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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_of_whistled_language_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_whistled_language_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes of whistled language development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes_of_whistled_language_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes of whistled language development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_whistled_language_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Documentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_whistled_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_whistled_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characteristics of whistled languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics_of_whistled_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics of whistled languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_whistled_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tonal_and_non-tonal_whistle_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonal_and_non-tonal_whistle_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tonal and non-tonal whistle languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonal_and_non-tonal_whistle_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tonal_whistle_languages_and_types_of_tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonal_whistle_languages_and_types_of_tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Tonal whistle languages and types of tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonal_whistle_languages_and_types_of_tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-tonal_whistle_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-tonal_whistle_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Non-tonal whistle languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-tonal_whistle_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_production_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_production_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sound production techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_production_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bilabial_and_labiodental_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilabial_and_labiodental_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Bilabial and labiodental techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilabial_and_labiodental_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_spoken_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_spoken_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Comparison with spoken languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_spoken_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Limited_expressivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limited_expressivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Limited expressivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limited_expressivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_comprehension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_comprehension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Lack of comprehension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_comprehension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_whistled_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_whistled_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of whistled languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_whistled_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_means_of_expressing_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_means_of_expressing_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other means of expressing speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_means_of_expressing_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Whistled language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Սուլալեզու – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սուլալեզու" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_xiulada" title="Llengua xiulada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua xiulada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADzdac%C3%AD_jazyk" title="Hvízdací jazyk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hvízdací jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B8jtet_sprog" title="Fløjtet sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fløjtet sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeifen#Gepfiffene_Sprachen" title="Pfeifen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pfeifen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σφυριχτή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σφυριχτή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaje_silbado" title="Lenguaje silbado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguaje silbado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajflingvo" title="Fajflingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fajflingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langage_siffl%C3%A9" title="Langage sifflé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langage sifflé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9C%98%ED%8C%8C%EB%9E%8C_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="휘파람 언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="휘파람 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_siul" title="Bahasa siul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa siul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_fischiate" title="Lingue fischiate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue fischiate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_siul" title="Bahasa siul – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa siul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E7%AC%9B%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="口笛言語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="口笛言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plystrespr%C3%A5k" title="Plystrespråk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plystrespråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_gwizd%C3%B3w" title="Język gwizdów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język gwizdów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_assobiada" title="Linguagem assobiada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linguagem assobiada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Свистящий язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свистящий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihellyskieli" title="Vihellyskieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vihellyskieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C4%B1k_dili" title="Islık dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Islık dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Свистяча мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Свистяча мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E5%93%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="口哨語言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="口哨語言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2737212#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="View the 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places both hands to his lips in a folded fashion in order to modify the sound of his labial whistle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hand_whistle_3.jpg/220px-Hand_whistle_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hand_whistle_3.jpg/330px-Hand_whistle_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hand_whistle_3.jpg/440px-Hand_whistle_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption>Those who are able to speak using whistled language often use their hands or fingers to modify the sound produced.