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<span>Scottish ethnic and cultural groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scottish_ethnic_and_cultural_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scottish ethnic and cultural groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scottish_ethnic_and_cultural_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_ethnogeneses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_ethnogeneses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History of ethnogeneses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_ethnogeneses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constructs_of_a_unitary_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constructs_of_a_unitary_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Constructs of a unitary ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constructs_of_a_unitary_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scottish diaspora</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scottish_diaspora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scottish diaspora subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scottish_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Rest of Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scots_in_mainland_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scots_in_mainland_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scots in mainland Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scots_in_mainland_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scots in mainland Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scots_in_mainland_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scottish_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Scottish English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Scots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_Gaelic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_Gaelic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Scottish Gaelic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_Gaelic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Clans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Science and engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Anglicisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scottish people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotte" title="Skotte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skotte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="إسكتلنديون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسكتلنديون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escoceses" title="Escoceses – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escoceses" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escoceses" title="Escoceses – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escoceses" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eotlandlar" title="Şotlandlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şotlandlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ایسکاتلندی‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسکاتلندی‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="স্কটীয় জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্কটীয় জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CD%98-kat-l%C3%A2n-l%C3%A2ng" title="So͘-kat-lân-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="So͘-kat-lân-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шотландтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шотландтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Шатландцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шатландцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Шатляндцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шатляндцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Шотландци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шотландци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escocesos" title="Escocesos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escocesos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotov%C3%A9" title="Skotové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skotové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanwyr" title="Albanwyr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Albanwyr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schotten" title="Schotten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schotten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0otlased" title="Šotlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šotlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Σκωτσέζοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκωτσέζοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_escoc%C3%A9s" title="Pueblo escocés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo escocés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskoziar" title="Eskoziar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskoziar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مردم اسکاتلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم اسکاتلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cossais_(peuple)" title="Écossais (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écossais (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotten" title="Skotten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skotten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanaigh" title="Albanaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Albanaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albannach" title="Albannach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Albannach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_escoc%C3%A9s" title="Pobo escocés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo escocés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland-ng%C3%ACn" title="Scotland-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Scotland-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%B8" title="스코틀랜드인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스코틀랜드인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շոտլանդացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շոտլանդացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koti" title="Škoti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Škoti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Skotlandia" title="Orang Skotlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Шотландиаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шотландиаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scozzesi" title="Scozzesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scozzesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סקוטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקוטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="შოტლანდიელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შოტლანდიელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шотландтықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шотландтықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobel_Alban" title="Pobel Alban – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pobel Alban" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skot" title="Skot – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Skot" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoti" title="Skoti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skoti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kotai" title="Škotai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Škotai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjotte_(vouk)" title="Sjotte (vouk) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjotte (vouk)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3tok" title="Skótok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Skótok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Шкотланѓани – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шкотланѓани" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="შოტლანდიარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შოტლანდიარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="اسكتلنديون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسكتلنديون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Scotland" title="Orang Scotland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Scotland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schotten_(volk)" title="Schotten (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schotten (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%BA%BA" title="スコットランド人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スコットランド人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Шотландий – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шотландий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotter" title="Skotter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skotter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skottlar" title="Skottlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Skottlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkoci" title="Szkoci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szkoci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escoceses" title="Escoceses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escoceses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sco%C8%9Bieni" title="Scoțieni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scoțieni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шкоты – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шкоты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Шотландцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шотландцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_fowk" title="Scots fowk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Scots fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ස්කොට් ජනයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්කොට් ජනයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Scottish people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0k%C3%B3ti" title="Škóti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Škóti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koti" title="Škoti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Škoti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Шкоти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шкоти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koti" title="Škoti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Škoti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotit" title="Skotit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skotit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skottar" title="Skottar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skottar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ชาวสกอตแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวสกอตแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏥ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sko%C3%A7lar" title="İskoçlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskoçlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%96" title="Шотландці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шотландці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Scottish people as an ethnic group. For residents or nationals of Scotland, see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics of Scotland</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Scotsman" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Scotsman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Scotsman (disambiguation)">Scotsman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Scot" redirects here. For people and other things named Scott or Scot, see <a href="/wiki/Scott_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Scott (disambiguation)">Scott</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Scot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Scot (disambiguation)">Scot (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Scottish people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 28</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 40 million</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> 4,226,965<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census#2022_census_for_Scotland" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2022</a>)</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">identifying as Scottish descent only</span><sup id="cite_ref-2022census_Scot_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022census_Scot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;"><i>Significant <a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a> in</i></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,422,613 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a>)</span><sup><small>A</small></sup><br />794,478 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Scots-Irish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,799,005<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016)</span><sup><small>B</small></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,176,777<sup id="cite_ref-abs.gov.au_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs.gov.au-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span><sup><small>C</small></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000,000–2,000,000 (Scottish descent)<br /> 25,953 Scottish-born<sup id="cite_ref-2013_NZ_census_Scottish_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_NZ_census_Scottish-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stats.gov.nz_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats.gov.nz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="infobox-data">795,000<sup id="cite_ref-Carr_2009_10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr_2009_10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,160 (estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-Carr_2009_10_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr_2009_10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,403<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,459<sup id="cite_ref-The_Stationery_Office_2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Stationery_Office_2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carr_2009_13_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr_2009_13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup><small>E</small></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism#Scotland" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Catholicism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Episcopalianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">Irreligion</a><br /> other minority groups</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr />Data based on official census data of populations. <ul><li><sup><small>A</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish Americans</a></li> <li><sup><small>B</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish Canadians</a></li> <li><sup><small>C</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish Australians</a></li> <li><sup><small>D</small></sup> Scottish-born people in England only</li> <li><sup><small>E</small></sup> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scotland" title="Category:Scotland">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture of Scotland</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/120px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/180px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/240px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">1707 Acts of Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era" title="Scotland in the modern era">Modern</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Broad Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_traditions" title="Category:Scottish traditions">Traditions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_clothing" title="Category:Scottish clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackle" title="Hackle">Hackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Clavie" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of the Clavie">Burning of the Clavie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_supper" title="Burns supper">Burns supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Riding">Common Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofting" title="Crofting">Crofting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saining" title="Saining">Saining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalk" title="Skalk">Skalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Helly_Aa" title="Up Helly Aa">Up Helly Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Scottish_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Scottish units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Scotland">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_and_bank_holidays_in_Scotland" title="Public and bank holidays in Scotland">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Day">St. Andrew's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_supper" title="Burns supper">Burns supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan_Day" title="Tartan Day">Tartan Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanark_Lanimers" title="Lanark Lanimers">Lanimer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealltainn</a>/<a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lùnastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhainn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts_in_Scotland" title="Category:Performing arts in Scotland">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland#Folk_music" title="Music of Scotland">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_highland_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish highland dance">Scottish highland dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_country_dance" title="Scottish country dance">Scottish country dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_sword_dances" title="Scottish sword dances">Scottish sword dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod (Scotland)">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keening" title="Keening">Keening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waulking_song" title="Waulking song">Waulking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Scotland" title="Opera in Scotland">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puirt_%C3%A0_beul" title="Puirt à beul">Puirt à beul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Ballad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Ballad (page does not exist)">Border Ballad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Scotland">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Scotland" title="Television in Scotland">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland" title="Sport in Scotland">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Scotland" title="Football in Scotland">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggis_hurling" title="Haggis hurling">Haggis hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailes_(ball_game)" title="Hailes (ball game)">Hailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing_in_Scotland" title="Horse racing in Scotland">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Scotland" title="Rugby union in Scotland">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">Shot put</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" title="Coat of arms of Scotland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Scotland" title="National anthem of Scotland">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland" title="Royal Banner of Scotland">Lion Rampant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Scottish inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#eee;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture of the United Kingdom</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Second_World_War_1939-1945" title="History of the United Kingdom">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (social history)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><u>Historic peoples</u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li></ul> <p><u>Modern ethnicities</u> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">British