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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about the alcoholic drink. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Beer (disambiguation)">Beer (disambiguation)</a>. </div> Beer is an alcoholic beverage produced by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brewing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brewing">brewing</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fermentation_(food)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Starch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Starch">starches</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cereal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cereal">cereal</a> grain—most commonly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malt">malted</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barley">barley</a>, although <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wheat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maize?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maize">maize</a> (corn), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rice">rice</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oat">oats</a> are also used. The grain is mashed to convert <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Starch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Starch">starch</a> in the grain to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sugar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sugar">sugars</a>, which dissolve in water to form <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wort">wort</a>. Fermentation of the wort by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yeast">yeast</a> produces <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethanol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbonation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbonation">carbonation</a> in the beer. Beer is one of the oldest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcoholic_drinks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drinks">alcoholic drinks</a> in the world, the most widely consumed, and the third most popular drink after water and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tea">tea</a>. Most modern beer is brewed with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hops?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hops">hops</a>, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preservative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preservative">preservative</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stabilizing_agent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilizing agent">stabilising agent</a>. Other flavouring agents, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gruit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gruit">gruit</a>, herbs, or fruits, may be included or used instead of hops. In commercial brewing, natural carbonation is often replaced with forced carbonation. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:GravityTap.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GravityTap.jpg/220px-GravityTap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/GravityTap.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="305"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schlenkerla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schlenkerla">Schlenkerla</a> Rauchbier, a traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smoked_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smoked beer">smoked beer</a>, being poured from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cask?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cask">cask</a> into a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_glassware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer glassware">beer glass</a> </figcaption> </figure> Beer is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_distribution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer distribution">distributed</a> in bottles and cans, and is commonly available on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Draught_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Draught beer">draught</a> in pubs and bars. The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multinational_corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multinational corporation">multinational companies</a> and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microbrewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Brewpub" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">brewpubs</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regional_brewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional brewery">regional breweries</a>. The strength of modern beer is usually around 4% to 6% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a> (ABV). Some of the earliest writings mention the production and distribution of beer: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> included laws regulating it, while "The Hymn to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ninkasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a>", a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, contains a recipe for it. Beer forms part of the culture of many nations and is associated with social traditions such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer festival">beer festivals</a>, as well as activities like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pub_crawl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pub crawl">pub crawling</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pub_quiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pub quiz">pub quizzes</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pub_games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pub games">pub games</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prehistory">2.1 Prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_civilisations">2.2 Early civilisations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Medieval">2.3 Medieval</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern">2.4 Modern</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Brewing">3 Brewing</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Process">3.1 Process</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ingredients">3.2 Ingredients</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Industry">3.3 Industry</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Varieties">4 Varieties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Top-fermented_beers">4.1 Top-fermented beers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bottom-fermented_beers">4.2 Bottom-fermented beers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lambic">4.3 Lambic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Non-barley_beers">4.4 Non-barley beers</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Measurement">5 Measurement</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Colour">5.1 Colour</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Strength">5.2 Strength</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Serving">6 Serving</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Draught">6.1 Draught</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Packaging">6.2 Packaging</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Temperature">6.3 Temperature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vessels">6.4 Vessels</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chemistry">7 Chemistry</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nutrition">7.1 Nutrition</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Health_effects">8 Health effects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Society_and_culture">9 Society and culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography">11.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology" title="Ale">Ale § Etymology</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Beowulf_-_beore.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Beowulf_-_beore.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="80"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Beowulf_-_beore.jpg" data-width="181" data-height="80" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: Beore 'beer' </figcaption> </figure> In early forms of English and in the Scandinavian languages, the usual word for beer was the word whose Modern English form is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ale">ale</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fell-1975-Leeds-1">[1]</a> The modern word beer comes into present-day English from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a> bēor, itself from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_Germanic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic">Common Germanic</a>, it is found throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Germanic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Germanic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic">North Germanic</a> dialects (modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dutch_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German language">German</a> bier, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Norse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> bjórr). The earlier etymology of the word is debated: the three main theories are that the word originates in Proto-Germanic *beuzą (putatively from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Indo-European?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> *bʰeusóm), meaning '<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brewer%27s_yeast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewer's yeast">brewer's yeast</a>, beer dregs'; that it is related to the word <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barley">barley</a>, or that it was somehow borrowed from Latin bibere 'to drink'.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fell-1975-Leeds-1">[1]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christine_Fell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christine Fell">Christine Fell</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leeds_Studies_in_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leeds Studies in English">Leeds Studies in English</a> (1975), suggests that the Old English/Norse word bēor did not originally denote ale or beer, but a strong, sweet drink rather like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mead">mead</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cider?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cider">cider</a>. Whatever the case, the meaning of bēor expanded to cover the meaning of ale. When hopped ale from Europe was imported into Britain in the late Middle Ages, it was described as 'beer' to differentiate it from the British unhopped ale, later acquiring a broader meaning.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fell-1975-Leeds-1">[1]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of beer">History of beer</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:St%C3%A8le_Mercenaire_syrien_18%C3%A8me_dynastie_Neues_Museum_image_%C3%A9claircie_et_perspective_corrig%C3%A9e.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/St%C3%A8le_Mercenaire_syrien_18%C3%A8me_dynastie_Neues_Museum_image_%C3%A9claircie_et_perspective_corrig%C3%A9e.jpg/220px-St%C3%A8le_Mercenaire_syrien_18%C3%A8me_dynastie_Neues_Museum_image_%C3%A9claircie_et_perspective_corrig%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="1364"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/St%C3%A8le_Mercenaire_syrien_18%C3%A8me_dynastie_Neues_Museum_image_%C3%A9claircie_et_perspective_corrig%C3%A9e.jpg/220px-St%C3%A8le_Mercenaire_syrien_18%C3%A8me_dynastie_Neues_Museum_image_%C3%A9claircie_et_perspective_corrig%C3%A9e.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/St%C3%A8le_Mercenaire_syrien_18%C3%A8me_dynastie_Neues_Museum_image_%C3%A9claircie_et_perspective_corrig%C3%A9e.jpg/330px-St%C3%A8le_Mercenaire_syrien_18%C3%A8me_dynastie_Neues_Museum_image_%C3%A9claircie_et_perspective_corrig%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/St%C3%A8le_Mercenaire_syrien_18%C3%A8me_dynastie_Neues_Museum_image_%C3%A9claircie_et_perspective_corrig%C3%A9e.jpg/440px-St%C3%A8le_Mercenaire_syrien_18%C3%A8me_dynastie_Neues_Museum_image_%C3%A9claircie_et_perspective_corrig%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ancient Egyptian painting, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18th_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="18th dynasty">18th dynasty</a>, reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akhenaten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 BC, showing Syrian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercenary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> drinking beer through a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drinking_straw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drinking straw">straw</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_Museum_of_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian Museum of Berlin">Egyptian Museum of Berlin</a> </figcaption> </figure> Beer is one of the world's oldest prepared alcoholic drinks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation consists of 13,000 year-old residues of a beer with the consistency of gruel, used by the semi-nomadic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natufian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natufian">Natufians</a> for ritual feasting, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raqefet_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raqefet Cave">Raqefet Cave</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carmel_Mountains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmel Mountains">Carmel Mountains</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haifa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> in northern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC_2018_oldest_brewery-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> There is evidence that beer was produced at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> (around 8500 BC to 5500 BC).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The earliest clear chemical evidence of beer produced from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barley">barley</a> dates to about 3500–3100 BC, from the site of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Godin_Tepe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Godin Tepe">Godin Tepe</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zagros_Mountains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> of western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McGovern-2009-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_civilisations">Early civilisations</h3> </div> Beer is recorded in the written history of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and archaeologists speculate that beer was instrumental in the formation of civilizations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Approximately 5000 years ago, workers in the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uruk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> (modern day Iraq) were paid by their employers with volumes of beer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> During the building of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giza pyramid complex">Great Pyramids in Giza, Egypt</a>, each worker got a daily ration of four to five litres of beer, which served as both nutrition and refreshment and was crucial to the pyramids' construction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Some of the earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer; examples include a prayer to the goddess <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ninkasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a>, known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> which served as both a prayer and a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people, and the ancient advice ("Fill your belly. Day and night make merry") to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilgamesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, recorded in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> by the alewife <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siduri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siduri">Siduri</a>, may, at least in part, have referred to the consumption of beer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebla_tablets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ebla tablets">Ebla tablets</a>, discovered in 1974 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a>, show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> A fermented drink using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sake">sake</a>, mould was not used to saccharify the rice (amylolytic fermentation); the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mastication?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastication">chewing</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malting">malting</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vedic_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a>, there are records of the consumption of the beer-like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">sura</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Eraly2002-19">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Prakash2005-20">[20]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xenophon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> noted that during his travels, beer was being produced in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Jaques_Paysans_fribourgeois_au_bistrot.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Jaques_Paysans_fribourgeois_au_bistrot.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Jaques_Paysans_fribourgeois_au_bistrot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1446"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Jaques_Paysans_fribourgeois_au_bistrot.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Jaques_Paysans_fribourgeois_au_bistrot.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Jaques_Paysans_fribourgeois_au_bistrot.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Jaques_Paysans_fribourgeois_au_bistrot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Jaques_Paysans_fribourgeois_au_bistrot.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Jaques_Paysans_fribourgeois_au_bistrot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> François Jaques: Peasants enjoying beer at pub in Fribourg (Switzerland, 1923) </figcaption> </figure> Beer was spread through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanic_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celts">Celtic</a> tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nelson-2005-22">[22]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. Alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers may have contained fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices, and other substances such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narcotic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narcotic">narcotic</a> herbs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nelson-2005-22">[22]</a> This mixture was called gruit, where if some were improperly heated could cause hallucinations. The mixture of gruit was different from every brewer. What they did not contain was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hops?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hops">hops</a>, as that was a later addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and again in 1067 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbess?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abbess">abbess</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nelson-2005-22">[22]</a> In 1516, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_IV,_Duke_of_Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William IV, Duke of Bavaria">William IV, Duke of Bavaria</a> adopted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reinheitsgebot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reinheitsgebot">Reinheitsgebot</a> (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hops?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hops">hops</a>, and barley-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malt">malt</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Beer produced before the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrial_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> was made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monastery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artisan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artisan">artisanal</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manufacturing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manufacturing">industrial manufacture</a>, while domestic production ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sotp-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3> </div> In 1912, brown bottles began to be used by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Schlitz_Brewing_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company">Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_in_Milwaukee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer in Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>, in the United States. This innovation has since been accepted worldwide as it prevents light rays from degrading the quality and stability of beer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Schlitz-27">[27]</a> The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers, ranging from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brewpub?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewpub">brewpubs</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regional_brewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional brewery">regional breweries</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-market-28">[28]</a> As of 2006, more than 133 billion litres (35 billion US gallons) of beer are sold per year, producing global revenues of US$294.5 billion. In 2010, China's beer consumption hit 450 billion litres (120 billion US gallons), or nearly twice that of the United States, but only 5 per cent sold were premium beers, compared with 50 per cent in France and Germany.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Beer is the most widely consumed of all alcoholic drinks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A widely publicised study in 2018 suggested that sudden decreases in barley production due to extreme drought and heat could in the future cause substantial volatility in the availability and price of beer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Brewing">Brewing</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Process">Process</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brewing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png/170px-The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="921"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png/170px-The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png" data-width="170" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png/255px-The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png/340px-The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A 16th-century brewery </figcaption> </figure> The process of making beer is brewing. It converts the grain into a sugary liquid called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wort">wort</a> and then ferments this into beer in a using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brewer%27s_yeast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewer's yeast">yeast</a>. The first step, mixing malted barley with hot water in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mash_tun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mash tun">mash tun</a>, is "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mashing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mashing">mashing</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The starches are converted to sugars, and the sweet wort is drained off. The grains are washed to extract as much fermentable liquid from the grains as possible.