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sfiria_Antia.wav" title="File:Sfiria Antia.wav">Sfyria</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Sfiria_Antia.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Sfiria_Antia.wav/Sfiria_Antia.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Sfiria_Antia.wav/Sfiria_Antia.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Sfiria_Antia.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A conversation in the <a href="/wiki/Sfyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfyria">Sfyria</a> whistled language</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><b>Whistled languages</b> are linguistic systems that use <a href="/wiki/Whistling" title="Whistling">whistling</a> to emulate speech and facilitate communication between individuals. More than 80 languages have been found to practice various degrees of whistling, most of them in rugged topography or dense forests, where whistling expands the area of communication while movement to carry messages is challenging.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice is generally threatened by increased modernization and faster roads, but successful <a href="/wiki/Language_preservation" title="Language preservation">conservation</a> efforts are recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A whistled language is a system of whistled communication which allows fluent whistlers to transmit and comprehend a potentially unlimited number of messages over long distances. Whistled languages are different in this respect from free associative whistling, which may be done to simulate music, to attract attention, or, in the case of herders or animal trainers, to transmit simple messages or instructions to animal companions. Generally, whistled languages emulate the <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> or vowel <a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">formants</a> of a natural spoken language, as well as aspects of its <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>, so that trained listeners who speak that language can understand the encoded message. </p><p>Whistled language is rare compared to spoken language, but it is found in cultures around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is especially common in <a href="/wiki/Tone_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone languages">tone languages</a> where the whistled tones transmit the tones of the syllables (tone melodies of the words). This might be because in tone languages the tone melody carries more of the <a href="/wiki/Functional_load" title="Functional load">functional load</a> of communication while non-tonal phonology carries proportionally less. The genesis of a whistled language has never been recorded in either case and has not yet received much productive study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because whistled language is so much rarer than standard vocal language or non-verbal physical language such as sign language, historical research on whistled speech is sparse. </p><p>In early China, the technique of <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_whistling" title="Transcendental whistling">transcendental whistling</a>, or <i>xiao</i>, was a kind of nonverbal language with affinities to the spiritual aspects of <a href="/wiki/Daoist_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoist meditation">Daoist meditation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of xiao as a practice and art form can be traced through the works of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> dynasty, and it was initially used to convey a sense of grief, or to invoke the spirits of dearly departed loved ones. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a> in Han China, xiao had become a widely-used complement to spoken language, irrespective of social class.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the shrill tones employed while whistling, xiao was often used to punctuate intense feelings or reactions, such as joy, displeasure, and surprise. </p><p>In the Melpomene, the fourth book of his <i>Histories</i>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> makes a passing reference to an Ethiopian tribe who "spoke like bats".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While travelling through the territory of an ancient tribe on the southern Black Sea coast in 400 B.C.E, Xenophon wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Mossynoeci" title="Mossynoeci">Mossynoeci</a> inhabitants could hear one another at great distances across the valleys. The same area encompasses the Turkish village of <a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fk%C3%B6y" title="Kuşköy">Kuşköy</a> where whistled speech (kuş dili) is practiced today.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> later wrote in <i>De Natura Animalium</i> of the Kinoprosipi people of North Africa, who made use of "acute whistling," who later historians believe were likely a tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Anuak_people" title="Anuak people">Anuak</a> in South Sudan. </p><p>In 1982 in the <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> village of Antia on <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> island, the entire population knew the local whistled speech called <i>sfyria</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only a few whistlers remain now.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_of_whistled_language_development">Causes of whistled language development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes of whistled language development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whistled languages have naturally developed in response to the necessity for humans to communicate in conditions of relative isolation, with possible causes being distance, noise levels, and night, as well as specific activities, such as social information, shepherding, hunting, fishing, courtship, or shamanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Asher,_R._E._1994_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asher,_R._E._1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this usage, they are mostly related to places with mountains or dense forests. Southern China, Papua New Guinea, the Amazon forest, Subsaharan Africa, Mexico, and Europe encompass most of these locations. </p><p>They have been more recently found in dense forests like the Amazon where they may replace spoken dialogue in the villages while hunting or fishing to overcome the pressure of the acoustic environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer2005_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meyer2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main advantage of whistling speech is that it allows the speaker to cover much larger distances (typically 1–2 kilometres (0.62–1.24 mi) but up to 5 km (3.1 mi) in mountains and less in reverberating forests) than ordinary speech, without the strain (and lesser range) of shouting. More specifically, whistle speech can reach a loudness of 130 dB, and the transmission range can reach up to 10 km (as verified in La Gomera, Canary Island).