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href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>U.S. House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle U.S. House of Representatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>House impeachment manager in Hastings trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_impeachment_manager_in_Hastings_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downing_Street_memo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downing_Street_memo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Downing Street memo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downing_Street_memo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-What_Went_Wrong_in_Ohio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_Went_Wrong_in_Ohio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span><i>What Went Wrong in Ohio</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_Went_Wrong_in_Ohio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_in_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_in_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Constitution in Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_in_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_anti-Muslim_intolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_anti-Muslim_intolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>On anti-Muslim intolerance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_anti-Muslim_intolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conyers_v._Bush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conyers_v._Bush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Conyers v. Bush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conyers_v._Bush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Ethics controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Copyright bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_Report_on_George_W._Bush_presidency_and_proposed_inquiry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_Report_on_George_W._Bush_presidency_and_proposed_inquiry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>House Report on George W. Bush presidency and proposed inquiry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_Report_on_George_W._Bush_presidency_and_proposed_inquiry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bill_reading_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bill_reading_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Bill reading controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bill_reading_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_accusations_regarding_American_Muslim_spies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_accusations_regarding_American_Muslim_spies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Response to accusations regarding American Muslim spies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_accusations_regarding_American_Muslim_spies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WikiLeaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WikiLeaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>WikiLeaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WikiLeaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_harassment_allegations_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_harassment_allegations_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Sexual harassment allegations and resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_harassment_allegations_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucus_memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucus_memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Caucus memberships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucus_memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detroit_mayoral_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detroit_mayoral_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Detroit mayoral campaigns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Detroit_mayoral_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Detroit mayoral campaigns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Detroit_mayoral_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1989</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1993</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honors and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Conyers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="جون كونيرز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون كونيرز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="جان کانیرز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان کانیرز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Conyers" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Conyers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="جان کانیرز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان کانیرز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Conyers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Conyers" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="جون كونيرز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون كونيرز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Conyers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ジョン・コニャーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・コニャーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Conyers" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="جان کانیرز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان کانیرز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Conyers" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Коньерс, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коньерс, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Conyers" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Conyers" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Conyers" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Conyers" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%80%D1%81" title="Джон Коньєрс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Коньєрс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John Conyers" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·科尼尔斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·科尼尔斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1929–2019)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the American politician. For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Conyers (disambiguation)">John Conyers (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Conyers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Conyers_official_photo_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Conyers_official_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_Conyers_official_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Conyers_official_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John_Conyers_official_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/John_Conyers_official_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="551" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2017</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">44th <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean of the United States House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 2015 – December 5, 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">John Dingell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Don