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The sweet wort is put into a kettle, or "copper",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and boiled. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hops?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hops">Hops</a> are added as a source of bitterness, flavour, and aroma. The longer the hops are boiled, the more bitterness they contribute, but the less hop flavour and aroma remain.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The wort is cooled and the yeast is added. The wort is then fermented, often for a week or longer. The yeast settles, leaving the beer clear.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> During fermentation, most of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> is allowed to escape through a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trap (plumbing)">trap</a>. The carbonation is often increased either by transferring the beer to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pressure_vessel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessel</a> and introducing pressurised carbon dioxide or by transferring it before the fermentation is finished so that carbon dioxide pressure builds up inside the container.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-carbonated-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ingredients">Ingredients</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/220px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/220px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/330px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/440px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malted_barley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Malted barley">Malted barley</a> before roasting </figcaption> </figure> The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, usually <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malt">malted</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barley">barley</a>; a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brewer%27s_yeast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewer's yeast">brewer's yeast</a> to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hops?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hops">hops</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> A mixture of starch sources may be used, with a secondary carbohydrate source, such as maize (corn), rice, wheat, or sugar, often termed an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adjunct_(beer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjunct (beer)">adjunct</a>, especially when used alongside malted barley.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Less widely used starch sources include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorghum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cassava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cassava">cassava</a> root in Africa; potato in Brazil; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agave">agave</a> in Mexico.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water">Water</a> is the main ingredient, accounting for 93% of beer's weight.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The level of dissolved bicarbonate influences beer's finished taste.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Due to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mineral">mineral</a> properties of each <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Region">region</a>'s water, specific areas were originally the sole producers of certain types of beer, each identifiable by regional characteristics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-geot-43">[43]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hard_water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hard water">hard water</a> is well-suited to making <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stout">stout</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guinness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guinness">Guinness</a>, while the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plze%C5%88_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plzeň Region">Plzeň Region</a>'s soft water is ideal for brewing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pilsner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pilsner">Pilsner</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pilsner_Urquell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pilsner Urquell">Pilsner Urquell</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-geot-43">[43]</a> The waters of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burton_Bridge_Brewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Burton Bridge Brewery">Burton</a> in England contain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gypsum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, which benefits making <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pale_ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pale ale">pale ale</a> to such a degree that brewers of pale ale add gypsum in a process known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burtonisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Burtonisation">Burtonisation</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The starch source provides the fermentable material and determines the strength and flavour of the beer. The most common starch source used in beer is malted grain. Grain is malted by soaking it in water, allowing it to begin <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germination">germination</a>, and then drying the partially germinated grain in a kiln. Malting produces enzymes that convert starches into fermentable sugars.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Different roasting times and temperatures produce different colours of malt from the same grain. Darker malts produce darker beers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Nearly all beers use barley malt for most of the starch, as its fibrous hull remains attached to the grain during threshing. After malting, barley is milled, which finally removes the hull, breaking it into large pieces. These pieces remain with the grain during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mashing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mashing">mash</a> and act as a filter bed during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lautering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lautering">lautering</a>, when sweet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wort">wort</a> is separated from insoluble grain material. Other grains, including wheat, rice, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oats?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rye?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rye">rye</a>, and less frequently, corn and sorghum may be used. Some brewers have produced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gluten-free_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gluten-free beer">gluten-free beer</a>, made with sorghum, for those who cannot consume <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gluten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gluten">gluten</a>-containing grains like wheat, barley, and rye.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/220px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/220px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/330px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/440px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hops?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hops">Hop cone</a> in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hallertau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hallertau">Hallertau</a>, Germany, hop yard </figcaption> </figure> Flavouring beer is the sole commercial use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hops?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hops">hops</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The flower of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humulus_lupulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humulus lupulus">hop vine</a> acts as a flavouring and preservative agent in nearly all beer made today. The flowers themselves are often called "hops". The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer dates from 822 AD in monastery rules written by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adalard_of_Corbie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adalard of Corbie">Adalard of Corbie</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sotp-26">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bmar-49">[49]</a> though widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer began in the thirteenth century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sotp-26">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bmar-49">[49]</a> Before then, beer was flavoured with other plants such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grains_of_paradise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grains of paradise">grains of paradise</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glechoma_hederacea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultivation_and_uses" title="Glechoma hederacea">alehoof</a>. Combinations of aromatic herbs, berries, and even <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absinth_Wormwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Absinth Wormwood">wormwood</a> were combined into aflavouring mixture known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gruit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gruit">gruit</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Some beers today, such as Fraoch' by the Scottish Heather Ales company use plants other than hops for flavouring.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and Cervoise Lancelot by the French Brasserie-Lancelot company,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Hops contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt; the bitterness of beers is measured on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Bitterness_Units_scale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bitterness Units scale">International Bitterness Units scale</a>. Hops further contribute floral, citrus, and herbal aromas and flavours. They have an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antibiotic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> effect that favours the activity of brewer's yeast over less desirable microorganisms, and aids in "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Head_(beer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Head (beer)">head</a> retention",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> the length of time that a foamy head created by carbonation will last. The acidity of hops is a preservative.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Yeast is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microorganism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microorganism">microorganism</a> responsible for fermenting beer. It <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metabolism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metabolism">metabolises</a> the sugars, producing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethanol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and thereby turns wort into beer. In addition, yeast influences the character and flavour.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The dominant types of beer yeast are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Top-fermenting_yeast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-fermenting yeast">top-fermenting</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bottom-fermenting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom-fermenting">bottom-fermenting</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saccharomyces_pastorianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saccharomyces pastorianus">Saccharomyces pastorianus</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brettanomyces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brettanomyces">Brettanomyces</a> ferments <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lambic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lambic">lambics</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torulaspora_delbrueckii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torulaspora delbrueckii">Torulaspora delbrueckii</a> ferments Bavarian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weissbier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Weissbier">weissbier</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Before the role of yeast in fermentation was understood, fermentation involved wild or airborne yeasts. A few styles, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lambics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambics">lambics</a>, rely on this method today, but most modern fermentation adds pure yeast <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microbiological_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microbiological culture">cultures</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Some brewers add clarifying agents or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Finings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Finings">finings</a> to beer, which typically <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Precipitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitate">precipitate</a> (collect as a solid) out along with protein solids, and are found only in trace amounts in the finished product. This process makes the beer appear <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bright_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bright beer">bright</a> and clean, rather than the cloudy appearance of ethnic and older styles such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wheat_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wheat beer">wheat beers</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Clarifying agents include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isinglass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isinglass">isinglass</a>, from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swimbladder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimbladder">swimbladders</a> of fish; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chondrus_crispus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chondrus crispus">Irish moss</a>, a seaweed; kappa <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carrageenan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carrageenan">carrageenan</a>, from the seaweed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kappaphycus_cottonii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappaphycus cottonii">Kappaphycus cottonii</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyclar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyclar">Polyclar</a> (artificial); and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gelatin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Beer marked "suitable for vegans" is clarified either with seaweed or with artificial agents.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Dreher_S%C3%B6rgy%C3%A1rak_Zrt._(11).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dreher_S%C3%B6rgy%C3%A1rak_Zrt._%2811%29.jpg/220px-Dreher_S%C3%B6rgy%C3%A1rak_Zrt._%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dreher_S%C3%B6rgy%C3%A1rak_Zrt._%2811%29.jpg/220px-Dreher_S%C3%B6rgy%C3%A1rak_Zrt._%2811%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dreher_S%C3%B6rgy%C3%A1rak_Zrt._%2811%29.jpg/330px-Dreher_S%C3%B6rgy%C3%A1rak_Zrt._%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dreher_S%C3%B6rgy%C3%A1rak_Zrt._%2811%29.jpg/440px-Dreher_S%C3%B6rgy%C3%A1rak_Zrt._%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Industrial brewing </figcaption> </figure> In the 21st century, larger breweries have repeatedly absorbed smaller breweries. In 2002, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_African_Breweries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South African Breweries">South African Breweries</a> bought the North American <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miller_Brewing_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miller Brewing Company">Miller Brewing Company</a> to found <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SABMiller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SABMiller">SABMiller</a>, becoming the second-largest brewery after North American <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anheuser-Busch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anheuser-Busch">Anheuser-Busch</a>. In 2004, the Belgian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interbrew?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interbrew">Interbrew</a> was the third-largest brewery by volume, and the Brazilian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AmBev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="AmBev">AmBev</a> was the fifth-largest. They merged into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/InBev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="InBev">InBev</a>, becoming the largest brewery. In 2007, SABMiller surpassed InBev and Anheuser-Busch when it acquired <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Grolsch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Grolsch">Royal Grolsch</a>, the brewer of Dutch brand Grolsch.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In 2008, when InBev (the second-largest) bought Anheuser-Busch (the third-largest), the new Anheuser-Busch InBev company became again the largest brewer in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DBeer%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, according to the market research firm Technavio, AB InBev was the largest brewing company in the world, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heineken_N.V.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heineken N.V.">Heineken</a> second, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CR_Snow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CR Snow">CR Snow</a> third, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlsberg_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlsberg Group">Carlsberg</a> fourth, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Molson_Coors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molson Coors">Molson Coors</a> fifth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Beer_Consumption_by_Country_(with_legend).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg/330px-Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg/330px-Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg/495px-Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg/660px-Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Annual beer consumption per capita by country </figcaption> </figure> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microbrewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">microbrewery</a>, or craft brewery, produces a limited amount of beer. The maximum amount of beer a brewery can produce and still be classed as a 'microbrewery' varies by region and by authority; in the US, it is 15,000 US beer barrels (1.8 megalitres; 390 thousand imperial gallons; 460 thousand US gallons) a year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A brewpub is a type of microbrewery that incorporates a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pub?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pub">pub</a> or other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bar_(establishment)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bar (establishment)">drinking establishment</a>. The highest density of breweries in the world, most of them microbreweries, exists in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franconia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>, Germany, especially in the district of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Franconia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper Franconia">Upper Franconia</a>, which has about 200 breweries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benedictine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bayerische_Staatsbrauerei_Weihenstephan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bayerische Staatsbrauerei Weihenstephan">Weihenstephan</a> brewery in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, Germany, can trace its roots to the year 768, as a document from that year refers to a hop garden in the area paying a tithe to the monastery. It claims to be the oldest working brewery in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Zeit-71">[71]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_style?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer style">Beer style</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HandPumps.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HandPumps.jpg/220px-HandPumps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="586"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HandPumps.jpg/220px-HandPumps.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HandPumps.jpg/330px-HandPumps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HandPumps.jpg/440px-HandPumps.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Cask ale <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer engine">hand pumps</a> with pump clips detailing the beers and their breweries </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Top-fermented_beers">Top-fermented beers</h3> </div> Top-fermented beers are most commonly produced with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Top-fermenting_yeast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-fermenting yeast">top-fermenting yeast</a> which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeast_flocculation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yeast flocculation">clumps</a> and rises to the surface,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a> typically between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F). At these temperatures, yeast produces significant amounts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ester">esters</a> and other secondary flavour and aroma products, and the result is often a beer with slightly "fruity" compounds resembling apple, pear, pineapple, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banana_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banana beer">banana</a>, plum, or prune, among others.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> After the introduction of hops into England from Flanders in the 15th century, "ale" came to mean an unhopped fermented brew, while "beer" meant a brew with an infusion of hops.