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long range of whistling is enhanced by the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a> found in areas where whistled languages are used. Many areas with such languages work hard to preserve their ancient traditions, in the face of rapidly advancing telecommunications systems in many areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases (e.g. Chinantec) the whistled speech is an important and integral part of the language and culture; in others (e.g. Nahuatl) its role is much lesser. Whistled speech may be very central and highly valued in a culture. Shouting is very rare in <a href="/wiki/Sochiapam_Chinantec" title="Sochiapam Chinantec">Sochiapam Chinantec</a>. Men in that culture are subject to being fined if they do not handle whistle-speech well enough to perform certain town jobs. They may whistle for fun in situations where spoken speech could easily be heard.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sochiapam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sochiapam">Sochiapam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, and other places in Mexico, and reportedly in West and Southern Africa as well (specifically among the VhaVenda), whistled speech is men's language: although women may understand it, they do not use it. </p><p>Though whistled languages are not secret <a href="/wiki/Code_(cryptography)" title="Code (cryptography)">codes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Language_game" title="Language game">secret languages</a> (with the exception of a whistled language used by <a href="/wiki/%C3%91a%C3%B1igos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ñañigos">ñañigos</a> <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgencies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> during <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba#Conquest_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">Spanish occupation</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Busnel1976_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busnel1976-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they may be used for secretive communication among outsiders or others who do not know or understand the whistled language though they may understand its spoken origin. Stories are told of farmers in Aas during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, or in La Gomera, who were able to hide evidence of such nefarious activities as milk-watering because they were warned in whistle-speech that the police were approaching.<sup id="cite_ref-Busnel1976_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busnel1976-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentation">Documentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various documentation, conservation, and revitalization effort are ongoing. In France, the whistling of Aas is being systematically audio-recorded using <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Libre" title="Lingua Libre">Lingua Libre</a>. Those recordings have been used to create an interactive maps of Occitan villages names.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_whistled_languages">Characteristics of whistled languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Characteristics of whistled languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonal_and_non-tonal_whistle_languages">Tonal and non-tonal whistle languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tonal and non-tonal whistle languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whistled languages differ according to whether the spoken language is <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal</a> or not, with the whistling being either tone or <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">articulation</a> based (or both). Most whistle languages, of which there are several hundred, are based on tonal languages. </p><p>A way in which true whistled languages differ from other types of whistled communication is that they encode auditory features of spoken languages by 'transposing' (i.e.carrying over into a whistled form) key components of speech sounds. There are two types of whistled languages: those based on non-tone languages, which transpose F² <a href="/wiki/Formants" class="mw-redirect" title="Formants">formants</a> patterns, those based on tone languages which transpose tonal-melodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Rialland2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rialland2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both types of whistle tones have a phonological structure that is related to the spoken language that they are transposing. </p><p>Tonal languages are often stripped of articulation, leaving only <a href="/wiki/Suprasegmental_feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprasegmental feature">suprasegmental features</a> such as duration and tone, and when whistled retain the spoken melodic line. Thus whistled tonal languages convey <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> information solely through <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">tone</a>, length, and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Vocal_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal stress">stress</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)" title="Segment (linguistics)">segmental</a> phonemic distinctions of the spoken language are lost. </p><p>In non-tonal languages, more of the articulatory features of speech are retained, and the normally <a href="/wiki/Timbral" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbral">timbral</a> variations imparted by the movements of the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">soft palate</a> are transformed into <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> variations.<sup id="cite_ref-Busnel1976_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busnel1976-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain consonants can be pronounced while whistling, so as to modify the whistled sound, much as consonants in spoken language modify the vowel sounds adjacent to them. </p><p>Different whistling styles may be used in a single language. <a href="/wiki/Sochiapam_Chinantec" title="Sochiapam Chinantec">Sochiapam Chinantec</a> has three different words for whistle-speech: <b>sie<sup>3</sup></b> for whistling with the tongue against the alveolar ridge, <b>jui̵<sup>32</sup></b> for bilabial whistling, and <b>juo<sup>2</sup></b> for finger-in-the-mouth whistling. These are used for communication over varying distances. There is also a kind of loud falsetto (<b>hóh<sup>32</sup></b>) which functions in some ways like whistled speech.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tonal_whistle_languages_and_types_of_tones">Tonal whistle languages and types of tones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tonal whistle languages and types of tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most whistle languages, of which there are several hundred, are based on tonal languages. </p><p>Only the tone of the speech is saved in the whistle, while aspects as articulation and phonation are eliminated. These are replaced by other features such as stress and rhythmical variations. However, some languages, like that of the <a href="/wiki/Zezuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Zezuru">Zezuru</a> who speak a <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>-derived dialect, include articulation so that consonants interrupt the flow of the whistle. A similar language is the <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a> whistle language used in the highlands in the Southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. This should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Whistled_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistled sibilant">whistled sibilants</a> of Shona. </p><p>There are two different types of whistle tones - <a href="/wiki/Physics_of_whistles#Hole" title="Physics of whistles">hole tones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics_of_whistles#Edge_tone" title="Physics of whistles">edge tones</a>. A hole (or 'orifice') tone is produced by a fast-moving cylinder (or 'vena contracta') of air that interacts with the slow-moving anulus of air surrounding it.