identity</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian British">Asian British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">British Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">British Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Mixed" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mixed">British Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people (Gypsies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other White</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_English" class="mw-redirect" title="English English">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of the United Kingdom">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of the United Kingdom">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Ireland & Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_cuisine" title="Cornish cuisine">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian and South Asian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Day_(Scotland)" title="Victoria Day (Scotland)">Victoria Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Bank_Holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Bank Holiday">Spring Bank Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Summer_Bank_Holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Summer Bank Holiday">Late Summer Bank Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Day" title="Saint Andrew's Day">Saint Andrew's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David%27s_Day" title="Saint David's Day">Saint David's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">VE Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the United Kingdom">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">No religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the United Kingdom">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism in the United Kingdom">Modern Paganism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_art" title="English art">English art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Scottish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Welsh art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_art" title="Irish art">Irish art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the United Kingdom">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Literature of Northern Ireland">Literature of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_in_the_other_languages_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature in the other languages of Britain">Literature in the other languages of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">British comics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_popular_music" title="British popular music">British popular music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">British rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_pop_music" title="British pop music">British pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">Early music of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Baroque music of the British Isles">Baroque music of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_British_popular_music" title="Early British popular music">Early British popular music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_England" title="Music in Medieval England">Music in Medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_art_song" title="English art song">English art song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Ireland">Music of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_England" title="Football in England">Football in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Scotland" title="Football in Scotland">Football in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Wales" title="Football in Wales">Football in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_England" title="Cricket in England">Cricket in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Ireland" title="Cricket in Ireland">Cricket in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Scotland" title="Cricket in Scotland">Cricket in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Wales" title="Cricket in Wales">Cricket in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ice hockey in the United Kingdom">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_North" title="Angel of the North">Angel of the North</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the United Kingdom">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of the United Kingdom">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dieu_et_mon_droit" title="Dieu et mon droit">Dieu et mon droit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Defens" class="mw-redirect" title="In Defens">In Defens</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle#Scottish_thistle" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Culture of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Culture of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Scottish people</b> or <b>Scots</b> (<a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>: <i lang="sco">Scots fowk</i>; <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Albannaich</i>) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. Historically, they emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a> from an amalgamation of two <a href="/wiki/Celtic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic peoples">Celtic peoples</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></i>) in the 9th century. In the following two centuries, Celtic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Cumbrians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a> and Germanic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Angles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> became part of Scotland. In the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, during the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a>, small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> nobles migrated to the Lowlands. In the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaels">Norse-Gaels</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Western Isles</a> became part of Scotland, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> in the 15th century. </p><p>In modern usage, "Scottish people" or "Scots" refers to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral or genetic origins are from Scotland. The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally referred to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considered <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> by some,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term <a href="/wiki/Scotch_(adjective)" title="Scotch (adjective)">Scotch</a> has also been used for Scottish people, now primarily outwith Scotland. </p><p>People of Scottish descent live in many countries. Emigration, influenced by factors such as the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a>, Scottish emigration to various locales throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and latterly <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">industrial decline</a> and unemployment, have resulted in the spread of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish languages">Scottish languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish culture">culture</a>. Large populations of Scottish people settled the '<a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>' lands of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and South America, Australia and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. The highest concentrations of people of Scottish descent in the world outside of Scotland are in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Murihiku/Southland</a> in New Zealand, the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in the United Kingdom. Canada has the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita in the world and the second-largest population of Scottish descendants, after the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scotia" title="Scotia">Scotia</a></div> <p>Originally the Romans used Scotia to refer to Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehane1994_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehane1994-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">The Venerable Bede</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 672</span> or 673 – 27 May, 735) uses the word <i>Scottorum</i> for the nation from Ireland who settled part of the <a href="/wiki/Pictish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish">Pictish</a> lands: "<i>Scottorum nationem in Pictorum parte recipit</i>." This can be inferred to mean the arrival of the people, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a>, in the Kingdom of Dál Riata, in the western edge of Scotland. Bede used the word <i>natio</i> (nation) for the Scots, where he often refers to other peoples, such as the Picts, with the word <i>gens</i> (race).<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_72_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_72-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 10th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, the word <i>Scot</i> is mentioned as a reference to the "Land of the Gaels". The word <i>Scottorum</i> was again used by an Irish king in 1005: <i>Imperator Scottorum</i> was the title given to <a href="/wiki/Brian_Boru" title="Brian Boru">Brian Bóruma</a> by his notary, Mael Suthain, in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Armagh" title="Book of Armagh">Book of Armagh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MoodyCróinín2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoodyCróinín2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style was subsequently copied by the Scottish kings. <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a> Scottorum</i> appears on the great seal of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar of Scotland">King Edgar</a> (1074–1107).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1078</span>–1124) used the words <i><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">Rex</a> Scottorum</i> on his great seal, as did many of his successors up to and including <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PrydeGreenway1996_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrydeGreenway1996-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, the words <i>Scot</i> and <i>Scottish</i> are applied mainly to inhabitants of Scotland. The possible ancient Irish connotations are largely forgotten. The language known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots</a></i>, spoken in parts of northeastern Ireland, is the result of 17th- and 18th-century immigration to Ireland from Scotland. </p><p>In the English language, the word <i><a href="/wiki/Scotch_(adjective)" title="Scotch (adjective)">Scotch</a></i> is a term to describe a thing from Scotland, such as <i>Scotch whisky</i>. However, when referring to people, the preferred term is <i>Scots</i>. Many Scottish people find the term <i>Scotch</i> to be offensive when applied to people.<sup id="cite_ref-Scotch_Off_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotch_Off-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oxford Dictionary describes <i>Scotch</i> as an old-fashioned term for "Scottish".<sup id="cite_ref-OED_Scotch_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_Scotch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scottish_ethnic_and_cultural_groups">Scottish ethnic and cultural groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scottish ethnic and cultural groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_ethnogeneses">History of ethnogeneses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of ethnogeneses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">Genetic history of the British Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scandinavian Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-Kildans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St-Kildans.jpg/220px-St-Kildans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St-Kildans.jpg/330px-St-Kildans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St-Kildans.jpg/440px-St-Kildans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>St. Kildans sitting on the village street <a href="/wiki/Victorian-era" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian-era">Victorian-era</a> Property of the National Trust for Scotland taken in 1886.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, Scotland saw several ethnic or cultural groups mentioned in contemporary sources, namely the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brythons" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythons">Britons</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, with the last of these settling in the southeast of the country. Culturally, these peoples are grouped according to language. Most of Scotland until the 13th century spoke <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>, and these included, at least initially, the <a href="/wiki/Brythons" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythons">Britons</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> included the Angles of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, who settled in south-eastern Scotland in the region between the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">River Tweed</a> to the south. They also occupied the southwest of Scotland up to and including the Plain of <a href="/wiki/Kyle,_Ayrshire" title="Kyle, Ayrshire">Kyle</a>. Their language, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, was the earliest form of the language which eventually became known as <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>. </p><p>Use of the Gaelic language spread through nearly the whole of Scotland by the 9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-bord-na-gaidhlig1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bord-na-gaidhlig1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reaching a peak in the 11th to 13th centuries, but was never the language of the south-east of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-bord-na-gaidhlig1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bord-na-gaidhlig1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar of England">King Edgar</a> divided the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a> between Scotland and England; at least, most medieval historians now accept the 'gift' by Edgar. In any case, after the later <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carham" title="Battle of Carham">Battle of Carham</a> the Scottish kingdom encompassed many English people, with even more quite possibly arriving after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of England">Norman invasion of England</a> in 1066. South-east of the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>, then in <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Borders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">OE:</a> <i>Loðene</i>), a northern variety of <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a>, was spoken. </p><p>As a result of <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I, King of Scots'</a> return from exile in England in 1113, ultimately to assume the throne in 1124 with the help of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> military force, David invited Anglo-Norman families from France and England to settle in lands he granted them to spread a ruling class loyal to him.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a>, as many historians call it, brought a European style of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> to Scotland along with an influx of people of French descent – by invitation, unlike <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">England</a> where it was by conquest. To this day, many of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_surnames" title="Scottish surnames">common family names of Scotland</a> can trace ancestry to Normans from this period, such as the <a href="/wiki/Stewart_(name)" title="Stewart (name)">Stewarts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bruce" title="Bruce">Bruces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Hamilton" title="Clan Hamilton">Hamiltons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Wallace#Origins_of_the_clan" title="Clan Wallace">Wallaces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Melville_(name)" title="Melville (name)">Melvilles</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covenanters_in_a_Glen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Covenanters_in_a_Glen.jpg/220px-Covenanters_in_a_Glen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Covenanters_in_a_Glen.jpg/330px-Covenanters_in_a_Glen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Covenanters_in_a_Glen.jpg/440px-Covenanters_in_a_Glen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a> were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a> were <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a>-speaking (the west of Caithness was Gaelic-speaking into the 20th century, as were some small communities in parts of the Central Highlands). From 1200 to 1500, the <a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a> language spread across the lowland parts of Scotland between <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a> and the Highland line, being used by <a href="/wiki/John_Barbour_(poet)" title="John Barbour (poet)">Barbour</a> in his historical epic <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brus" title="The Brus">The Brus</a></i> in the late 14th century in Aberdeen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From 1500 on, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Gaelic-speaking</a> "<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlanders</a>" (the language formerly called Scottis by English speakers and known by many Lowlanders in the 18th century as "<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Erse</a>") and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Inglis</a>-speaking "<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlanders</a>" (a language later to be called <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>). However, movement between the two regions increased over the last few centuries. Highlanders moved to major cities (e.g. Glasgow and Edinburgh) and regions bordering the southern Highlands (e.g. Lowland Stirlingshire and Perthshire). This is evidenced by people with traditional Gaelic surnames (including anglicised varieties) currently living in these areas. Lowlanders also settled in Highland regions such as <a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a>, which was traditionally Gaelic-speaking but replaced with <a href="/wiki/Doric_dialect_(Scotland)" title="Doric dialect (Scotland)">Doric</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Withers_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withers-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Romani_and_Traveller_groups" title="Scottish Romani and Traveller groups">Scottish Travellers</a> use of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cant" title="Scottish Cant">Scottish Cant</a> among themselves declined sharply in the 20th century, even if some terms found their way into youth and everyday language<sup id="cite_ref-Whyte_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyte-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Gaelic-based <a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a> is all but extinct. Today, immigrants have brought other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>, but almost every adult throughout Scotland is fluent in the English language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constructs_of_a_unitary_ethnicity">Constructs of a unitary ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constructs of a unitary ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Susan_Reynolds" title="Susan Reynolds">Susan Reynolds</a> has put forward how, since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, there have been attempts to obfuscate the ethnic plurality of Scottish people due to the political practicalities of <a href="/wiki/Nation_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation building">nation building</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ichijo2016_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ichijo2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academics have explored how 15th and 16th-century Scottish poets and orators, such as <a href="/wiki/Blind_Harry" title="Blind Harry">Blind Harry</a>, constructed terms such as 'trew Scottis' in an effort to diminish differences between the ethnic groups living within Scotland in the popular consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1974 International Political Science Association report defined this ethnic plurality in Scotland as the following: "The basic ethnic and cultural division in the British Isles has been that between the Anglo-Saxon peoples of England and the Scottish Lowlands and the Celtic peoples of Wales, Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2014, historian Steven L. Danver, who specialises in indigenous ethnic research, wrote regarding Lowlands Scots and Gaelic Scots' unique ancestries: "The people of Scotland are divided into two groups - Lowland Scots in the southern part of the country and Highland Scots in the north - that differ from one another ethnically, culturally, and linguistically ... Lowlanders differ from Highlanders in their ethnic origin. While Highland Scots are of Celtic (Gaelic) descent, Lowland Scots are descended from people of Germanic stock. During the seventh century C.E., settlers of Germanic tribes of Angles moved from Northumbria in present-day northern England and southeastern Scotland to the area around Edinburgh. Their descendants gradually occupied all of the Lowlands."