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for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izgled</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sh.wikipedia.org&uselang=sh" class=""><span>Donacije</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Stvori_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Fotosinteza" title="Preporučujemo da izradite račun i prijavite se, ali to nije obavezno" class=""><span>Izradi račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Korisni%C4%8Dka_prijava&returnto=Fotosinteza" title="Preporučujemo da se prijavite, ali to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijavi me</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right 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class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Evolucija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolucija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Evolucija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolucija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Evolucija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolucija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simbioza_i_porijeklo_hloroplasta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simbioza_i_porijeklo_hloroplasta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Simbioza i porijeklo hloroplasta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simbioza_i_porijeklo_hloroplasta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cijanobakterije_i_evolucija_fotosinteze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cijanobakterije_i_evolucija_fotosinteze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cijanobakterije i evolucija fotosinteze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cijanobakterije_i_evolucija_fotosinteze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregled_procesa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregled_procesa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pregled procesa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregled_procesa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fotosintetičke_membrane_i_organele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fotosintetičke_membrane_i_organele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fotosintetičke membrane i organele</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fotosintetičke_membrane_i_organele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svjetlosne_reakcije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svjetlosne_reakcije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Svjetlosne reakcije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svjetlosne_reakcije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reakcije_nezavisne_od_svjetlosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reakcije_nezavisne_od_svjetlosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reakcije nezavisne od svjetlosti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reakcije_nezavisne_od_svjetlosti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Reakcije nezavisne od svjetlosti</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reakcije_nezavisne_od_svjetlosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calvinov_ciklus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calvinov_ciklus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Calvinov ciklus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calvinov_ciklus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redoslijed_i_kinetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redoslijed_i_kinetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Redoslijed i kinetika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redoslijed_i_kinetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efikasnost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efikasnost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Efikasnost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efikasnost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faktori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faktori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Faktori</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Faktori-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Faktori</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Faktori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intenzitet_svjetlosti,_talasna_dužina_i_temperatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intenzitet_svjetlosti,_talasna_dužina_i_temperatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Intenzitet svjetlosti, talasna dužina i temperatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intenzitet_svjetlosti,_talasna_dužina_i_temperatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nivoi_ugljik_dioksida_i_fotorespiracija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivoi_ugljik_dioksida_i_fotorespiracija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Nivoi ugljik dioksida i fotorespiracija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivoi_ugljik_dioksida_i_fotorespiracija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otkriće" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otkriće"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Otkriće</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otkriće-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Vanjske veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fotosinteza</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 149 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintese" title="Fotosintese — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fotosintese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تركيب ضوئي — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركيب ضوئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="فوطوسانتيز — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فوطوسانتيز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="সালোক সংশ্লেষণ — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সালোক সংশ্লেষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesis" title="Fotosíntesis — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fotosíntesis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Avarski" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="فوتوسینتز — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوتوسینتز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuot%C4%97sintez%C4%97" title="Fuotėsintezė — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fuotėsintezė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Фотасінтэз — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фотасінтэз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Фотасынтэз — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фотасынтэз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण — Biharski" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Biharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="সালোকসংশ্লেষণ — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সালোকসংশ্লেষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="འོད་སྦྱོར་ནུས་པ། — Tibetanski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་སྦྱོར་ནུས་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezenn" title="Fotosintezenn — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fotosintezenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis — Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesi" title="Fotosíntesi — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fotosíntesi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%92_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎤᎦᎵᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎩ — Čeroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᎵᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Čeroki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="فۆتۆسینتەسیس — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆتۆسینتەسیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynt%C3%A9za" title="Fotosyntéza — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotosyntéza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffotosynthesis" title="Ffotosynthesis — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffotosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="preporučen članak"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosenteze" title="Fotosenteze — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fotosenteze" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Φωτοσύνθεση — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωτοσύνθεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezo" title="Fotosintezo — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fotosintezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesis" title="Fotosíntesis — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotosíntesis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%BCntees" title="Fotosüntees — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fotosüntees" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesi" title="Fotosíntesi — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fotosíntesi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="فتوسنتز — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فتوسنتز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteesi" title="Fotosynteesi — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fotosynteesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%BCntees" title="Fotosüntees — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Fotosüntees" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynth%C3%A8se" title="Photosynthèse — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Photosynthèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footos%C3%BCntees" title="Footosüntees — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Footosüntees" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteze" title="Fotosynteze — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fotosynteze" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3taisint%C3%A9is" title="Fótaisintéis — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fótaisintéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosent%C3%A8z" title="Fotosentèz — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fotosentèz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto-cho-chur" title="Foto-cho-chur — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Foto-cho-chur" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Škotski Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntese" title="Fotosíntese — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fotosíntese" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesapemo%C3%B1anga" title="Tesapemoñanga — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tesapemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis — Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3" title="પ્રકાશસંશ્લેષણ — Gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રકાશસંશ્લેષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-haaghey_sollysh" title="Co-haaghey sollysh — Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-haaghey sollysh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%94" title="פוטוסינתזה — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוטוסינתזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosent%C3%A8z" title="Fotosentèz — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fotosentèz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoszint%C3%A9zis" title="Fotoszintézis — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fotoszintézis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A6" title="Ֆոտոսինթեզ — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոտոսինթեզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Ingušetski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingušetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezo" title="Fotosintezo — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fotosintezo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3still%C3%ADfun" title="Ljóstillífun — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljóstillífun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi_clorofilliana" title="Fotosintesi clorofilliana — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fotosintesi clorofilliana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="光合成 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光合成" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C3%A8sis" title="Fotosintèsis — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fotosintèsis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ფოტოსინთეზი — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოტოსინთეზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ದ್ಯುತಿಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ಯುತಿಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="광합성 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광합성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosentez" title="Fotosentez — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fotosentez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Lezgian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynthees" title="Fotosynthees — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fotosynthees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%87" title="ການສັງເຄາະແສງ — Laoški" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການສັງເຄາະແສງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%97" title="Fotosintezė — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fotosintezė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C4%93ze" title="Fotosintēze — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fotosintēze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण — Maitili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maitili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശസംശ്ലേഷണം — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശസംശ്ലേഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BA" title="လျးသံယိုဂ် — Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="လျးသံယိုဂ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အလင်းမှီစုဖွဲ့ခြင်း — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလင်းမှီစုဖွဲ့ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthees" title="Photosynthees — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Photosynthees" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese — donjosaksonski" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="donjosaksonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="फोटोसिन्थेसिस — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फोटोसिन्थेसिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynthese" title="Fotosynthese — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fotosynthese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C3%A8si" title="Fotosintèsi — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fotosintèsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaariftina" title="Jaariftina — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jaariftina" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A3" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਸੰਸਲੇਸ਼ਣ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਸੰਸਲੇਸ਼ਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis — Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis — nigerijski pidžin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="nigerijski pidžin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteza" title="Fotosynteza — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fotosynteza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DD%A8_%D9%BE%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="چانݨ پکائی — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چانݨ پکائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B2_(%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AF_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%81%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84)" title="فوټوسينتيسز (د لمر د وړانګو په مرسته د موادو ترکيب او يوځای کول) — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فوټوسينتيسز (د لمر د وړانګو په مرسته د موادو ترکيب او يوځای کول)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoss%C3%ADntese" title="Fotossíntese — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fotossíntese" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_wayllay" title="Inti wayllay — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inti wayllay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fotosinteză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосінтеза — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фотосінтеза" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="प्रभासंयोगः — Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्रभासंयोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A6%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="ڦوٽوسنٿيسس — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڦوٽوسنٿيسس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රභාසංශ්ලේෂණය — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රභාසංශ්ලේෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynt%C3%A9za" title="Fotosyntéza — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fotosyntéza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirukanerujeko" title="Chirukanerujeko — Šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chirukanerujeko" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habka_Samayska_Cuntada" title="Habka Samayska Cuntada — Somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Habka Samayska Cuntada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosint%C3%A9sis" title="Potosintésis — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Potosintésis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntes" title="Fotosyntes — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fotosyntes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usanisinuru" title="Usanisinuru — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usanisinuru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஒளித்தொகுப்பு — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளித்தொகுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF" title="కిరణజన్య సంయోగ క్రియ — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కిరణజన్య సంయోగ క్రియ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="การสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสง — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosentez" title="Fotosentez — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fotosentez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B2_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="فوتوسىنتېز رولى — Ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فوتوسىنتېز رولى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81" title="ضیائی تالیف — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ضیائی تالیف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ACntezi" title="Fotosìntezi — venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fotosìntezi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Quang hợp — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quang hợp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-photosynthesis" title="I-photosynthesis — Khosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Khosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%96" title="פאטאסינטעז — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאטאסינטעז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong-ha%CC%8Dp-s%C3%AAng" title="Kong-ha̍p-sêng — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kong-ha̍p-sêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11982#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Fotosinteza" rel="discussion" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Latinica</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Fotosynteza2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fotosynteza2.png/250px-Fotosynteza2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fotosynteza2.png/375px-Fotosynteza2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fotosynteza2.png/500px-Fotosynteza2.