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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedhael" title="Cumann na nGaedhael – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cumann na nGaedhael" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal" title="Cumann na nGaedheal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cumann na nGaedheal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal" title="Cumann na nGaedheal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cumann na nGaedheal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Κοινωνία των Γαέλων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινωνία των Γαέλων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal" title="Cumann na nGaedheal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cumann na nGaedheal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedhael" title="Cumann na nGaedhael – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cumann na nGaedhael" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal_(1923-1933)" title="Cumann na nGaedheal (1923-1933) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cumann na nGaedheal (1923-1933)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal" title="Cumann na nGaedheal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cumann na nGaedheal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal" title="Cumann na nGaedheal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cumann na nGaedheal" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Defunct Irish political party</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the party which existed from 1923 to 1933. For the group founded in 1900, see <a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal_(1900)" title="Cumann na nGaedheal (1900)">Cumann na nGaedheal (1900)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cumann_na_nGaedheal" title="Special:EditPage/Cumann na nGaedheal">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cumann+na+nGaedheal%22">"Cumann na nGaedheal"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cumann+na+nGaedheal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cumann+na+nGaedheal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cumann+na+nGaedheal%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cumann+na+nGaedheal%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cumann+na+nGaedheal%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #87CEFA; border-bottom:2px solid #87CEFA; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Cumann na nGaedheal</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumann_na_nGaedheal_party_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cumann_na_nGaedheal_party_logo.png/250px-Cumann_na_nGaedheal_party_logo.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cumann_na_nGaedheal_party_logo.png/375px-Cumann_na_nGaedheal_party_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cumann_na_nGaedheal_party_logo.png/500px-Cumann_na_nGaedheal_party_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">27 April 1923</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">8 September 1933</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Pro Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">Centre-right</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #87CEFA;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Elections in the Republic of Ireland">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cumann na nGaedheal</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Irish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈkʊmˠən̪ˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>n̪ˠə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈŋeːl̪ˠ]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Society of the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, which formed the government from 1923 to 1932. It was named after the original <a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal_(1900)" title="Cumann na nGaedheal (1900)">Cumann na nGaedheal</a> organisation which merged with the <a href="/wiki/Dungannon_Clubs" title="Dungannon Clubs">Dungannon Clubs</a> and the National Council to form <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933 it merged with smaller groups to form the <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a> party. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumann_na_nGaedheal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Cumann_na_nGaedheal_Government.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Photograph_of_Cumann_na_nGaedheal_Government.jpg/300px-Photograph_of_Cumann_na_nGaedheal_Government.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Photograph_of_Cumann_na_nGaedheal_Government.jpg/450px-Photograph_of_Cumann_na_nGaedheal_Government.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Photograph_of_Cumann_na_nGaedheal_Government.jpg/600px-Photograph_of_Cumann_na_nGaedheal_Government.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Cumann na nGaedheal Government, 1922/1923</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1922 the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">pro-Treaty</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Irish Free State">Government of the Irish Free State</a> lost the support of <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, its political party. The need to create a party supporting the government was not immediate. <i>Cumann na nGaedheal</i> was the name of the antecedent nationalist <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella organisation">umbrella organisation</a> to Sinn Féin formed in 1900 (see <a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal_(1900)" title="Cumann na nGaedheal (1900)">Cumann na nGaedheal (1900)</a>). The second <i>Cumann na nGaedheal</i> did not come into existence until more than a year later, on 27 April 1923 when the pro-Treaty <a href="/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la" title="Teachta Dála">TDs</a> recognised the need for a party organisation to win elections. Initially, the party's ability to influence the government was limited.