<sup id="cite_ref-Danver2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danver2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Knox_College,_Toronto" title="Knox College, Toronto">Knox College</a>'s Stuart Macdonald, who specialises in early modern Scottish history, writes that during the 18th and 19th centuries, the people of Scotland remained grouped into multiple ethnicities:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>To speak of Scots as a single ethnic group is also somewhat problematic. It would be more accurate in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to talk of two distinct Scottish ethnic communities divided by language and culture, and, at times, mutual antagonisms – Highlanders and Lowlanders.</p></blockquote> <p>With regard to the period spanning the 16th century to the 18th century, sociologist Ian Carter's research into marriage patterns found little intermarrying between the groups.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scottish_diaspora">Scottish diaspora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scottish diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right"> <caption>Numbers of the Scottish diaspora </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Population </th> <th>% of local<br />population </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:5px;"><a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Canadian Census">2016</a> </td> <td>Canada<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4,799,005 </td> <td>15.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:5px;"><a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016</a> </td> <td>Australia<sup id="cite_ref-abs.gov.au_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs.gov.au-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2,023,474 </td> <td>9.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:5px;"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010</a> </td> <td>United States <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">ACS</a><sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5,460,679 </td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:5px;"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011</a> </td> <td>England<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>708,872 </td> <td>1.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:5px;">2010 </td> <td>United States<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3,257,161<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(scotch-Irish)</span> </td> <td>1.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Today, Scotland has a population of just over five million people,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the majority of whom consider themselves Scottish.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated around 40 million people worldwide claim Scottish ancestry, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, continental <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. </p><p>Scots have travelled internationally for centuries, helping to build Scotland's international reputation and the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scottish culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Scotland">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> uses the term "Scottish connections" when described Scottish diaspora, and recognises Scottish connections as people of Scottish heritage (by ancestry, marriage or other family connection), lived diaspora (those who moved to Scotland to permanently reside at any time for any reason), educational diaspora (alumni of Scottish educational institutions, and Scots studying or working in international institutions) and affinity (individuals who associate themselves with a connection to Scotland. This connection may be active through cultural, linguistic, friendship, or professional links, or who may simply be interested Scotland’s heritage or culture).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Carnegie,_three-quarter_length_portrait,_seated,_facing_slightly_left,_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Andrew_Carnegie%2C_three-quarter_length_portrait%2C_seated%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1913.jpg/170px-Andrew_Carnegie%2C_three-quarter_length_portrait%2C_seated%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Andrew_Carnegie%2C_three-quarter_length_portrait%2C_seated%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1913.jpg/255px-Andrew_Carnegie%2C_three-quarter_length_portrait%2C_seated%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Andrew_Carnegie%2C_three-quarter_length_portrait%2C_seated%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1913.jpg/340px-Andrew_Carnegie%2C_three-quarter_length_portrait%2C_seated%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2574" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of Scotch-Irish Americans originally came from Lowland Scotland and Northern England before migrating to the province of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></i>) and thence, beginning about five <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generations</a> later, to North America in large numbers during the eighteenth century. </p><p>In the 2000 census, 4.8 million Americans<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> self-reported Scottish ancestry, 1.7% of the total U.S. population. Over 4.3 million self-reported <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch-Irish American">Scotch-Irish</a> ancestry, for a total of 9.2 million Americans self-reporting some kind of Scottish descent. Self-reported numbers are regarded by demographers as massive under-counts, because Scottish ancestry is known to be disproportionately under-reported among the majority of mixed ancestry,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because areas where people reported "American" ancestry were the places where, historically, Scottish and Scotch-Irish <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> settled in North America (that is: along the North American coast, <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a>, and the Southeastern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>). Scottish Americans descended from nineteenth-century Scottish emigrants tend to be concentrated in the West, while many in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> are the descendants of emigrants, often Gaelic-speaking, from the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Provinces">Maritime Provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, from the 1880s onward. Americans of Scottish descent outnumber the population of Scotland, where 4,459,071 or 88.09% of people identified as ethnic Scottish in the 2001 Census.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_z_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_z-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._James_Naismith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dr._James_Naismith.jpg/175px-Dr._James_Naismith.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dr._James_Naismith.jpg/263px-Dr._James_Naismith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dr._James_Naismith.jpg/350px-Dr._James_Naismith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2217" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Naismith" title="James Naismith">James Naismith</a>, the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2013 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> 5,310,285 identified as Scottish and 2,976,878 as of Scots-Irish descent.<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> of Scottish descent outnumber the population of Scotland, where 4,459,071 or 88.09% of people identified as ethnic Scottish in the 2001 Census.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_y_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_y-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ref_b_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of Americans with a Scottish ancestor is estimated to be between 9 and 25 million<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scotlandnow_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotlandnow-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SPOR_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPOR-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SPEERCA_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPEERCA-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (up to 8.3% of the total US population), and "Scotch-Irish", 27 to 30 million<sup id="cite_ref-Webb2004_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webb2004-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Secret_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (up to 10% of the total US population), but these subgroups overlap and are often not distinguishable. The majority of Scotch-Irish originally came from Lowland Scotland and Northern England before migrating to the province of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> in Ireland (see <i><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></i>) and thence, beginning about five <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generations</a> later, to North America in large numbers during the 18th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a> have claimed Scottish ancestry or Scotch-Irish ancestry, including <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> through his great-great-grandfather Patrick Andrew Monroe emigrated to America,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, whose mother, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_MacLeod_Trump" title="Mary Anne MacLeod Trump">Mary Anne MacLeod Trump</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/Tong,_Lewis" title="Tong, Lewis">Tong</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Isle of Lewis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish Canadians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagpipes_(7185891778).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bagpipes_%287185891778%29.jpg/220px-Bagpipes_%287185891778%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bagpipes_%287185891778%29.jpg/330px-Bagpipes_%287185891778%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bagpipes_%287185891778%29.jpg/440px-Bagpipes_%287185891778%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The province of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, where over 30% of the population are of Scottish origin.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> in Canada and amongst the first Europeans to settle in the country, Scottish people have made a large impact on <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Canadian culture</a> since colonial times. According to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011 Census of Canada</a>, the number of Canadians claiming full or partial Scottish descent is 4,714,970,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 15.10% of the nation's total population. </p><p>Many respondents may have misunderstood the question and the numerous responses for "Canadian" do not give an accurate figure for numerous groups, particularly those of British Isles origins. Scottish-Canadians are the 3rd biggest ethnic group in Canada. Scottish culture has particularly thrived in the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "New Scotland"). There, in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Regional_Municipality,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia">Cape Breton</a>, where both lowland and highland Scots settled in large numbers, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a> is still spoken by a small number of residents. Cape Breton is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_College_of_Celtic_Arts_and_Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts">Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glengarry_County,_Ontario" title="Glengarry County, Ontario">Glengarry County</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ontario" title="Eastern Ontario">Eastern Ontario</a> is a historic county that was set up as a settlement for <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland Scots</a>, where many from the Highlands settled to preserve their culture as a result of the Highland Clearances. Gaelic was the native language of the community since its settlement in the 18th century although the number of speakers decreased as a result of English migration<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. As of the modern 21st century, there are still a few Gaelic speakers in the community. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> in his book <i>The Scotch</i> (Toronto: MacMillan, 1964) documents the descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Ontario" title="Southwestern Ontario">Southwestern Ontario</a> and affectionately referred to themselves as 'Scotch'. He states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the community in the early decades of the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish Australians</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_Brisbane,_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sir_Thomas_Brisbane%2C_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/190px-Sir_Thomas_Brisbane%2C_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sir_Thomas_Brisbane%2C_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/285px-Sir_Thomas_Brisbane%2C_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sir_Thomas_Brisbane%2C_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/380px-Sir_Thomas_Brisbane%2C_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="2529" /></a><figcaption>The Australian city of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> is named after Scotsman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Thomas Brisbane</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1830, 15.11% of the colonies' total non-Aboriginal population were Scots, which increased by the middle of the century to 25,000, or 20–25% of the non-Aboriginal population. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Gold Rush">Australian Gold Rush</a> of the 1850s provided a further impetus for Scottish migration: in the 1850s 90,000 Scots immigrated to Australia, far more than other British or Irish populations at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Australian_People_2001_p650_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Australian_People_2001_p650-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literacy rates of the Scottish immigrants ran at 90–95%. By 1860, Scots made up 50% of the ethnic composition of <a href="/wiki/Western_District_(Victoria)" title="Western District (Victoria)">Western Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penola,_South_Australia" title="Penola, South Australia">Penola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naracoorte,_South_Australia" title="Naracoorte, South Australia">Naracoorte</a>. Other settlements in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> included <a href="/wiki/New_England_(New_South_Wales)" title="New England (New South Wales)">New England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter Valley">Hunter Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Illawarra" title="Illawarra">Illawarra</a>. </p><p>Much settlement followed the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine" title="Highland Potato Famine">Highland Potato Famine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a> of the mid-19th century. In the 1840s, Scots-born immigrants constituted 12% of the non-Aboriginal population. Out of the 1.3 million migrants from Britain to Australia in the period from 1861 to 1914, 13.5% were Scots. Just 5.3% of the convicts transported to Eastern Australia between 1789 and 1852 were Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A steady rate of Scottish immigration continued into the 20th century and substantial numbers of Scots continued to arrive after 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Australia_2008_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australia_2008-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1900 until the 1950s, Scots favoured New South Wales, as well as Western Australia and Southern Australia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A strong cultural Scottish presence is evident in the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Games">Highland Games</a>, dance, <a href="/wiki/Tartan_Day" title="Tartan Day">Tartan Day</a> celebrations, clan and Gaelic-speaking societies found throughout modern Australia. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Australian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Australian census">2011 Australian census</a>, 130,204 Australian residents were born in Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-ABS_Country_of_Birth_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABS_Country_of_Birth-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while 1,792,600 claimed Scottish ancestry, either alone or in combination with another ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-abs.gov.au_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs.gov.au-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the fourth most commonly nominated ancestry and represents over 8.9% of the total population of Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_New_Zealanders" title="Scottish New Zealanders">Scottish New Zealanders</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8323" data-file-height="6115" /></a><figcaption>Scottish Highland family migrating to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in 1844</figcaption></figure> <p>Significant numbers of Scottish people also settled in New Zealand. Approximately 20 per cent of the original European settler population of New Zealand came from Scotland, and Scottish influence is still visible around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>, in particular, is known for its Scottish heritage and was named as a tribute to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> by the city's Scottish founders. </p><p>Scottish migration to New Zealand dates back to the earliest period of European colonisation, with a large proportion of <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> New Zealanders being of Scottish descent.