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The term '<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real_ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real ale">real ale</a>' was coined by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campaign for Real Ale">Campaign for Real Ale</a> (CAMRA) in 1973 for "beer brewed from traditional ingredients, matured by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brewing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Secondary_fermentation" title="Brewing">secondary fermentation</a> in the container from which it is dispensed, and served without the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbonation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbonation">extraneous carbon dioxide</a>". It is applied to both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bottle_conditioned?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle conditioned">bottle conditioned</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cask_conditioned?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cask conditioned">cask conditioned</a> beers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> As for the types of top-fermented beers, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pale_ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pale ale">pale ale</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a> predominantly uses pale malt. It is one of the world's major beer styles and includes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India_pale_ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India pale ale">India pale ale</a> (IPA).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-77">[77]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mild_ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mild ale">Mild ale</a> has a predominantly malty palate. It is usually dark, with an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcohol by volume">abv</a> of 3% to 3.6%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wheat_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a> is brewed with a large proportion of wheat although it often also contains a significant proportion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malted_barley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Malted barley">malted barley</a>. Wheat beers are usually <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Top-fermented?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-fermented">top-fermented</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Warner-79">[79]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stout">Stout</a> is a dark beer made using roasted barley, and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast. There are a number of variations including dry stout (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guinness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guinness">Guinness</a>), sweet stout, and Imperial (or Russian) stout.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-77">[77]</a> Stout was originally the strongest variety of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porter_(beer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porter (beer)">porter</a>, a dark brown beer popular with the street and river <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porter_(carrier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porter (carrier)">porters</a> of eighteenth century London.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-77">[77]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-81">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bottom-fermented_beers">Bottom-fermented beers</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kriek_Beer_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kriek_Beer_1.jpg/130px-Kriek_Beer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1517"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kriek_Beer_1.jpg/130px-Kriek_Beer_1.jpg" data-width="130" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kriek_Beer_1.jpg/195px-Kriek_Beer_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kriek_Beer_1.jpg/260px-Kriek_Beer_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kriek_lambic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kriek lambic">Kriek</a>, a lambic beer brewed with cherries </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lager?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lager">Lager</a> is cool-fermented beer. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pale_lager?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pale lager">Pale lagers</a> are the most commonly drunk beers in the world. Many are of the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pilsner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pilsner">pilsner</a>" type. The name "lager" comes from the German "lagern" for "to store", as brewers in Bavaria stored beer in cool cellars during the warm summer months, allowing the beers to continue to ferment, and to clear any sediment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Lager yeast is a cool bottom-fermenting yeast (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saccharomyces_pastorianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saccharomyces pastorianus">Saccharomyces pastorianus</a>). Lager typically undergoes primary fermentation at 7–12 °C (45–54 °F), and then a long secondary fermentation at 0–4 °C (32–39 °F) (the lagering phase). During the secondary stage, the lager clears and mellows. The cooler conditions inhibit the natural production of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ester">esters</a> and other byproducts, resulting in a "cleaner"-tasting beer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[84]</a> With improved modern yeast strains, most lager breweries use only short periods of cold storage, typically no more than 2 weeks. Some traditional lagers are still stored for several months.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lambic">Lambic</h3> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lambic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lambic">Lambic</a>, a beer of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgian_beers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian beers">Belgium</a>, is naturally fermented using wild yeasts, rather than cultivated. Many of these are not strains of brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and may have significant differences in aroma and sourness. Yeast varieties such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brettanomyces_bruxellensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brettanomyces bruxellensis">Brettanomyces bruxellensis</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brettanomyces_lambicus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brettanomyces lambicus">Brettanomyces lambicus</a> are common in lambics. In addition, other organisms such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lactobacillus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a> bacteria produce acids which contribute to the sourness.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Non-barley_beers">Non-barley beers</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Types_of_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Types of beer">Category:Types of beer</a> </div> Around the world, many traditional and ancient starch-based drinks are classed as beer. In Africa, there are ethnic beers made from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorghum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millet">millet</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oshikundu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[87]</a> in Namibia and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tella?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tella">Tella</a> in Ethiopia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyrgyzstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> also has a beer made from millet; it is a low alcohol, somewhat porridge-like drink called "Bozo".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhutan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, Nepal, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikkim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> also use millet in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chhaang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chhaang">Chhaang</a>, a popular semi-fermented rice/millet drink in the eastern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Himalaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayas</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andes">Andes</a> in South America has <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chicha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chicha">Chicha</a>, made from germinated maize (corn); while the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cauim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cauim">Cauim</a>, a traditional drink made since pre-Columbian times by chewing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manioc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">manioc</a> so that an enzyme (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amylase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amylase">amylase</a>) present in human saliva can break down the starch into fermentable sugars;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a> this is similar to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masato_(beverage)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Masato (beverage)">Masato</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_from_bread?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer from bread">Beers made from bread</a>, among the earliest forms of the drink, are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sahti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sahti">Sahti</a> in Finland, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kvass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kvass">Kvass</a> in Russia and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bouza_(beer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouza (beer)">Bouza</a> in Sudan. 4000 years ago fermented bread was used in Mesopotamia. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_waste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">Food waste</a> activists got inspired by these ancient recipes and use leftover bread to replace a third of the malted barley that would otherwise be used for brewing their craft ale.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[93]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_measurement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer measurement">Beer measurement</a> </div> Beer is measured and assessed by colour, by strength and by bitterness. The strength of modern beer is usually around 4% to 6%, measured as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a> (ABV).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC_News_2010-94">[94]</a> The perceived <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bitter_(taste)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter (taste)">bitterness</a> is measured by the International Bitterness Units scale (IBU), defined in co-operation between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Society_of_Brewing_Chemists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Society of Brewing Chemists">American Society of Brewing Chemists</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Brewery_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Brewery Convention">European Brewery Convention</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The international scale was a development of the European Bitterness Units scale, often abbreviated as EBU, and the bitterness values should be identical.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Colour">Colour</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Paulaner.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paulaner.jpg/170px-Paulaner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="390"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paulaner.jpg/170px-Paulaner.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paulaner.jpg/255px-Paulaner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Paulaner.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paulaner_Brewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paulaner Brewery">Paulaner</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dunkel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dunkel">dunkel</a> – a dark lager </figcaption> </figure> Beer colour is determined by the malt.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The most common colour is a pale amber produced from using pale malts. Pale lager and pale ale are terms used for beers made from malt dried and roasted with the fuel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coke_(fuel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>. Coke was first used for roasting malt in 1642, but it was not until around 1703 that the term pale ale was used.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In terms of sales volume, most of today's beer is based on the pale lager brewed in 1842 in the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plze%C5%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a> in the present-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech beer">Czech Republic</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The modern pale lager is light in colour due to use of coke for kilning, which gives off heat with little smoke.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Dark beers are usually brewed from a pale malt or lager malt base with a small proportion of darker malt added to achieve the desired shade. Other colourants—such as caramel—are also widely used to darken beers. Very dark beers, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stout">stout</a>, use dark or patent malts that have been roasted longer. Some have roasted unmalted barley.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Strength">Strength</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_measurement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Strength" title="Beer measurement">Beer measurement § Strength</a> </div> Beer ranges from less than 3% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a> (abv) to around 14% abv, though this strength can be increased to around 20% by re-pitching with champagne yeast,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mill-104">[104]</a> and to 55% ABVby the freeze-distilling process.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-End-105">[105]</a> The alcohol content of beer varies by local practice or beer style.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pale_lager?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pale lager">pale lagers</a> that most consumers are familiar with fall in the range of 4–6%, with a typical ABVof 5%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The customary strength of British ales is quite low, with many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Session_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Session beer">session beers</a> being around 4% abv.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In Belgium, some beers, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgian_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Table_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian beer">table beer</a> are of such low alcohol content (1%–4%) that they are served instead of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soft_drink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a> in some schools.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The weakest beers are described as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dealcoholized_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dealcoholized beer">'alcohol-free'</a>, typically containing 0.05% ABV; this compares to low alcohol beers which may contain 1.2% ABV or less, and conventional beers which average 4.4% ABV.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DrinkAware-110">[110]</a> The strength of beers has climbed during the later years of the 20th century. Vetter 33, a 10.5% ABV (33 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plato_scale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato scale">degrees Plato</a>, hence Vetter "33") <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doppelbock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppelbock">doppelbock</a>, was listed in the 1994 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guinness_World_Records?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a> as the strongest beer at that time,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[112]</a> though <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samichlaus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Samichlaus">Samichlaus</a>, by the Swiss brewer Hürlimann, had also been listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest at 14% |BV.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Since then, some brewers have used champagne yeasts to increase the alcohol content of their beers. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Adams_(beer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel Adams (beer)">Samuel Adams</a> reached 20% ABVwith Millennium,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mill-104">[104]</a> and then surpassed that amount to 25.6% ABV with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utopias_(beer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopias (beer)">Utopias</a>. The strongest beer brewed in Britain was Baz's Super Brew by Parish Brewery, a 23% ABVbeer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In September 2011, the Scottish brewery <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BrewDog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BrewDog">BrewDog</a> produced Ghost Deer, which, at 28%, they claim to be the world's strongest beer produced by fermentation alone.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ghostdeer-118">[118]</a> The product claimed to be the strongest beer made is Schorschbräu's 2011 Schorschbock 57 with 57,5% ABV.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[120]</a> It was preceded by The End of History, a 55% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgian_ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian ale">Belgian ale</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-End-105">[105]</a> made by BrewDog in 2010. The same company had previously made Sink The Bismarck!, a 41% ABV <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India_pale_ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India pale ale">IPA</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sink-121">[121]</a> and Tactical Nuclear Penguin, a 32% ABV <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_stout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial stout">Imperial stout</a>. Each of these beers are made using the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eisbock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisbock">eisbock</a> method of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fractional_freezing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fractional freezing">fractional freezing</a>, in which a strong ale is partially frozen and the ice is repeatedly removed, until the desired strength is reached,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[123]</a> a process that may class the product as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Distilled_drink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled drink">spirits</a> rather than beer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The German brewery Schorschbräu's Schorschbock, a 31% ABV eisbock,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[127]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hair_of_the_Dog_Brewing_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hair of the Dog Brewing Company">Hair of the Dog</a>'s Dave, a 29% abv <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barley_wine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barley wine">barley wine</a> made in 1994, used the same fractional freezing method.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[128]</a> A 60% ABV <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_cocktail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer cocktail">blend of beer with whiskey</a> was jokingly claimed as the strongest beer by a Dutch brewery in July 2010.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[130]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Serving">Serving</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Draught">Draught</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Draught_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Draught beer">Draught beer</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cask_ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cask ale">Cask ale</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cask_Ales.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cask_Ales.jpg/220px-Cask_Ales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="340"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cask_Ales.jpg/220px-Cask_Ales.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cask_Ales.jpg/330px-Cask_Ales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cask_Ales.jpg/440px-Cask_Ales.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A selection of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cask_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cask beer">cask beers</a> </figcaption> </figure> Draught (also spelled "draft") beer from a pressurised <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keg">keg</a> using a lever-style dispenser and a spout is the most common method of dispensing in bars around the world. A metal keg is pressurised with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) gas which drives the beer to the dispensing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_tap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer tap">tap</a> or faucet. Some beers may be served with a nitrogen/carbon dioxide mixture. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> produces fine bubbles, resulting in a dense <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_head?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer head">head</a> and a creamy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouthfeel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouthfeel">mouthfeel</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In the 1980s, Guinness introduced the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Widget_(beer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Widget (beer)">beer widget</a>, a nitrogen-pressurised ball inside a can which creates a moderately dense, tight head. This approximates the effect of serving from a keg, at least for a British-style beer which does not have a specially large head.