<sup id="cite_ref-Shosted2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shosted2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instability in the boundary layer leads to perturbations that increase in size until a feedback path is established whereby specific frequencies of the resonance chamber are emphasized.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An edge tone, on the other hand, is generated by a thin jet of air that strikes an obstacle. Vortices are shed near the point of disturbance in the flow, alternating on each side of the obstacle or 'wedge'.<sup id="cite_ref-Shosted2006_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shosted2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the best-studied whistled languages is a whistled language based on Spanish called <a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Silbo Gomero language">Silbo</a>, whistled on the island of <a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annie_Rialland" title="Annie Rialland">Rialland</a> 2005). The number of distinctive sounds or phonemes in this language is a matter of disagreement, varying according to the researcher from two to five vowels and four to nine consonants. This variation may reflect differences in speakers' abilities as well as in the methods used to elicit contrasts. The work of Meyer<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer2005_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meyer2008_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clarifies this debate by providing the first statistical analyses of production for various whistlers as well as psycholinguistic tests of vowel identification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-tonal_whistle_languages">Non-tonal whistle languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Non-tonal whistle languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a non-tonal language, segments may be differentiated as follows: </p> <dl><dd>Vowels are replaced by a set of relative pitch ranges generally tracking the f<sub>2</sub> <a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">formant</a> of spoken language.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Stress is expressed by higher pitch or increased length</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Consonants are produced by pitch transitions of different lengths and height, plus the presence or absence of <a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">occlusion</a>. ("Labial <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> are replaced by <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphragm (anatomy)">diaphragm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottal</a> occlusions.")</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_production_techniques">Sound production techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sound production techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Physics_of_whistles" title="Physics of whistles">Physics of whistles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech_production" title="Speech production">Speech production</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place of articulation</a></div> <p>Whistling techniques do not require the vibration of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a>: they produce a shock effect of the compressed air stream inside the cavity of the mouth and/or of the hands. When the jaws are fixed by a finger, the size of the hole is stable. The air stream expelled makes vibrations at the edge of the mouth. The faster the air stream is expelled, the higher is the noise inside the cavities. If the hole (mouth) and the cavity (intra-oral volume) are well matched, the resonance is tuned, and the whistle is projected more loudly. The frequency of this <a href="/wiki/Bioacoustics" title="Bioacoustics">bioacoustical</a> phenomenon is modulated by the morphing of the resonating cavity that can be, to a certain extent, related to the <a href="/wiki/Speech_production#Places_of_articulation" title="Speech production">articulation</a> of the equivalent spoken form.<sup id="cite_ref-Asher,_R._E._1994_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asher,_R._E._1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Apart from the five vowel-phonemes [of Silbo Gomero]—and even these do not invariably have a fixed or steady pitch—all whistled speech-sound realizations are <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glides</a> which are interpreted in terms of range, contour, and steepness."<sup id="cite_ref-Busnel1976_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busnel1976-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bilabial_and_labiodental_techniques">Bilabial and labiodental techniques</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bilabial and labiodental techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a few different techniques of how to produce whistle speech, the choice of which is dependent on practical concerns. <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">labiodental</a> techniques are common for short and medium distance discussions (in a market, in the noise of a room, or for hunting); whereas the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant#Features" title="Retroflex consonant">tongue retroflexed</a>, one or two fingers introduced in the mouth, a blow concentrated at the junction between two fingers or the lower lip pulled while breathing in air are techniques used to reach high levels of power for long distance speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-Asher,_R._E._1994_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asher,_R._E._1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each place has its favorite trend that depends on the most common use of the village and on the personal preferences of each whistler. Whistling with a leaf or a flute is often related to courtship or poetic expression (reported in the Kickapoo language in Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Hmong<sup id="cite_ref-a2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Akha<sup id="cite_ref-a1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cultures in Asia). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physics">Physics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"All whistled languages share one basic characteristic: they function by varying the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of a simple <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">wave-form</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics)">function</a> of time, generally with minimal <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamic variations</a>, which is readily understandable since in most cases their only purpose is long-distance communication."<sup id="cite_ref-Busnel1976_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busnel1976-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A whistled tone is essentially a simple oscillation (or <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a>), and thus <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbral</a> variations are impossible. Normal articulation during an ordinary lip-whistle is relatively easy though the lips move little causing a constant of <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> and making <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">labiodental consonants</a> (p, b, m, f, etc.) problematical.