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, identification as "British" or "European" New Zealanders can sometimes obscure their origin. Many Scottish New Zealanders also have <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> or other non-European ancestry. </p><p>The majority of Scottish immigrants settled on the South Island. All over New Zealand, the Scots developed different means to bridge the old homeland and the new. Many <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonian</a> societies were formed, well over 100 by the early twentieth century, that helped maintain Scottish culture and traditions. From the 1860s, these societies organised annual Caledonian Games throughout New Zealand. The Games were sports meets that brought together Scottish settlers and the wider New Zealand public. In so doing, the Games gave Scots a path to cultural integration as Scottish New Zealanders.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1961 <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_census" title="New Zealand census">census</a> there were 47,078 people living in New Zealand who were born in Scotland; in the <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013 census</a> there were 25,953 in this category.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carol_Ann_Duffy_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carol_Ann_Duffy_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Carol_Ann_Duffy_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carol_Ann_Duffy_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Carol_Ann_Duffy_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carol_Ann_Duffy_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Carol_Ann_Duffy_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carol_Ann_Duffy" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Carol Ann Duffy</a>, the first woman and the first Scottish person to be appointed the <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom">Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Many people of Scottish descent live in other parts of the United Kingdom. In <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> particularly the colonial policies of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">plantation of Ulster</a>, resulted in a Presbyterian and Scottish society, which formed the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a> did not however benefit them much, as the ascendancy was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>. The number of people of Scottish descent in England and Wales is difficult to quantify due to the many complex migrations on the island,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and ancient migration patterns due to wars, famine and conquest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 2011 Census recorded 708,872 people born in Scotland resident in England, 24,346 resident in Wales<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 15,455 resident in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a> town <a href="/wiki/Corby" title="Corby">Corby</a> became a centre for Scottish migration in the 1930s. In 1961 a third of residents were born in Scotland, and in 2011 the figure was 12.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rest_of_Europe">Rest of Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rest of Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other European countries have had their share of Scots immigrants. The Scots have emigrated to mainland Europe for centuries as merchants and soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many emigrated to France, Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Italian-Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-Scots">Italy</a>, Germany, Scandinavia,<sup id="cite_ref-diaspora_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diaspora-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently some scholars suggested that up to 250,000 Russian nationals may have Scottish ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_German_Spring_Offensive,_March-july_1918_Q8594.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_German_Spring_Offensive%2C_March-july_1918_Q8594.jpg/210px-The_German_Spring_Offensive%2C_March-july_1918_Q8594.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_German_Spring_Offensive%2C_March-july_1918_Q8594.jpg/315px-The_German_Spring_Offensive%2C_March-july_1918_Q8594.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_German_Spring_Offensive%2C_March-july_1918_Q8594.jpg/420px-The_German_Spring_Offensive%2C_March-july_1918_Q8594.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Troops of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South African</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_regiment" title="Scottish regiment">Scottish regiment</a> in France, 1918</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guy_Scott.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Guy_Scott.png/140px-Guy_Scott.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Guy_Scott.png/210px-Guy_Scott.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Guy_Scott.png/280px-Guy_Scott.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guy_Scott" title="Guy Scott">Guy Scott</a>, the 12th vice-president and acting president of <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> from Oct 2014 – Jan 2015, is of Scottish descent.</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of Scottish people settled in South Africa in the 1800s and were known for their road-building expertise, their farming experience, and architectural skills.<sup id="cite_ref-ZAscotland_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZAscotland-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest population of Scots in Latin America is found in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scots_in_mainland_Europe">Scots in mainland Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scots in mainland Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2013)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the first people from the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> to settle in Scotland came in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Maud,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Maud, Countess of Huntingdon">Maud</a>'s marriage to the Scottish king, <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Craftsmen and tradesmen followed courtiers and in later centuries a brisk trade grew up between the two nations: Scotland's primary goods (wool, hides, salmon and then coal) in exchange for the luxuries obtainable in the Netherlands, one of the major hubs of European trade. </p><p>By 1600, trading colonies had grown up on either side of the well-travelled shipping routes: the Dutch settled along the eastern seaboard of Scotland; the Scots congregating first in <a href="/wiki/Campvere" class="mw-redirect" title="Campvere">Campvere</a>—where they were allowed to land their goods duty-free and run their own affairs—and then in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, where Scottish and Dutch <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> coexisted comfortably. Besides the thousands (or, according to one estimate, over 1 million)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of local descendants with Scots ancestry, both ports still show signs of these early alliances. Now a museum, 'The Scots House' in the town of <a href="/wiki/Veere" title="Veere">Veere</a> was the only place outwith Scotland where <a href="/wiki/Scots_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Law">Scots Law</a> was practised. In Rotterdam, meanwhile, the doors of the <a href="/wiki/Scots_International_Church" title="Scots International Church">Scots International Church</a> have remained open since 1643.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Russians" title="Scottish Russians">Scottish Russians</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FotoGordon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/FotoGordon.jpg/150px-FotoGordon.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/FotoGordon.jpg/225px-FotoGordon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/FotoGordon.jpg/300px-FotoGordon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon" title="Patrick Gordon">Patrick Gordon</a> was a Russian General originally from Scotland and a friend of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Scots to be mentioned in Russia's history were the Scottish soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a> referred to as early as the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 'soldiers of fortune' was the ancestor of the famous Russian poet <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a>, called George Learmonth. A number of Scots gained wealth and fame in the times of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(Royal_Scots_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Gordon (Royal Scots Navy officer)">Thomas Gordon</a>, Commander-in-Chief of <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon" title="Patrick Gordon">Patrick Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Menzies" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Menzies">Paul Menzies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Greig" title="Samuel Greig">Samuel Greig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baird_(engineer)" title="Charles Baird (engineer)">Charles Baird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cameron_(architect)" title="Charles Cameron (architect)">Charles Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Menelaws" title="Adam Menelaws">Adam Menelaws</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Heste" title="William Heste">William Hastie</a>. Several doctors to the Russian court were from Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the best-known being <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Wylie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Wylie, 1st Baronet">James Wylie</a>. </p><p>The next wave of migration established commercial links with Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th century witnessed the immense literary cross-references between Scotland and Russia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A Russian scholar, Maria Koroleva, distinguishes between 'the Russian Scots' (properly assimilated) and 'Scots in Russia', who remained thoroughly Scottish.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several societies in contemporary Russia to unite<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the Scots. The Russian census lists do not distinguish Scots from other British people, so it is hard to establish reliable figures for the number of Scots living and working in modern Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From as far back as the mid-16th century there were Scots trading and settling in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "Scotch Pedlar's Pack in Poland" became a proverbial expression. It usually consisted of cloths, woollen goods and linen kerchiefs (head coverings). Itinerants also sold tin utensils and ironware such as scissors and knives. Along with the protection offered by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">King Stephen</a> in the Royal Grant of 1576, a district in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> was assigned to Scottish immigrants. </p><p>Records from 1592 mention Scots settlers who were granted citizenship of Kraków give their employment as traders or merchants. Fees for citizenship ranged from 12 Polish florins to a musket and gunpowder, or an undertaking to marry within a year and a day of acquiring a holding. </p><p>By the 17th century, an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Scots lived in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diaspora_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diaspora-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many came from <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Scots could be found in Polish towns on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> as far south as <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>. Settlers from <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a> were mainly Episcopalians or Catholics, but there were also large numbers of Calvinists. As well as Scottish traders, there were also many Scottish soldiers in Poland. In 1656, a number of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish highlanders</a> seeking opportunities abroad, emigrated to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to enlist in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish Army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)#Swedish_invasion" title="Deluge (history)">war against it</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Murray (admiral)">James Murray</a> created the Polish navy<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oliwa" title="Battle of Oliwa">Battle of Oliwa</a>. A series of four Polish novels include him as <i>Captain Mora</i> or <i>Flying Scotsman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wijaczka_2010_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wijaczka_2010-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Bohdan_Rychli%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Bohdan Rychliński (page does not exist)">Jerzy Bohdan Rychliński</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Bohdan_Rychli%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="pl:Jerzy Bohdan Rychliński">pl</a>]</span> was supported by navy historian Jerzy Pertek.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (October 2019)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Scots integrated well and many acquired great wealth. They contributed to many charitable institutions in the host country, but did not forget their homeland; for example, in 1701 when collections were made for the restoration fund of the <a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a>, Aberdeen, Scottish settlers in Poland gave generously.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many royal grants and privileges were granted to Scottish merchants until the 18th century, at which time the settlers began to merge more and more into the native population. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">"Bonnie Prince Charlie"</a> was half Polish, since he was the son of <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Stuart</a>, the "Old Pretender", and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Clementina_Sobieska" title="Maria Clementina Sobieska">Clementina Sobieska</a>, granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">Jan Sobieski</a>, King of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1691, the City of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> elected the Scottish immigrant <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Czamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Czamer">Aleksander Czamer</a> (Alexander Chalmers) as its mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Novelist <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a> created a fictional character, <a href="/wiki/Hassling-Ketling_of_Elgin" title="Hassling-Ketling of Elgin">Hassling-Ketling of Elgin</a>, played by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Nowicki" title="Jan Nowicki">Jan Nowicki</a> in the film <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Wolodyjowski_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Wolodyjowski (film)">Colonel Wolodyjowski</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Scots" title="Italian Scots">Italian Scots</a></div> <p>By 1592, the Scottish community in Rome was big enough to merit the building of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_degli_Scozzesi" title="Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi">Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi</a> (St Andrew of the Scots). It was constructed for the Scottish expatriate community in Rome, especially for those intended for priesthood. The adjoining hospice was a shelter for Catholic Scots who fled their country because of religious persecution. In 1615, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> gave the hospice and the nearby Scottish Seminar to the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>. It was rebuilt in 1645. The church and facilities became more important when <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a>, the Old Pretender, set up residence in Rome in 1717, but were abandoned during the French occupation of Rome in the late 18th century. In 1820, although religious activity was resumed, it was no longer led by the Jesuits. <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_degli_Scozzesi" title="Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi">Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi</a> was reconstructed in 1869 by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Poletti_(architect)" title="Luigi Poletti (architect)">Luigi Poletti</a>. The church was deconsecrated in 1962 and incorporated into a bank (Cassa di Risparmio delle Province Lombarde). The Scottish Seminar also moved away. The <a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Day">Feast of St Andrew</a> is still celebrated there on 30 November.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gurro" title="Gurro">Gurro</a> in Italy is said to be populated by the descendants of Scottish soldiers. According to local legend, Scottish soldiers fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a> who arrived in the area were stopped by severe blizzards that forced many, if not all, to give up their travels and settle in the town. To this day, the town of Gurro is still proud of its Scottish links. Many of the residents claim that their surnames are Italian translations of Scottish surnames.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town also has a Scottish museum.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture of Scotland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallaig_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mallaig_sign.jpg/150px-Mallaig_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mallaig_sign.jpg/225px-Mallaig_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mallaig_sign.jpg/300px-Mallaig_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="566" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and English are both used on road signs – such as this one in the village of <a href="/wiki/Mallaig" title="Mallaig">Mallaig</a> – throughout the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands" title="Highlands and Islands">Highlands and Islands</a> of Scotland</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographic_distribution_of_native_Scottish_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Geographic_distribution_of_native_Scottish_languages.png/150px-Geographic_distribution_of_native_Scottish_languages.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Geographic_distribution_of_native_Scottish_languages.png/225px-Geographic_distribution_of_native_Scottish_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Geographic_distribution_of_native_Scottish_languages.png/300px-Geographic_distribution_of_native_Scottish_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Geographic distribution of speakers of the two native Scottish languages, namely <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_burns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Robert_burns.jpg/150px-Robert_burns.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Robert_burns.jpg/225px-Robert_burns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Robert_burns.jpg/300px-Robert_burns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>, considered by many to be the Scottish national poet<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg/150px-Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg/225px-Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg/300px-Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Waverley_Novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Waverley Novels">Waverley Novels</a> helped define Scottish identity in the 19th century</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SeanConnery88.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SeanConnery88.jpg/150px-SeanConnery88.