki/10_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="10 Gigabit Ethernet">10 Gigabit Ethernet</a> connections over <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fibre</a> networks.<sup id="cite_ref-LINX_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LINX-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LINX Engineering team restructured its secondary LAN in London, LON2, in 2018 using software and hardware from two different suppliers. </p><p>LINX data center facilities are found at sixteen locations throughout London, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telehouse_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Telehouse North">Telehouse North</a></li> <li>Telehouse North 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telehouse_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Telehouse East">Telehouse East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telehouse_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Telehouse West">Telehouse West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelecityGroup" title="TelecityGroup">Equinix Harbour Exchange</a> (ex. TeleCity)</li> <li>Digital Realty, Bonnington House, Millharbour (ex. TeleCity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelecityGroup" title="TelecityGroup">Digital Realty, Sovereign House</a>, Marsh Wall (ex. TeleCity)</li> <li>Equinix Powergate, Acton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinix" title="Equinix">Equinix</a>, Slough</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interxion" title="Interxion">Interxion</a> London City</li> <li>Virtus, Hayes (Transmission PoP)</li> <li>Colt Data Centre, London West (Transmission PoP)</li></ul> <p>Connecting is also possible from remote locations via the 'LINX from Anywhere' scheme<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> via a range of layer 2 service/MPLS carriers. </p><p>Redundancy of the network is managed using rapid-failover protection mechanisms such a VPLS service over an MPLS core (MPLS/VPLS) from Juniper and Extreme's <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_Automatic_Protection_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet Automatic Protection System">Ethernet Automatic Protection System</a> (EAPS). These restore connectivity within tenths of a second in the event of the loss of a network segment. </p><p>In addition to the main peering infrastructure, LINX provides managed private interconnections (via <a href="/wiki/Single-mode_optical_fiber" title="Single-mode optical fiber">Single Mode Fiber</a>) between LINX members, and works with a number of fibre carriers to provide rapid connection between LINX members for private circuits. These PI circuits may be used for any purpose, but are mainly intended for <a href="/wiki/Peering" title="Peering">Private Peering</a> arrangements between members. Private Peering is sometimes more appropriate for managing large flows of traffic between ISPs and/or Content Providers. </p><p>Telehouse hosts the vast majority of internet peering traffic from LINX.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_affairs">Public affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of LINX's core functions is to represent its members in matters of public policy. LINX's Public Affairs department works to obtain advance warning of public policy developments that could affect LINX members, to inform members about important policy developments at a time when it is still possible to influence them, and to educate, inform and influence regulators and legislators. </p><p>At the UK level, LINX liaises directly with policymakers on matters such as content regulation, telecoms regulation, privacy and data protection, e-mail spam, online fraud/phishing, law enforcement, counter-terrorism, and any other topics that affect LINX members. </p><p>At the European level, LINX is an active member of Euro ISPA and works with Euro ISPA's other national associations to influence European policy. </p><p>LINX also works actively with partner organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation" title="Internet Watch Foundation">Internet Watch Foundation</a> (IWF) and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC). LINX was instrumental in the creation of the Internet Watch Foundation, the UK hotline for reporting and removing <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Child sexual abuse material">child sexual abuse material</a> from the Internet, and continues to advise the IWF as a member of its Funding Council. </p><p>As a mutual, membership-based organization, all of LINX's public affairs activity is informed and guided by extensive and ongoing consultation with LINX members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_exchanges">Local exchanges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Local exchanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LINX_Manchester">LINX Manchester</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: LINX Manchester"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Launched in April 2012 IX Manchester, now known as LINX Manchester was initially a single-site platform based on a stand-alone Brocade BigIron RX-16 switch, repurposed from the primary LAN in London. A new design extends the network to two new sites – M247's Ice Colo & Joule House and brings in completely new hardware from Extreme Networks. </p><p>The new network will be configured as an EAPS protected ring, topology currently used for the secondary LINX LAN in London. All sites will use a Summit X670v switch, capable of connecting 48x10 Gb member ports. Telecity Williams will also have a smaller Summit X460 switch for terminating slower ports. </p><p>The links between sites will be provisioned on a dark fibre provided by NTL and lit by LINX with the use of SFP+ DWDM transceivers and passive DWDM MUX units. Initial ISL capacity will be configured at 20 Gbit/s but easily upgradeable to 80 Gbit/s if required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LINX_Scotland">LINX Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: LINX Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located in Pulsant's South Gyle data center in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> (formerly Scolocate), IX Scotland, now known as LINX Scotland, was officially launched in November 2013. The site will use the latest hardware from Extreme Networks enabling all the advanced features expected from a modern exchange. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LINX_Wales">LINX Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: LINX Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located in BT's Stadium House data center in Cardiff. IX Cardiff, then LINX Cardiff, now known as LINX Wales <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was officially launched on 15 October 2014 in an effort to decentralize UK internet traffic. </p><p>As of July 2018, LINX Wales has a typical peak of 0.9976 Gbit/s of network traffic with a maximum peak of 1.03 Gbit/s as of 1 December 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LINX_NOVA">LINX NOVA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: LINX NOVA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following discussions with the US network community, and its own members, LINX decided to launch an open peering exchange in North America in late 2013. Formally to be known as LINX NoVA, the exchange will be closely aligned with, and endorsed by, the newly formed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-IX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-IX (page does not exist)">Open-IX</a>, using systems and processes that have proved successful in Europe and the wider world for nearly 20 years. </p><p>Based in the North Virginia/Washington DC area, LINX NoVA initially spanned three data centers – Evo Switch in Manassas, Digital Realty in Ashburn and Coresite in Reston – and will be connected using dark fiber lit by LINX. An agreement for a fourth Colo site, also in Ashburn, is expected shortly. </p><p>The LINX NOVA exchange will use MX960 router equipment from Juniper Networks capable of delivering 100G member ports from launch with the three PoPs all connected by diverse dark fiber lit by LINX. </p><p>LINX NoVA will be developed in the same way as the LINX primary LAN in London (VPLS, separated core and edge, etc.) but as a stand-alone site not requiring a connection to the LANs operated in the London, UK. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LINX also carries on a number of non-core activities (NCAPs) from time to time, for example the LINX Accredited Internet Technician (LAIT) training Program. </p><p>Other services provided include a time service using <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clocks</a>, as well as hosting for other "Good of the Internet" services including various Internet statistics projects, numerous <a href="/wiki/Name_server" title="Name server">secondary name servers</a> for various <a href="/wiki/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLD</a> domains, and instances of the F, K and I <a href="/wiki/Root_nameserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Root nameserver">root nameservers</a>. </p><p>Latest news for 2018/19 sees LINX launch an IXP partner relationship with Japan IX allowing customers to connect to LINX in London and also LINX and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Telecom_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Telecom Company">Saudi Telecom Company</a> (STC), on 7 December 2018 marked the start of <b>JED-IX driven by LINX</b>, an Internet exchange in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> (JED-IX), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a> (KSA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_exchange_points" title="List of Internet exchange points">List of Internet exchange points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_network_operators%27_group" title="Internet network operators' group">Internet network operators' group</a></li></ul> <p>Some other Internet exchange points in London: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Internet_Providers_Exchange" title="London Internet Providers Exchange">London Internet Providers Exchange</a> (LIPEX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LoNAP" class="mw-redirect" title="LoNAP">London Network Access Point</a> (LONAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet Exchange">Packet Exchange</a> (Formerly XchangePoint)</li></ul> <p>LINX hosts a number of meetings where network operators can exchange information: see <a href="/wiki/Internet_network_operators%27_group" title="Internet network operators' group">Internet network operators' group</a> for a list of other organizations holding similar meetings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Internet_Exchange&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linx.net/newsletter/linx-newsletter-december-2023/">"LINX Newsletter (December 2023)"</a>. <i>linx.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linx.net&rft.atitle=LINX+Newsletter+%28December+2023%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linx.net%2Fnewsletter%2Flinx-newsletter-december-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Internet+Exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2017" class="citation news cs1">Campbell, Duncan (17 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/02/17/linx_snoopers_charger_gagging_order/">"UK Snoopers' Charter gagging order drafted for London Internet Exchange directors"</a>. <i>The Register</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=UK+Snoopers%27+Charter+gagging+order+drafted+for+London+Internet+Exchange+directors&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2017%2F02%2F17%2Flinx_snoopers_charger_gagging_order%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Internet+Exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarren" class="citation web cs1">Darren, Echo by. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linx.net/about/history-of-linx/">"History of LINX"</a>. <i>LINX</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LINX&rft.atitle=History+of+LINX&rft.aulast=Darren&rft.aufirst=Echo+by&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linx.net%2Fabout%2Fhistory-of-linx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Internet+Exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarren" class="citation web cs1">Darren, Echo by. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linx.net/about/history-of-linx/">"History of LINX"</a>. <i>LINX</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linx.net/contact/linx-news/linxcardiff-becomes-linxwales/">the original</a> on 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LINX+Cardiff+Becomes+LINX+Wales+as+Regional+Internet+Exchange+Welcome+NGD+to+the+Network+-+LINX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linx.net%2Fcontact%2Flinx-news%2Flinxcardiff-becomes-linxwales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Internet+Exchange" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021064824/https://www.linx.net/contact/linx-news/linxcardiff-becomes-linxwales/">"LINX Cardiff Becomes LINX Wales as Regional Internet Exchange Welcome NGD to the Network - LINX"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linx.net/contact/linx-news/linxcardiff-becomes-linxwales/">the original</a> on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LINX+Cardiff+Becomes+LINX+Wales+as+Regional+Internet+Exchange+Welcome+NGD+to+the+Network+-+LINX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linx.net%2Fcontact%2Flinx-news%2Flinxcardiff-becomes-linxwales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Internet+Exchange" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee">Infrastructure<br />providers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqiva" title="Arqiva">Arqiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babcock_International" title="Babcock International">Babcock International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Wholesale_and_Ventures" title="BT Wholesale and Ventures">BT Wholesale and Ventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CityFibre" title="CityFibre">CityFibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCOM_Group" title="KCOM Group">KCOM Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexfibre" title="Nexfibre">Nexfibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openreach" title="Openreach">Openreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interxion" title="Interxion">Interxion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelecityGroup" title="TelecityGroup">TelecityGroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telehouse_Europe" title="Telehouse Europe">Telehouse Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee">Service<br />providers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrews_%26_Arnold" title="Andrews & Arnold">Andrews & Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asda_Mobile" title="Asda Mobile">Asda Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/BT_Consumer" title="BT Consumer">BT Consumer</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/BT_Business_and_Public_Sector" title="BT Business and Public Sector">BT Business and Public Sector</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/BT_Global_Services" title="BT Global Services">BT Global Services</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/EE_(telecommunications)" title="EE (telecommunications)">EE</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Plusnet" title="Plusnet">Plusnet</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/China_Mobile#United_Kingdom" title="China Mobile">CMLink</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claranet" title="Claranet">Claranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_Technology_Services" title="Colt Technology Services">Colt Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phone_Co-op" title="The Phone Co-op">The Co-operative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Communications" title="Cable & Wireless Communications">Cable & Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanet" title="Entanet">Entanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCOM_Group" title="KCOM Group">KCOM Group</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Internet" title="Eclipse Internet">Eclipse Internet</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebara" title="Lebara">Lebara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycamobile" title="Lycamobile">Lycamobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Sky_Broadband" title="Sky Broadband">Sky Broadband</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spusu" title="Spusu">spusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_Group" title="TalkTalk Group">TalkTalk</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_Business" title="TalkTalk Business">Business</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_Group#Mobile_telephony" title="TalkTalk Group">Mobile</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV" title="TalkTalk TV">TV</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Plus" title="Telecom Plus">Telecom Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesco_Mobile" title="Tesco Mobile">Tesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_(company)" title="3 (company)">Three</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Three_UK" title="Three UK">Three UK</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/SMARTY" title="SMARTY">SMARTY</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truphone" title="Truphone">Tru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_Networks" title="Trunk Networks">Trunk Networks</a> <ul><li><small>Leetline</small></li> <li><small>No One</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_O2" title="Virgin Media O2">Virgin Media O2</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/O2_(UK)" title="O2 (UK)">O2</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Giffgaff" title="Giffgaff">Giffgaff</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media" title="Virgin Media">Virgin Media</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_Business" title="Virgin Media Business">Virgin Media Business</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_UK" title="Vodafone UK">Vodafone UK</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Talkmobile" title="Talkmobile">Talkmobile</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voipfone" title="Voipfone">Voipfone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WightFibre" title="WightFibre">WightFibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Internet" title="Zen Internet">Zen Internet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Broadband" title="AOL Broadband">AOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Telegraph_Company" title="Atlantic Telegraph Company">Atlantic Telegraph Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_Un_Limited" title="Be Un Limited">Be Un Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonelli%27s_Electric_Telegraph_Company" title="Bonelli's Electric Telegraph Company">Bonelli's Electric Telegraph Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Magnetic_Telegraph_Company" title="British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company">British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc" title="Cable & Wireless plc">Cable & Wireless plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Worldwide" title="Cable & Wireless Worldwide">Cable & Wireless Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Telegraph_Company" title="Electric Telegraph Company">Electric Telegraph Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energis" title="Energis">Energis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Mobile" title="Family Mobile">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta_Percha_Company" title="Gutta Percha Company">Gutta Percha Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionica_(company)" title="Ionica (company)">Ionica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_District_Telegraph_Company" title="London District Telegraph Company">London & Provincial District Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Communications" title="Mercury Communications">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Telephone_Company" title="National Telephone Company">National Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTL_Incorporated" title="NTL