<sup id="cite_ref-Busnel1976_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busnel1976-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_spoken_languages">Comparison with spoken languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comparison with spoken languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limited_expressivity">Limited expressivity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Limited expressivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The expressivity of whistled speech is likely to be somewhat limited compared to spoken speech (although not inherently so), but such a conclusion should not be taken as absolute, as it depends heavily on various factors including the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of the language. For example, in some tonal languages with few tones, whistled messages typically consist of stereotyped or otherwise standardized expressions, are elaborately descriptive, and often have to be repeated. However, in heavily tonal languages such as <a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazatec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, a large amount of information is conveyed through pitch even when spoken, and therefore extensive conversations may be whistled. In any case, even for non-tonal languages, measurements indicate that high intelligibility can be achieved with whistled speech (90%) of intelligibility of non-standardized sentences for Greek<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer2005_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the equivalent for Turkish.<sup id="cite_ref-Busnel1970_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busnel1970-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lack_of_comprehension">Lack of comprehension</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lack of comprehension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Language_comprehension" class="mw-redirect" title="Language comprehension">lack of understanding</a> can be seen with a <a href="/wiki/Confusion_matrix" title="Confusion matrix">confusion matrix</a>. It was tested using two speakers of Silbo (Jampolsky 1999). The study revealed that generally, the vowels were relatively easy to understand, and the consonants a bit more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Rialland2005_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rialland2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Confusion matrix of the vowels in the perception test. 'Produced' vowels are displayed horizontally and 'perceived' vowels vertically (Numbers in bold correspond to correct identifications).</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">  Perceived</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left"><br />Produced</div> </th> <th style="width:2em;">i </th> <th style="width:2em;">e </th> <th style="width:2em;">a </th> <th style="width:2em;">o </th> <th style="width:2em;">u </th></tr> <tr> <th>i </th> <td><b>15</b></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>e </th> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>a </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>79</b></td> <td>5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>o </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td><b>15</b></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>u </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td><b>2</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Confusion matrix of the consonants in the perception test. 'Produced' consonants are displayed horizontally and 'perceived' consonants vertically. (Numbers in bold correspond to correct identifications).</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">  Perceived</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left"><br />Produced</div> </th> <th style="width:2em;">p </th> <th style="width:2em;">β </th> <th style="width:2em;">f </th> <th style="width:2em;">m </th> <th style="width:2em;">t </th> <th style="width:2em;">ð </th> <th style="width:2em;">n </th> <th style="width:2em;">s </th> <th style="width:2em;">t͡ʃ </th> <th style="width:2em;">l </th> <th style="width:2em;">r </th> <th style="width:2em;">rr </th> <th style="width:2em;">j </th> <th style="width:2em;">ɲ </th> <th style="width:2em;">k </th> <th style="width:2em;">ɣ </th></tr> <tr> <th>p </th> <td><b>7</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>β </th> <td></td> <td><b>3</b></td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>f </th> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>m </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>3</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>t </th> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>11</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ð </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>1</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>n </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>4</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>s </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>2</b></td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>t͡ʃ </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>l </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>r </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>rr </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>j </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>3</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>ɲ </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>k </th> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>3</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ɣ </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>2</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_whistled_languages">List of whistled languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: List of whistled languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whistled_Languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Whistled_Languages.svg/220px-Whistled_Languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Whistled_Languages.svg/330px-Whistled_Languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Whistled_Languages.svg/440px-Whistled_Languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of whistled languages</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="List"></span> </p><p>More than 80 whistled languages have been found to date.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following list is of languages that exist or existed in a whistled form, or of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> that speak such languages. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a>, Doohwaayo, <a href="/wiki/Mofu" title="Mofu">Mofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bench_language" title="Bench language">Bench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyda_language" title="Oyda language">Oyda</a><sup id="cite_ref-Amha_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amha-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nchumbulu_language" title="Nchumbulu language">Nchumburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>-derived dialect and similar <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Busnel1970_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busnel1970-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>: <a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight" title="Central Atlas Tamazight">Central Atlas Tamazight</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Tashelhit</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shosted2006_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shosted2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Hierro" title="El Hierro">El Hierro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>): <a href="/wiki/El_Silbo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Silbo">El Silbo</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Silbo