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Proces fotosinteze</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fotosinteza</b> (iz <a href="/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Starogrčki jezik">grčkog</a> <i>φώτο- [foto-]</i>, "svjetlost" i <i>σύνθεσις [sintesis]</i>, "spajanje s nečim") je proces pretvaranja svjetlosne energije u hemijsku i njeno pohranjivanje u vidu molekula <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87er" title="Šećer">šećera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proces fotosinteze se dešava u <a href="/wiki/Biljka" class="mw-redirect" title="Biljka">biljkama</a>, te u nekim <a href="/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija">bakterijama</a> i <a href="/wiki/Alge" title="Alge">algama</a>, koje u svojim <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija" class="mw-disambig" title="Ćelija">ćelijama</a> imaju <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofil</a>. Za proces fotosinteze biljkama je neophodan <a href="/wiki/Ugljik_dioksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik dioksid">ugljik dioksid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a> i svjetlosna <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a>. Proces se odvija u <a href="/wiki/Hloroplast" title="Hloroplast">hloroplastima</a>, malim organelama u <a href="/wiki/Citoplazma" title="Citoplazma">citoplazmi</a> biljnih ćelija koje sadrže zeleni <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> zvani <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofil</a>. Fotosinteza se najvećim dijelom odvija u <a href="/wiki/List" title="List">listovima</a> biljaka, a veoma malo ili nikako u drugim dijelovima biljke (stablu, korjenu i dr.) </p><p>Organizmi koji vrše proces fotosinteze se nazivaju <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoautotrofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotoautotrofi (stranica ne postoji)">fotoautotrofi</a></i>, jer im taj proces omogućava da sami sebi proizvode hranu. Kao nusproizvod procesa fotosinteze ispušta se <i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">kiseonik</a></b></i>. Upravo zbog te činjenice, fotosinteza je od vitalnog značaja za <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život">život</a> na <a href="/wiki/Zemlja_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemlja (planet)">Zemlji</a>. Pored održavanja nivoa kiseonika u <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" class="mw-disambig" title="Atmosfera">atmosferi</a>, gotovo sva živa bića su direktno ili indirektno vezana za fotosintezu kao izvor energije ili hrane.<sup id="cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryantfrigaard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(izuzetak su <a href="/wiki/Hemotrofi" title="Hemotrofi">hemoautotrofi</a> koji žive u stijenama ili oko hidrotermalnih izvora u <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">okeanskim</a> dubinama). Količina energije koja se proizvede tokom procesa fotosinteze je izuzetno velika, otprilike 100 <a href="/wiki/Vat" title="Vat">teravata</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> što je oko šest puta veće od ukupne potrošnje energije cijelog čovječanstva.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pored energije, fotosinteza je također i izvor <a href="/wiki/Ugljenik" title="Ugljenik">ugljika</a> u svim organskim supstancama u tijelima živih bića. Sveukupno, organizmi koji vrše fotosintezu pretvore oko 100 milijardi <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a> ugljika godišnje u <a href="/wiki/Biomasa" title="Biomasa">biomasu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iako se fotosinteza može odvijati na razne načine kod različitih vrsta, neke osnovne karakteristike su iste. Na primjer, proces uvijek počinje sa <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_energija" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunčeva energija">svjetlosnom energijom</a> koju <a href="/wiki/Apsorpcija" class="mw-disambig" title="Apsorpcija">apsorbuju</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">bjelančevine</a> zvane <i>fotosintetički reakcioni centri</i> koji sadrže <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofil</a>. U biljkama, ove bjelančevine se nalaze unutar hloroplasta, dok su kod <a href="/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija">bakterija</a> sadržane u membrani <a href="/wiki/Citoplazma" title="Citoplazma">citoplazme</a>. Dio sunčeve energije koja se prikupi preko hlorofila se pohranjuje u obliku <a href="/wiki/Adenozin_trifosfat" title="Adenozin trifosfat">adenozin trifosfata</a> (ATP). Ostatak energije se korisiti za uklanjanje <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> iz supstanci kao što je <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a>. Ovi elektroni se zatim koriste u reakcijama u kojim se ugljik dioksid pretvara u organske supstance. U biljkama, algama i cijanobakterijama ovaj proces se odvija u nizu reakcija poznatom kao <a href="/wiki/Calvinov_ciklus" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinov ciklus">Calvinov ciklus</a>, međutim on je različit u nekim bakterijama, poput <i>inverznog <a href="/wiki/Ciklus_limunske_kiseline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciklus limunske kiseline">Krebsovog ciklusa</a></i> u bakterijama <i>Chlorobium</i>. Mnogi fotosintetski organizmi su razvili određena prilagođavanja procesa fotosinteze kojima se koncentrira ili uskladištava ugljik dioksid. Ovim se pomaže odvijanje procesa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotorespiracija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotorespiracija (stranica ne postoji)">fotorespiracije</a>, u kojem se može potrošiti značajan dio šećera koji je nastao tokom fotosinteze. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolucija">Evolucija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Evolucija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Evolucija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fotosinteza u živom svijetu se pojavila relativno rano u toku <a href="/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija">evolucije</a> kada je gotovo sav život na Zemlji bio u formi <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganizmi" title="Mikroorganizmi">mikroorganizama</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" class="mw-disambig" title="Atmosfera">atmosfera</a> sadržavala mnogo više ugljik dioksida nego danas. Prvi fotosintetski organizmi su vjerovatno evoluirali prije oko 3,5 milijarde godina, a koristili su <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodonik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Vodonik_sulfid" title="Vodonik sulfid">vodonik sulfid</a> kao izvore elektrona, prije nego vodu.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cijanobakterije su se pojavile kasnije, prije oko 3 milijarde godina, te trajno izmijenile izgled Zemlje kada su počele sa ispuštaju kiseonik u atmosferu prije 2,4 milijarde godina.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovakvo izmijenjena atmosfera je omogućila evoluciju kompleksnijih oblika života kao što su protisti. Mnogo kasnije, prije oko milijardu godina, neki od <a href="/wiki/Protisti" title="Protisti">protista</a> su formirali simbiotske veze sa <a href="/wiki/Cijanobakterija" class="mw-redirect" title="Cijanobakterija">cijanobakterijama</a>, čineći tako pretke današnjih biljaka i alga.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hloroplasti u današnjim biljkama su <i>potomci</i> ovih drevnih simbiotskih cijanobakterija.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/300px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/450px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/600px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ćelije biljke <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiomnium_affine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plagiomnium affine (stranica ne postoji)">Plagiomnium affine</a></i> sa vidljivim hloroplastima</figcaption></figure> <p>Smatra se da su <a href="/wiki/Prahistorija" title="Prahistorija">prahistorijski</a> fotosintetički sistemi, poput onih kod zelenih i ružičastih bakterija, bili anoksigenski, a koristili su razne <a href="/wiki/Molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekula">molekule</a> kao izvore elektrona. Za zelene i ružičaste sumporne bakterije smatra se da su koristile <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodonik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpor</a> kao izvore <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a>, dok su zelene nesumporne bakterije koristile <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiseline</a> i druge organske kiseline. Pronađeni su <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosili</a> za koje se smatra da su bili filamentski fotosintetički organizmi, a njihova starost se procjenjuje na 3,4 milijarde godina.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glavni izvor <a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">kiseonika</a> u Zemljinoj atmosferi je kiseonička fotosinteza, a njena prva pojava se ponekad naziva i <i>kiseonička katastrofa</i>. Geološki dokazi pokazuju da je kiseonička fotosinteza, poput one u cijanobakterijama, postala važna tokom <a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoik" title="Paleoproterozoik">paleoproterozoika</a> prije oko 2 milijarde godina. <i>Moderna</i> fotosinteza u biljkama i većini fotosintetičkih prokariota je kiseonička. Kiseonička fotosinteza koristi <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vodu</a> kao izvor elektrona koja se oksidira do molekule kiseonika (O<sub>2</sub>) u fotosintetičkim reakcionim centrima. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simbioza_i_porijeklo_hloroplasta">Simbioza i porijeklo hloroplasta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Simbioza i porijeklo hloroplasta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Simbioza i porijeklo hloroplasta"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nekoliko grupa životinja je formiralno simbiotske veze sa fotosintetičkim algama. Takve simbioze su najčešće kod <a href="/wiki/Koral" title="Koral">korala</a>, spužvi i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morska_anemona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morska anemona (stranica ne postoji)">morskih anemoni</a>, moguće i zato što ove <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje">životinje</a> imaju relativno jednostavnu <a href="/wiki/Anatomija" title="Anatomija">anatomiju</a> i veliku površinu tijela u odnosu na zapreminu.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pored toga, nekoliko <a href="/wiki/Meku%C5%A1ci" title="Mekušci">mekušaca</a> kao što su <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elysia_viridis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elysia viridis (stranica ne postoji)">Elysia viridis</a></i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elysia_chlorotica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elysia chlorotica (stranica ne postoji)">Elysia chlorotica</a></i> također imaju simbiotsku vezu sa hloroplastima koje crpe iz algi iz hrane te ih zatim čuvaju u organizmu. Time se omogućava ovim mekušcima da prežive nekoliko mjeseci isključivo hraneći se putem fotosinteze.