Incorporated">NTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_UK" title="Orange UK">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovivo">Ovivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Limited" title="Post Office Limited">Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipex" title="Pipex">Pipex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(telecommunications)" title="Rabbit (telecommunications)">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_by_Sainsbury%27s" title="Mobile by Sainsbury's">Sainsbury's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Telegraph_Company" title="Submarine Telegraph Company">Submarine Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiscali_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiscali UK">Tiscali UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_UK" title="T-Mobile UK">T-Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Private_Telegraph_Company" title="Universal Private Telegraph Company">Universal Private Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_(UK)" title="Virgin Mobile (UK)">Virgin Mobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee">Suppliers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arm_Holdings" title="Arm Holdings">Arm Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icera" title="Icera">Icera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaswitch" title="Metaswitch">Metaswitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarantel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarantel">Sarantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirent" title="Spirent">Spirent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telent" title="Telent">Telent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSR_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="CSR (company)">CSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC_Plessey_Telecommunications" title="GEC Plessey Telecommunications">GEC Plessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Communications" title="Marconi Communications">Marconi Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_plc" title="Pace plc">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PicoChip" title="PicoChip">PicoChip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Telephones_and_Cables" title="Standard Telephones and Cables">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carphone_Warehouse" title="Carphone Warehouse">Carphone Warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibu" title="Hibu">Hibu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Government and<br />regulatory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadband_Stakeholder_Group" title="Broadband Stakeholder Group">Broadband Stakeholder Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Laboratory" title="Defence Science and Technology Laboratory">Defence Science and Technology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone-paid_Services_Authority" title="Phone-paid Services Authority">Phone-paid Services Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Industry bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="GSM Association">GSM Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Service_Providers_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="Internet Service Providers Association (United Kingdom)">Internet Service Providers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Telephony_Services_Providers%27_Association" title="Internet Telephony Services Providers' Association">Internet Telephony Services Providers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LONAP" title="LONAP">LONAP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">London Internet Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Network_Access_Point" title="Manchester Network Access Point">MaNAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbian_Foundation" title="Symbian Foundation">Symbian Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">In <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia#Communications" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Anguilla" title="Telecommunications in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a> (including <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bermuda" title="Telecommunications in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guernsey" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montserrat" title="Telecommunications in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha#Communications" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">History,<br />legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adastral_Park" title="Adastral Park">Adastral Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Approvals_Board_for_Telecommunications" title="British Approvals Board for Telecommunications">British Approvals Board for Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Telecommunications_Act_1981" title="British Telecommunications Act 1981">British Telecommunications Act 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_telephone_sockets" class="mw-redirect" title="British telephone sockets">British telephone sockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Research" title="BT Research">BT Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_site_engineering_code" title="BT site engineering code">BT site engineering code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzby" title="Buzby">Buzby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_2003" title="Communications Act 2003">Communications Act 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earth_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Earth stations in the United Kingdom">Earth stations in UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_Colour_Pages" title="Hull Colour Pages">Hull Colour Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interception_of_Communications_Act_1985" title="Interception of Communications Act 1985">Interception of Communications Act 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet in UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Act" title="Telegraph Act">Telegraph Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Act_1868" title="Telegraph Act 1868">Telegraph Act 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Act_1885" title="Telegraph Act 1885">Telegraph Act 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Telephone numbers in UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_telephone_code_misconceptions" title="UK telephone code misconceptions">UK telephone code misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_blocking_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Web blocking in the United Kingdom">Web blocking in UK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" 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