<sup id="cite_ref-GFG_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party was largely centre-right in outlook. The pro-Treaty wing of Sinn Féin had decided to break off and become a distinct party in late December 1922, but its launch was delayed until after the New Year as a direct consequence of the turmoil caused by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a>. </p><p>The leadership of the pro-Treaty Sinn Féin in 1922 included <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith" title="Arthur Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a>. Cosgrave and Griffith had been prominent in Sinn Féin since the 1900s, while Collins rose quickly through its ranks after the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>. Griffith and Collins died in August 1922 during the early stages of the Civil War, leaving Cosgrave to lead the pro-Treaty Provisional Government in the run-up to the formal establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>. Cosgrave had also fought in the Easter Rising and had been prominent in the Government of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a>; the burden of responsibility for building the new <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> on solid foundations was now on Cosgrave and his colleagues. Difficult years of state-building amidst <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> characterised its time in government. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Alliance</a> was dissolved in 1922, when many of its followers swung their support behind Cumann na nGaedheal, seeing it as less hostile to them than the anti-Treaty <a href="/wiki/Republican_(Ireland,_1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican (Ireland, 1923)">Republicans</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_building_and_reconstruction">State building and reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumann_na_nGaedheal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: State building and reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first election the party contested was the <a href="/wiki/1923_Irish_general_election" title="1923 Irish general election">general election of 1923</a>, when it won 63 seats (out of 153), with 39% of the votes cast. Until 1932, Cumann na nGaedheal continued to form the Government of the Irish Free State, with Cosgrave as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">President of the Executive Council</a>. </p><p>In government, the party established the institutions upon which the current Irish state is still built. It also re-established law and order through a number of public safety acts in a country that had long been divided by war and competing ideologies. The party's Minister for Home Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Higgins" title="Kevin O'Higgins">Kevin O'Higgins</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a>, an unarmed police force. As Minister for External Affairs in 1927, he was successful in increasing the Free State's autonomy within the British <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. </p><p>Cumann na nGaedheal as a government party was characterized by conservatism. Thus, when J.J. Walsh, Minister for Posts and Telegraphs, resigned in 1927 due to the government's lack of support for <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>, he sent an open letter to Cosgrave, claiming inter alia that the party had gone ″over to the most reactionary elements of the state″.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consolidation_and_competition">Consolidation and competition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumann_na_nGaedheal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consolidation and competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cumann_na_nGaedheal" title="Special:EditPage/Cumann na nGaedheal">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the general election in June 1927, Cumann na nGaedheal performed very poorly, winning just 47 seats with 27% of the vote, and was able to survive in office only because of <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>'s continued refusal to take up its 44 seats due to the party's rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Ireland)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)">Oath of Allegiance to the Free State</a>. </p><p>The assassination of Kevin O'Higgins, the controversial Minister for Justice, by Republicans shortly after the election came as a bitter blow to the party. In response to this act of violence, the state introduced a second Public Safety Act, which introduced the death penalty and was widely unpopular with the public, and an Electoral Amendment Act which forced elected TDs to take the Oath of Allegiance. Thus the murder indirectly led to Fianna Fáil's forced entry to the Dáil and in August 1927 the government narrowly survived a vote of no confidence. Following victory in two <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-elections</a>, Cosgrave called a <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap election</a> in September 1927. Cumann na nGaedheal regained most of the ground lost in June, winning 62 seats and 39% of the vote, although most of these gains were from potential allies. </p><p>For the first time the party now faced vigorous parliamentary (if not entirely constitutional) opposition in the Dáil, as Fianna Fáil also made significant gains. Since the foundation of the state Dáil business had been relatively calm as the relatively small Labour party functioned as the official opposition in the absence of die-hard Republicans. The scene was now set for a volatile atmosphere in parliament as the two sides who had fought each other in the civil war now met face to face. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_decline_and_merger">Electoral decline and merger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumann_na_nGaedheal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electoral decline and merger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CnG_1932_Posters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CnG_1932_Posters.jpg/220px-CnG_1932_Posters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CnG_1932_Posters.jpg/330px-CnG_1932_Posters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CnG_1932_Posters.jpg/440px-CnG_1932_Posters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>During <a href="/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election" title="1932 Irish general election">the 1932 election</a> Cumann na nGaedheal propaganda linked Fianna Fáil to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Treaty_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Treaty IRA">IRA</a>, and the IRA to Communism.