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neki <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">geni</a> iz biljnih <a href="/wiki/Jezgra_(stanica)" title="Jezgra (stanica)">ćelijskih jezgra</a> su preneseni u mekušce tako da se hloroplasti mogu snabdijevati sa bjelančevinama neophodnim za preživljavanje.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Čak i bliži oblici simbioze mogu objasniti porijeklo hloroplasta. Hloroplasti imaju dosta sličnosti sa cijanobakterijama uključujući i cirkularne <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom">ribozome</a> prokariotskog tipa i slične bjelančevine u fotosintetičkim reakcionim centrima.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Po endosimbiotskoj teoriji smatra se da su fotosintetičke bakterije spojene sa ranim eukariotskim ćelijama putem <a href="/wiki/Endocitoza_i_egzocitoza" title="Endocitoza i egzocitoza">endocitoze</a>, čime su se formirale prve biljne ćelije. Po toj teoriji, hloroplasti bi mogli biti fotosintetičke bakterije koje su se prilagodile na život unutar biljne ćelije. Poput <a href="/wiki/Mitohondrije" title="Mitohondrije">mitohondrija</a>, hloroplasti i danas imaju svoju vlastitu <a href="/wiki/DNK" title="DNK">DNK</a>, koja je odvojena od DNK ćelijskog jezgra biljke <i>domaćina</i>, a geni u DNK hloroplasta su slični onima u cijanobakterijama.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cijanobakterije_i_evolucija_fotosinteze">Cijanobakterije i evolucija fotosinteze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Cijanobakterije i evolucija fotosinteze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Cijanobakterije i evolucija fotosinteze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biohemijski kapacitet korištenja vode kao izvora elektrona u procesu fotosinteze je evoluirala kod zajedničkih predaka izumrlih cijanobakterija. <a href="/wiki/Geologija" title="Geologija">Geološki</a> podaci pokazuju da se ovaj događaj odvijao u ranoj prošlosti planete Zemlje, prije najmanje 2,45 do 2,32 milijarde godine, a moguće čak i mnogo ranije.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dostupni dokazi iz geobioloških studija <a href="/wiki/Sedimentne_stene" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentne stene">sedimentnih stijena</a> (od prije 2,5 milijarde godina) su pokazali da je život na Zemlji postojao prije 3,5 milijarde godina, ali je putanje da kada je evoluirala kiseonička fotosinteza ostalo ne odgovoreno. Međutim, paleontološki podaci su pokazali da za period od prije 2 milijarde godina, već postoje brojni različiti oblici zeleno-plavih cijanobakterija, koji su osnovni primarni proizvođači tokom <a href="/wiki/Proterozoik" title="Proterozoik">proterozoika</a> (prije oko 2,5 milijarde do prije 543 miliona godina). <a href="/wiki/Zelene_alge" title="Zelene alge">Zelene alge</a> su se pridružile zeleno-plavim bakterijama kao primarni proizvođači u područjima <a href="/wiki/Epikontinentalni_pojas" title="Epikontinentalni pojas">kontinentalnog šelfa</a> na kraju proterozoika, a tek u <a href="/wiki/Mezozoik" title="Mezozoik">mezozoiku</a> (od prije 251 do prije 65 miliona godina) <i>dinoflagelati</i>, <i>coccolitoforidi</i> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diatom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diatom (stranica ne postoji)">diatomi</a> su preuzeli ulogu primarnih proizvođača u <a href="/wiki/More" title="More">morskoj vodi</a>, gotovo u današnjem obliku. Smatra se da su cijanobakterije ostale od velikog značaja za morske <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosisteme</a> kao agenti za biološko fiksiranje <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušika</a>, a u izmijenjenoj formi, kao plastidi morskih algi.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrero_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrero-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pregled_procesa">Pregled procesa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Pregled procesa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pregled procesa"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg/220px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg/330px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg/440px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>Pojednostavljeni prikaz procesa fotosinteze</figcaption></figure> <p>Fotosintetski organizmi su fotoautotrofi, što znači da su u mogućnosti da sintetišu <a href="/wiki/Hrana" title="Hrana">hranu</a> direktno iz ugljik dioksida koristeći energiju <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" class="mw-redirect" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a>. Međutim, ne koriste svi organizmi svjetlost kao izvor energije za fotosintezu; postoje i <i>fotoheterotrofi</i> koji umjesto ugljik dioksida koriste <a href="/wiki/Organska_kemija" class="mw-redirect" title="Organska kemija">organske supstance</a> kao izvor ugljika.<sup id="cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryantfrigaard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U biljkama, algama i cijanobakterijama, pri fotosintezi se oslobađa <a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">kiseonik</a> (oksigen). Ovaj proces je naziva <i>oksigenska fotosinteza</i>. Iako postoje manje razlike u procesu oksigenske fotosinteze u <a href="/wiki/Biljka" class="mw-redirect" title="Biljka">biljkama</a>, algama i cijanobakterijama, sveukupni proces je dosta sličan u tim živim bićima. Međutim, postoje neki tipovi bakterija kod kojih se vrši proces anoksigenske fotosinteze, koja također troši ugljik dioksid ali ne ispušta kiseonik. </p><p>Ugljik dioksid se pretvara u šećer u procesu koji se naziva fiksiranje ugljika. Ta reakcija spada u <a href="/wiki/Oksido-redukcija" title="Oksido-redukcija">redoks reakcije</a>, tako da je pri fotosintezi neophodno imati i izvor energije za tok samog procesa kao i izvor elektrona koji su potrebni za pretvaranje ugljik dioksida u <a href="/wiki/Ugljeni_hidrati" title="Ugljeni hidrati">ugljikohidrate</a>, što je reakcija redukcije. U principu, fotosinteza je proces suprotan procesu ćelijskog disanja, kada se <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoza</a> i druge supstance oksidiraju i proizvode ugljik dioksid, vodu te otpuštaju hemijsku energiju. Međutim, ova dva procesa se dešavaju preko dva različita niza hemijskih reakcija i u različitim ćelijskim dijelovima (organelama). </p><p>Osnovna <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_jedna%C4%8Dina" title="Hemijska jednačina">jednačina</a> fotosinteze je: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2nCO_{2}+2nH_{2}A+fotoni\longrightarrow \;2(CH_{2}O)_{n}+nO_{2}+2nA} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2nCO_{2}+2nH_{2}A+fotoni\longrightarrow \;2(CH_{2}O)_{n}+nO_{2}+2nA} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a47a003f13e5e7dc1f3eb9a22f43945612eb9d8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:55.882ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2nCO_{2}+2nH_{2}A+fotoni\longrightarrow \;2(CH_{2}O)_{n}+nO_{2}+2nA} }"></span></dd> <dd>ugljik dioksid + donor <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> + svjetlosna energija → ugljikohidrati + kiseonik + oksidirani donor elektrona</dd></dl> <p>Pošto se <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a> koristi kao izvor elektrona u oksigenskoj fotosintezi, jednačina ovog procesa je slijedeća:: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2nCO_{2}+2nH_{2}O+fotoni\longrightarrow \;2(CH_{2}O)_{n}+2nO_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2nCO_{2}+2nH_{2}O+fotoni\longrightarrow \;2(CH_{2}O)_{n}+2nO_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5cfca3fb7c71a6fc57718774329a07ddbfd3d7e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:50.071ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2nCO_{2}+2nH_{2}O+fotoni\longrightarrow \;2(CH_{2}O)_{n}+2nO_{2}} }"></span></dd> <dd>ugljik dioksid + voda + svjetlosna energija → ugljikohidrati + kiseonik</dd></dl> <p>Kod drugih oblika fotosinteze (koji se proučavaju kod mikroba u laboratoriji) umjesto vode koriste se druge supstance kao izvori elektrona, poput <a href="/wiki/Arsenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenik">arsenita</a>; pri čemu mikrobi uz pomoć sunčeve svjetlosti oksidiraju arsenit u arsenat.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jednačina za ovu reakciju je: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(AsO_{3}^{3-})+CO_{2}+fotoni\longrightarrow \;CO+(AsO_{4}^{3-})} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(AsO_{3}^{3-})+CO_{2}+fotoni\longrightarrow \;CO+(AsO_{4}^{3-})} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6cd888711a6bb0595f589846d0aeb8204015d227" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:45.542ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(AsO_{3}^{3-})+CO_{2}+fotoni\longrightarrow \;CO+(AsO_{4}^{3-})} }"></span><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18703741_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18703741-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>ugljik dioksid + arsenit + svjetlosna energija → arsenat + <a href="/wiki/Ugljik_(II)_oksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik (II) oksid">ugljik monoksid</a> (koji se dalje koristi za sintezu drugih supstanci)</dd></dl> <p>Fotosinteza se odvija u dvije faze. U prvoj fazi, u <i>reakcijama koje zavise od svjetlosti</i> ili <i>svjetlosnim reakcijama</i> hvata se energija <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">sunca</a> (ili drugog izvora svjetlosti) i koristi u pravljenju molekula u kojima se <i>skladišti</i> energija: <a href="/wiki/Adenozin_trifosfat" title="Adenozin trifosfat">ATP</a> i <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>. U toku druge faze, u <i>reakcijama koje ne zavise od svjetlosti</i> koriste se ovi proizvodi da se <i>uhvati</i> i redukuje ugljik dioksid. </p><p>Većina organizama u kojima se vrši fotosinteza i ispušta kiseonik koristi vidljivi dio <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetni_spektar" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromagnetni spektar">spektra</a> za fotosintezu, ali su otkrivena najmanje tri organizma koji koriste <a href="/wiki/Infracrveno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Infracrveno zračenje">infracrvenu svjetlost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fotosintetičke_membrane_i_organele"><span