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SeanConnery88.jpg/225px-SeanConnery88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SeanConnery88.jpg/300px-SeanConnery88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Scottish actor <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> polled as "The Greatest Living Scot"<sup id="cite_ref-Flockhart_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flockhart-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Scotland's Greatest Living National Treasure", before his death in late 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watt_James_von_Breda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Watt_James_von_Breda.jpg/150px-Watt_James_von_Breda.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Watt_James_von_Breda.jpg/225px-Watt_James_von_Breda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Watt_James_von_Breda.jpg/300px-Watt_James_von_Breda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3011" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a>, a Scottish mechanical engineer whose improvements in steam engine technology drove the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Languages of Scotland</a></div> <p>Historically, Scottish people have spoken many different languages and dialects. The Pictish language, Norse, Norman-French and Brythonic languages have been spoken by forebears of Scottish people. However, none of these is in use today. The remaining three major languages of the Scottish people are English, <a href="/wiki/Scots_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Language">Scots</a> (various dialects) and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>. Of these three, English is the most common form as a first language. There are some other minority languages of the Scottish people, such as Spanish, used by the population of Scots in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn language</a> was spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> into the early modern period – the current <a href="/wiki/Shetland_dialect" title="Shetland dialect">Shetland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orcadian_dialect" title="Orcadian dialect">Orcadian</a> dialects are heavily influenced by it to this day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is still debate whether Scots is a dialect or a language in its own right, as there is no clear line to define the two. Scots is usually regarded as a midway between the two, as it is highly mutually intelligible with English, particularly the dialects spoken in the North of England as well as those spoken in Scotland, but is treated as a language in some laws.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scottish_English">Scottish English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Scottish English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Crowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Crowns">Union of Crowns</a> in 1603, the Scottish Court moved with <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James VI & I</a> to London and English vocabulary began to be used by the Scottish upper classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Crystal_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crystal-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, spellings became standardised. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, a Scottish variation of southern <a href="/wiki/English_English" class="mw-redirect" title="English English">English English</a>, began to replace the Scots language. Scottish English soon became the dominant language. By the end of the 17th century, Scots had practically ceased to exist, at least in literary form.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Scots remained a commonly spoken language, the southern Scottish English dialect was the preferred language for publications from the 18th century to the present day. Today most Scottish people speak Scottish English, which has some distinctive vocabulary and may be influenced to varying degrees by Scots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scots">Scots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Scots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots dialects</a></div> <p>Lowland Scots, also known as <a href="/wiki/Lallans" title="Lallans">Lallans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doric_dialect_(Scotland)" title="Doric dialect (Scotland)">Doric</a>, is a language of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> origin. It has its roots in Northern <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">wars of independence</a>, the English used by Lowland Scots speakers evolved in a different direction from that of Modern <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English</a>. Since 1424, this language, known to its speakers as <i>Inglis</i>, was used by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> in its statutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Crystal_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crystal-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the 15th century, the language's name had changed from <i>Inglis</i> to <i>Scottis</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish reformation">reformation</a>, from 1560 onwards, saw the beginning of a decline in the use of Scots forms. With the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> religion, and lacking a Scots translation of the Bible, they used the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Edition">Geneva Edition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that point on, God spoke English, not Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scots continued to be used in official legal and court documents throughout the 18th century. However, due to the adoption of the southern standard by officialdom and the Education system the use of written Scots declined. Lowland Scots is still a popular spoken language with over 1.5 million Scots speakers in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scots is used by about 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is known in official circles as <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots language">Ullans</a>. In 1993, Ulster Scots was recognised, along with Scots, as a variety of the Scots language by the <a href="/wiki/European_Bureau_for_Lesser-Used_Languages" title="European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages">European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NeuheiserWolff2004_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NeuheiserWolff2004-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scottish_Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Scottish Gaelic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic language</a> with similarities to Irish. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>. It was originally spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhinns_of_Galloway" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinns of Galloway">Rhinns of Galloway</a>, later being adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Pictish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish">Pictish</a> people of central and eastern Scotland. Gaelic (<i>lingua Scottica</i>, <i>Scottis</i>) became the <i>de facto</i> language of the whole <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a>. Meanwhile, Gaelic independently spread from <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a> into <a href="/wiki/Dumfriesshire" title="Dumfriesshire">Dumfriesshire</a>. It is unclear if the Gaelic of 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Clydesdale_(district)" title="Clydesdale (district)">Clydesdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selkirkshire" title="Selkirkshire">Selkirkshire</a> came from Galloway or other parts of Scotland. The predominance of Gaelic began to decline in the 13th century, and by the end of the Middle Ages, Scotland was divided into two linguistic zones, the English/Scots-speaking Lowlands and the Gaelic-speaking Highlands and Galloway. Gaelic continued to be spoken widely throughout the Highlands until the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Highland_clearances" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland clearances">Highland clearances</a> actively discouraged the use of Gaelic, and caused the number of Gaelic speakers to fall.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Gaelic speakers emigrated to countries such as Canada or moved to the industrial cities of <a href="/wiki/Lowland_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland Scotland">lowland Scotland</a>. Communities, where the language is still spoken natively, are restricted to the west coast of Scotland; especially the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>. However, some Gaelic speakers also live in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. A report in 2005 by the Registrar General for Scotland based on the <a href="/wiki/2001_UK_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 UK Census">2001 UK Census</a> showed about 92,400 people or 1.9% of the population can speak Gaelic, while the number of people able to read and write it rose by 7.5% and 10% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outwith Scotland, there are communities of Scottish Gaelic speakers such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a> community; though their numbers have also been declining rapidly. The Gaelic language is recognised as a minority language by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> is also seeking to increase the use of Gaelic in Scotland through the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Language_(Scotland)_Act_2005" title="Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005">Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005</a>. Gaelic is now used as a first language in some schools and is prominently seen in use on <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_road_signs_in_Scotland" title="Gaelic road signs in Scotland">dual language road signs</a> throughout the Gaelic-speaking parts of Scotland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion in Scotland</a></div> <p>The modern people of Scotland remain a mix of different religions and no religion. Christianity is the largest faith in Scotland. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a>, 53.8% of the Scottish population identified as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2011census_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011census-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Protestant and Catholic divisions still remain in the society. About 14.4 per cent of the population identifies as Catholic, according to the Scottish Household Survey for 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scotland the main Protestant body is the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> which is Presbyterian. The high kirk for Presbyterians is <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral" title="St Giles' Cathedral">St Giles' Cathedral</a>. In the United States, people of Scottish and Scots-Irish descent are chiefly Protestant<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, especially in the US South, with many belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> churches or various <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> denominations. </p><p>According to the Social Scottish Attitudes research, 52% of Scottish people identified as having no religion in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Scotland has thus become a secular and majority non-religious country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clans">Clans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Clans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilt" title="Kilt">Kilt</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_clan_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Scottish_clan_map.png/190px-Scottish_clan_map.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Scottish_clan_map.png/285px-Scottish_clan_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Scottish_clan_map.png/380px-Scottish_clan_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Map of Scottish Highland clans and lowland families</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_folklore" title="Scottish folklore">Scottish folklore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_engineering">Science and engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Science and engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_scientists" title="List of Scottish scientists">List of Scottish scientists</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music of Scotland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland" title="Sport in Scotland">Sport in Scotland</a></div> <p>The modern games of <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> originated in Scotland. Both sports are governed by bodies headquartered in Scotland, the <a href="/wiki/World_Curling_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Curling Federation">World Curling Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_and_Ancient_Golf_Club_of_St_Andrews" title="The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews">the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews</a> respectively. Scots helped to popularise and spread the sport of association football; the <a href="/wiki/1872_Scotland_v_England_football_match" title="1872 Scotland v England football match">first official international match</a> was played in Glasgow between <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> in 1872. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish cuisine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Anglicisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Scottish_surnames" title="Scottish surnames">Scottish surnames</a> have become <a href="/wiki/Anglicised" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicised">anglicised</a> over the centuries. This reflected the gradual spread of English, initially in the form of <a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a>, from around the 13th century onwards, through Scotland beyond its traditional area in the Lothians. It also reflected some deliberate political attempts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to promote the English language in the outlying regions of Scotland, including following the Union of the Crowns under King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI of Scotland and I of England</a> in 1603, and then the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_of_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Union of 1707">Acts of Union of 1707</a> and the subsequent defeat of rebellions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, many Scottish surnames have remained predominantly <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Gaelic</a> albeit written according to English <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> practice (as with Irish surnames). Thus <i>MacAoidh</i> in Gaelic is <i>Mackay</i> in English, and <i>MacGill-Eain</i> in Gaelic is <i>MacLean</i> and so on. <i>Mac</i> (sometimes <i>Mc</i>) is common as, effectively, it means "son of". <i>MacDonald</i>, <i>MacDougal</i>, <i>MacAulay</i>, <i>Gilmore</i>, <i>Gilmour</i>, <i>MacKinley</i>, <i>Macintosh</i>, <i>MacKenzie</i>, <i>MacNeill</i>, <i>MacPherson</i>, <i>MacLear</i>, <i>MacAra</i>, <i>Bruce</i>, <i>Campbell</i>, <i>Fraser</i>, <i>Oliver</i>, <i>Craig</i>, <i>Lauder</i>, <i>Menzies</i>, <i>Stewart</i>, <i>Galloway</i> and <i>Duncan</i> are just a few of many examples of traditional Scottish surnames. There are, of course, also the many surnames, like <i>Wallace</i> and <i>Morton</i>, stemming from parts of Scotland which were settled by peoples other than the <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">(Gaelic) Scots</a>. The most common surnames in Scotland are <i>Smith</i> and <i>Brown</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which each come from more than one origin: e.g. Smith might be a translation of Mac a' Ghobhainn (thence also e.g. MacGowan), and Brown can refer to the colour, or be akin to MacBrayne.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Anglicisation is not restricted to language. In his <i>Socialism: critical and constructive</i>, published in 1921, future British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> wrote: "The Anglification of Scotland has been proceeding apace to the damage of its education, its music, its literature, its genius, and the generation that is growing up under this influence is uprooted from its past, and, being deprived of the inspiration of its nationality, is also deprived of its communal sense."<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald1921_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald1921-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Napier_Thomson#The_biographies_and_their_sources_in_Biographical_Dictionary_of_Eminent_Scotsmen_(2nd_edition)_from_Volume_9" title="Thomas Napier Thomson">Eminent 19th century Scotsmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scots" title="List of Scots">List of Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_personal_naming_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic personal naming system">Scottish names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Scottish national identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Romani_and_Traveller_groups" title="Scottish Romani and Traveller groups">Scottish Romani and Traveller groups</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Year the official <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> was taken.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/28141101/6">"The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>. May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115185104/https://www2.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/28141101/6">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Diaspora+and+Diaspora+Strategy%3A+Insights+and+Lessons+from+Ireland&rft.pub=Scottish+Government&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.scot%2FPublications%2F2009%2F05%2F28141101%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022census_Scot-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2022census_Scot_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx">"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data"</a>. <i>Scotland's Census</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland" title="National Records of Scotland">National Records of Scotland</a>. 21 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521173147/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft.atitle=Scotland%27s+Census+2022+-+Ethnic+group%2C+national+identity%2C+language+and+religion+-+Chart+data&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2Ftrbdxzme%2Fscotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by">Alternative URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514142653/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by">Archived</a> 14 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html">"English Most Common Race or Ethnicity in 2020 Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240119140231/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Most+Common+Race+or+Ethnicity+in+2020+Census&rft.pub=United+States+census&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2F2023%2F10%2F2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html">"Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a>. 21 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930003132/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Races+and+Ethnicities+in+the+United+States+and+Puerto+Rico%3A+2020+Census&rft.pub=United+States+census&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2Fdetailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1">"Census Profile, 2016 Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 8 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210003951/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3D%26Code2%3D%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abs.gov.au-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abs.gov.au_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abs.gov.au_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abs.gov.au_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx">"Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628064556/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing%3A+Cultural+diversity+data+summary%2C+2021&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpeople-and-communities%2Fcultural-diversity-census%2F2021%2FCultural%2520diversity%2520data%2520summary.