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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Xia Yan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">夏言</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%8F%E8%A8%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/%E5%A4%8F%E8%A8%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Secretary">Senior Grand Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1538–1539</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor" title="Jiajing Emperor">Jiajing Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Shi_(Grand_Secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Shi (Grand Secretary) (page does not exist)">Li Shi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu_Dingchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gu Dingchen (page does not exist)">Gu Dingchen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(acting)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1539–1541</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Gu Dingchen <span style="font-size:85%;">(acting)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_Luan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai Luan (page does not exist)">Zhai Luan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1541–1542</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhai Luan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhai Luan</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1545–1548</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yan_Song" title="Yan Song">Yan Song</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Yan Song</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Minister of Rites</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1531–1536</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Li Shi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Yan Song</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1482</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 31, 1548<span style="display:none">(1548-10-31)</span> (aged 65–66)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodrichFang1976527_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrichFang1976527-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gongjin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">公謹</span></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Guizhou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">桂洲</span></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wenmin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">文愍</span></span>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Xia Yan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">夏言</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xià Yán</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsia Yen</span></i>; 1482–1548), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Gongjin</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">公謹</span></span>), was a Chinese politician of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xia was born in <a href="/wiki/Guixi" title="Guixi">Guixi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>. His father, Xia Ding (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">夏鼎</span></span>), was the subprefectural magistrate of <a href="/wiki/Linqing" title="Linqing">Linqing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early reign of the <a href="/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor" title="Jiajing Emperor">Jiajing Emperor</a>, the emperor paid more attention on ceremony. Xia rationalized the emperor's grand scheme for four separate sacrifices to Heaven, Earth, the Sun, and the Moon, and endorsed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998448_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998448-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, he gained the emperor's favor. </p><p>When the Jiajing Emperor went back to <a href="/wiki/Zhongxiang" title="Zhongxiang">Zhongxiang</a> and prayed at Xianling Tomb, <a href="/wiki/Yan_Song" title="Yan Song">Yan Song</a> requested to let officials convey their congratulations. But Xia delayed the congratulations until they were back to Beijing, which depressed the emperor. Then one day, the emperor visited <a href="/wiki/Changping_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Changping District">Changping</a>, Xia was late for the reception. This infuriated the emperor, and Xia was reprimanded for his discourtesy. The emperor pointed out that Xia had originally been recommended for promotion from a minor post and that he enjoyed his high status at the emperor's pleasure, thus the emperor issued an order to strip Xia's title, left him a minor one and forced him to retire. Within a matter of days, the emperor relented and prevented Xia from heading home. The punishment was quashed in the end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_from_grace">Fall from grace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fall from grace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was a censor Gao Shi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">高時</span></span>) as Xia's closet friend. With his support, Xia Yan caused his political adversary Guo Xun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郭勛</span></span>) to be imprisoned in 1541 until his death in the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998482_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998482-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xia had previously disagreed with Guo Xun's proposal to move the crown prince into one of the two inner palaces that became vacated due to the deaths of two empresses. But when the emperor consulted him, on the issue, Xia made self-contradictory comments that appeared to take Guo Xun's side in the end. Finding it highly objectionable, the emperor began to suspect the censors involved in Guo's case. The emperor also ordered to keep Xia under constant surveillance, and noticed Xia was too indolent to draft the imperial edicts. </p><p>Although Xia had taken part in various Taoist ceremonies during the 1530s, he was not an enthusiastic participant in the 1540s. On July 1542 the emperor asked several high-ranking officials to ride a horse to work, he also granted them <i>xiangye jin</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">香葉巾</span></span>; a special headgear as something between <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerchief" title="Kerchief">kerchief</a> for <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> rituals, it may be made from leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Aquilaria_sinensis" title="Aquilaria sinensis">Aquilaria sinensis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to wear. Xia Yan was the only one to refuse; he took a <a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">litter</a> and wore the normal trappings, since he thought the wreath violated the rites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998484_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998484-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animosity_and_retirement">Animosity and retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Animosity and retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Yan Song seized these opportunities to oust Xia. Yan was promoted to be the Minister of Rites with Xia's help. Nevertheless, they had feuded since Yan entered the Grand Secretariat. Yan conformed with the emperor's expectations as Xia's counter, so he won favour. On one occasion, Yan Song listed Xia's faults to the emperor, especially noting how Xia engineered Guo Xun's downfall. The emperor reproached Xia furiously:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">郭勛已下獄，猶千羅百織。言官為朝廷耳目，專聽言主使。朕不早朝，言亦不入閣。軍國重事，取裁私家。王言要密，視等戲玩。言官不一言，徒欺謗君上，致神鬼怒，雨甚傷禾。</span></span>(Since Guo Xun had been imprisoned, why did Xia Yan fabricate evidence against him, still? The censors ought to be the ears and eyes of the court, how dared Xia to control them as puppets? If I don't hold court in the morning, neither Xia went to the Grand Secretary. Such significant military and political affairs related to national security, Xia actually made decisions at home in private. Xia regards the classified words I uttered as a trifling matter. The censors are blind to these situations, they merely cheated and defamed me. What you have done incur the wrath of gods, the heavy rains had destroyed crops.)</p></blockquote><p> Xia became frightened, he not only apologised but also submitted his resignation to the emperor. Just then a solar eclipse took place. The emperor gave another edict, blaming the officials' misconduct for the abnormal eclipse, and sanctioned Xia's resignation. Many officials expressed their desire to share the responsibility with Xia. The emperor was outraged by their <a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_throne" title="Memorial to the throne">memorials</a> taking Xia Yan's side and punished them. Thirteen officials were exiled in total, and Gao Shi was banished to the frontiers for his impeachment of Guo Xun. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back_to_Beijing">Back to Beijing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Back to Beijing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xia's influence was on the skids since 1539. Being angered by Yan's presumptuousness, the Jiajing Emperor longed for a sense of balance. Xia was recalled to Beijing in 1545 as a counterbalance to Yan. Again, they competed fiercely for dominance of the imperial court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998473,_483_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998473,_483-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Xia became the Senior Grand Secretary again, he vented his anger by excluding Yan Song from the court affairs, and even exiled the officials that Yan Song had promoted. However, Yan did not dare to resist. Widespread disgust at Yan made Xia popular among his peers and the subordinate officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998483_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998483-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Xia Yan's growing arrogance had offended various persons at court, including the eunuchs, who began to speak disparagingly of Xia in the emperor's presence. The emperor also became increasingly dissatisfied with Xia's <i>qingci</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">青詞</span></span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_poetry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green poetry (page does not exist)">green poetry</a>; a special poetry for prayer in the Taoist ceremony which was written on a green paper). Xia was not in favour any longer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later, the <a href="/wiki/Zongdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zongdu">Supreme Commander</a> of Shaanxi <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Xian" title="Zeng Xian">Zeng Xian</a> appealed to the emperor to recover <a href="/wiki/Hetao" title="Hetao">Hetao</a>. Xia sought backing from the emperor for this proposal, which the emperor initially took a liking to. In February 1548, however, he suddenly withdrew support. Yan Song disassociated himself from this campaign, and indicated that Xia should be blamed for such an impracticable operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998473_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998473-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, there was a rumour going around against Xia, which made the emperor more angry. He scolded Xia, then stripped of Xia's official title and privileges in the beginning of 1548, but had no intention of executing Xia. </p><p>There was a gossip that Xia expressed resentment at being punished by the emperor, while Yan kept fabricating evidence against Xia. Thus, the emperor was furious, he ordered to kill Zeng and incarcerate Xia. </p><p>Heard that he was implicated in Zeng's case as soon as he arrived in <a href="/wiki/Tongzhou_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzhou District, Beijing">Tongzhou</a>, Xia was so scared that fell off his carriage, saying "Alas! I have to die! (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">噫！吾死矣。</span></span>)".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fought to prove his innocence and affirmed that Yan set him up, but his letter to the emperor failed to redress. Several senior officials attempted to intercede with the emperor, the latter not only refused, but also kept all their wages. Perhaps what rankled the emperor was Xia's arrogance rather than the apparent contention. Eventually, Xia was executed at the market publicly on 31 October 1548, following Zeng Xian's death in April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998473,_483,_484_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998473,_483,_484-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xia's wife was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xia's wife came from Su clan, Su had no child, while Xia's concubine was pregnant, Su envied and forced her to remarry. The latter gave birth to a boy, Su got him back after Xia's death. He died when he was about to be an official, so Xia had no descendant eventually.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrichFang1976527-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodrichFang1976527_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodrichFang1976">Goodrich & Fang 1976</a>, p. 527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Ming, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7196">Vol.196</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998448-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998448_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote,_Twitchett1998">Mote, Twitchett (1998)</a>, p. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998482-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998482_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote,_Twitchett1998">Mote, Twitchett (1998)</a>, p. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>元明事類鈔, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%98%8E%E4%BA%8B%E9%A1%9E%E9%88%94_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B724">Vol. 24</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998484-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998484_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote,_Twitchett1998">Mote, Twitchett (1998)</a>, p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998473,_483-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998473,_483_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote,_Twitchett1998">Mote, Twitchett (1998)</a>, pp. 473, 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998483-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998483_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote,_Twitchett1998">Mote, Twitchett (1998)</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998473-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998473_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote,_Twitchett1998">Mote, Twitchett (1998)</a>, p. 473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998473,_483,_484-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote,_Twitchett1998473,_483,_484_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote,_Twitchett1998">Mote, Twitchett (1998)</a>, pp. 473, 483, 484.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoodrichFang1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Carrington_Goodrich" title="Luther Carrington Goodrich">Goodrich, L. Carrington</a>; Fang, Chaoying, eds. (1976). <i>Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03801-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03801-1"><bdi>0-231-03801-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Ming+Biography%2C+1368%E2%80%931644.&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-231-03801-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+Yan+%28Ming+dynasty%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote,_Twitchett1998" class="citation book cs1">Mote, Twitchett, Frederick W., Denis (1998). <i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24332-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24332-2"><bdi>978-0-521-24332-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+7%3A+The+Ming+Dynasty%2C+1368%E2%80%931644%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24332-2&rft.aulast=Mote%2C+Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.%2C+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+Yan+%28Ming+dynasty%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yan_Song" title="Yan Song">Yan Song</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Secretary">Senior Grand Secretary</a> </b><br />1545 – 1548 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yan_Song" title="Yan Song">Yan Song</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Senior_Grand_Secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Template:Senior Grand Secretaries of the Ming dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Senior_Grand_Secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Template talk:Senior Grand Secretaries of the Ming dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Senior_Grand_Secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Senior Grand Secretaries of the Ming dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senior_Grand_Secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Senior Grand Secretaries of the Ming dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yongle era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Huai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Huai (page does not exist)">Huang Huai</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Jin_(mandarin)" title="Xie Jin (mandarin)">Xie Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Guang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu Guang (page does not exist)">Hu Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Rong_(mandarin)" title="Yang Rong (mandarin)">Yang Rong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hongxi and Xuande eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shiqi" title="Yang Shiqi">Yang Shiqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zhengtong era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shiqi" title="Yang Shiqi">Yang Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Pu_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Pu (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Yang Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_Nai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Nai (page does not exist)">Cao Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Xun (page does not exist)">Chen Xun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jingtai era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Xun (page does not exist)">Chen Xun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tianshun era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Xun (page does not exist)">Chen Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Gu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Gu (page does not exist)">Gao Gu</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Youzhen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Youzhen (page does not exist)">Xu Youzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Bin_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Bin (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Xu Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xian_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xian (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Li Xian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chenghua era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xian_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xian (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Li Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Wen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Wen (page does not exist)">Chen Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xian_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xian (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Li Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Wen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Wen (page does not exist)">Chen Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Shi_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peng Shi (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Peng Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shang Lu (page does not exist)">Shang Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wan_An_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wan An (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Wan An</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Ji_(Grand_Secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Ji (Grand Secretary) (page does not exist)">Liu Ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hongzhi era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Ji_(Grand_Secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Ji (Grand Secretary) (page does not exist)">Liu Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Pu" title="Xu Pu">Xu Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jian_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Jian (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Liu Jian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zhengde era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jian_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Jian (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Liu Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dongyang" title="Li Dongyang">Li Dongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tinghe" title="Yang Tinghe">Yang Tinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Chu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liang Chu (page does not exist)">Liang Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tinghe" title="Yang Tinghe">Yang Tinghe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jiajing era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tinghe" title="Yang Tinghe">Yang Tinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Mian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiang Mian (page does not exist)">Jiang Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mao_Ji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mao Ji (page does not exist)">Mao Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fei_Hong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fei Hong (page does not exist)">Fei Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yiqing" title="Yang Yiqing">Yang Yiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fei_Hong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fei Hong (page does not exist)">Fei Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yiqing" title="Yang Yiqing">Yang Yiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Fujing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Fujing (page does not exist)">Zhang Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_Luan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai Luan (page does not exist)">Zhai Luan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Fujing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Fujing (page does not exist)">Zhang Fujing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Xianfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Xianfu (page does not exist)">Fang Xianfu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Fujing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Fujing (page does not exist)">Zhang Fujing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Shi_(Grand_Secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Shi (Grand Secretary) (page does not exist)">Li Shi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xia Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu_Dingchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gu Dingchen (page does not exist)">Gu Dingchen</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xia Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_Luan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai Luan (page does not exist)">Zhai Luan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xia Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_Luan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai Luan (page does not exist)">Zhai Luan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Song" title="Yan Song">Yan Song</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xia Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Song" title="Yan Song">Yan Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jie_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xu Jie (Ming dynasty)">Xu Jie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Longqing era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jie_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xu Jie (Ming dynasty)">Xu Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Chunfang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Chunfang (page does not exist)">Li Chunfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Gong" title="Gao Gong">Gao Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang Juzheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wanli era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang Juzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Siwei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Siwei (page does not exist)">Zhang Siwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Shixing" title="Shen Shixing">Shen Shixing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jiaping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Jiaping (page does not exist)">Wang Jiaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Zhigao" title="Zhao Zhigao">Zhao Zhigao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xijue" title="Wang Xijue">Wang Xijue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Zhigao" title="Zhao Zhigao">Zhao Zhigao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Yiguan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen Yiguan (page does not exist)">Shen Yiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Geng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Geng (page does not exist)">Zhu Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Tingji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Tingji (page does not exist)">Li Tingji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xianggao" title="Ye Xianggao">Ye Xianggao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Congzhe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Congzhe (page does not exist)">Fang Congzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taichang era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Congzhe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Congzhe (page does not exist)">Fang Congzhe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yizhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yizhu (page does not exist)">Liu Yizhu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tianqi era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yizhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yizhu (page does not exist)">Liu Yizhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xianggao" title="Ye Xianggao">Ye Xianggao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Kuang_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Kuang (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Han Kuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Guozhen_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Zhu Guozhen (Ming dynasty)">Zhu Guozhen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu_Bingqian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gu Bingqian (page does not exist)">Gu Bingqian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Liji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Liji (page does not exist)">Huang Liji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Fenglai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Fenglai (page does not exist)">Shi Fenglai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chongzhen era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Fenglai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Fenglai (page does not exist)">Shi Fenglai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Guopu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Guopu (page does not exist)">Li Guopu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Zongdao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Zongdao (page does not exist)">Lai Zongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Daodeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Daodeng (page does not exist)">Zhou Daodeng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Kuang_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Kuang (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Han Kuang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Biao_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Biao (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Li Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheng_Jiming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheng Jiming (page does not exist)">Cheng Jiming</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Tingru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Tingru (page does not exist)">Zhou Tingru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wen_Tiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wen Tiren (page does not exist)">Wen Tiren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Zhifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Zhifa (page does not exist)">Zhang Zhifa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kong_Zhenyun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kong Zhenyun (page does not exist)">Kong Zhenyun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuliang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yuliang (page does not exist)">Liu Yuliang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xue_Guoguan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xue Guoguan (page does not exist)">Xue Guoguan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Fucui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Fucui (page does not exist)">Fan Fucui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Sizhi_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Sizhi (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Zhang Sizhi</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Tingru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Tingru (page does not exist)">Zhou Tingru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Yan (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Chen Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Dejing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiang Dejing (page does not exist)">Jiang Dejing</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wei_Zaode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wei Zaode (page does not exist)">Wei Zaode</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jiantai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Jiantai (page does not exist)">Li Jiantai</a> <small>(acting)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a> regimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Kefa" title="Shi Kefa">Shi Kefa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Hongtu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Hongtu (page does not exist)">Gao Hongtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Shiying" title="Ma Shiying">Ma Shiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Daozhou" title="Huang Daozhou">Huang Daozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Zhenfei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu Zhenfei (page does not exist)">Lu Zhenfei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ding_Kuichu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ding Kuichu (page does not exist)">Ding Kuichu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Fengnian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Fengnian (page does not exist)">Fang Fengnian</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ke_Xiaqing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ke Xiaqing (page does not exist)">Ke Xiaqing</a> <small>(acting)</small><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zhichun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Zhichun (page does not exist)">Li Zhichun</a> <small>(acting)</small><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiong_Rulin_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiong Rulin (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Xiong Rulin</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Sili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Sili (page does not exist)">Ma Sili</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Kentang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Kentang (page does not exist)">Zhang Kentang</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Chenquan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen Chenquan (page does not exist)">Shen Chenquan</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu_Shisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qu Shisi (page does not exist)">Qu Shisi</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Bing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Bing (page does not exist)">Wu Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu_Shisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qu Shisi (page does not exist)">Qu Shisi</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Qiheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Qiheng (page does not exist)">Yan Qiheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Shijun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Shijun (page does not exist)">Huang Shijun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Qiheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Qiheng (page does not exist)">Yan Qiheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wen_Anzhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wen Anzhi (page does not exist)">Wen Anzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Zhenyu_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Zhenyu (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Wu Zhenyu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ding_Jishan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ding Jishan (page does not exist)">Ding Jishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Jixiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Jixiang (page does not exist)">Ma Jixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Huangyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Huangyan (page does not exist)">Zhang Huangyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><b>a</b></sup>Senior Grand Secretaries of the <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yihai" title="Zhu Yihai">Prince of Lu (魯) regime</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15902201#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15902201#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15902201#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24151067">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1559340/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrKVtMDQHDdW7mXtqWCcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00092350">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&oldid=1247681684">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&oldid=1247681684</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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