id="Fotosinteti.C4.8Dke_membrane_i_organele"></span>Fotosintetičke membrane i organele</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Fotosintetičke membrane i organele" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Fotosintetičke membrane i organele"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Hloroplast" title="Hloroplast">Hloroplast</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg/220px-Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg/330px-Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg/440px-Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Shematski prikaz hloroplasta</figcaption></figure> <p>Bjelančevine koje prikupljaju svjetlost za fotosintezu su uklopljene unutar <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijska_membrana" title="Ćelijska membrana">ćelijske membrane</a>. One su na najjednostavniji način organizirane kod fotosintetskih bakterija, gdje se ove bjelančevine nalaze unutar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazmatska_membrana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazmatska membrana (stranica ne postoji)">plazmatske membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Međutim, ova membrana može biti čvrsto presavijena u cilindrične organele zvane <a href="/wiki/Tilakoid" title="Tilakoid">tilakoidi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mullineaux1999_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullineaux1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ili sakupljeni u okrugle vesikule zvane <i>unutarcitoplazmatske membrane</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ove strukture mogu zauzimati najveći dio unutrašnjosti ćelije, dajući membrani veoma veliku površinu i na taj način povećavajući količinu svjetlosti koju bakterija može apsorbovati.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullineaux1999_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullineaux1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kod biljaka i algi, fotosinteza se odvija u organelama zvanim <a href="/wiki/Hloroplast" title="Hloroplast">hloroplasti</a>. Prosječna biljna ćelija sadrži između 10 i 100 hloroplasti. Hloroplasti su povezani putem membrane. Membrana je načinjena od unutrašnje fosofolipidne membrane, vanjske fosfolipidne membrane i prostora između membrana. Unutar membrane je tečni <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> zvani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stroma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stroma (stranica ne postoji)">stroma</a>. Stroma sadrži skup tilakoida u kojima se odvija fotosinteza. <a href="/wiki/Tilakoid" title="Tilakoid">Tilakoidi</a> su pločasti diskovi povezani membranom, sa lumenom ili tilakoidnim prostorom unutar njih. Mjesto gdje se fotosinteza odvija je tilakoidna membrana, u kojoj se nalaze integralni i periferijski membranski kompleksi bjelančevina, uključujući pigmente koji apsorbuju svjetlosnu energiju, a formiraju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotosistem (stranica ne postoji)">fotosisteme</a>. </p><p>Biljke apsorbuju svjetlost uglavnom koristeći pigment <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofil</a>, koji je uzrok da je većina biljaka <a href="/wiki/Zeleno" title="Zeleno">zelene</a> boje. Pored hlorofila, biljke koriste druge pigmente poput <a href="/wiki/Karoten" title="Karoten">karotena</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ksantofil" title="Ksantofil">ksantofila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alge koriste hlorofil, ali i druge pigmente poput fikocijanina, karotena i ksantofila kod <a href="/wiki/Zelene_alge" title="Zelene alge">zelenih algi</a>; fikoeritrina kod crvenih algi (<i>Rodophytes</i>) i fukoksantola kod smeđih algi i diatoma, što rezultira velikom raznolikošću boja kod ovih organizama. </p><p>Ovi pigmenti su uklopljeni u biljke i alge u posebnu vrstu bjelančevina. U takvim bjelančevinama svi pigmenti su sistematski složeni za zajednički rad. Takve bjelančevine se također nazivaju i kompleksi <i>koji sakupljaju svjetlost</i>. Iako sve ćelije u zelenim dijelovima biljaka posjeduju hloroplasti, najveći dio energije se sakuplja u <a href="/wiki/List" title="List">listovima</a>. Ćelije u unutrašnjim tkivima lista, zvane <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezofil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezofil (stranica ne postoji)">mezofil</a>, može sadržavati između 450 i 800 hiljada hloroplasta po <a href="/wiki/Milimetar" title="Milimetar">kvadratnom milimetru</a> lista. Površina lista je ravnomjerno pokrivena <a href="/wiki/Vosak" title="Vosak">voštanim</a> kutikulama, otpornim na vodu, koje štite list od prekomjernog isušivanja i smanjuje apsorpciju <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">ultraljubičastog</a> ili plavog svjetla, te se tako smanjuje zagrijavanje. Transparentni sloj <a href="/wiki/Epiderma" title="Epiderma">epiderme</a> omogućava da svjetlost prođe kroz mezofilne ćelije gdje se odvija i najveći dio fotosinteze. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Svjetlosne_reakcije">Svjetlosne reakcije</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Svjetlosne reakcije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Svjetlosne reakcije"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U svjetlosno zavisnim reakcijama, jedna <a href="/wiki/Molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekula">molekula</a> pigmenta <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofila</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apsorpcija_(hemija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apsorpcija (hemija) (stranica ne postoji)">apsorbuje</a> jedan <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a> i gubi jedan <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>. Ovaj elektron prelazi u modificiranu formu hlorofila zvanu <a href="/wiki/Feofitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Feofitin">feofitin</a>, koji dalje šalje elektron prema molekuli kvinona, omogućujući početak toka elektrona prema transportnom lancu elektrona te dalje prema krajnjoj redukciji NADP (Nikotinamid adenin dinukleotidni fosfat) u NADPH. Pored toga, ovaj proces proizvodi <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonski</a> gradijent preko membrane hloroplasta; njegova disperzija se koristi od strane ATP sintaze za povezanu sintezu <a href="/wiki/Adenozin_trifosfat" title="Adenozin trifosfat">adenozin trifosfata</a> (ATP-a). Molekula hlorofila ponovno dobija izgubljeni elektron od molekule vode putem procesa <a href="/wiki/Fotoliza" title="Fotoliza">fotolize</a>, čime se otpušta molekula <a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">kiseonika</a> (O<sub>2</sub>). </p><p>Sveukupna jednačina za svjetlosno zavisne reakcije pod uslovima necikličnog toka elektrona u zelenim biljkama je:<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>2 H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 NADP<sup>+</sup> + 2 ADP + 2 P<sub>i</sub> + svjetlost → 2 NADPH + 2 H<sup>+</sup> + 2 ATP + O<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Ne može svaka svjetlost podržati proces fotosinteze. Spektar svjetlosti pri kojem je moguće vršiti fotosintezu zavisi od tipa i vrste pigmenta koji se nalazi u biljci. Na primjer, kod zelenih biljaka, najintenzivnija fotosinteza se odvija u područjima ljubičasto-plave i <a href="/wiki/Crveno" title="Crveno">crvene</a> svjetlosti. Kod <a href="/wiki/Crvene_alge" title="Crvene alge">crvenih algi</a>, taj spektar se preklapa sa apsorpcionim spektrom fikobilina u plavo-zelenom području spektra, što omogućava ovim algama da rastu u dubljim vodama u kojima je svjetlost dužih talasnih dužina već apsorbovana od strane zelenih biljaka. Neapsorbirani dio svjetlosnog spektra je taj koji daje boju organizmima (npr. zelene biljke, crvene alge, ružičaste bakterije) te je ta svjetlost najmanje efikasna za fotosintezu u tim organizmima (tj. zelena svjetlost ne igra veliku ulogu pri fotosintezi kod zelenih biljaka itd). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reakcije_nezavisne_od_svjetlosti">Reakcije nezavisne od svjetlosti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Reakcije nezavisne od svjetlosti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reakcije nezavisne od svjetlosti"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calvinov_ciklus">Calvinov ciklus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Calvinov ciklus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Calvinov ciklus"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Calvinov_ciklus" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinov ciklus">Calvinov ciklus</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Calvin_cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Calvin_cycle.svg/250px-Calvin_cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Calvin_cycle.svg/375px-Calvin_cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Calvin_cycle.svg/500px-Calvin_cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Pregled Calvinovog ciklusa</figcaption></figure> <p>Kod reakcija koje ne zavise od svjetlosti ili tzv. <i>tamnih reakcija</i>, enzim <a href="/wiki/Rubisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubisco">Rubisco</a> hvata ugljik dioksid iz atmosfere, te u procesu koji zahtijeva novoformiranu NADPH, zvanom Calvin-Bensonov ciklus, otpuštaju se trioze (trikarbonski šećeri), koje se naknadno spajaju u obliku <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoze</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob">škroba</a>. Sveukupna jednačina svjetlosno nezavisnih reakcija kod zelenih biljaka glasi:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>3 CO<sub>2</sub> + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H<sup>+</sup> → C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-fosfat + 9 ADP + 8 P<sub>i</sub> + 6 NADP<sup>+</sup> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>Preciznije, fiksiranjem ugljika proizvodi se međuproizvod, koji se zatim pretvara u gotove proizvode u vidu ugljikohidrata. Ugljikov lanci napravljeni putem fotosinteze se zatim koriste na razne načine u formiranju drugih organskih supstanci, kao što je sinteza <a href="/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza">celuloze</a>, kao prethodnicu u <a href="/wiki/Biosinteza" title="Biosinteza">biosintezi</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">lipida</a> i <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiselina</a> ili kao <a href="/wiki/Goriva" title="Goriva">gorivo</a> u ćelijskom <a