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2013_NZ_census_Scottish-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2013_NZ_census_Scottish_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24658&parent_id=24650&tabname=#24658">"2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Scottish"</a>. stats.govt.nz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220140725/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24658&parent_id=24650&tabname=#24658">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2013+Census+ethnic+group+profiles%3A+Scottish&rft.pub=stats.govt.nz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2FCensus%2F2013-census%2Fprofile-and-summary-reports%2Fethnic-profiles.aspx%3Frequest_value%3D24658%26parent_id%3D24650%26tabname%3D%2324658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stats.gov.nz-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stats.gov.nz_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8021">"Ethnic group (total responses) by age group and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2001, 2006, and 2013 Censuses (RC, TA) Information on table"</a>. <i>stats.govt.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406225404/http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8021">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stats.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group+%28total+responses%29+by+age+group+and+sex%2C+for+the+census+usually+resident+population+count%2C+2001%2C+2006%2C+and+2013+Censuses+%28RC%2C+TA%29+Information+on+table.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzdotstat.stats.govt.nz%2Fwbos%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DTABLECODE8021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr_2009_10-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carr_2009_10_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carr_2009_10_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup><small>D</small></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2009" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Julie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031646/http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf"><i>Scotland's diaspora and overseas-born population</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7559-7657-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7559-7657-7"><bdi>978-0-7559-7657-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%27s+diaspora+and+overseas-born+population&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Scottish+Government+Social+Research&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7559-7657-7&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.scot%2FResource%2FDoc%2F285746%2F0087034.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilchrist2008" class="citation news cs1">Gilchrist, Jim (14 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/stories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624">"Stories of Homecoming - We're on the march with Argentina's Scots"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110135/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/stories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Stories+of+Homecoming+-+We%27re+on+the+march+with+Argentina%27s+Scots&rft.date=2008-12-14&rft.aulast=Gilchrist&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.im/media/207878/censusreport2006.pdf">"Isle of Man Census Report 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Economic Affairs Division, Isle of Man Government Treasury</i>. 2006. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140717004901/http://www.gov.im/media/207878/censusreport2006.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+Affairs+Division%2C+Isle+of+Man+Government+Treasury&rft.atitle=Isle+of+Man+Census+Report+2006&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.im%2Fmedia%2F207878%2Fcensusreport2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Stationery_Office_2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Stationery_Office_2014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice2014" class="citation book cs1">Office, Great Britain: Home (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/274477/scotland_analysis_borders_citizenship.pdf#page=70"><i>Scotland analysis: borders and citizenship</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: GOV.UK Home Office. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10-187262-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-10-187262-1"><bdi>978-0-10-187262-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707053911/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/274477/scotland_analysis_borders_citizenship.pdf#page=70">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland+analysis%3A+borders+and+citizenship&rft.place=London&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=GOV.UK+Home+Office&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-10-187262-1&rft.aulast=Office&rft.aufirst=Great+Britain%3A+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F274477%2Fscotland_analysis_borders_citizenship.pdf%23page%3D70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr_2009_13-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carr_2009_13_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2009" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Julie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031646/http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf"><i>Scotland's diaspora and overseas-born population</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7559-7657-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7559-7657-7"><bdi>978-0-7559-7657-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%27s+diaspora+and+overseas-born+population&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Scottish+Government+Social+Research&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7559-7657-7&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.scot%2FResource%2FDoc%2F285746%2F0087034.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bede used a Latin form of the word Scots as the name of the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_CollinsBeda_el_Venerable,_Bede1999" class="citation book cs1">Roger Collins, Judith McClure; Beda el Venerable, Bede (1999). <i>The Ecclesiastical History of the English People: The Greater Chronicle; Bede's Letter to Egbert</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 386.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%3A+The+Greater+Chronicle%3B+Bede%27s+Letter+to+Egbert&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Roger+Collins&rft.aufirst=Judith+McClure&rft.au=Beda+el+Venerable%2C+Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Richard_(TRN)_BirleyCayo_Cornelio_Tácito" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Richard (TRN) Birley, Cornelius Tacitus; Cayo Cornelio Tácito. <i>Agricola and Germany</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agricola+and+Germany&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Anthony+Richard+%28TRN%29+Birley&rft.aufirst=Cornelius+Tacitus&rft.au=Cayo+Cornelio+T%C3%A1cito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/scotch">"Scotch"</a>. <i>dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113525/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/scotch">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>[<i>Scotch</i> is] disdained by the Scottish because of the many insulting and pejorative formations made from it by the English...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Scotch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fscotch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsman2001" class="citation book cs1">Landsman, Ned C. (1 October 2001). <i>Nation and Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas</i>. Bucknell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+and+Province+in+the+First+British+Empire%3A+Scotland+and+the+Americas&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=2001-10-01&rft.aulast=Landsman&rft.aufirst=Ned+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehane1994-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lehane1994_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehane1994" class="citation book cs1">Lehane, Brendan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PTT8WOnWl7wC"><i>The Quest of Three Abbots: The Golden Age of Celtic Christianity</i></a>. SteinerBooks. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940262-65-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940262-65-2"><bdi>978-0-940262-65-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+of+Three+Abbots%3A+The+Golden+Age+of+Celtic+Christianity&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=SteinerBooks&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-940262-65-2&rft.aulast=Lehane&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPTT8WOnWl7wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy" class="citation news cs1">Duffy, Seán. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/robert-the-bruce-and-ireland-s-last-scottish-high-king-1.2356851">"Robert the Bruce and Ireland's last, Scottish high king"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725101921/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/robert-the-bruce-and-ireland-s-last-scottish-high-king-1.2356851">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+the+Bruce+and+Ireland%27s+last%2C+Scottish+high+king&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fheritage%2Frobert-the-bruce-and-ireland-s-last-scottish-high-king-1.2356851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_T._Stokes1888" class="citation web cs1">George T. Stokes (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aughty.org/pdf/triumph_brian_boru.pdf">"Triumph of Brian Boru - Ireland and the Celtic Church, a history of Ireland from St. Patrick to the English Conquest in 1172"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>aughty.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517140230/http://www.aughty.org/pdf/triumph_brian_boru.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aughty.org&rft.atitle=Triumph+of+Brian+Boru+-+Ireland+and+the+Celtic+Church%2C+a+history+of+Ireland+from+St.+Patrick+to+the+English+Conquest+in+1172&rft.date=1888&rft.au=George+T.+Stokes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aughty.org%2Fpdf%2Ftriumph_brian_boru.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_72-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_72_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2003" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Stephen J. (1 October 2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceethnicityang00harr"><i>Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature</i></a></span>. Routledge (UK). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceethnicityang00harr/page/n84">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203497999" title="Special:BookSources/9780203497999"><bdi>9780203497999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Ethnicity+in+Anglo-Saxon+Literature&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Routledge+%28UK%29&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft.isbn=9780203497999&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceethnicityang00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoodyCróinín2005-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoodyCróinín2005_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoodyMartinByrne2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Moody" title="Theodore William Moody">Moody, Theodore William</a>; <a href="/wiki/F._X._Martin" title="F. X. Martin">Martin, Francis X.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Francis_John_Byrne" title="Francis John Byrne">Byrne, F. J.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rwRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA862">"XXV Ireland and her neighbours, c.1014-c.1072"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD_%C3%93_Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn" title="Dáibhí Ó Cróinín">Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí</a> (ed.). <i>A New History of Ireland</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 862. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821737-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821737-4"><bdi>978-0-19-821737-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241001024717/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rwRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA862#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXV+Ireland+and+her+neighbours%2C+c.1014-c.1072&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ireland&rft.pages=862&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821737-4&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Theodore+William&rft.au=Martin%2C+Francis+X.&rft.au=Byrne%2C+F.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rwRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreer1871" class="citation book cs1">Freer, Allan (1871). <i>The North British Review</i>. Edmonston & Douglas. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+British+Review&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Edmonston+%26+Douglas&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Freer&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1862" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Eben William (1862). <i>Scotland Under Her Early Kings: a history of the kingdom to the close of the thirteenth century</i>. Edmonston and Douglas. p. 286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland+Under+Her+Early+Kings%3A+a+history+of+the+kingdom+to+the+close+of+the+thirteenth+century&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Edmonston+and+Douglas&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Eben+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrydeGreenway1996-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrydeGreenway1996_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryde,_E._B.Greenway,_D._E.1996" class="citation book cs1">Pryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E., eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcgxEvGAK_kC&pg=PA55"><i>Handbook of British Chronology</i></a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56350-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56350-5"><bdi>978-0-521-56350-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241001024714/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcgxEvGAK_kC&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.pages=55&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56350-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzcgxEvGAK_kC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotch_Off-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scotch_Off_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/8/S0160800.html">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241001024657/https://www.bartleby.com/topics/Transgender-Essay">Archived</a> 1 October 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Scotch usage note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/scotch.html">Encarta Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060420062343/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/scotch.html">Archived</a> 20 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> usage note.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_Scotch-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_Scotch_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050526072044/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/scotch?view=uk">"Definition of scotch"</a>. Askoxford.com. 27 September 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/scotch?view=uk">the original</a> on 26 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+scotch&rft.pub=Askoxford.com&rft.date=2012-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fscotch%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, "The Language of the Picts", discussed by Forsyth, <i>Language in Pictland</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bord-na-gaidhlig1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bord-na-gaidhlig1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bord-na-gaidhlig1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Owen_Clancy" title="Thomas Owen Clancy">Clancy, Thomas Owen</a> (13 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911232223/http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html">"Gaelic Scotland: a brief history"</a>. bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html">the original</a> on 11 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaelic+Scotland%3A+a+brief+history&rft.pub=bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk&rft.date=2006-07-13&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk%2Fabout-gaelic%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Withers-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Withers_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Withers, C. <i>Gaelic in Scotland 1698-1981</i> (1984) John Donald Publishers <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85976-097-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85976-097-9">0-85976-097-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whyte-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whyte_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whyte, Betsy. The Yellow on the Broom<i> (2002 (first published 1979)) Birlinn, p.187-197 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84158-135-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84158-135-6">1-84158-135-6</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ichijo2016-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ichijo2016_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtsuko_Ichijo2016" class="citation book cs1">Atsuko Ichijo (2016). "The Uses of History: Why Europe is Good for Scotland". <i>Scottish Nationalism and the Idea of Europe: Concepts of Europe and the Nation (British Politics and Society)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138981492" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138981492"><bdi>978-1138981492</bdi></a>. <q>It is interesting to note that the recognition of the Scottish nation being a mixture of many different peoples, not being racially or ethnically pure, has been around since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> as discussed in Chapter 1. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Reynolds" title="Susan Reynolds">Susan Reynolds</a> argues that it is why the medieval Scots sought to present themselves as one people because it was the only way to claim rightful regal independence. The recognition of the racial and ethnic plurality of the Scottish nation was, according to <a href="/wiki/Colin_Kidd" title="Colin Kidd">another historian</a>, one of the reasons why Scotland failed to develop a classical nationalist ideology in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Uses+of+History%3A+Why+Europe+is+Good+for+Scotland&rft.btitle=Scottish+Nationalism+and+the+Idea+of+Europe%3A+Concepts+of+Europe+and+the+Nation+%28British+Politics+and+Society%29&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1138981492&rft.au=Atsuko+Ichijo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_Boorsma2011" class="citation book cs1">Rebecca Boorsma (2011). "Women of Independence". In Edward J Cowan; Lizanne Henderson (eds.). <i>A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland (A History of Everyday Life in Scotland)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748621576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748621576"><bdi>978-0748621576</bdi></a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Blind_Harry" title="Blind Harry">Harry</a> used such phrases as ... 