</figcaption></figure> <p>The party's support base gradually slipped to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>'s new party <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> after its inception in 1926. Cosgrave's Cumann na nGaedheal became solely identified with protecting the treaty and defending the new State while it seemed preoccupied with public safety. Economically the party favoured balanced budgets and free trade at a time when its opponents advocated protectionism. The weak economy of the Free State suffered during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Nonetheless, it came as a surprise when Cumann na nGaedheal was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election" title="1932 Irish general election">general election of February 1932</a>, winning 57 seats to Fianna Fáil's 72. </p><p>Having spent its entire existence prior to 1932 in government, Cumann na nGaedheal was ill-prepared for a role in opposition. Its support base contracted further at the <a href="/wiki/1933_Irish_general_election" title="1933 Irish general election">general election in January 1933</a>, when it won 48 seats compared to Fianna Fáil's 77. Increasingly, the party found itself unable to counter de Valera's populism and was increasingly labelled the party of the middle class. The party subsequently entered discussions with the <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_Party_(Ireland)" title="National Centre Party (Ireland)">National Centre Party</a> and the ultranationalist <a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">National Guard</a> (Blueshirts) on the possibility of a merger. That came about in September 1933, with the formation of <i><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></i> from the three parties, though, in reality, Fine Gael was a larger version of Cumann na nGaedheal. It was in the lead-up to the merger that the then Editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Times">Irish Times</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/R._M._%22Bertie%22_Smyllie" title="R. M. "Bertie" Smyllie">R.M. Smyllie</a>, described Cumann na nGaedheal as a party "who one wished would be open to ideas, until one saw the kind of ideas they were open to".<sup id="cite_ref-Brown1971_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown1971-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumann_na_nGaedheal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dáil_Éireann"><span id="D.C3.A1il_.C3.89ireann"></span>Dáil Éireann</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumann_na_nGaedheal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dáil Éireann"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Seats won </th> <th>± </th> <th>Position </th> <th>First Pref votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Government </th> <th>Leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1923_Irish_general_election" title="1923 Irish general election">1923</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">63 / 153</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>5<sup id="cite_ref-cumannnag_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cumannnag-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1st </td> <td>410,695 </td> <td>39.0% </td> <td style="background-color:#CCFFCC">Minority gov't </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/June_1927_Irish_general_election" title="June 1927 Irish general election">1927 (Jun)</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">47 / 153</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; color:inherit; width: 31%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>16 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1st </td> <td>314,703 </td> <td>27.4% </td> <td style="background-color:#CCFFCC">Minority gov't <small>(supported by FP and Ind)</small> </td> <td>W. T. Cosgrave </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/September_1927_Irish_general_election" title="September 1927 Irish general election">1927 (Sep)</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">62 / 153</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>15 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1st </td> <td>453,028 </td> <td>38.7% </td> <td style="background-color:#CCFFCC">Minority gov't <small>(supported by FP and Ind)</small> </td> <td>W. T. Cosgrave </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election" title="1932 Irish general election">1932</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">57 / 153</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; color:inherit; width: 37%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>2nd </td> <td>449,506 </td> <td>35.3% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFCCCC">Opposition </td> <td>W. T. Cosgrave </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1933_Irish_general_election" title="1933 Irish general election">1933</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">48 / 153</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; color:inherit; width: 31%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>2nd </td> <td>422,495 </td> <td>30.5% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFCCCC">Opposition </td> <td>W. T. Cosgrave </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seanad_Éireann"><span id="Seanad_.C3.89ireann"></span>Seanad Éireann</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumann_na_nGaedheal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seanad Éireann"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Seats won </th> <th>± </th> <th>Position </th> <th>First Pref votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1925_Seanad_election" title="1925 Seanad election">1925</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 60</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #87CEFA; color:inherit; width: 23%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td>126,218 </td> <td>41.