Young</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1965 – December 5, 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">Lucien Nedzi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Jones_(politician)" title="Brenda Jones (politician)">Brenda Jones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Michigan01 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></span> (1965–1993)<br /><span data-sort-value="Michigan14 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 14th congressional district">14th district</a></span> (1993–2013)<br /><span data-sort-value="Michigan13 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 13th congressional district">13th district</a></span> (2013–2017)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 2011 – December 5, 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2007</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">Hamilton Fish IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">Jim Sensenbrenner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">House Oversight Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brooks_(American_politician)" title="Jack Brooks (American politician)">Jack Brooks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Clinger_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Clinger Jr.">William F. Clinger Jr.</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John James Conyers Jr.</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1929-05-16</span>)</span>May 16, 1929<br /><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, Michigan, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 27, 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-10-27)</span> (aged 90)<br />Detroit, Michigan, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Monica_Conyers" title="Monica Conyers">Monica Esters</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1990)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Conyers" title="Ian Conyers">Ian Conyers</a> (grand-nephew)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Conyers_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="John Conyers's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/John_Conyers_signature.png/128px-John_Conyers_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/John_Conyers_signature.png 1.5x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data">US Army</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1948–1950<br />1950–1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">Army National Guard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep._John_Conyers_Introduces_an_Amendment_to_the_Y2K_Act.ogg" title="File:Rep. John Conyers Introduces an Amendment to the Y2K Act.ogg">John Conyers's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="193" data-mwtitle="Rep._John_Conyers_Introduces_an_Amendment_to_the_Y2K_Act.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Rep._John_Conyers_Introduces_an_Amendment_to_the_Y2K_Act.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Rep._John_Conyers_Introduces_an_Amendment_to_the_Y2K_Act.ogg/Rep._John_Conyers_Introduces_an_Amendment_to_the_Y2K_Act.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">John Conyers introduces an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">Y2K Act</a><br />Recorded May 12, 1999</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John James Conyers Jr.</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (May 16, 1929 – October 27, 2019) was an American politician of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> who served as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. representative">U.S. representative</a> from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> from 1965 to 2017. Conyers was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">sixth-longest serving member of Congress</a> and the longest-serving African American member of Congress in history. </p><p>After serving in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, Conyers became active in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. He also served as an aide to Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">John Dingell</a> before winning <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1964 United States House of Representatives elections">election to the House in 1964</a>. He co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> in 1969 and established a reputation as one of the most <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> members of Congress. Conyers joined the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a> after it was founded in 1991. Conyers supported creation of a <a href="/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare" title="Single-payer healthcare">single-payer healthcare</a> system and sponsored the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Health_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Health Care Act">United States National Health Care Act</a>. He also sponsored a bill to establish <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a> as a federal holiday, and was the first congressperson to introduce <a href="/wiki/Commission_to_Study_and_Develop_Reparation_Proposals_for_African-Americans_Act" title="Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act">legislation</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">reparations</a> for the descendants of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> slavery. </p><p>Conyers ran for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Detroit">Mayor of Detroit</a> in 1989 and 1993, but he was defeated in the primary both times. </p><p>Conyers served as the <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking Democratic member</a> on the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on the Judiciary">House Committee on the Judiciary</a> from 1995 to 2007 and again from 2011 to 2017. He served as chairman of that committee from 2007 to 2011 and as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/House_Oversight_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Oversight Committee">House Oversight Committee</a> from 1989 to 1995. As the longest-serving current member of Congress, Conyers was the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">dean of the House of Representatives</a> from 2015 to 2017. By November 2017, he was the last remaining member of Congress who had served since the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. In the wake of allegations that he had sexually harassed female staff members and secretly used taxpayer money to settle a harassment claim, Conyers resigned from Congress on December 5, 2017. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education,_and_early_career"><span id="Early_life.2C_education.2C_and_early_career"></span>Early life, education, and early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, education, and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conyers was born and raised in Detroit, the son of Lucille Janice (Simpson) and John James Conyers, a labor leader.