href="/wiki/Disanje" title="Disanje">disanju</a>. Disanje se ne odvija samo u biljkama nego i u <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje">životinjama</a> kada energija iz biljaka dođe do njih putem lanca ishrane. </p><p>Fiksiranje ugljika odnosno redukcija ugljik dioksida je proces u kojem se <a href="/wiki/Ugljik_dioksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik dioksid">ugljik dioksid</a> spaja sa pentozom, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribuloza_1,5-bifosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribuloza 1,5-bifosfat (stranica ne postoji)">ribulozom 1,5 fosfatom</a> (RuBP) da bi se napravile dvije molekule trioze <a href="/wiki/Glicerat_3-fosfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Glicerat 3-fosfat">glicerat 3-fosfata</a> (GP), također poznate i kao 3-fosfoglicerat (PGA). GP, u prisustvu ATP-a i NADPH iz fotosintetske <i>svjetlosne</i> faze, se redukuje do <a href="/wiki/Gliceraldehid_3-fosfat" title="Gliceraldehid 3-fosfat">gliceraldehid 3-fosfata</a> (G3P). Ovaj proizvod se naziva i 3-fosfogliceraldehid (PGAL), a negdje i trioza fosfat. Trioze su šećeri sa tri <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugljenik" title="Ugljenik">ugljika</a>. Većina G3P koji se proizvede (5 od šest molekula) se koristi za regeneraciju RuBP tako da se proces može nastaviti. Samo jedna od 6 molekula trioza fosfata se ne <i>reciklira</i> i često kondezuje u obliku heksoza fosfata, što na kraju daje glukozu, škrob i celulozu. Šećeri koji se proizvedu putem <a href="/wiki/Metabolizam" title="Metabolizam">metabolizma</a> ugljika daju lance ugljika koji se mogu korisiti za druge reakcije metabolizma poput sinteze aminokiselina i lipida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Redoslijed_i_kinetika">Redoslijed i kinetika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Redoslijed i kinetika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Redoslijed i kinetika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sveukupni proces fotosinteze se može podijeliti u četiri faze. Prva, prijenos energije u prijemnim mjestima <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofila</a> se dešava izuzetno brzo, vrijeme prijenosa se kreće u intervalu od 1 femtosekunde (1 femto<a href="/wiki/Sekund" title="Sekund">sekunda</a> (fs) = 10<sup>−15</sup> s) do 1 pikosekunde (1 pikosekunda (ps) = 10<sup>−12</sup> s). Slijedeća faza, prijenos elektrona u fotohemijskim reakcijama, se odvija u intervalu od pikosekundi do nanosekundi (1 nanosekunda (ns) = 10<sup>−9</sup> s). Treća faza, prijenosni lanac <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> i sinteza ATP-a, se odvija u periodu od mikrosekunde (1 mikrosekunda (μs) = 10<sup>−6</sup> s) do milisekunde (1 milisekunde (ms) = 10<sup>−3</sup> s). Posljednja faza, fiksiranje ugljika i izvoz stablinih proizvoda se odvija u intervalima od milisekundi do par sekundi. Prve tri faze se odvijaju u membranama tilakoida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efikasnost">Efikasnost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Efikasnost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Efikasnost"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biljke obično pretvaraju svjetlost u hemijsku energiju sa prosječnom fotosintetičkom efikasnošću od 3-6%.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stvarna fotosintetička efikasnost biljaka varira u zavisnosti od frekvencije svjetlosti, njenog intenziteta, temperature te koncentracije ugljik dioksida u atmosferi, a može se kretati u rasponu od 0,1% do 8%.<sup id="cite_ref-govindjee_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govindjee-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Za usporedbu, solarni paneli pretvaraju svjetlost u <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_energija" title="Električna energija">električnu energiju</a> sa efikasnošću od 6-20% (kod serijskih modela panela), pa sve do 41% kod panela u istraživačkim laboratorijama.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faktori">Faktori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Faktori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Faktori"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/220px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/330px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/440px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>List je osnovno mjesto odvijanja fotosinteze u biljkama</figcaption></figure> <p>Tri osnovna faktora utiču na odvijanje procesa fotosinteze: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" class="mw-redirect" title="Svjetlost">Svjetlosno zračenje</a> i <a href="/wiki/Talasna_du%C5%BEina" class="mw-redirect" title="Talasna dužina">talasna dužina</a></li> <li>Koncentracija <a href="/wiki/Ugljik_dioksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik dioksid">ugljik dioksida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">Temperatura</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intenzitet_svjetlosti,_talasna_dužina_i_temperatura"><span id="Intenzitet_svjetlosti.2C_talasna_du.C5.BEina_i_temperatura"></span>Intenzitet svjetlosti, talasna dužina i temperatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Intenzitet svjetlosti, talasna dužina i temperatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Intenzitet svjetlosti, talasna dužina i temperatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Početkom <a href="/wiki/20._vijek" title="20. vijek">20. vijeka</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Blackman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Blackman (stranica ne postoji)">Frederick Blackman</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle_Matthaei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabrielle Matthaei (stranica ne postoji)">Gabrielle Matthaei</a> su ispitivali efekte intenziteta svjetlosti i temperature na brzinu asimilacije (ugradnje) ugljika. </p> <ul><li>Pri konstantnoj temperaturi, brzina ugradnje ugljika zavisi od svjetlosnog zračenja, u početku se ubrzava pri pojačavanju zračenja. Međutim, pri višim nivoima svjetlosnog zračenja ova zavisnost više ne vrijedi, a brzina ugradnje ugljika ostaje konstantna na dostignutom nivou.</li> <li>Pri konstantnom nivou svjetlosnog zračenja, brzina ugradnje ugljika se pojačava pri porastu temperature u određenom vrlo ograničenom rasponu. Ovaj efekt je primijećen samo pri visokim nivoima svjetlosnog zračenja. Pri nižim nivoima, povećanje temperature ima relativno mali uticaj na brzinu ugradnje ugljika.</li></ul> <p>Ova dva eksperimenta objašnjavaju kritične tačke procesa: najprije, iz istraživanja je poznato da na fotohemijske reakcije općenito ne utiče temperatura. Međutim, ovi <a href="/wiki/Eksperiment" title="Eksperiment">eksperimenti</a> su jasno pokazali da temperatura utiče na brzinu ugradnje ugljika, tako da se pri procesu fotosinteze mora odvijati najmanje dva toka reakcija do potpune ugradnje ugljika. Kasnije su otkrivene dvije faze: <i>fotohemijska faza</i> koja zavisi od svjetlosti i <i>mračna faza</i> u kojoj svjetlost ne igra ulogu. Dalje, Blackmanovi eksperimenti su opisali koncept ograničavajućih faktora. Drugi ograničavajući faktor je talasna dužina. Cijanobakterije, koje žive u morskim dubinama do nekoliko metara, ne mogu dobiti svjetlost uobičajene talasne dužine koja je potrebna da fotoinicira razdvajanje naboja u konvencionalnim fotosintetičkim pigmentima. Da bi riješile ovaj <i>problem</i>, one su razvile cijelu seriju bjelančevina sa različitim <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigmentima</a> koji okružuju reakcioni centar. Ova jedinica se naziva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fikobilisom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fikobilisom (stranica ne postoji)">fikobilisom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nivoi_ugljik_dioksida_i_fotorespiracija">Nivoi ugljik dioksida i fotorespiracija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Nivoi ugljik dioksida i fotorespiracija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Nivoi ugljik dioksida i fotorespiracija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png/220px-Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png/330px-Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png/440px-Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Zavisnost brzine fotosinteze od koncentracije CO<sub>2</sub></figcaption></figure> <p>Dok raste koncentracija ugljik dioksida, brzina kojom se <a href="/wiki/Sinteza" class="mw-disambig" title="Sinteza">sintetiziraju</a> šećeri u fazi svjetlosno zavisnih reakcija se povećava sve dok je ne ograniče neki drugi faktori. <a href="/wiki/Rubisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubisco">Rubisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> koji <i>hvata</i> ugljik dioksid u svjetlosno zavisnim reakcijama, ima afinitet za spajanje ugljik dioksida kao i kiseonika. Kada je koncentracija CO<sub>2</sub> velika, Rubisco će fiksirati ugljik dioksid. Međutim, ako je njegova koncentracija niska, Rubisco će umjesto CO<sub>2</sub> fiksirati kiseonik. Ovaj proces, nazvan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotorespiracija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotorespiracija (stranica ne postoji)">fotorespiracija</a>, korisiti uskladištenu energiju, ali se njom ne proizvode šećeri. </p><p>Aktivnost Rubisco oksigenaze ima niz nedostataka za biljku iz brojnih razloga: </p> <ol><li>Jedan od proizvoda aktivnosti oksigenaze je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfoglikolat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfoglikolat (stranica ne postoji)">fosfoglikolat</a> (2 atoma ugljika) umjesto <a href="/wiki/3-fosfoglicerat" class="mw-redirect" title="3-fosfoglicerat">3-fosfoglicerata</a> (3 atoma ugljika). Fosfoglikolat se ne može <a href="/wiki/Metabolizam" title="Metabolizam">metabolizirati</a> putem Calvinovog ciklusa i predstavlja atom ugljika izgubljen u ciklusu. Visoka aktivnost oksigenaze iskorištava šećere koji su neophodi za recikliranje ribuloze 5-bifosfata i dalje za nastavak Calvinovog ciklusa.</li> <li>Fosfoglikolat se brzo metabolizira u glikolat koji je <a href="/wiki/Otrov" title="Otrov">otrovan</a> za biljke u visokim koncentracijama; on inhibira proces fotosinteze.</li> <li>Skupljanje glikolata je energetski zahtjevan proces koji iskorištava putanju glikolata, a samo 75% ugljika se vraća u Calvinov ciklus kao 3-fosfoglicerat. Ove reakcije također proizvode <a href="/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak">amonijak</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>) koji može lako da dovede biljku do gubitka <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušika</a>.