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumann_na_nGaedheal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cumann_na_nGaedheal_politicians" title="Category:Cumann na nGaedheal politicians">Category:Cumann na nGaedheal politicians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumann_na_nGaedheal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Laffan, <i>The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party 1916-23</i>, pp. 25-6, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-67267-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-67267-8">0-521-67267-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFG-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFG_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://generalmichaelcollins.com/Cumann_na_nGael/Garrett_Fitzgerald.html">Reflections On The Foundation of the Irish State</a></i>, University College Cork, April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319151530/http://generalmichaelcollins.com/Cumann_na_nGael/Garrett_Fitzgerald.html">Archived</a> 19 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Bew, Ellen Hazelkorn and Henry Patterson, The Dynamics of Irish Politics (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1989), p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown1971-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown1971_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_James_Meredith_Brown1971" class="citation book cs1">Stephen James Meredith Brown (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhorAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Press in Ireland: A Survey and a Guide</i></a>. Lemma Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87696-017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87696-017-2"><bdi>978-0-87696-017-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729210248/https://books.google.com/books?id=AhorAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Press+in+Ireland%3A+A+Survey+and+a+Guide&rft.pub=Lemma+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87696-017-2&rft.au=Stephen+James+Meredith+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhorAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACumann+na+nGaedheal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cumannnag-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cumannnag_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cumann na nGaedheal's results are compared with those of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Pro-Treaty</a> faction of Sinn Féin in the <a href="/wiki/1922_Irish_general_election" title="1922 Irish general election">previous general election</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumann_na_nGaedheal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jason Knirck. <i>Afterimage of the Revolution: Cumann na nGaedheal and Irish Politics, 1922--1932</i> (University of Wisconsin Press; 2014) 304 pages; scholarly history</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumann_na_nGaedheal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historic_Irish_parties" title="Template:Historic Irish parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historic_Irish_parties" title="Template talk:Historic Irish parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historic_Irish_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historic Irish parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Defunct_political_parties_in_Ireland377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Defunct political parties in <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">to 1918</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Home Rule</a>/<a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-for-Ireland_League" title="All-for-Ireland League">All-for-Ireland League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Union" title="Catholic Union">Catholic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healyite_Nationalist" title="Healyite Nationalist">Healyite Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Government_Association" title="Home Government Association">Home Government Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Irish_Party" title="Independent Irish Party">Independent Irish Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Federation" title="Irish National Federation">Irish National Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_League" title="Irish National League">Irish National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party" title="Irish Patriot Party">Irish Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Reform_Association" title="Irish Reform Association">Irish Reform Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Irish Socialist Republican Party">Irish Socialist Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_Association" title="Repeal Association">Repeal Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_League" title="United Irish League">United Irish League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Irish Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Loyal_and_Patriotic_Union" title="Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union">Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Metropolitan_Conservative_Society" title="Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society">Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-UK parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">post 1918</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Communist_Organisation" title="British and Irish Communist Organisation">British and Irish Communist Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Organisation_in_the_British_Isles" title="Communist Organisation in the British Isles">Communist Organisation in the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland_(1933)" title="Communist Party of Ireland (1933)">Communist Party of Ireland (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Independent Socialist Party (Ireland)">Independent Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Worker_League" title="Irish Worker League">Irish Worker League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Workers_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Workers Group">Irish Workers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Workers%27_Group_(1976)" title="Irish Workers' Group (1976)">Irish Workers' Group (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Workers%27_Party_(1926)" title="Irish Workers' Party (1926)">Irish Workers' Party (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Workers%27_Party" title="Irish Workers' Party">Irish Workers' Party (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communist_Republicans" title="League of Communist Republicans">League of Communist Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_a_Workers%27_Republic" title="League for a Workers' Republic">League for a Workers' Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peadar_Cowan#The_Vanguard_Movement" title="Peadar Cowan">Vanguard Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(Ireland)" title="People's Democracy (Ireland)">People's Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Congress" title="Republican