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Cask-conditioned ales (or cask ales) are unfiltered and unpasteurised beers. These beers are termed "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real_ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real ale">real ale</a>" by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campaign for Real Ale">CAMRA</a> organisation. When a cask arrives in a pub, it is placed horizontally on a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stillage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stillage">stillage</a>" frame, designed to hold it steady and at the right angle, and then allowed to cool to cellar temperature (typically between 11–13 °C or 52–55 °F),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[133]</a> before being tapped and vented—a tap is driven through a rubber bung at the bottom of one end, and a hard <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spile">spile</a> is used to open a hole in the uppermost side of the cask. The act of stillaging and then venting a beer in this manner typically disturbs all the sediment, so it must be left for a suitable period of hours to days to "drop" (clear) again, as well as to fully <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brewing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conditioning" title="Brewing">condition the beer</a>. At this point the beer is ready to sell, either being pulled through a beer line with a hand pump, or simply being "gravity-fed" directly into the glass.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Draught beer's environmental impact can be 68% lower than bottled beer due to packaging differences.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[136]</a> A life cycle study of one beer brand, including grain production, brewing, bottling, distribution and waste management, shows that the CO2 emissions from a 6-pack of micro-brew beer is about 3 kilograms (6.6 pounds).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-newbelgium-137">[137]</a> The loss of natural habitat potential from the 6-pack of micro-brew beer is estimated to be 2.5 square metres (26 square feet).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Downstream emissions from distribution, retail, storage and disposal of waste can be over 45% of a bottled micro-brew beer's CO2 emissions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-newbelgium-137">[137]</a> Where legal, the use of a refillable jug, reusable bottle or other reusable containers to transport draught beer from a store or a bar, rather than buying pre-bottled beer, can reduce the environmental impact of beer consumption.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Packaging">Packaging</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_bottle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer bottle">Beer bottle</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drink_can?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drink can">Drink can</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Dutch_beers.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dutch_beers.jpg/220px-Dutch_beers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="734"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 231px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dutch_beers.jpg/220px-Dutch_beers.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="231" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dutch_beers.jpg/330px-Dutch_beers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dutch_beers.jpg/440px-Dutch_beers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Assortment of beer bottles </figcaption> </figure> Most beers are cleared of yeast by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filtered_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filtered beer">filtering</a> when packaged in bottles and cans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[140]</a> However, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bottle_conditioning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle conditioning">bottle conditioned</a> beers retain some yeast—either by being unfiltered, or by being filtered and then reseeded with fresh yeast.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Many beers are sold in cans, though there is considerable variation in the proportion between different countries. In Sweden in 2001, 63.9% of beer was sold in cans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142">[142]</a> People either drink from the can or pour the beer into a glass. A technology developed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crown_Holdings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crown Holdings">Crown Holdings</a> for the 2010 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> is the 'full aperture' can, so named because the entire lid is removed during the opening process, turning the can into a drinking cup.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Cans protect the beer from light (thereby preventing spoilage) and have a seal less prone to leaking over time than bottles. Cans were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the quality of a beer, then became commonly associated with less expensive, mass-produced beers, even though the quality of storage in cans is much like bottles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Plastic (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">PET</a>) bottles are used by some breweries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Temperature">Temperature</h3> </div> The temperature of a beer has an influence on a drinker's experience; warmer temperatures reveal the range of flavours in a beer but cooler temperatures are more refreshing. Most drinkers prefer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pale_lager?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pale lager">pale lager</a> to be served chilled, a low- or medium-strength <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pale_ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pale ale">pale ale</a> to be served cool, while a strong <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barley_wine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barley wine">barley wine</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_stout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial stout">imperial stout</a> to be served at room temperature.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Beer writer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Jackson (writer)">Michael Jackson</a> proposed a five-level scale for serving temperatures: well chilled (7 °C or 45 °F) for "light" beers (pale lagers); chilled (8 °C or 46 °F) for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berliner_Weisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berliner Weisse">Berliner Weisse</a> and other wheat beers; lightly chilled (9 °C or 48 °F) for all dark lagers, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altbier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Altbier">altbier</a> and German wheat beers; cellar temperature (13 °C or 55 °F) for regular British <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ale">ale</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stout">stout</a> and most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgian_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian beer">Belgian specialities</a>; and room temperature (15.5 °C or 60 °F) for strong dark ales (especially <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trappist_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trappist beer">trappist beer</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barley_wine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barley wine">barley wine</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Drinking chilled beer began with the development of artificial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Refrigeration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> and by the 1870s, was spread in those countries that concentrated on brewing pale lager.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Chilling beer makes it more refreshing,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[149]</a> though below 15.5 °C (60 °F) the chilling starts to reduce taste awareness<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and reduces it significantly below 10 °C (50 °F).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Beer served unchilled—either cool or at room temperature—reveal more of their flavours. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cask_Marque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cask Marque">Cask Marque</a>, a non-profit UK beer organisation, has set a temperature standard range of 12°–14 °C (53°–57 °F) for cask ales to be served.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vessels">Vessels</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_glassware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer glassware">Beer glassware</a> </div> Beer is consumed out of a variety of vessels, such as a glass, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_stein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer stein">beer stein</a>, a mug, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pewter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pewter">pewter</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tankard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tankard">tankard</a>, a beer bottle or a can; or at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music festival">music festivals</a> and some bars and nightclubs, from a plastic cup. The shape of the glass from which beer is consumed can influence the perception of the beer and can define and accent the character of the style.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Breweries offer branded glassware intended only for their own beers as a marketing promotion, as this increases sales of their product.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The pouring process has an influence on a beer's presentation. The rate of flow from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_tap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer tap">tap</a> or other serving vessel, tilt of the glass, and position of the pour (in the centre or down the side) into the glass all influence the result, such as the size and longevity of the head, lacing (the pattern left by the head as it moves down the glass as the beer is drunk), and the release of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbonation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbonation">carbonation</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[155]</a> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_tower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer tower">beer tower</a> or portable beer tap is sometimes used in bars and restaurants to allow a group of customers to serve themselves. The device consists of a tall container with a cooling mechanism and a beer tap at its base.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[156]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_chemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer chemistry">Beer chemistry</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Fluorescence_in_beer_@_450nm_illumination.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg/220px-Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="1357"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg/220px-Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg/330px-Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg/440px-Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Organic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aromatic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aromatic acid">aromatic acids</a> found naturally in beer, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tryptophan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tyrosine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phenylalanine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phenylalanine">phenylalanine</a>, absorb blue light and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fluorescence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fluorescence">fluoresce</a> in green under 450 nm laser light.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Beer contains the phenolic acids <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4-hydroxyphenylacetic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid">4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vanillic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vanillic acid">vanillic acid</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caffeic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caffeic acid">caffeic acid</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syringic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syringic acid">syringic acid</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P-Coumaric_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="P-Coumaric acid">p-coumaric acid</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferulic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferulic acid">ferulic acid</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinapic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinapic acid">sinapic acid</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis">Alkaline hydrolysis</a> experiments show that most of the phenolic acids are present as bound forms and only a small portion can be detected as free compounds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hops?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hops">Hops</a>, and beer made with it, contain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8-prenylnaringenin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="8-prenylnaringenin">8-prenylnaringenin</a> which is a potent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoestrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phytoestrogen">phytoestrogen</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Hop also contains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Myrcene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Myrcene">myrcene</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humulene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humulene">humulene</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xanthohumol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xanthohumol">xanthohumol</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isoxanthohumol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isoxanthohumol">isoxanthohumol</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Myrcenol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Myrcenol">myrcenol</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linalool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linalool">linalool</a>, tannins, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resin">resin</a>. The alcohol <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2-Methyl-2-butanol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2-Methyl-2-butanol">2M2B</a> is a component of hops brewing.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Herb2K-160">[160]</a> Barley, in the form of malt, brings the condensed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tannin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tannin">tannins</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prodelphinidin_B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prodelphinidin B3">prodelphinidins B3</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prodelphinidin_B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prodelphinidin B9">B9</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prodelphinidin_C2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prodelphinidin C2">C2</a> into beer. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tryptophol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tryptophol">Tryptophol</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tyrosol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tyrosol">tyrosol</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phenethyl_alcohol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phenethyl alcohol">phenylethanol</a> are aromatic higher alcohols (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congener_(alcohol)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Congener (alcohol)">congeners</a>) produced by yeast during the brewing process.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[161]</a> as secondary products of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcoholic_fermentation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic fermentation">alcoholic fermentation</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3> </div> Beers vary in their nutritional content.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sugar-163">[163]</a> The ingredients used to make beer, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Beer" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, provide a rich source of nutrients; therefore beer may contain nutrients including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnesium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selenium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potassium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phosphorus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biotin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biotin">biotin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chromium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B_vitamins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>. Beer is sometimes referred to as "liquid <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bread?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bread">bread</a>",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164">[164]</a> though beer is not a meal in itself.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Nutrition from different beers (serving size: 12 oz./355 ml) </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Beer Brand</th> <th>Carbohydrate (g)</th> <th>Alcohol (%)</th> <th>Energy (kcal)</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anheuser-Busch_brands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Budweiser_Select_55" title="Anheuser-Busch brands">Budweiser Select 55</a></td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>55</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coors_Light?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coors Light">Coors Light</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>102</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guinness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guinness">Guinness</a> Draught</td> <td>10</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>126</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Brewing_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sierra Nevada Brewing Company">Sierra Nevada</a> Bigfoot</td> <td>30.3</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>330</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Short-term effects of alcohol consumption</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-term effects of alcohol consumption">Long-term effects of alcohol consumption</a> </div> A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that moderate ethanol consumption brought no mortality benefit compared with lifetime abstention from ethanol consumption.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Some studies have concluded that drinking small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink in women and two in men, per day) is associated with a decreased risk of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heart_disease?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stroke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, and early death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kee2014-167">[167]</a> Some of these studies combined former ethanol drinkers and lifelong abstainers into a single group of nondrinkers, which hides the health benefits of lifelong abstention from ethanol. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-term effects of alcohol consumption">long-term health effects</a> of continuous, moderate or heavy alcohol consumption include the risk of developing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcoholism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcoholic liver disease">alcoholic liver disease</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcoholism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a>, also known as "alcohol use disorder", is a broad term for any drinking of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethanol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> that results in problems.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[168]</a> It was previously divided into two types: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcohol_abuse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcohol abuse">alcohol abuse</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcohol_dependence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcohol dependence">alcohol dependence</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NIH2003-169">[169]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NIH2013-170">[170]</a> In a medical context, alcoholism is said to exist when two or more of the following conditions are present: a person drinks large amounts over a long time period, has difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol takes up a great deal of time, alcohol is strongly desired, usage results in not fulfilling responsibilities, usage results in social problems, usage results in health problems, usage results in risky situations, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">withdrawal</a> occurs when stopping, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcohol tolerance">alcohol tolerance</a> has occurred with use.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NIH2013-170">[170]</a> Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Schu2014-171">[171]</a> and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kee2014-167">[167]</a> No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking alcoholic beverages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kee2014-167">[167]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In the United States, a total of 3.3 million deaths per year (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NIH2015Stats-173">[173]</a> Overeating and lack of muscle tone is the main cause of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_belly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer belly">beer belly</a>, rather than beer consumption, though a 2004 study found a link between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Binge_drinking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Binge drinking">binge drinking</a> and a beer belly.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Several diet books quote beer as having an undesirably high <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glycemic_index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glycemic index">glycemic index</a> of 110, the same as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maltose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maltose">maltose</a>; however, the maltose in beer undergoes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metabolism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> by yeast during fermentation so that beer consists mostly of water, hop oils and only trace amounts of sugars, including maltose.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The multi-step process of beer production is effective at removing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pesticide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> residues from grain. At each step (e.g. mashing or malting) pesticide levels are typically reduced by 50-90%, varying with the particular process and pesticide's chemical properties.