</li></ol> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Vrlo pojednostavljena reakcija je:</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>2 glikolat + ATP → 3-fosfoglicerat + ugljik dioksid + ADP +NH<sub>3</sub></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Putanja sakupljanja proizvoda aktivnosti Rubisco oksigenaze je češće poznata pod nazivom fotorespiracija, jer je odlikuje trošenje svjetlosno zavisnog kiseonika i ispuštanje ugljik dioksida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Otkriće"><span id="Otkri.C4.87e"></span>Otkriće</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Otkriće" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Otkriće"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iako neki koraci kod fotosinteze ni danas nisu u potpunosti razjašnjeni, sveukupna fotosintetska jednačina je poznata još od početka <a href="/wiki/19._vijek" title="19. vijek">19. vijeka</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_van_Helmont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan van Helmont (stranica ne postoji)">Jan van Helmont</a> je počeo sa proučavanje procesa sredinom <a href="/wiki/17._vijek" title="17. vijek">17. vijeka</a> kada je pažljivim mjerenjem <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">mase</a> zemljišta koje iskoristi biljka i mase biljke tokom rasta. Nakon što je otkrio da se masa zemljišta promijenila vrlo malo u odnosu na rast biljke, pretpostavio je da je masa biljke povećana zbog vode, jedine supstance koja je dodavana zasađenoj biljci. Njegova teza je bila djelimično tačna, jer je veći dio mase zaista i dobiven iz vode kao i od ugljik dioksida. U svakom slučaju, ovo je bila značajna ideja koja je pokazala da većina biomase dolazi iz ulaznih supstanci fotosinteze, a ne iz samog zemljišta. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>, hemičar i političar, je otkrio pojavu ispuštanja kiseonika, kada je izolirao <a href="/wiki/Vazduh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vazduh">zrak</a> iz biljke, koju je stavio u izvrnut lonac, te u taj prostor unio zapaljenu <a href="/wiki/Svije%C4%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Svijeća">svijeću</a>. Plamen svijeće je počeo izuzetno jako da gori zbog prisustva kiseonika. Također, otkrio je da zrak, koji je <i>ispustio</i> izolirani <a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1" title="Miš">miš</a> (ugljik dioksid), može biti <i>vraćen</i> u normalno stanje ukoliko se u tu posudu unese biljka. </p><p>Godine <a href="/wiki/1778" title="1778">1778</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Ingenhousz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Ingenhousz (stranica ne postoji)">Jan Ingenhousz</a>, dvorski fizičar <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" title="Habsburg">austrijskog cara</a>, je ponovio Priestleyev eksperiment, te je otkrio da je postojao uticaj sunčeve svjetlosti na biljku. Godine <a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Senebier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Senebier (stranica ne postoji)">Jean Senebier</a>, švicarski svećenik, botaničar i naučnik, pokazao je da zelene biljke upotrebljavaju ugljik dioksid i ispuštaju kiseonik pod uticajem sunčeve svjetlosti. Brzo nakon toga, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas-Th%C3%A9odore_de_Saussure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure (stranica ne postoji)">Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure</a> je dokazao da povećanje mase biljke tokom rasta ne može biti isključivo od uzimanja ugljik dioksida bez uticaja vode. Pored toga, načinio je prvu osnovnu reakciju koja se odvija tokom fotosinteze kojom se proizvodi hrana (<a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoza</a>). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Van_Niel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelis Van Niel (stranica ne postoji)">Cornelis Van Niel</a> je načinio ključna otkrića koja su pomogla da se objasni <a href="/wiki/Kemija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemija">hemija</a> fotosinteze. Studiranje ružičastih sumpornih bakterija i zelenih bakterija, on je bio prvi naučnik koji je pokazao da je fotosinteza zapravo <a href="/wiki/Oksido-redukcija" title="Oksido-redukcija">redoks reakcija</a> zavisna od <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" class="mw-redirect" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a>, pri kojoj <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodonik</a> redukuje ugljik dioksid. </p><p>Robert Emerson je otkrio dvije svjetlosne reakcije ispitujući produktivnost biljke koristeći različite talasne dužine svjetlosti. Sa samom crvenom svjetlošću, svjetlosne reakcije su bile onemogućene. Kada je pokušao kombinovati crvenu i <a href="/wiki/Plavo" title="Plavo">plavu</a> svjetlost, rezultat je bio dosta bolji. Tako je pokazao da postoje dva fotosistema, jedan koji <a href="/wiki/Apsorpcija" class="mw-disambig" title="Apsorpcija">apsorbuje</a> talasne dužine svjetlosti do 600 nm a drugi do 700 nm. Prvi je danas poznat kao PSII a drugi kao PSI. PSI sadrži samo <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofil</a> <i>a</i>, dok PSII sadrži uglavnom hlorofil <i>a</i>, uz veliki dio hlorofila <i>b</i>, između ostalih pigmenata.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-07-144143-3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-07-144143-3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daljnji eksperimenti koji su dokazali da kiseonik nastao tokom fotosinteze u zelenim biljkama dolazi iz vode, izveo je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hill (stranica ne postoji)">Robert Hill</a> 1937 i 1939 godine. On je pokazao da izolirani hloroplasti također otpuštaju kiseonik u prisustvu nekih neprirodnih redukcionih supstanci poput <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željeza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oksalat" title="Oksalat">oksalata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferocijanid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferocijanid (stranica ne postoji)">ferocijanida</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzokvinon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzokvinon (stranica ne postoji)">benzokvinona</a>, nakon što se izlože svjetlosti. Hilova reakcija se može prikazati ovako: </p> <dl><dd>2 H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 A + (<a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" class="mw-redirect" title="Svjetlost">svjetlost</a>, hloroplasti) → 2 AH<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>gdje je A akceptor elektrona. Dalje, pri izlaganju svjetlosti, akceptor elektrona se redukuje a oslobađa se kiseonik. Cyt b<sub>6</sub>, danas poznat kao plastokvinon, je jedan od akceptora elektrona. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Ruben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Ruben (stranica ne postoji)">Samuel Ruben</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Kamen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Kamen (stranica ne postoji)">Martin Kamen</a> su koristili <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivne</a> <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotope</a> da odrede da je kiseonik oslobođen pri fotosintezi zaista proizveden iz vode. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Calvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melvin Calvin (stranica ne postoji)">Melvin Calvin</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Benson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Benson (stranica ne postoji)">Andrew Benson</a>, zajedno sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bassham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Bassham (stranica ne postoji)">James Basshamom</a>, su objasnili putanju asimilacije ugljika (ciklus fotosintetičke redukcije ugljika) u biljkama. Ciklus redukcije ugljika je poznat i pod nazivom <a href="/wiki/Calvinov_ciklus" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinov ciklus">Calvinov ciklus</a>, čiji naziv neopravdano zanemaruje doprinos Basshama i Bensona. Mnogi naučnici označavaju ciklus i kao Calvin-Bensonov ciklus, Benson-Calvinov ciklus a neki čak i Calvin-Benson-Basshamov ciklus (odnosno CBB ciklus). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_hemiju" title="Nobelova nagrada za hemiju">Nobelovac</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_A._Marcus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolph A. Marcus (stranica ne postoji)">Rudolph A. Marcus</a> je <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a> godine dobio Nobelovu nagradu za hemiju za doprinos teoriji reakcija elektronskog transfera u hemijskim sistemima. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Smith, A. 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Sci.</i> <b>363</b> (1504): 2731–43.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=When+did+oxygenic+photosynthesis+evolve%3F&rft.jtitle=Philos.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.%2C+B%2C+Biol.+Sci.&rft.aulast=Buick+R&rft.au=Buick+R&rft.date=August+2008&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=1504&rft.pages=2731%E2%80%9343&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, Naiara; Henner Brinkmann, Suzanne C Burey, Béatrice Roure, Gertraud Burger, Wolfgang Löffelhardt, Hans J Bohnert, Hervé Philippe, B Franz Lang (2005-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16051178">„Monophyly of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes: green plants, red algae, and glaucophytes”</a>. <i>Current Biology: CB</i> <b>15</b> (14): 1325-1330<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Genet.</i> <b>41</b>: 147–68.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+establishment+of+the+plastid+in+algae+and+plants&rft.jtitle=Annu.+Rev.+Genet.&rft.aulast=Reyes-Prieto+A%2C+Weber+AP%2C+Bhattacharya+D&rft.au=Reyes-Prieto+A%2C+Weber+AP%2C+Bhattacharya+D&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=147%E2%80%9368&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Raven JA, Allen JF (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/4/209">„Genomics and chloroplast evolution: what did cyanobacteria do for plants?”</a>. <i>Genome Biol.</i> <b>4</b> (3): 209.