Gomero language">Silbo Gomero</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bafia" title="Bafia">Bafia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bape_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bape language (page does not exist)">Bape</a>, Birifor, <a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a>, Burunsi, Daguri, <a href="/wiki/Diola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Diola language">Diola</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fongbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marka_language" title="Marka language">Marka</a>, Ngwe, <a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tshi" title="Tshi">Tshi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ule_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ule language (page does not exist)">Ule</a> (among others)<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Siriono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siriono language">Sirionó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAra-Pirah%C3%A3_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Múra-Pirahã language">Pirahã</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Desano" class="mw-redirect" title="Desano">Desano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amuzgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Amuzgo">Amuzgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinantec" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec">Chinantec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%27ol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ch'ol language">Ch'ol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whistled_speech_among_Kickapoo_Indians_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistled speech among Kickapoo Indians in Mexico">Kickapoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazatec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi</a>, Sayula Popoluca, <a href="/wiki/Tepehua_languages" title="Tepehua languages">Tepehua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapotec language">Zapotec</a>, whistled Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yupik_languages" title="Yupik languages">Yupik</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Taos_language" title="Taos language">Taos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: <a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-a1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a><sup id="cite_ref-a2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chin_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chin languages">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kongthong" title="Kongthong">Kongthong</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>: <a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-a1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a><sup id="cite_ref-a2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>: <a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-a1_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a><sup id="cite_ref-a2_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Island" title="St. Lawrence Island">St. Lawrence Island</a>: for <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik" title="Siberian Yupik">Siberian Yupik</a> inhabitants, see Yupik, Alaska in America mentioned above.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>: <a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-a1_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a><sup id="cite_ref-a2_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bird_language" title="Turkish bird language">Turkish bird language</a> (village of <a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fk%C3%B6y" title="Kuşköy">Kuşköy</a><sup><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fk%C3%B6y,_%C3%87anak%C3%A7%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Kuşköy, Çanakçı">(tr)</a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a2_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q117707514_(oci-whistled)-Univ%C3%B2c64-Aas.wav" title="File:LL-Q117707514 (oci-whistled)-Univòc64-Aas.wav">Aas</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="LL-Q117707514_(oci-whistled)-Univòc64-Aas.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/LL-Q117707514_%28oci-whistled%29-Univ%C3%B2c64-Aas.wav/LL-Q117707514_%28oci-whistled%29-Univ%C3%B2c64-Aas.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/LL-Q117707514_%28oci-whistled%29-Univ%C3%B2c64-Aas.wav/LL-Q117707514_%28oci-whistled%29-Univ%C3%B2c64-Aas.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/LL-Q117707514_%28oci-whistled%29-Univ%C3%B2c64-Aas.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">« Aas », the French village where Occitan is whistled, in Occitan whistle.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (village of Antia on the island of <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>): Sfyria<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (village of <a href="/wiki/Aas,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Aas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Aas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>): <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan language</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yopno_language" title="Yopno language">Yopno</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Amha_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amha-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gadsup_language" title="Gadsup language">Gadsup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binumarien_language" title="Binumarien language">Binumarien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abau" class="mw-redirect" title="Abau">Abau</a>, Polopa, <a href="/wiki/Telefol_language" title="Telefol language">Telefol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauzi_language" title="Bauzi language">Bauzi</a>, (possibly <a href="/wiki/Tairora_language" title="Tairora language">Tairora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narak_language" title="Narak language">Narak</a>, in the latter reportedly linked with the spirits talking)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_means_of_expressing_speech">Other means of expressing speech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other means of expressing speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In West Africa, speech may be conveyed by a whistle or other musical instrument, most famously the "<a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">talking drums</a>". However, while drums may be used by <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griots</a> singing praise songs or for inter-village communication, and other instruments may be used on the <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> for <a href="/wiki/Station_identification" title="Station identification">station identification</a> <a href="/wiki/Jingle" title="Jingle">jingles</a>, for regular conversation at a distance whistled speech is used. As two people approach each other, one may even switch from whistled to spoken speech in mid-sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_language" title="Musical language">Musical language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_the_birds" title="Language of the birds">Language of the birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solresol" title="Solresol">Solresol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_whistled_speech" title="Kickapoo whistled speech">Kickapoo whistled speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(puppet)" title="Sweep (puppet)">Sweep (puppet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clangers" title="Clangers">Clangers</a>, stop