'trew Scottis' to display how Scotland could 'over-come the ethnic, linguistic, and political differences which had the potential to divide Scotland and make it vulnerable to English agression'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+of+Independence&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Everyday+Life+in+Medieval+Scotland+%28A+History+of+Everyday+Life+in+Scotland%29&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0748621576&rft.au=Rebecca+Boorsma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Round Tables: Documents de travail/Working papers</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Political_Science_Association" title="International Political Science Association">International Political Science Association</a>. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Round+Tables%3A+Documents+de+travail%2FWorking+papers&rft.pub=International+Political+Science+Association&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danver2014-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Danver2014_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_L._Danver2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Danver" title="Steven L. Danver">Steven L. Danver</a> (2014). "Groups: Europe". <i>Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765682949" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765682949"><bdi>978-0765682949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Groups%3A+Europe&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Groups%2C+Cultures+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0765682949&rft.au=Steven+L.+Danver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart_Macdonald2008" class="citation book cs1">Stuart Macdonald (2008). "Presbyterian and Reformed Christians and Ethnicity". In Paul Bramadat; David Seljak (eds.). <i>Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802095848" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802095848"><bdi>978-0802095848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Presbyterian+and+Reformed+Christians+and+Ethnicity&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Ethnicity+in+Canada&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0802095848&rft.au=Stuart+Macdonald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Scotia</i>. Vol. 17. <a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_University" title="Old Dominion University">Old Dominion University</a>. 1993. p. 12. <q>In the 19th and 20th century there was not in Scotland one ethnic group: there were three and they had very different histories and interests. <a href="/wiki/The_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reformation">The Reformation</a> changed lowland Scotland but the highlands remained feudal, Roman Catholic and Gaelic-speaking. Sociologist Ian Carter's work on the marriage patterns of leading Scottish families between 1500 and 1700 shows a very clear division at the highland line: highland families inter-married with highland families rather than with lowlanders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotia&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Old+Dominion+University&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">"Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">the original</a> on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+ancestry+categories+tallied+for+people+with+one+or+more+ancestry+categories+reported+2010+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_10_1YR_B04003%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks204ew.xls">2011 Census: KS202EW National identity, local authorities in England and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115016/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks204ew.xls">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 22 December 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Chief_Statistician" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Chief Statistician. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/02/18876/32939">"Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census – Summary Report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052918/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/02/18876/32939">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Ethnicity+in+the+2001+Census+%E2%80%93+Summary+Report&rft.au=Office+of+the+Chief+Statistician&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FPublications%2F2004%2F02%2F18876%2F32939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_McCrone,_Professor_of_Sociology,_University_of_Edinburgh" class="citation web cs1">David McCrone, Professor of Sociology, University of Edinburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221102601/http://www.scottishaffairs.org/onlinepub/sa/mccrone_1997-98polls.html">"Scottish Affairs, No. 24, Summer 1998; Opinion Polls in Scotland: July 1997 – June 1998"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottishaffairs.org/onlinepub/sa/mccrone_1997-98polls.html">the original</a> on 21 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+Affairs%2C+No.+24%2C+Summer+1998%3B+Opinion+Polls+in+Scotland%3A+July+1997+%E2%80%93+June+1998&rft.au=David+McCrone%2C+Professor+of+Sociology%2C+University+of+Edinburgh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishaffairs.org%2Fonlinepub%2Fsa%2Fmccrone_1997-98polls.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> During 1997–1998 two polls were undertaken. During the first when asked about their national identity 59 per cent of the people polled stated they were Scottish or more Scottish than British, 28 per cent stated they were equally Scottish and British, while 10 per cent stated they were British or more British than Scottish. In the second poll 59 per cent of the people polled stated they were Scottish or more Scottish than British, 26 per cent stated they were equally Scottish and British, while 12 per cent stated they were British or more British than Scottish.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Scottish_Government2006" class="citation web cs1">The Scottish Government (21 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/09/14141401/4">"One Scotland Many Cultures 2005/06 – Waves 6 and 7 Campaign Evaluation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606142744/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/09/14141401/4">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Scotland+Many+Cultures+2005%2F06+%E2%80%93+Waves+6+and+7+Campaign+Evaluation&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft.au=The+Scottish+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FPublications%2F2006%2F09%2F14141401%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span>When asked what ethnic group they belonged to over five surveys, in the 2005/2006 period, people reporting that they were Scottish rose from 75 per cent to 84 per cent, while those reporting that they were British dropped from 39 per cent to 22 per cent. "a number of respondents selected more than one option, usually both Scottish and British, hence percentages adding to more than 100% ... This indicates a continued erosion of perceived Britishness among respondents..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/our-people/ancestry">"Scottish Ancestry | Scottish Genealogy and Heritage | Scotland.org"</a>. <i>Scotland</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240920224031/https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/our-people/ancestry">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland&rft.atitle=Scottish+Ancestry+%7C+Scottish+Genealogy+and+Heritage+%7C+Scotland.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.org%2Fabout-scotland%2Four-people%2Fancestry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/our-people/ancestry">"Scottish Ancestry | Scottish Genealogy and Heritage | Scotland.org"</a>. <i>Scotland</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240920224031/https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/our-people/ancestry">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland&rft.atitle=Scottish+Ancestry+%7C+Scottish+Genealogy+and+Heritage+%7C+Scotland.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.org%2Fabout-scotland%2Four-people%2Fancestry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-connections-framework/pages/2/">"Picturing and Understanding Scotland's Diaspora"</a>. <i>www.gov.scot</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240920224031/https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-connections-framework/pages/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.scot&rft.atitle=Picturing+and+Understanding+Scotland%27s+Diaspora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.scot%2Fpublications%2Fscottish-connections-framework%2Fpages%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212041824/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on">"American FactFinder - Results"</a>. <i>factfinder.census.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on">the original</a> on 12 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=factfinder.census.gov&rft.atitle=American+FactFinder+-+Results&rft.au=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FQTTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-qr_name%3DDEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13%26-geo_id%3D01000US%26-ds_name%3DDEC_2000_SF3_U%26-_lang%3Den%26-redoLog%3Dfalse%26-_sse%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walters, Mary C, <i>Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), pp. 31–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref_z-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ref_z_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212041824/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on">"QT-P13. Ancestry: 2000"</a>. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on">the original</a> on 12 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QT-P13.+Ancestry%3A+2000&rft.pub=Factfinder.census.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FQTTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-qr_name%3DDEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13%26-geo_id%3D01000US%26-ds_name%3DDEC_2000_SF3_U%26-_lang%3Den%26-redoLog%3Dfalse%26-_sse%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/02/18876/32939">"Table 1.1: Scottish population by ethnic group - All People"</a>. Scotland.gov.uk. 4 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052918/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/02/18876/32939">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1.1%3A+Scottish+population+by+ethnic+group+-+All+People&rft.pub=Scotland.gov.uk&rft.date=2006-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FPublications%2F2004%2F02%2F18876%2F32939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref_y-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ref_y_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151201015603/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">"QT-P13. Ancestry: 2000"</a>. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">the original</a> on 1 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Broadway Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bornfightinghows00webb/page/">Front flap</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1688-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1688-2"><bdi>978-0-7679-1688-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2016</span>. <q>More than 27 million Americans today can trace their lineage to the Scots...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+Fighting%3A+How+the+Scots-Irish+Shaped+America&rft.pages=Front+flap&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-1688-2&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbornfightinghows00webb%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Secret-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Secret_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2004" class="citation news cs1">Webb, James (19 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109814129391148708">"Secret GOP Weapon: The Scots Irish Vote"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175339/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109814129391148708">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.govt.nz&rft.atitle=2013+Census+QuickStats+about+culture+and+identity%3A+Birthplace+and+people+born+overseas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2FCensus%2F2013-census%2Fprofile-and-summary-reports%2Fquickstats-culture-identity%2Fbirthplace.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8029388.stm">"Duffy reacts to new Laureate post"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514142527/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8029388.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Duffy+reacts+to+new+Laureate+post&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F8029388.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._BrewerG._Higgins1998" class="citation book cs1">J. Brewer; G. Higgins (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_qADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22"><i>Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland: The Mote and the Beam</i></a>. Springer. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333995020" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333995020"><bdi>978-0333995020</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241001024714/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_qADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Catholicism+in+Northern+Ireland%3A+The+Mote+and+the+Beam&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0333995020&rft.au=J.+Brewer&rft.au=G.+Higgins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_qADAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls">"2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 26 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+Country+of+birth+%28expanded%29%2C+regions+in+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fquick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth%2Frft-qs213ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS206NI.xls">"Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+of+Birth+%E2%80%93+Full+Detail%3A+QS206NI&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk%2FDownload%2FCensus%25202011_Excel%2F2011%2FQS206NI.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarford2014" class="citation news cs1">Barford, Vanessa (11 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28225325">"Is Corby the most Scottish place in England?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190131191451/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28225325">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Is+Corby+the+most+Scottish+place+in+England%3F&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.aulast=Barford&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-28225325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/David_Armitage_(historian)" title="David Armitage (historian)">David Armitage</a>, "The Scottish Diaspora", particularly pp. 272–278, in <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Jenny Wormald</a> (ed.), <i>Scotland: A History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209110203/http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/culture/1576.html">"Scotland.org | The Official Gateway to Scotland"</a>. Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/culture/1576.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland.org+%26%23124%3B+The+Official+Gateway+to+Scotland&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsofscotland.gov.uk%2Fculture%2F1576.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diaspora-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diaspora_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diaspora_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Richards (2004). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JknDbX3ae1MC&pg=PA53">Britannia's children: emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241001024714/https://books.google.com/books?id=JknDbX3ae1MC&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 1 October 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". Continuum International Publishing Group. p.53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-441-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-441-3">1-85285-441-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/europe/features_europe_lowcountries.shtml">"History – Scottish History"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114135308/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/europe/features_europe_lowcountries.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+Scottish+History&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fscottishhistory%2Feurope%2Ffeatures_europe_lowcountries.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonKernohan2007" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Jeremy; Kernohan, Marcus (30 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/news/scot-to-bring-dna-from-russia-with-lermontov-1-1426206">"Scot to bring DNA from Russia with Lermontov"</a>. <i>Scotland on Sunday</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220131741/http://www.scotsman.com/news/scot-to-bring-dna-from-russia-with-lermontov-1-1426206">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scotland+on+Sunday&rft.atitle=Scot+to+bring+DNA+from+Russia+with+Lermontov&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Kernohan%2C+Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Fscot-to-bring-dna-from-russia-with-lermontov-1-1426206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZAscotland-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZAscotland_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-southafrica.net-scottish-history-in-south-africa">"Scottish history in South Africa"</a>. South African Tourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241001024702/https://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-southafrica.net-scottish-history-in-south-africa">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+history+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=South+African+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.net%2Fza%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fentry%2Farticle-southafrica.net-scottish-history-in-south-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilchrist2008" class="citation news cs1">Gilchrist, Jim (14 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/stories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624">"Stories of Homecoming - We're on the march with Argentina's Scots"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110135/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/stories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Stories+of+Homecoming+-+We%27re+on+the+march+with+Argentina%27s+Scots&rft.date=2008-12-14&rft.aulast=Gilchrist&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/cochrane_thomas.htm">"Archibald Cochrane"</a>. Electricscotland.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012004720/http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/cochrane_thomas.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archibald+Cochrane&rft.pub=Electricscotland.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electricscotland.com%2Fhistory%2Fother%2Fcochrane_thomas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/culture/netherlands.html">"Scotland and The Netherlands, Trade, Business & Economy – Official Online Gateway to Scotland"</a>. Scotland.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327110020/http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/culture/netherlands.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland+and+The+Netherlands%2C+Trade%2C+Business+%26+Economy+%E2%80%93+Official+Online+Gateway+to+Scotland&rft.pub=Scotland.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.org%2Fabout%2Finnovation-and-creativity%2Ffeatures%2Fculture%2Fnetherlands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukes_(historian)" title="Paul Dukes (historian)">Paul Dukes</a>, Scottish soldiers in Moscovy in The Caledonian Phalanx, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryExtra&rft.atitle=7+facts+about+Robert+Burns%2C+Scotland%27s+national+bard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fperiod%2Fgeorgian%2Frobert-burns-facts-poet-scotland-auld-lang-syne-address-haggis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotslanguage.com/Robert_Burns/Scotland%27s_National_Bard">"Scotslanguage.com - Scotland's National Bard"</a>. <i>www.scotslanguage.