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Genomics+and+chloroplast+evolution%3A+what+did+cyanobacteria+do+for+plants%3F&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol.&rft.aulast=Raven+JA%2C+Allen+JF&rft.au=Raven+JA%2C+Allen+JF&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=209&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenomebiology.com%2F1465-6906%2F4%2F209&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since August 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtvi_eksterni_linkovi" title="Wikipedija:Mrtvi eksterni linkovi">mrtav link</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html">Cyanobacteria: Fossil Record</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrero_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Herrero A and Flores E (ur). (2008). <i>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</i> (1. izd. izd.). Caister Academic Press.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&rft.aulast=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28ur%29.&rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28ur%29.&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=1.+izd.&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-904455-15-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-904455-15-8">978-1-904455-15-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anaerobic Photosynthesis</i>, Chemical & Engineering News, <b>86</b>, 33, 18 aug. 2008, str. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18703741-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18703741_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kulp TR, Hoeft SE, Asao M, Madigan MT, Hollibaugh JT, Fisher JC, Stolz JF, Culbertson CW, Miller LG, Oremland RS (August 2008). „Arsenic(III) fuels anoxygenic photosynthesis in hot spring biofilms from Mono Lake, California”. <i>Science (journal)</i> <b>321</b> (5891): 967–70.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arsenic%28III%29+fuels+anoxygenic+photosynthesis+in+hot+spring+biofilms+from+Mono+Lake%2C+California&rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&rft.aulast=Kulp+TR%2C+Hoeft+SE%2C+Asao+M%2C+Madigan+MT%2C+Hollibaugh+JT%2C+Fisher+JC%2C+Stolz+JF%2C+Culbertson+CW%2C+Miller+LG%2C+Oremland+RS&rft.au=Kulp+TR%2C+Hoeft+SE%2C+Asao+M%2C+Madigan+MT%2C+Hollibaugh+JT%2C+Fisher+JC%2C+Stolz+JF%2C+Culbertson+CW%2C+Miller+LG%2C+Oremland+RS&rft.date=August+2008&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=5891&rft.pages=967%E2%80%9370&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712152053/http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news/Scientists-discover-unique-microbe-in-Californias-largest-lake-203-1/">„Scientists discover unique microbe in California's largest lake”</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news/Scientists-discover-unique-microbe-in-Californias-largest-lake-203-1/">originala</a> na datum 2009-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Scientists+discover+unique+microbe+in+California%27s+largest+lake&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090712152053%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio-medicine.org%2Fbiology-news%2FScientists-discover-unique-microbe-in-Californias-largest-lake-203-1%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tavano CL, Donohue TJ (December 2006). „Development of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus”. <i>Curr. Opin. Microbiol.</i> <b>9</b> (6): 625–31.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+bacterial+photosynthetic+apparatus&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Microbiol.&rft.aulast=Tavano+CL%2C+Donohue+TJ&rft.au=Tavano+CL%2C+Donohue+TJ&rft.date=December+2006&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=625%E2%80%9331&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullineaux1999-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mullineaux1999_24-0">24,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mullineaux1999_24-1">24,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mullineaux CW (1999). „The thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria: structure, dynamics and function”. <i>Australian Journal of Plant Physiology</i> <b>26</b> (7): 671–677.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+thylakoid+membranes+of+cyanobacteria%3A+structure%2C+dynamics+and+function&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Plant+Physiology&rft.aulast=Mullineaux+CW&rft.au=Mullineaux+CW&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=671%E2%80%93677&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sener MK, Olsen JD, Hunter CN, Schulten K (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17895378">„Atomic-level structural and functional model of a bacterial photosynthetic membrane vesicle”</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>104</b> (40): 15723–8.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Atomic-level+structural+and+functional+model+of+a+bacterial+photosynthetic+membrane+vesicle&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.aulast=Sener+MK%2C+Olsen+JD%2C+Hunter+CN%2C+Schulten+K&rft.au=Sener+MK%2C+Olsen+JD%2C+Hunter+CN%2C+Schulten+K&rft.date=October+2007&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=15723%E2%80%938&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17895378&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html"><i>Biology: Exploring Life</i></a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Exploring+Life&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Campbell%2C%26%2332%3BNeil+A.&rft.date=2006&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fel_marketing.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-13-250882-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-13-250882-6">0-13-250882-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raven-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Raven_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Raven, Peter H.; Ray F. Evert, Susan E. Eichhorn (2005). <i>Biology of Plants, 7. izdanje</i>. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers. str. 124–128.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Plants%2C+7.+izdanje&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.au=Raven%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+H.&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B124%E2%80%93128&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company+Publishers&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-7167-1007-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-7167-1007-2">0-7167-1007-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">raven</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Miyamoto K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e05.htm#1.2.1%20photosynthetic%20efficiency">„Chapter 1 - Biological energy production”</a>. <i>Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy production (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin - 128)</i>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 04. 01. 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+1+-+Biological+energy+production&rft.atitle=Renewable+biological+systems+for+alternative+sustainable+energy+production+%28FAO+Agricultural+Services+Bulletin+-+128%29&rft.aulast=Miyamoto+K&rft.au=Miyamoto+K&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fw7241e%2Fw7241e05.htm%231.2.1%2520photosynthetic%2520efficiency&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govindjee-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-govindjee_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Govindjee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/whatisit.htm">What is photosynthesis?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/press-and-media/press-releases/press-releases-2009/world-record-41.1-efficiency-reached-for-multi-junction-solar-cells-at-fraunhofer-ise">Fraunhofer ISE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-07-144143-3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-07-144143-3_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Mark D. Licker (ur.) (2007). <i>Mcgraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i>. McGraw-Hill Professional. str. vol 13 str. 470.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mcgraw+Hill+Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.aulast=Mark+D.+Licker+%28ur.%29&rft.au=Mark+D.+Licker+%28ur.%29&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3Bvol+13+str.+470&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fotosinteza"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-07-144143-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-07-144143-3">0-07-144143-3</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photosynthesis" title="commons:Category:Photosynthesis"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photosynthesis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photosynthesis">Fotosinteza</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/linksPSed.htm">Kolekcija linkova o fotosintezi za sve uzraste</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/photosynBook.html">Sveukupna energetika fotosinteze</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/photosynthesis--from-light-to-atp">UC Berkeley video lekcije</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422081849/http://academicearth.org/lectures/photosynthesis--from-light-to-atp">Arhivirano</a> 2012-04-22 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> o fotosintezi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/biochemistry/photosynthesis.html">Science Aid: Fotosinteza</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428090455/http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/biochemistry/photosynthesis.html">Arhivirano</a> 2009-04-28 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ljmu.ac.uk/NewsCentre/63012.htm">Liverpool John Moores univerzitet, dr.David Wilkinson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914195047/http://www.ljmu.ac.uk/NewsCentre/63012.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2007-09-14 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/d24/24.htm">Botanika online: Fotosinteza</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921225805/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/d24/24.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2013-09-21 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photoscience.la.asu.edu/photosyn/photoweb/default.html">Fotosinteza na Photoscience 2008</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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