Congress">Republican Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Socialist_Collective" title="Republican Socialist Collective">Republican Socialist Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers%27_Groups" title="Revolutionary Workers' Groups">Revolutionary Workers' Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_%C3%89ire" title="Saor Éire">Saor Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Ireland_(1904)" title="Socialist Party of Ireland (1904)">Socialist Party of Ireland (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Ireland_(1971)" title="Socialist Party of Ireland (1971)">Socialist Party of Ireland (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="World Socialist Party (Ireland)">World Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_Socialist_Party" title="Cork Socialist Party">Cork Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Ireland)" title="Democratic Left (Ireland)">Democratic Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Democratic Socialist Party (Ireland)">Democratic Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="National Labour Party (Ireland)">National Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Democrats" title="National Progressive Democrats">National Progressive Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sligo%E2%80%93Leitrim_Independent_Socialist_Organisation" title="Sligo–Leitrim Independent Socialist Organisation">Sligo–Leitrim Independent Socialist Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Socialist Labour Party (Ireland)">Socialist Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Left_(Ireland)" title="United Left (Ireland)">United Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Left_Alliance" title="United Left Alliance">United Left Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Ireland_Anti-Partition_League" title="All Ireland Anti-Partition League">All Ireland Anti-Partition League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_H-Block" title="Anti H-Block">Anti H-Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aontacht_%C3%89ireann" title="Aontacht Éireann">Aontacht Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_%C3%89ireann" title="Clann Éireann">Clann Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_na_Poblachta" title="Clann na Poblachta">Clann na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_Poblachta" title="Cumann na Poblachta">Cumann na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_Poblachta_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann">Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Independent Fianna Fáil">Independent Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Anti-Partition_League" title="Irish Anti-Partition League">Irish Anti-Partition League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independence_Party" title="Irish Independence Party">Irish Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Ireland,_1924)" title="National Party (Ireland, 1924)">National Party (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Council_for_Unity" title="Northern Council for Unity">Northern Council for Unity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_Democrats_of_Ireland" title="Community Democrats of Ireland">Community Democrats of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Ireland" title="Liberal Party of Ireland">Liberal Party of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democrats" title="Progressive Democrats">Progressive Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Progressive_League" title="Women's Social and Progressive League">Women's Social and Progressive League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clann_na_Talmhan" title="Clann na Talmhan">Clann na Talmhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Farmers' Party (Ireland)">Farmers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Ireland)" title="National Democratic Party (Ireland)">National Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professional_Group" title="Business and Professional Group">Business and Professional Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_Civic_Party" title="Cork Civic Party">Cork Civic Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cumann na nGaedheal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Ireland" title="Libertas Ireland">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_Party_(Ireland)" title="National Centre Party (Ireland)">National Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_Party" title="National League Party">National League Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_(Ireland)" title="Social Credit Party (Ireland)">Social Credit Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Democrats_(Ireland)" title="Catholic Democrats (Ireland)">Catholic Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Centrist_Party" title="Christian Centrist Party">Christian Centrist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Dublin_Bay_Rockall_Loftus#Political_career" title="Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus">Christian Democrat Party of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Solidarity_Party" title="Christian Solidarity Party">Christian Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muintir_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Muintir na hÉireann">Muintir na hÉireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblacht_Chr%C3%ADost%C3%BAil" title="Poblacht Chríostúil">Poblacht Chríostúil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_Progressive_Party" title="Donegal Progressive Party">Donegal Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Centre_Party_(1919)" title="Irish Centre Party (1919)">Irish Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Dominion_League" title="Irish Dominion League">Irish Dominion League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Anti-Partition_League" title="Unionist Anti-Partition League">Unionist Anti-Partition League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">Far-right</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3ras_na_Poblachta" title="Córas na Poblachta">Córas na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Ireland" title="Identity Ireland">Identity Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Control_Platform" title="Immigration Control Platform">Immigration Control Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Monetary_Reform_Association" title="Irish 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