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[176]</a> A 2013 study found that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavour_(taste)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavour (taste)">flavour</a> of beer alone could provoke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dopamine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result. The 49 men in the study were subject to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> scans, while a computer-controlled device sprayed minute amounts of beer, water and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sports_drink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sports drink">sports drink</a> onto their tongues. Compared with the taste of the sports drink, the taste of beer significantly increased the participants desire to drink. Test results indicated that the flavour of the beer triggered a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dopamine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> release, even though alcohol content in the spray was insufficient for the purpose of becoming intoxicated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-177">[177]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drinking_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Beer_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Beer culture">Category:Beer culture</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Oktoberfest2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Oktoberfest2.jpg/220px-Oktoberfest2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Oktoberfest2.jpg/220px-Oktoberfest2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Oktoberfest2.jpg/330px-Oktoberfest2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Oktoberfest2.jpg/440px-Oktoberfest2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A tent at Munich's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oktoberfest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a> in Germany. The event is known as the world's largest beer festival. </figcaption> </figure> Some of the earliest writings mention the production and distribution of beer: the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1750 BC Babylonian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> included laws regulating it,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178">[178]</a> while "The Hymn to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ninkasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a>", a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800 BC prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, a recipe for it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nin-kasi-179">[179]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sumer-180">[180]</a> In many societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink. Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer drinking, such as playing cards, darts, or other pub games; attending <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer festival">beer festivals</a>; engaging in zythology (the study of beer);<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182">[182]</a> visiting a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pub_crawl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pub crawl">series of pubs</a> in one evening; visiting breweries; beer-oriented tourism; or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rating_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rating beer">rating beer</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drinking_game?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_pong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer pong">beer pong</a>, accompany the drinking of beer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Shott_2005-184">[184]</a> Even having a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shower_beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shower beer">shower beer</a>" has developed a following.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dailydot1-185">[185]</a> A relatively new profession is that of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_sommelier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer sommelier">beer sommelier</a>, who informs restaurant patrons about beers and food pairings. Some breweries have developed beers to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foodpairing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Foodpairing">pair with food</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Murphy-186">[186]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Beervana-187">[187]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Wine writer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malcolm_Gluck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malcolm Gluck">Malcolm Gluck</a> disputed the need to pair beer with food, while beer writers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_Protz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger Protz">Roger Protz</a> and Melissa Cole contested that claim.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Beer is considered to be a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_lubricant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social lubricant">social lubricant</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[193]</a> and is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_consumption_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer consumption by country">consumed in countries</a> all over the world. There are breweries in Middle Eastern countries such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_in_Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer in Syria">Syria</a>, and in some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_in_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beer in Africa">African countries</a>. Sales of beer are four times those of wine, which is the second most popular alcoholic drink.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[194]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/28px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/28px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/42px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/56px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Beer">Beer portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer_and_breweries_by_region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer and breweries by region">Beer and breweries by region</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_barley-based_drinks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of barley-based drinks">List of barley-based drinks</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_beer_cocktails?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of beer cocktails">List of beer cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_drinks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of drinks">List of drinks</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_beer_consumption_per_capita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by beer consumption per capita">List of countries by beer consumption per capita</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_food_and_drink_awards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of food and drink awards">List of food and drink awards</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_national_drinks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of national drinks">List of national drinks</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fell-1975-Leeds-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fell-1975-Leeds_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fell-1975-Leeds_1-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fell-1975-Leeds_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFell1975" class="citation report cs1">Fell, Christine (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003111259/http://digital.library.leeds.ac.uk/132/1/LSE1975_pp76-95_Fell_article.pdf">Beor</a> (PDF). Old English (Report). Leeds Studies in English. Vol. 8. Leeds, UK: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Leeds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>. pp. 76–95. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://digital.library.leeds.ac.uk/132/1/LSE1975_pp76-95_Fell_article.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Beor&rft.place=Leeds%2C+UK&rft.series=Leeds+Studies+in+English&rft.pages=76-95&rft.pub=University+of+Leeds&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Fell&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.leeds.ac.uk%2F132%2F1%2FLSE1975_pp76-95_Fell_article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101033209/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid%3D4699266323F0BF6431ED7281B79E085A?authRejection%3Dtrue%26url%3D%252Fview%252FEntry%252F16986">"beer, n.1."</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> Online (1st ed.). Oxford, UK: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1887. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/16986">the original</a> on 1 November 2022. 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Antiquity. 86 (333): 674–695. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS0003598X00047840">10.1017/S0003598X00047840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+role+of+cult+and+feasting+in+the+emergence+of+Neolithic+communities.+New+evidence+from+G%C3%B6bekli+Tepe%2C+south-eastern+Turkey&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=333&rft.pages=674-695&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00047840&rft.aulast=Dietrich&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Heun%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Notroff%2C+Jens&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Zarnkow%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0003598X00047840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-McGovern-2009-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-McGovern-2009_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGovern2009" class="citation book cs1">McGovern, Patrick (2009). 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (51): 17593–17598. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10117593M">2004PNAS..10117593M</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1073%252Fpnas.0407921102">10.1073/pnas.0407921102</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539767">539767</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15590771">15590771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Fermented+beverages+of+pre-+and+proto-historic+China&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=17593-17598&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC539767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15590771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0407921102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..10117593M&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=Patrick+E.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Juzhong&rft.au=Tang%2C+Jigen&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zhiqing&rft.au=Hall%2C+Gretchen+R.&rft.au=Moreau%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Nu%C3%B1ez%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Butrym%2C+Eric+D.&rft.au=Richards%2C+Michael+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chen-Shan&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Guangsheng&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Zhijun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Changsui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC539767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719014915/http://www.echinacities.com/special/Beer-Festival/Content.aspx?n%3D3223">"Li wine: The beer of ancient China"</a>. echinacities.com. China Beer Festivals. 15 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.echinacities.com/Special/Beer-Festival/Content.aspx?n%3D3223">the original</a> on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=echinacities.com&rft.atitle=Li+wine%3A+The+beer+of+ancient+China&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.echinacities.com%2FSpecial%2FBeer-Festival%2FContent.aspx%3Fn%3D3223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Eraly2002-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Eraly2002_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2002" class="citation book cs1">Eraly, Abraham (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DYokatCwNG90C%26pg%3DPT165">Gem in the Lotus</a>. 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Retrieved 8 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+History+of+India&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1587-2&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Om&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzpYb5UOeiwC%26pg%3DPA503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVann2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Vann, Karine (13 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/armenia-might-be-one-oldest-and-youngest-beermaking-countries-world-180964860/">"Armenia might be one of the oldest and youngest beer-making countries in the world"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian Magazine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Armenia+might+be+one+of+the+oldest+and+youngest+beer-making+countries+in+the+world&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft.aulast=Vann&rft.aufirst=Karine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Farmenia-might-be-one-oldest-and-youngest-beermaking-countries-world-180964860%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson-2005-22">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nelson-2005_22-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nelson-2005_22-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nelson-2005_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2005" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Max (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D6xul0O_SI1MC">The Barbarians' Beverage: A history of beer in ancient Europe</a>. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 57. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3795-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3795-1"><bdi>0-8122-3795-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8122-3795-1&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrMNf-p1mu6AC%26dq%3Dhops%2BCarolingian%2BAbbot%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622065706/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/492-years-of-good-beer-germans-toast-the-anniversary-of-their-beer-purity-law-a-549175.html">"492 years of good beer: Germans toast the anniversary of their beer purity law"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Der_Spiegel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>. 23 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/492-years-of-good-beer-germans-toast-the-anniversary-of-their-beer-purity-law-a-549175.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=492+years+of+good+beer%3A+Germans+toast+the+anniversary+of+their+beer+purity+law&rft.date=2008-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F492-years-of-good-beer-germans-toast-the-anniversary-of-their-beer-purity-law-a-549175.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-sotp-26">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sotp_26-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sotp_26-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sotp_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2003" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Martyn (2003). 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Headline. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1165-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1165-1"><bdi>978-0-7553-1165-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer%3A+The+story+of+the+pint&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7553-1165-1&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Schlitz-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Schlitz_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020150826/http://www.slahs.org/history/brewery/schlitz/history4.htm">"A chronological history"</a>. Joseph Schlitz Brewing Co. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. 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Beer-pages.com. June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.beer-pages.com/protz/features/protz-the-brewer.htm">the original</a> on 12 October 2009. 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Msm.cam.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2005/brewing.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper+Brewing+Vessels&rft.pub=Msm.cam.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msm.cam.ac.uk%2Fphase-trans%2F2005%2Fbrewing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisYoung2001" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Michael J.; Young, Tom W. (2001). "Hop chemistry and wort boiling". Brewing. pp. 259–278. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252F978-1-4615-0729-1_15">10.1007/978-1-4615-0729-1_15</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47274-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47274-9"><bdi>978-0-306-47274-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hop+chemistry+and+wort+boiling&rft.btitle=Brewing&rft.pages=259-278&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0729-1_15&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47274-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Young%2C+Tom+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldammer2000" class="citation book cs1">Goldammer, Ted (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027063059/http://www.beer-brewing.com/apex/beer_chapters/ch06_beer_adjuncts.htm">"Chapter 13: Beer Fermentation"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Beer+Fermentation&rft.btitle=The+Brewers+Handbook&rft.pub=Apex+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9675212-0-6&rft.aulast=Goldammer&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beer-brewing.com%2Fapex%2Fbeer_chapters%2Fch06_beer_adjuncts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-carbonated-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-carbonated_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123135205/http://beer.about.com/od/commercialbeers/f/fizz.htm">"How beer is carbonated and why is beer fizzy?"</a>. Commercial Beers. about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://beer.about.com/od/commercialbeers/f/fizz.htm">the original</a> on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.com&rft.atitle=How+beer+is+carbonated+and+why+is+beer+fizzy%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeer.about.com%2Fod%2Fcommercialbeers%2Ff%2Ffizz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.alabev.com/ingredie.htm">Alabev.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123045417/http://www.alabev.com/ingredie.htm">Archived</a> 23 January 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Ingredients of Beer. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.beer-brewing.com/apex/beer_chapters/ch06_beer_adjuncts.htm">beer-brewing.com Beer-brewing.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027063059/http://www.beer-brewing.com/apex/beer_chapters/ch06_beer_adjuncts.htm">Archived</a> 27 October 2007 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ted Goldammer, The Brewers Handbook, Chapter 6 – Beer Adjuncts, Apex Pub (1 January 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9675212-0-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-9675212-0-3">0-9675212-0-3</a>. 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Retrieved 28 August 2017.</li> <li id="cite_note-geot-43">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-geot_43-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-geot_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.agiweb.org/geotimes/aug04/resources.html">"Geology and Beer"</a>. Geotimes. August 2004. Retrieved 5 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geotimes&rft.atitle=Geology+and+Beer&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agiweb.org%2Fgeotimes%2Faug04%2Fresources.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000098.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619014900/http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000098.html">Archived</a> 19 June 2010 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 19 October 1991, "Brewing a good glass of water". 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Retrieved 29 September 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmagalski2006" class="citation web cs1">Smagalski, Carolyn (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art39558.asp">"CAMRA & The First International Gluten Free Beer Festival"</a>. Carolyn Smagalski, Bella Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAMRA+%26+The+First+International+Gluten+Free+Beer+Festival&rft.pub=Carolyn+Smagalski%2C+Bella+Online&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Smagalski&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellaonline.com%2Farticles%2Fart39558.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> A. H. Burgess, Hops: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization, Leonard Hill (1964), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-12350-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-12350-1">0-471-12350-1</a></li> <li id="cite_note-bmar-49">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bmar_49-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bmar_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2004" class="citation book cs1">Unger, Richard W. (2004). 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BrewWiki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011144640/http://brewwiki.com/index.php/Head_Retention">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2007. 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Desmond, Principles of Food, Beverage, and Labor Cost Controls, John Wiley and Sons (2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-42992-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-42992-9">0-471-42992-9</a></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDvNhR0xfHtMC%26dq%3DBrettanomyces%2Blambic%26pg%3DPA221">Google Books</a> Ian Spencer Hornsey, Brewing pp 221–222, Royal Society of Chemistry (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-568-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-568-6">0-85404-568-6</a></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://web.mst.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2001/torulospora_delbrueckii.htm">Web.mst.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809212726/http://web.mst.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2001/torulospora_delbrueckii.htm">Archived</a> 9 August 2011 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> David Horwitz, Torulaspora delbrueckii. 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Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Flaschenkunde&rft.date=2012-05-31&rft.au=Christof+Siemes&rft.au=Georg+Etscheit&rft.au=Claas+Tatje&rft.au=Karin+Ceballos+Betancur&rft.au=Gunhild+L%C3%BCtge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2012%2F23%2FBier-Flaschenkunde%2Fkomplettansicht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DL8RwjqUKLygC%26q%3Dtop%2520fermenting%26pg%3DPA222">Handbook of Brewing: Processes, Technology, Markets</a>. Wiley. 