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714121651/https://www.scotslanguage.com/Robert_Burns/Scotland%27s_National_Bard">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scotslanguage.com&rft.atitle=Scotslanguage.com+-+Scotland%27s+National+Bard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotslanguage.com%2FRobert_Burns%2FScotland%2527s_National_Bard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/robert-burns-facts-what-are-scotlands-national-bards-famous-poems-how-did-he-die-and-why-is-he-controversial-1397115">"Robert Burns facts: what are Scotland's National Bard's famous poems, how did he die and why is he controversial? | The Scotsman"</a>. 16 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813120920/https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/robert-burns-facts-what-are-scotlands-national-bards-famous-poems-how-did-he-die-and-why-is-he-controversial-1397115">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Burns+facts%3A+what+are+Scotland%27s+National+Bard%27s+famous+poems%2C+how+did+he+die+and+why+is+he+controversial%3F+%26%23124%3B+The+Scotsman&rft.date=2020-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fheritage-and-retro%2Fheritage%2Frobert-burns-facts-what-are-scotlands-national-bards-famous-poems-how-did-he-die-and-why-is-he-controversial-1397115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nts.org.uk/visit/places/robert-burns-birthplace-museum">"Robert Burns Birthplace Museum"</a>. <i>National Trust for Scotland</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319180653/https://www.nts.org.uk/visit/places/robert-burns-birthplace-museum">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trust+for+Scotland&rft.atitle=Robert+Burns+Birthplace+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nts.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fplaces%2Frobert-burns-birthplace-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flockhart-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flockhart_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlockhart2004" class="citation news cs1">Flockhart, Susan (25 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911105554/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10001248.html">"Would The Greatest Living Scot Please Stand Up?; Here they are"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Herald" title="Sunday Herald">Sunday Herald</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10001248.html">the original</a> on 11 September 2016 – via HighBeam Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Herald&rft.atitle=Would+The+Greatest+Living+Scot+Please+Stand+Up%3F%3B+Here+they+are&rft.date=2004-01-25&rft.aulast=Flockhart&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-10001248.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092622/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/282154-sir-sean-connery-named-scotlands-greatest-living-treasure/">"Sir Sean Connery named Scotland's greatest living treasure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/STV_News" title="STV News">STV News</a>. 25 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.stv.tv/scotland/282154-sir-sean-connery-named-scotlands-greatest-living-treasure/">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sir+Sean+Connery+named+Scotland%27s+greatest+living+treasure&rft.date=2011-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stv.tv%2Fscotland%2F282154-sir-sean-connery-named-scotlands-greatest-living-treasure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crystal-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crystal_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crystal_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2003" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (25 August 2003). <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-08-25&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2000" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Charles Laurence (1 August 2000). <i>The English Language: A Historical Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Language%3A+A+Historical+Introduction&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Charles+Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMahonMcMahon2000" class="citation book cs1">MacMahon, April M. S.; McMahon (13 April 2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lexicalphonology00mcma"><i>Lexical Phonology and the History of English</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lexicalphonology00mcma/page/n153">142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521472807" title="Special:BookSources/9780521472807"><bdi>9780521472807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexical+Phonology+and+the+History+of+English&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-04-13&rft.isbn=9780521472807&rft.aulast=MacMahon&rft.aufirst=April+M.+S.&rft.au=McMahon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flexicalphonology00mcma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyHarry_White2001" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Michael (EDT); Harry White (1 October 2001). <i>Musical Constructions of Nationalism</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+%26%23124%3B+Mixed+report+on+Gaelic+language&rft.date=2005-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Flow%2Fscotland%2F4326424.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011census-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011census_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-35953639">"BBC Report – Most People in Scotland 'Not Religious'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406154205/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-35953639">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+Report+%E2%80%93+Most+People+in+Scotland+%27Not+Religious%27&rft.date=2016-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-35953639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Scottish Survey" <i>The Tablet</i>, 5, September, 2015, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-35953639">"Most People in Scotland 'Not Religious'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406154205/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-35953639">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Most+People+in+Scotland+%27Not+Religious%27&rft.date=2016-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-35953639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/vital-events/births/popular-names/archive/100-most-common-surnames">"100 Most Common Surnames"</a>. <i>National Records of Scotland</i>. 25 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702055850/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/vital-events/births/popular-names/archive/100-most-common-surnames">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=100+Most+Common+Surnames&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrscotland.gov.uk%2Fstatistics-and-data%2Fstatistics%2Fstatistics-by-theme%2Fvital-events%2Fbirths%2Fpopular-names%2Farchive%2F100-most-common-surnames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald1921-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald1921_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald, James Ramsay</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forgottenbooks.com/en/download/SocialismCriticalandConstructive_10094299.pdf">"CHAPTER VI Political Construction: The Democratic State"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Socialism: Critical and Constructive</i>. Cassell and Company Ltd. p. 249. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160712045741/https://www.forgottenbooks.com/en/download/SocialismCriticalandConstructive_10094299.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+VI+Political+Construction%3A+The+Democratic+State&rft.btitle=Socialism%3A+Critical+and+Constructive&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Company+Ltd&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=James+Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forgottenbooks.com%2Fen%2Fdownload%2FSocialismCriticalandConstructive_10094299.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ritchie, Anna, and <a href="/wiki/David_Breeze" title="David Breeze">David J. Breeze</a>, <i>Invaders of Scotland</i> HMSO, 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Armitage_(historian)" title="David Armitage (historian)">Armitage, David</a>, "The Scottish Diaspora" in <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Jenny Wormald</a> (ed.), <i>Scotland: A History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spence, Rhoda, ed. <i>The Scottish Companion: a Bedside Book of Delights</i>. Edinburgh: R. Paterson, 1955. vi, 138 p. <i>N.B</i>.: Primarily concerns Scottish customs, character, and folkways.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Anglo-Scottish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland" title="Climate of Scotland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland" title="Conservation in Scotland">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland" title="Fauna of Scotland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Scotland" title="Flora of Scotland">Flora</a></li> 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Scotland">International relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Scotland" title="Electoral system of Scotland">Electoral system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland">Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="Deputy First Minister of Scotland">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Great Seal of Scotland">Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Scotland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Scotland">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Scotland" title="Armed forces in Scotland">Armed forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Scotland" title="Military history of Scotland">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Scotland" title="Lists of MPs for constituencies in Scotland">Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">Member of the Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Scotland" title="List of political parties in Scotland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Office" title="Scotland Office">Scotland Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Scotland" title="Unionism in Scotland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="Advocate General for Scotland">Advocate General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_in_Scotland" title="List of courts in Scotland">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Courts_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Courts of Scotland">Supreme Courts of Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Accountant_of_Court" title="Office of the Accountant of Court">Office of the Accountant of Court</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service" title="Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service">Crown Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session" title="Lord President of the Court of Session">Lord President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_fiscal" title="Procurator fiscal">Procurator fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland" title="Solicitor General for Scotland">Solicitor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_principal" title="Sheriff principal">Sheriff principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Justice" title="College of Justice">College of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_property_law" title="Scots property law">Scots property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_population_of_Scotland" title="Prison population of Scotland">Prison population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charities_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities in Scotland">Charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Scotland" title="List of companies of Scotland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Tweed">Harris Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland" title="Housing in Scotland">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland" title="Oil industry in Scotland">Oil industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Scotland" title="List of power stations in Scotland">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Scotland" title="Unemployment in Scotland">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Scotland" title="Category:Society of Scotland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_for_Excellence" title="Curriculum for Excellence">Curriculum for Excellence</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Scotland" title="Lists of schools in Scotland">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Scotland" title="List of further education colleges in Scotland">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Scotland" title="Universities in Scotland">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Qualifications_Authority" title="Scottish Qualifications Authority">Scottish Qualifications Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Scotland" title="Education Scotland">Education Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Scotland" title="List of museums in Scotland">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Scotland" title="List of oldest buildings in Scotland">Oldest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Scotland" title="Theatre of Scotland">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_toponymy" title="Scottish toponymy">Placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Scotland" title="Prostitution in Scotland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">Royal National Mòd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland" title="Sport in Scotland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_surnames" title="Scottish surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Scotland" title="National anthem of Scotland">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_flags" title="List of Scottish flags">flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regimental_tartan" title="Regimental tartan">regimental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn#Scotland" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Scotland" title="Festivals in Scotland">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_Scotland" title="Comedy in Scotland">Comedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highland English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Scots" title="List of Scots">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_actors" title="List of Scottish actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_artists" title="List of Scottish artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_musicians" title="List of Scottish musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_scientists" title="List of Scottish scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_writers" title="List of Scottish writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Scotland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Scotland">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Scotland" title="Category:Christianity in Scotland">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="List of moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Moderators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Scotland" title="Ethnic minorities in Scotland">Ethnic minorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scotland" title="Category:Scotland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, 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diaspora">British diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Anguilla" title="Demographics of Anguilla">Anguillans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bermuda" title="Demographics of Bermuda">Bermudians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Demographics of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Demographics of the Cayman Islands">Caymanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossians" title="Chagossians">Chagossians (Îlois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islanders" title="Falkland Islanders">Falkland Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltarian people">Gibraltarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey people">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">Hongkongers</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_Hong_Kong" title="British nationality law and Hong Kong">British Nationals (Overseas)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_people" title="Jersey people">Jersiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Montserrat" title="Demographics of Montserrat">Montserratians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_Commoner" class="mw-redirect" title="New Forest Commoner">New Forest Commoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadians" title="Orcadians">Orcadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islanders" title="Pitcairn Islanders">Pitcairn Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Saint Helena">Saint Helenians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Gaels">Scots Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetlanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_migration_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="British migration to Spain">Spanish Brits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_group_classifications_in_the_2021_UK_Census309" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_census_ethnic_groups" title="Template:UK census ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_census_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:UK census ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_census_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK census ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_group_classifications_in_the_2021_UK_Census309" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Ethnic group classifications</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2021_UK_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 UK Census">2021 UK Census</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Scottish</a> (Scotland only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">White Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="White Gypsy or Irish Traveller">White Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">White Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Polish" title="White Polish">White Polish</a> (Scotland only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showman#United_Kingdom" title="Showman">White Showman or Showwoman</a> (Scotland only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Any other white background</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>White and Black Caribbean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_White_and_Black_African_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mixed White and Black African people in the United Kingdom">White and Black African</a></li> <li>White and Asian</li> <li>Any other Mixed or multiple ethnic background</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian or Asian British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Filipinos in the United Kingdom">Filipino</a> (Northern Ireland only)</li> <li>Any other Asian background</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Black African</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Black Caribbean</a></li> <li>Any other Black background</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ethnic group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Any other ethnic group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph207656&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563216905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&oldid=1274306458">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_people&oldid=1274306458</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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