motion animation characters using a whistled language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistled fricative">Whistled fricative</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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"Did the Mossynoikoi whistle? A consideration of the distance between poleis in the Black Sea mountains given at Anabasis 5.4.31". <i>Greece and Rome</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 91–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383515000261">10.1017/S0017383515000261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163478579">163478579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+and+Rome&rft.atitle=Did+the+Mossynoikoi+whistle%3F+A+consideration+of+the+distance+between+poleis+in+the+Black+Sea+mountains+given+at+Anabasis+5.4.31&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-105&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383515000261&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163478579%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Shane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistled+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2017" class="citation news cs1">Stein, Eliot (1 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801161637/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170731-greeces-disappearing-whistled-language">"Greece's disappearing whistled language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Travel" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Travel">BBC Travel</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 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"Typology and acoustic strategies of whistled languages: Phonetic comparison and perceptual cues of whistled vowels". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association">Journal of the International Phonetic Association</a></i>. <b>38</b> (1): 69–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003277">10.1017/S0025100308003277</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44526964">44526964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55852067">55852067</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/224991437">224991437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Typology+and+acoustic+strategies+of+whistled+languages%3A+Phonetic+comparison+and+perceptual+cues+of+whistled+vowels&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-94&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55852067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44526964%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100308003277&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Julien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistled+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2004" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Julien (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs0001-37652004000200033">"Bioacoustics of human whistled languages: an alternative approach to the cognitive processes of language"</a>. <i>Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências</i>. <b>76</b> (2): 406–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs0001-37652004000200033">10.1590/s0001-37652004000200033</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15258658">15258658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anais+da+Academia+Brasileira+de+Ci%C3%AAncias&rft.atitle=Bioacoustics+of+human+whistled+languages%3A+an+alternative+approach+to+the+cognitive+processes+of+language&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=406-412&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2Fs0001-37652004000200033&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15258658&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252Fs0001-37652004000200033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistled+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mexico.sil.org/language_culture/chinantecan/sochiapam/sochiapam_whistle">"Sochiapam Chinantec Whistle Speech | SIL Mexico"</a>. <i>mexico.sil.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(November 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopezMontagne2024" class="citation journal cs1">Lopez, Hugo Pierre; Montagne, Delphine (June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-04628915">"Adiu ! Quand l'union des communs fait la force du patrimoine immatériel"</a>. <i>State of the Map France 2024</i>. 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Summer Institute of Linguistics in Mexico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/mexico/chinanteca/sochiapam/13i-Conversacion-cso.htm">the original</a> on 2013-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dallas: SIL International and UT Arlington.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRialland2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rialland, Annie (2005). "Phonological and Phonetic Aspects of Whistled Languages". <i>Phonology</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 237–271. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.484.4384">10.1.1.484.4384</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952675705000552">10.1017/S0952675705000552</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4615531">4615531</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18615779">18615779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonology&rft.atitle=Phonological+and+Phonetic+Aspects+of+Whistled+Languages&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-271&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.484.4384%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18615779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4615531%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0952675705000552&rft.aulast=Rialland&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistled+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Julien (2008). "Typology and acoustic strategies of whistled languages: Phonetic comparison and perceptual cues of whistled vowels". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 69–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003277">10.1017/S0025100308003277</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44526964">44526964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55852067">55852067</a>.</cite><span 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Whistled_languages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Whistled languages">Whistled languages</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistled_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/57291304#">Whistles in the Mist: Whistled Speech in Oaxaca, Mexico</a> "In the Americas with David Yetman" documentary in which Georgetown University linguist Mark Sicoli conducts fieldwork with speaker/whistlers of Sochiápam Chinantec</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemondesiffle.free.fr">The World Whistles Network</a> An international network of research and defense on whistled languages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/mexico/chinanteca/sochiapam/13i-Conversacion-cso.htm">A whistled conversation in Sochiapam Chinantec (SIL-Mexico)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4713068">Whistling to Communicate in Alaska from NPR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elar.soas.ac.uk/Collection/MPI483785">Link to ELAR documentation of Antia Whistling language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://av.voanews.com/clips/VLE/2018/01/12/ffc53ca8-3780-47f3-95d6-91d57345f85f_hq.mp3">MP3 File of a Voice of America Broadcast - UN: Technology Threatens Whistled Language in Turkey - January 12, 2018</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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