4 June 2009. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-31674-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-31674-8"><bdi>978-3-527-31674-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Brewing%3A+Processes%2C+Technology%2C+Markets&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft.isbn=978-3-527-31674-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8RwjqUKLygC%26q%3Dtop%2520fermenting%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dallg4XxlOM4C%26dq%3Dbeer%2Bfruity%2Besters%26pg%3DPA13">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101033216/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dallg4XxlOM4C%26pg%3DPA13%26lpg%3DPA13%26dq%3Dbeer%2Bfruity%2Besters%26sig%3DACfU3U3y2dmIwcGJCI9sZPpXzWfNHax3Vg">Archived</a> 1 November 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Lalli Nykänen, Heikki Suomalainen, Aroma of Beer, Wine and Distilled Alcoholic Beverages p. 13, Springer (1983), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-1553-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/90-277-1553-X">90-277-1553-X</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DTIYbNdrIsPEC%26dq%3Dterm%2Bale%2B-%2Bunhopped%2Bbeer%26pg%3DPA2">Google books</a> F. G. Priest, Graham G. Stewart, Handbook of Brewing p. 2, CRC Press (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-2657-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-2657-X">0-8247-2657-X</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOborne2000" class="citation news cs1">Oborne, Peter (9 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/4810832/Still-bitter-after-all-these-years.html">"Still bitter after all these years"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/4810832/Still-bitter-after-all-these-years.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Still+bitter+after+all+these+years&rft.date=2000-11-09&rft.aulast=Oborne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2F4810832%2FStill-bitter-after-all-these-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608150337/http://www.beer-pages.com/protz/features/ipa.htm">"Roger Protz on India Pale ale"</a>. beer-pages.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.beer-pages.com/protz/features/ipa.htm">the original</a> on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Protz+on+India+Pale+ale&rft.pub=beer-pages.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beer-pages.com%2Fprotz%2Ffeatures%2Fipa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-77">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_77-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_77-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_77-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/barronflc/beer_and_ale_glossary/0">"Beer and Ale Glossary | The Deluxe Food Lover's Companion - Credo Reference"</a>. search.credoreference.com. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.credoreference.com&rft.atitle=Beer+and+Ale+Glossary+%7C+The+Deluxe+Food+Lover%27s+Companion+-+Credo+Reference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Fbarronflc%2Fbeer_and_ale_glossary%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutula1999" class="citation book cs1">Sutula, David (1999). Mild ale : history, brewing techniques, recipes. Boulder, Colorado: Brewers Publications. pp. 35–37. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0937381687?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0937381687"><bdi>978-0937381687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mild+ale+%3A+history%2C+brewing+techniques%2C+recipes&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=35-37&rft.pub=Brewers+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0937381687&rft.aulast=Sutula&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Warner-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Warner_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1992" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Eric (1992). German Wheat Beer. Boulder, Colorado: Brewers Publications. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937381-34-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937381-34-2"><bdi>978-0-937381-34-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Wheat+Beer&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Brewers+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-937381-34-2&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319235233/http://www.camra.org.uk/page.php?id%3D231">"Porter and Stout"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CAMRA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMRA">CAMRA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.camra.org.uk/page.php?id%3D231">the original</a> on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porter+and+Stout&rft.pub=CAMRA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camra.org.uk%2Fpage.php%3Fid%3D231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:2-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.foodnetwork.com/how-to/packages/food-network-essentials/porter-vs-stout">"Porter Versus Stout: What's the Difference?"</a>. Food Network. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+Network&rft.atitle=Porter+Versus+Stout%3A+What%27s+the+Difference%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodnetwork.com%2Fhow-to%2Fpackages%2Ffood-network-essentials%2Fporter-vs-stout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000041.html">"Porter casts a long shadow on ale history"</a>. beerhunter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403081327/http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000041.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porter+casts+a+long+shadow+on+ale+history&rft.pub=beerhunter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beerhunter.com%2Fdocuments%2F19133-000041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000255.html">Beerhunter.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906031705/http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000255.html">Archived</a> 6 September 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Michael Jackson, BeerHunter, "The birth of lager", 1 March 1996. Retrieved 16 September 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/cshl-bbb090308.php">Eurekalert.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607144649/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/cshl-bbb090308.php">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Gavin Sherlock, EurekAlert, Brewing better beer: Scientists determine the genomic origins of lager yeasts, 10 September 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Rourke2022" class="citation web cs1">O'Rourke, Tim (15 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.brewersjournal.info/science-warm-maturation-and-cold-stabilisation/">"Science: Warm maturation and cold stabilisation"</a>. Brewers Journal. Retrieved 22 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brewers+Journal&rft.atitle=Science%3A+Warm+maturation+and+cold+stabilisation&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft.aulast=O%27Rourke&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewersjournal.info%2Fscience-warm-maturation-and-cold-stabilisation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a> Webb, Tim; Pollard, Chris; and Pattyn, Joris; Lambicland: Lambikland, Rev Ed. (Cogan and Mater Ltd, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9547789-0-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-9547789-0-1">0-9547789-0-1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2100/268/5/05Section3toBib.pdf">"Recuperation"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002104412/http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2100/268/5/05Section3toBib.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recuperation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepress.lib.uts.edu.au%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2100%2F268%2F5%2F05Section3toBib.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411224116/http://ethnomed.org/ethnomed/cultures/ethiop/ethiop_foods.html">"Traditional Foods of the Central Ethiopian Highlands"</a>. Ethnomed.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ethnomed.org/ethnomed/cultures/ethiop/ethiop_foods.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Foods+of+the+Central+Ethiopian+Highlands&rft.pub=Ethnomed.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethnomed.org%2Fethnomed%2Fcultures%2Fethiop%2Fethiop_foods.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurinaMack2005" class="citation book cs1">Surina, Asele; Mack, Glenn Randall (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dj7MTx_zcIR0C%26q%3DKyrgyzstan%2Bbozo%26pg%3DPA101">Food culture in Russia and Central Asia</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 101. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32773-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32773-5"><bdi>978-0-313-32773-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+culture+in+Russia+and+Central+Asia&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32773-5&rft.aulast=Surina&rft.aufirst=Asele&rft.au=Mack%2C+Glenn+Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj7MTx_zcIR0C%26q%3DKyrgyzstan%2Bbozo%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013021707/http://www.trek2himalaya.com/nepal/research_culture_tourism.php">"Research & Culture, Kathmandu rich in Culture, Machchhendranath Temple, Akash Bhairav Temple, Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, Temple of Kumari Ghar, Jaishi Dewal, Martyr's Memorial (Sahid) Gate, Singha Durbar"</a>. Trek2himalaya.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.trek2himalaya.com/nepal/research_culture_tourism.php">the original</a> on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+%26+Culture%2C+Kathmandu+rich+in+Culture%2C+Machchhendranath+Temple%2C+Akash+Bhairav+Temple%2C+Hanumandhoka+Durbar+Square%2C+Temple+of+Kumari+Ghar%2C+Jaishi+Dewal%2C+Martyr%27s+Memorial+%28Sahid%29+Gate%2C+Singha+Durbar&rft.pub=Trek2himalaya.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trek2himalaya.com%2Fnepal%2Fresearch_culture_tourism.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D5GPthV9MyccC%26dq%3DCauim%2Bchewed%26pg%3DPA143">Books.google.co.uk</a>, Lewin Louis and Louis Levin, Phantastica: A Classic Survey on the Use and Abuse of Mind-Altering Plants, Inner Traditions / Bear & Company (1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-783-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-783-6">0-89281-783-6</a></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthropological_Society_of_London1863" class="citation book cs1">Anthropological Society of London (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/anthropological01londgoog">The Anthropological Review</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tr%C3%BCbner_%26_Co?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trübner & Co">Trübner</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/anthropological01londgoog/page/n48">41</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-559-56998-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-559-56998-2"><bdi>978-0-559-56998-2</bdi></a>. <q>Masato yuca</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anthropological+Review&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1863&rft.isbn=978-0-559-56998-2&rft.au=Anthropological+Society+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanthropological01londgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloorScott-ClarkeScott2017" class="citation news cs1">Bloor, Oli; Scott-Clarke, Ed; Scott, Katy (18 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/14/world/toast-ale/index.html">"The brewery that turns bread into beer"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CNN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+brewery+that+turns+bread+into+beer&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft.aulast=Bloor&rft.aufirst=Oli&rft.au=Scott-Clarke%2C+Ed&rft.au=Scott%2C+Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F11%2F14%2Fworld%2Ftoast-ale%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_2010-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBC_News_2010_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/8517607.stm">"World's strongest beer reclaimed"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=World%27s+strongest+beer+reclaimed&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2Fnorth_east%2F8517607.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Brewery_Convention" class="citation web cs1">European Brewery Convention. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519041640/http://www.europeanbreweryconvention.org/EBCmain/commiteesgroups/index.php">"The Analysis Committee"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.europeanbreweryconvention.org/EBCmain/commiteesgroups/index.php">the original</a> on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009. <q>The EBC Analysis Committee also works closely together with the 'American Society of Brewing Chemists' (ASBC) to establish so-called 'International methods' with world-wide recognition of applicability. A partnership declaration between EBC and ASBC has been signed. The integration of the IOB methods of analysis and EBC methods is nearing completion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Analysis+Committee&rft.au=European+Brewery+Convention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanbreweryconvention.org%2FEBCmain%2Fcommiteesgroups%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehigh_Valley_Homebrewers2007" class="citation web cs1">Lehigh Valley Homebrewers (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924090107/http://www.lehighvalleyhomebrewers.org/glossary.html">"Beer and Brewing Glossary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lehighvalleyhomebrewers.org/glossary.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2009. <q>IBUs (International Bittering Units) – The accepted worldwide standard for measuring bitterness in beer, also known as EBU, based on the estimated alpha acid percentage of the hops used and the length of time they are boiled.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beer+and+Brewing+Glossary&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Lehigh+Valley+Homebrewers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lehighvalleyhomebrewers.org%2Fglossary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D5PVTAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bcolor%2Bof%2Bbeer%2Bis%2Bfirst%2Bof%2Ball%2Bdetermined%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bmalt%2Btype.">Google Books</a> Fritz Ullmann, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Vol A-11 pp455, VCH (1985), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-527-20103-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3-527-20103-3">3-527-20103-3</a></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ratebeer.com/Beer-News/Article-579.htm">British Bitter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203045718/http://ratebeer.com/Beer-News/Article-579.htm">Archived</a> 3 February 2010 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "A beer style or a way of life?", RateBeer (January 2006). Retrieved 30 September 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> Martyn Cornell, Beer: The Story of the Pint, Headline (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7553-1165-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7553-1165-5">0-7553-1165-5</a></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000262.html">BeerHunter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712053442/http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000262.html">Archived</a> 12 July 2010 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Michael Jackson, "A Czech-style classic from Belgium", Beer Hunter Online (7 September 1999). Retrieved 20 September 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutson2015" class="citation book cs1">Routson, Ashley (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqO76CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18">The Beer Wench's Guide to Beer: An Unpretentious Guide to Craft Beer</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voyageur_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyageur Press">Voyageur Press</a>. p. 18. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4730-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4730-0"><bdi>978-0-7603-4730-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beer+Wench%27s+Guide+to+Beer%3A+An+Unpretentious+Guide+to+Craft+Beer&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Voyageur+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-4730-0&rft.aulast=Routson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqO76CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DgtKOyU9ci1MC%26dq%3Droasted%2Bmalts%2Bcolor%2Bbeer%26pg%3DPA320">Google Books</a> Costas Katsigris, Chris Thomas, The Bar and Beverage Book pp320, John Wiley and Sons (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-64799-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-64799-3">0-471-64799-3</a></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQDpi_6VnhegC%26dq%3Droasted%2Bmalts%2Bcolor%2Bbeer%26pg%3DPA228">Google Books</a> J. Scott Smith, Y. H. Hui, Food Processing: Principles and Applications pp228, Blackwell Publishing (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8138-1942-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8138-1942-3">0-8138-1942-3</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Mill-104">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mill_104-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mill_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.realbeer.com/library/beerbreak/archives/beerbreak20020214.php">"The 48 proof beer"</a>. Beer Break. Vol. 2, no. 19. Realbeer. 13 February 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226230401/http://www.realbeer.com/library/beerbreak/archives/beerbreak20020214.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beer+Break&rft.atitle=The+48+proof+beer&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=19&rft.date=2002-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realbeer.com%2Flibrary%2Fbeerbreak%2Farchives%2Fbeerbreak20020214.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-End-105">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-End_105-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-End_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.stv.tv/scotland/north/187819-scots-brewery-releases-worlds-strongest-and-most-expensive-beer/">"Scots brewery releases world's strongest and most expensive beer"</a>. news.stv.tv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723194406/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/north/187819-scots-brewery-releases-worlds-strongest-and-most-expensive-beer/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scots+brewery+releases+world%27s+strongest+and+most+expensive+beer&rft.pub=news.stv.tv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stv.tv%2Fscotland%2Fnorth%2F187819-scots-brewery-releases-worlds-strongest-and-most-expensive-beer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Pattinson, Ron (6 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm%23gravity">European Beer Statistics: Beer production by strength</a>. European Beer Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223173711/http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Beer+Statistics%3A+Beer+production+by+strength&rft.pub=European+Beer+Guide&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft.aulast=Pattinson&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanbeerguide.net%2Feustats.htm%23gravity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929085617/http://bendbrewfest.com/index.php?page%3Dglossary">"Fourth Annual Bend Brew Fest"</a>. Bendbrewfest.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://bendbrewfest.com/index.php?page%3Dglossary">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fourth+Annual+Bend+Brew+Fest&rft.pub=Bendbrewfest.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbendbrewfest.com%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dglossary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227092024/http://www.brewersofeurope.org/docs/publications/beerfacts2003.pdf">Beer Facts 2003</a> (PDF). The Brewers of Europe. 6 January 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.brewersofeurope.org/docs/publications/beerfacts2003.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer+Facts+2003&rft.pub=The+Brewers+of+Europe&rft.date=2004-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewersofeurope.org%2Fdocs%2Fpublications%2Fbeerfacts2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn2001" class="citation news cs1">Osborn, Andrew (21 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,510202,00.html">"School dinner? Mine's a lager, please"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221181424/http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0%252C3604%252C510202%252C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=School+dinner%3F+Mine%27s+a+lager%2C+please&rft.date=2001-06-21&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F0%2C3604%2C510202%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-DrinkAware-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DrinkAware_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/facts/information-about-alcohol/alcohol-and-the-facts/difference-between-alcoholic-and-alcohol-free-beers">"What are 'alcohol-free' and 'low alcohol' beers?"</a>. DrinkAware. Retrieved 22 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DrinkAware&rft.atitle=What+are+%E2%80%98alcohol-free%E2%80%99+and+%E2%80%98low+alcohol%27+beers%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drinkaware.co.uk%2Ffacts%2Finformation-about-alcohol%2Falcohol-and-the-facts%2Fdifference-between-alcoholic-and-alcohol-free-beers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.brauhaus-vetter.de/">Vetter Brauhaus</a>. Vetter Brauhaus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116135105/http://www.brauhaus-vetter.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vetter+Brauhaus&rft.pub=Vetter+Brauhaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brauhaus-vetter.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ratebeer.com/Ratings/Beer/Beer-Ratings.asp?BeerID%3D13030">In 1994, the 33 Plato gave it the world's highest gravity. Though the beer can no longer make this claim, it is still one of the world's most renowned strong lagers</a>. Rate Beer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205042743/http://www.ratebeer.com/Ratings/Beer/Beer-Ratings.asp?BeerID%3D13030">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+1994%2C+the+33+Plato+gave+it+the+world%27s+highest+gravity.+Though+the+beer+can+no+longer+make+this+claim%2C+it+is+still+one+of+the+world%27s+most+renowned+strong+lagers&rft.pub=Rate+Beer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratebeer.com%2FRatings%2FBeer%2FBeer-Ratings.asp%3FBeerID%3D13030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928164201/http://www.schloss-eggenberg.at/site/en_srt_samichlaus.asp?id%3D87">"Schloss Eggenberg"</a>. Schloss-eggenberg.at. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.schloss-eggenberg.at/site/en_srt_samichlaus.asp?id%3D87">the original</a> on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schloss+Eggenberg&rft.pub=Schloss-eggenberg.at&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schloss-eggenberg.at%2Fsite%2Fen_srt_samichlaus.asp%3Fid%3D87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000100.html">"Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter — Mine's a pint of Santa Claus"</a>. Beerhunter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917204316/http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000100.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Beer+Hunter+%E2%80%94+Mine%27s+a+pint+of+Santa+Claus&rft.pub=Beerhunter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beerhunter.com%2Fdocuments%2F19133-000100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ratebeer.com/beer/hurlimann-samichlaus/2399/">"Hurlimann Samichlaus from Hürlimann (Feldschlösschen), a Doppelbock style beer: An unofficial page for Hurlimann Samichlaus from Hürlimann (Feldschlösschen) in Zürich, Switzerland"</a>. Ratebeer.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914100453/http://www.ratebeer.com/beer/hurlimann-samichlaus/2399/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hurlimann+Samichlaus+from+H%C3%BCrlimann+%28Feldschl%C3%B6sschen%29%2C+a+Doppelbock+style+beer%3A+An+unofficial+page+for+Hurlimann+Samichlaus+from+H%C3%BCrlimann+%28Feldschl%C3%B6sschen%29+in+Z%C3%BCrich%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Ratebeer.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratebeer.com%2Fbeer%2Fhurlimann-samichlaus%2F2399%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829183922/http://www.beermad.org.uk/brewery/751">"Parish: brewery detail from Beermad"</a>. beermad.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.beermad.org.uk/brewery/751">the original</a> on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parish%3A+brewery+detail+from+Beermad&rft.pub=beermad.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beermad.org.uk%2Fbrewery%2F751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208054934/http://www.brewerysouvenirs.co.uk/parishbrewery/index.htm">"Brewery Souvenirs – Parish Brewery"</a>. brewerysouvenirs.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.brewerysouvenirs.co.uk/parishbrewery/index.htm">the original</a> on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brewery+Souvenirs+%E2%80%93+Parish+Brewery&rft.pub=brewerysouvenirs.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewerysouvenirs.co.uk%2Fparishbrewery%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ghostdeer-118"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ghostdeer_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924083057/http://www.brewdog.com/blog-article/ghost-deer">"BrewDog — Ghost Deer"</a>. brewdog.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.brewdog.com/blog-article/ghost-deer">the original</a> on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BrewDog+%E2%80%94+Ghost+Deer&rft.pub=brewdog.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewdog.com%2Fblog-article%2Fghost-deer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMTC_Media" class="citation web cs1">MTC Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204170417/http://www.brewdog.com/blog-article/the-battle-to-brew-the-worlds-strongest-ever-beer">"BrewDog Blog"</a>. BrewDog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.brewdog.com/blog-article/the-battle-to-brew-the-worlds-strongest-ever-beer">the original</a> on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BrewDog&rft.atitle=BrewDog+Blog&rft.au=MTC+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewdog.com%2Fblog-article%2Fthe-battle-to-brew-the-worlds-strongest-ever-beer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225145026/http://www.benz-weltweit.de/derbraeuvomberch/index_eng.html">"Welcome to Schorschbräu – Home of the Strongest Beers on Earth"</a>. benz-weltweit.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.benz-weltweit.de/derbraeuvomberch/index_eng.html">the original</a> on 25 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=benz-weltweit.de&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Schorschbr%C3%A4u+%E2%80%93+Home+of+the+Strongest+Beers+on+Earth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benz-weltweit.de%2Fderbraeuvomberch%2Findex_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Sink-121"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sink_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/7250444/Strongest-beer-in-the-world-Brewdog-produces-41pc-ale.html">"Strongest beer in the world: Brewdog produces 41pc ale"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. 16 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218131428/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/7250444/Strongest-beer-in-the-world-Brewdog-produces-41pc-ale.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Strongest+beer+in+the+world%3A+Brewdog+produces+41pc+ale&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2Ffoodanddrinknews%2F7250444%2FStrongest-beer-in-the-world-Brewdog-produces-41pc-ale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/8380412.stm">"'World's strongest' beer with 32% strength launched"</a>. BBC News. 26 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127053016/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/8380412.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27World%27s+strongest%27+beer+with+32%25+strength+launched&rft.date=2009-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2Fnorth_east%2F8380412.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129120007/http://www.brewdog.com/product.php?id%3D46">"Buy Tactical Nuclear Penguin"</a>. BrewDog Beer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.brewdog.com/product.php?id%3D46">the original</a> on 29 November 2009. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/all-we-can-eat/beer/beer-anchors-away.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2012. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130153519/http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/nov/26/worlds-strongest-beer-scottish-brewdog">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Scottish+brewer+claims+world%27s+strongest+beer+%26%23124%3B+Society+%26%23124%3B+guardian.co.uk&rft.date=2009-11-26&rft.aulast=Carrell&rft.aufirst=Severin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2009%2Fnov%2F26%2Fworlds-strongest-beer-scottish-brewdog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217014231/http://www.schorschbraeu.de/schorschbraeu/site/">"Willkommen beim Schorschbräu – Die handwerkliche Kleinbrauerei im Fränkischen Seenland"</a>. schorschbraeu.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.schorschbraeu.de/schorschbraeu/site/">the original</a> on 17 December 2009. 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Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906063036/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66S3SR20100729">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Brewer+claims+world%27s+strongest+beer&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE66S3SR20100729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803063820/http://www.brouwerijhetkoelschip.nl/cms/">"Welkom bij Brouwerij Het Koelschip"</a>. brouwerijhetkoelschip.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.brouwerijhetkoelschip.nl/cms/">the original</a> on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welkom+bij+Brouwerij+Het+Koelschip&rft.pub=brouwerijhetkoelschip.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brouwerijhetkoelschip.nl%2Fcms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Draught Equipment and System Configurations". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdn.brewersassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/13094643/Draught-Beer-Quality-Manual-2019.pdf">Draft Beer Quality Manual</a> (PDF). Boulder, Colorado: Brewers Publications. 2019. pp. 3–4. 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Retrieved 5 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+does+the+widget+in+a+beer+can+work%3F&rft.pub=HowStuffWorks&rft.date=2000-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecipes.howstuffworks.com%2Fquestion446.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027200750/http://www.cask-marque.co.uk/beer-information/beer-temperature?highlight%3DYToxOntpOjA7czoxMToidGVtcGVyYXR1cmUiO30%3D">"Beer Temperature"</a>. cask-marque.co.uk. 7 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cask-marque.co.uk/beer-information/beer-temperature?highlight%3DYToxOntpOjA7czoxMToidGVtcGVyYXR1cmUiO30%3D">the original</a> on 27 October 2012. 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Tyrrell, Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History pp95, ABC-CLIO (2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-833-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-833-4">978-1-57607-833-4</a></li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRMB1zH16Q-wC%26q%3Dchilled%2520drink%2520is%2520more%2520refreshing%26pg%3DPA463">Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation</a>. 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Retrieved 6 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Beer+as+liquid+bread%3A+Overlapping+science.&rft.btitle=World+Grains+Summit+2006%3A+Foods+and+Beverages&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.date=2006-09-17%2F2006-09-20&rft.aulast=Bamforth&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaccnet.org%2Fmeetings%2FDocuments%2FPre2009Abstracts%2F2006Abstracts%2FO-76.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamforth2008" class="citation book cs1">Bamforth, Charles W. 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Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 89 (3): 382–93. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.mayocp.2013.11.005">10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24582196">24582196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Alcohol+and+cardiovascular+health%3A+the+dose+makes+the+poison...or+the+remedy.&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=382-93&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mayocp.2013.11.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24582196&rft.aulast=O%27Keefe&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rft.au=Bhatti%2C+S.K.&rft.au=Bajwa%2C+A.&rft.au=DiNicolantonio%2C+J.J.&rft.au=Lavie%2C+C.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.mayocp.2013.11.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittrell2014" class="citation book cs1">Littrell, Jill (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D2k57AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55">Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume II: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse</a>. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 55. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317783145?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781317783145"><bdi>9781317783145</bdi></a>. <q>The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+and+Treating+Alcoholism+Volume+I%3A+An+Empirically+Based+Clinician%27s+Handbook+for+the+Treatment+of+Alcoholism%3A+Volume+II%3A+Biological%2C+Psychological%2C+and+Social+Aspects+of+Alcohol+Consumption+and+Abuse&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317783145&rft.aulast=Littrell&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2k57AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2003-169"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NIH2003_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hasin, Deborah (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318014903/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/5-17.htm">"Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Beer+Here+blog&rft.atitle=Fred+Eckhardt+%27s+Beer-and-Cheese+Tasting&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft.aulast=Foyston&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.oregonlive.com%2Fthebeerhere%2F2007%2F07%2Ffred_ecckhardt_s_beerand_chees.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2005" class="citation news cs1">Fletcher, Janet (17 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f%3D/c/a/2005/02/17/WIGHKBA1OC1.DTL">"Forget wine and cheese parties – the true soul mate for fromage isn't made from grape juice"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Forget+wine+and+cheese+parties+%E2%80%93+the+true+soul+mate+for+fromage+isn%27t+made+from+grape+juice.&rft.date=2005-02-17&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2005%2F02%2F17%2FWIGHKBA1OC1.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-189">^</a> Protz, Roger, The Guardian: Word of Mouth (15 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/jan/15/beer-wine-britain-drinking-habits">Let's hear it for beer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101033319/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/jan/15/beer-wine-britain-drinking-habits">Archived</a> 1 November 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-190">^</a> Cole, Melissa, The Guardian: Word of Mouth (27 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/jan/23/gluck-cole-beer-wine-drink">The eye of the ale storm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101033211/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/jan/23/gluck-cole-beer-wine-drink">Archived</a> 1 November 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>: Word of Mouth (6 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/feb/06/gluck-cole-beer-food-matching">Beer-drinking sadsacks strike back</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305010931/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/feb/06/gluck-cole-beer-food-matching">Archived</a> 5 March 2017 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sherer, Michael (1 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611094703/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76964204.html">"Beer Boss"</a>. Cheers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76964204.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cheers&rft.atitle=Beer+Boss&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft.aulast=Sherer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-76964204.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietler2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dietler, Michael (2006). "Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives". Annual Review of Anthropology. 35: 229–249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Alcohol%3A+Anthropological%2FArchaeological+Perspectives&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=229-249&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dietler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm%23consumption">"Beer Production Per Capita"</a>. European Beer Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028165040/http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Beer+Guide&rft.atitle=Beer+Production+Per+Capita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanbeerguide.net%2Feustats.htm%23consumption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Jeffrey W. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512650-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512650-5"><bdi>0-19-512650-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ale%2C+Beer+and+Brewsters+in+England%3A+Women%27s+work+in+a+changing+world%2C+1300%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996-01-26&rft.isbn=0-19-512650-5&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26q%3Dtablets%2Bof%2Bebla%26pg%3DPA141">Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A historical encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rft.aulast=Dumper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Bruce+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26q%3Dtablets%2Bof%2Bebla%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Martyn (26 January 2024). Beer: The story of the pint. Headline. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1165-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1165-1"><bdi>978-0-7553-1165-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer%3A+The+story+of+the+pint&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7553-1165-1&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Evans, Jeff (26 January 2024). The Book of Beer Knowledge: Essential wisdom for the discerning drinker, a useful miscellany. CAMRA Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85249-198-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85249-198-7"><bdi>978-1-85249-198-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Beer+Knowledge%3A+Essential+wisdom+for+the+discerning+drinker%2C+a+useful+miscellany&rft.pub=CAMRA+Books&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.isbn=978-1-85249-198-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Glover, Brian (26 January 2024). The World Encyclopedia of Beer. 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Hermes House. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84038-597-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84038-597-7"><bdi>978-1-84038-597-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Hermes+House&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.isbn=978-1-84038-597-7&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hampson, Tim (26 January 2024). The Beer Book. Dorling Kindersley. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-5347-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-5347-8"><bdi>978-1-4093-5347-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beer+Book&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4093-5347-8&rft.aulast=Hampson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Haydon, Peter (26 January 2024). Beer and Britannia: An inebriated history of Britain. Sutton. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2748-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2748-2"><bdi>978-0-7509-2748-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer+and+Britannia%3A+An+inebriated+history+of+Britain&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-2748-2&rft.aulast=Haydon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hornsey, I. (26 January 2024). A History of Beer and Brewing. 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The World Guide to Beer. Apple Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85076-000-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-85076-000-4"><bdi>1-85076-000-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Guide+to+Beer&rft.pub=Apple+Press&rft.date=1977-11-06&rft.isbn=1-85076-000-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Jackson (writer)">Jackson, Michael</a> (26 January 1988). The New World Guide to Beer. Courage Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89471-884-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-89471-884-3"><bdi>0-89471-884-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+World+Guide+to+Beer&rft.pub=Courage+Books&rft.date=1988-01-26&rft.isbn=0-89471-884-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Jackson (writer)">Jackson, Michael</a> (2000). Michael Jackson's Beer Companion. Running Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7624-0772-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7624-0772-7"><bdi>0-7624-0772-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Beer+Companion&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7624-0772-7&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Kavanagh, Thomas W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406154556/http://www.morebeer.com/brewingtechniques/library/backissues/issue2.5/kavanagh.html">"Archeological parameters for the origins of beer"</a>. brewing techniques. morebeer.com. issue 2.5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://morebeer.com/brewingtechniques/library/backissues/issue2.5/kavanagh.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=morebeer.com&rft.atitle=Archeological+parameters+for+the+origins+of+beer&rft.aulast=Kavanagh&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmorebeer.com%2Fbrewingtechniques%2Flibrary%2Fbackissues%2Fissue2.5%2Fkavanagh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gregg (26 January 1998). Beer in America: The early years 1587–1840 — beer's role in the settling of America and the birth of a nation. Siris Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937381-65-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-937381-65-9"><bdi>0-937381-65-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer+in+America%3A+The+early+years+1587%E2%80%931840+%E2%80%94+beer%27s+role+in+the+settling+of+America+and+the+birth+of+a+nation&rft.pub=Siris+Books&rft.date=1998-01-26&rft.isbn=0-937381-65-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Marowski, Phil (26 January 2024). Farmhouse Ales: Culture and craftsmanship in the Belgian tradition. Brewers Publications. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937381-84-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937381-84-7"><bdi>978-0-937381-84-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farmhouse+Ales%3A+Culture+and+craftsmanship+in+the+Belgian+tradition&rft.pub=Brewers+Publications&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.isbn=978-0-937381-84-7&rft.aulast=Marowski&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Max (26 January 2024). The Barbarian's Beverage: A history of beer in ancient Europe. Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31121-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31121-2"><bdi>978-0-415-31121-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbarian%27s+Beverage%3A+A+history+of+beer+in+ancient+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31121-2&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Garrett (3 May 2005). The Brewmaster's Table. HarperCollins. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-000571-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-000571-8"><bdi>0-06-000571-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brewmaster%27s+Table&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005-05-03&rft.isbn=0-06-000571-8&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Papazian, Charlie (August 1994). The Complete Joy of Homebrewing. HarperCollins. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-77287-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-77287-6"><bdi>0-380-77287-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Joy+of+Homebrewing&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994-08&rft.isbn=0-380-77287-6&rft.aulast=Papazian&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_Protz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger Protz">Protz, Roger</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/completeguidetow0000prot">The Complete Guide to World Beer</a>. Carlton. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84442-865-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84442-865-6"><bdi>978-1-84442-865-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+World+Beer&rft.pub=Carlton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84442-865-6&rft.aulast=Protz&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteguidetow0000prot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ricketts, Bob (January 2005). Gone for a Burton: Memories from a great British heritage. Pen Press Publishers Limited. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905203-69-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-905203-69-1"><bdi>1-905203-69-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gone+for+a+Burton%3A+Memories+from+a+great+British+heritage&rft.pub=Pen+Press+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=1-905203-69-1&rft.aulast=Ricketts&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sambrook, Pamela (2 August 2003). Country House Brewing in England, 1500–1900. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-127-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-127-9"><bdi>1-85285-127-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+House+Brewing+in+England%2C+1500%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2003-08-02&rft.isbn=1-85285-127-9&rft.aulast=Sambrook&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tierney-Jones, Adrian (26 January 2024). Big Book of Beer. CAMRA. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85249-212-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85249-212-0"><bdi>978-1-85249-212-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Book+of+Beer&rft.pub=CAMRA&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.isbn=978-1-85249-212-0&rft.aulast=Tierney-Jones&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tierney-Jones, drian (23 March 2010). 1001 Beers You Must Taste Before You Die. National Geographic Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-2025-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-2025-4"><bdi>978-0-7893-2025-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Beers+You+Must+Taste+Before+You+Die&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2010-03-23&rft.isbn=978-0-7893-2025-4&rft.aulast=Tierney-Jones&rft.aufirst=drian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tlusty, Ann (26 January 2024). Bacchus and Civic Order: The culture of drink in early modern Germany. University of Virginia Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2045-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2045-0"><bdi>978-0-8139-2045-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bacchus+and+Civic+Order%3A+The+culture+of+drink+in+early+modern+Germany&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-2045-0&rft.aulast=Tlusty&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Eliášek, Jan (26 January 2024). Beer and Breweries of the Czech Republic. Vydavatelství MCU. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7339-328-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7339-328-1"><bdi>978-80-7339-328-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer+and+Breweries+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.pub=Vydavatelstv%C3%AD+MCU&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.isbn=978-80-7339-328-1&rft.aulast=Eli%C3%A1%C5%A1ek&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rail, Evan (26 January 2024). Good Beer Guide Prague & the Czech Republic. CAMRA. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85249-233-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85249-233-5"><bdi>978-1-85249-233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Beer+Guide+Prague+%26+the+Czech+Republic&rft.pub=CAMRA&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft.isbn=978-1-85249-233-5&rft.aulast=Rail&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, J.G.; Geissler, C.A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/newoxfordbookoff00vaug_0">The New Oxford Book of Food Plants</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854825-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854825-6"><bdi>978-0-19-854825-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Book+of+Food+Plants&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-854825-6&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rft.au=Geissler%2C+C.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewoxfordbookoff00vaug_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boulton, Christopher (August 2013). Encyclopaedia of Brewing. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6744-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6744-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-6744-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Brewing&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6744-4&rft.aulast=Boulton&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Colicchio, Tom (October 2011). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garrett_Oliver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Garrett Oliver">Oliver, Garrett</a> (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford Companion To ... (1st hardcover ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 960. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536713-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536713-3"><bdi>978-0-19-536713-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Beer&rft.series=Oxford+Companion+To+...&rft.pages=960&rft.edition=1st+hardcover&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536713-3&rft.aulast=Colicchio&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rhodes, Christine P.; Lappies, Pamela B., eds. (October 1997). The Encyclopedia of Beer (paperback reprint ed.). New York, NY: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Holt_%26_Co?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Holt & Co">Henry Holt & Co</a>. p. 509. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5554-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5554-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-5554-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Beer&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=509&rft.edition=paperback+reprint&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co&rft.date=1997-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-5554-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Webb, Tim; Beaumont, Stephen (October 2012). The World Atlas of Beer: The essential guide to the beers of the world (hardcover ed.). New York, NY: Sterling Epicure. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-8961-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-8961-8"><bdi>978-1-4027-8961-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Beer%3A+The+essential+guide+to+the+beers+of+the+world&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Sterling+Epicure&rft.date=2012-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-8961-8&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Beaumont%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kenning, David (2010). Beers of the World: Over 350 classic beers, lagers, ales, and porters (hardcover ed.). Bath, UK: Parragon. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4454-0878-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4454-0878-1"><bdi>978-1-4454-0878-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beers+of+the+World%3A+Over+350+classic+beers%2C+lagers%2C+ales%2C+and+porters&rft.place=Bath%2C+UK&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Parragon&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4454-0878-1&rft.aulast=Kenning&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Patterson, Mark W.; Hoalst-Pullen, Nancy, eds. (2023). The Geography of Beer: Policies, perceptions, and place (hardcover ed.). Cham: Springer. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-39007-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-39007-4"><bdi>978-3-031-39007-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Beer%3A+Policies%2C+perceptions%2C+and+place&rft.place=Cham&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-031-39007-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Beer">Beer</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"> <noscript> <img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Wikisource logo" data-width="16" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Works on the topic <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Beer" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Beer">Beer</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikisource?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Quotations related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Beer" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Beer">Beer</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" 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.tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DBeer%26oldid%3D1259143223">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beer&oldid=1259143223</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Beer&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 16:28 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2589%25A2%25E1%2588%25AB" title="ቢራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="यवसुरा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यवसुरा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C4%2593or" title="Bēor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A9" title="جعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biera" title="Biera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Biera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BB%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D6%2580" title="Գարեջուր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գարեջուր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir%25C3%25A2" title="Birâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Birâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A7%25B0" title="বিয়েৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিয়েৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ickoteapo" title="Ickoteapo – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ickoteapo" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaguyj%25C3%25BAi" title="Kaguyjúi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kaguyjúi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piv%25C9%2599" title="Pivə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pivə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2587" title="پیوه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیوه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0" title="বিয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25AC-luh" title="Bì-luh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bì-luh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25BA%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Һыра – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2596%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Піва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2596%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Піва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Піва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="बियर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Бира – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бира" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BE%25A6%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BD%2582" title="སྦི་རག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྦི་རག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D1%258D" title="Пивэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пивэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervesa" title="Cervesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cervesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25C4%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Сăра – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doro" title="Doro – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Doro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwrw" title="Cwrw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwrw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2598l" title="Øl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuola" title="Vuola – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuola" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="बियर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2595lu" title="Õlu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õlu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259C%25CF%2580%25CE%25AF%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1" title="Μπίρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπίρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biero" title="Biero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garagardo" title="Garagardo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garagardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588" title="آبجو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبجو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2598l" title="Øl – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%25C3%25A8re" title="Bière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bire" title="Bire – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bire" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beoir" title="Beoir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhune" title="Lhune – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lhune" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leann" title="Leann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervexa" title="Cervexa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cervexa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2595%25A4%25E9%2585%2592" title="啤酒 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25AC%25E0%25AB%2580%25E0%25AA%25AF%25E0%25AA%25B0" title="બીયર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બીયર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BB%25F0%2590%258C%25BF" title="𐌰𐌻𐌿 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌻𐌿" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%25C3%25AE-lu" title="Phî-lu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phî-lu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25A7%25A5%25EC%25A3%25BC" title="맥주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맥주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giya" title="Giya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Giya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BB%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D6%2580" title="Գարեջուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գարեջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="बियर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biro" title="Biro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25C3%25A6%25D0%25B3%25C3%25A6%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B" title="Бæгæны – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бæгæны" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhiya" title="Ubhiya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubhiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%25C3%25B3r" title="Bjór – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bjór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%2594" title="בירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C9%25A9y%25C9%259B%25C9%259Br%25C9%25A9" title="Pɩyɛɛrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩyɛɛrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AC%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D" title="ಬಿಯರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಿಯರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Сыра – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2598" title="ლუდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piw%25C3%25B2" title="Piwò – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Piwò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Сыра – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korev" title="Korev – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Korev" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzoga" title="Inzoga – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inzoga" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2583%25D1%2580" title="Сур – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сур" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/By%25C3%25A8" title="Byè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Byè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laby%25C3%25A8" title="Labyè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Labyè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25AEra" title="Bîra – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bîra" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Сыра – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Сыра – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%259A%25E0%25BA%258D" title="ເບຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເບຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervesia" title="Cervesia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cervesia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alus" title="Alus – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alus" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25A9ier_(Gedr%25C3%25A9nks)" title="Béier (Gedrénks) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Béier (Gedrénks)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alus" title="Alus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25AFra" title="Bïra – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bïra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/birje" title="birje – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="birje" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25B6r" title="Sör – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sör" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="बियर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Пиво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiera" title="Labiera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Labiera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AC%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%25BC" title="ബിയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബിയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="बियर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587" title="بيره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25AC-ci%25C5%25AB" title="Bì-ciū – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bì-ciū" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A8%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580_%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3" title="Шар айраг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шар айраг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25AC" title="ဘီယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘီယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="बियर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2593%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AB" title="ビール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2599%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9" title="Йий – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biir" title="Biir – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biir" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2598l" title="Øl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2598l" title="Øl – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%25C3%25A9the" title="Biéthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Biéthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%25C3%25A8rra" title="Bièrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bièrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Сыра – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%25AC%25E0%25AC%25BF%25E0%25AC%2585%25E0%25AC%25B0" title="ବିଅର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଅର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AC%25E0%25A9%2580%25E0%25A8%2585%25E0%25A8%25B0" title="ਬੀਅਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੀਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier_(Getr%25C3%25A4nk)" title="Bier (Getränk) – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Bier (Getränk)" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25A6%25D8%25B1" title="بیئر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیئر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1" title="بير – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بير" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%25C3%25A9re" title="Biére – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Biére" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_(Drunk)" title="Beer (Drunk) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Beer (Drunk)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveja" title="Cerveja – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerveja" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier_(f%25C3%25B6r_ze_drinke)" title="Bier (för ze drinke) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Bier (för ze drinke)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere" title="Bere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirwisa" title="Sirwisa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirwisa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Пиво – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Пиво – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B1%25D1%258D" title="Пиибэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пиибэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjoor" title="Bjoor – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bjoor" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B6%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A" title="බියර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බියර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjyr" title="Bjyr – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bjyr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25DB%2595" title="بیرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Пиво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olut" title="Olut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2596l" title="Öl – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D" title="பியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Сыра – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AC%25E0%25B1%2580%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%2581" title="బీరు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బీరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C" title="เบียร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B8_%25D2%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2" title="Оби ҷав – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оби ҷав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25A9esevo%2527tamahpe" title="Héesevo'tamahpe – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Héesevo'tamahpe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Пиво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25A6%25D8%25B1" title="بیئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D9%2589%25DB%258B%25D8%25A7" title="پىۋا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىۋا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeujbizciuj" title="Laeujbizciuj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Laeujbizciuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olud" title="Olud – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Olud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia_(th%25E1%25BB%25A9c_u%25E1%25BB%2591ng)" title="Bia (thức uống) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bia (thức uống)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluq" title="Oluq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Oluq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bire" title="Bire – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2595%25A4%25E9%2585%2592" title="啤酒 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbisa" title="Serbisa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Serbisa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2595%25A4%25E9%2585%2592" title="啤酒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byala" title="Byala – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Byala" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8" title="ביר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2595%25A4%25E9%2585%2592" title="啤酒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alos" title="Alos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2595%25A4%25E9%2585%2592" title="啤酒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 16:28 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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