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his siblings was younger brother William Conyers. After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_High_School_(Michigan)" title="Northwestern High School (Michigan)">Northwestern High School</a>, Conyers served in the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_National_Guard" title="Michigan National Guard">Michigan National Guard</a> from 1948 to 1950; the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> from 1950 to 1954; and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">U.S. Army Reserves</a> from 1954 to 1957. Conyers served for a year in Korea during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> as an officer in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> and was awarded combat and merit citations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his active military service, Conyers pursued a college education. He earned both his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> (1957) and <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LL.B.</a> (1958) degrees from <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a>. After he was admitted to the bar, he worked on the staff of Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">John Dingell</a>. He also served as counsel to several Detroit-area <a href="/wiki/Local_union" title="Local union">labor union locals</a>. From 1961 to 1963, he was a referee for Michigan's workmen's compensation department.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conyers became one of the leaders of the civil rights movement. He was present in <a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma, Alabama</a>, on October 7, 1963, for the voter registration drive known as Freedom Day.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1964, Conyers ran for an open seat in what was then the 1st District, and defeated Republican Robert Blackwell with 84% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was reelected 13 times with even larger margins. After the <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990 United States census</a>, Michigan lost a congressional district, and there was redistricting. Conyers's district was renumbered as the <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 14th congressional district">14th district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Conyers_1977_Congressional_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Conyers_1977_Congressional_photo.jpg/180px-John_Conyers_1977_Congressional_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Conyers_1977_Congressional_photo.jpg/270px-John_Conyers_1977_Congressional_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Conyers_1977_Congressional_photo.jpg/360px-John_Conyers_1977_Congressional_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Conyers during the <a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th United States Congress</a> (1977)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1992, Conyers won re-election to his 15th term in his new district, which included western suburbs of Detroit, with 82% of the vote against Republican nominee John Gordon.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won re-election another nine times after that. His worst re-election performance was in <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections">2010</a>, when he got 77% of the vote against Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Don_Ukrainec" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Ukrainec">Don Ukrainec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, his district was renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 13th congressional district">13th district</a>. </p><p>In total, Conyers won re-election twenty-five times and was serving in his twenty-sixth term. He was the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">dean of the House</a> as longest-serving current member, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service#U.S._House_time" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">third longest-serving member of the House in history</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service#Combined_U.S._Senate_and_U.S._House_time" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">sixth longest-serving member of Congress in history</a>. He was the second-longest serving member of either house of Congress in Michigan's history, trailing only his former boss, Dingell. He was also the last member of the large Democratic freshman class of 1964 who was still serving in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2014, Wayne County Clerk Cathy Garrett determined that Conyers had not submitted enough valid nominating petition signatures to appear on the August 2014 Primary Election ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of his workers circulating petitions were not themselves registered voters at the time, which was required under Michigan law. But on May 23, Federal District Judge Matthew Leitman issued an injunction placing Conyers back on the ballot, ruling that the requirement that circulators be registered voters was similar to an Ohio law which had been found unconstitutional in 2008 by a Federal appeals court.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Michigan Secretary of State's office subsequently announced they would not appeal the ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conyers was one of the 13 founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> (CBC) and was considered the Dean of that group. Formed in 1969, the CBC was founded to strengthen African American lawmakers' ability to address the legislative concerns of Black and minority citizens. He served longer in Congress than any other African American. In 1971, he was one of the original members of <a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Nixon's Enemies List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, Conyers won a seat as a freshman on the influential <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary Committee</a>, which was then chaired by Democratic Congressman <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Emanuel Celler</a> of New York. The assignment was considered an elite one, as Judiciary ranked behind only <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Ways and Means</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations</a> in terms of the number of Members who sought assignment there.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_Rep._John_Conyers,_All_People%27s_Congress,_Detroit_MI,_USA_1981.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Photo_of_Rep._John_Conyers%2C_All_People%27s_Congress%2C_Detroit_MI%2C_USA_1981.jpeg/159px-Photo_of_Rep._John_Conyers%2C_All_People%27s_Congress%2C_Detroit_MI%2C_USA_1981.jpeg" decoding="async" width="159" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Photo_of_Rep._John_Conyers%2C_All_People%27s_Congress%2C_Detroit_MI%2C_USA_1981.jpeg/239px-Photo_of_Rep._John_Conyers%2C_All_People%27s_Congress%2C_Detroit_MI%2C_USA_1981.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Photo_of_Rep._John_Conyers%2C_All_People%27s_Congress%2C_Detroit_MI%2C_USA_1981.jpeg/318px-Photo_of_Rep._John_Conyers%2C_All_People%27s_Congress%2C_Detroit_MI%2C_USA_1981.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Conyers at the All People's Congress in Detroit, 1981</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton_and_John_Conyers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bill_Clinton_and_John_Conyers.jpg/220px-Bill_Clinton_and_John_Conyers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bill_Clinton_and_John_Conyers.jpg/330px-Bill_Clinton_and_John_Conyers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bill_Clinton_and_John_Conyers.jpg/440px-Bill_Clinton_and_John_Conyers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Conyers shaking hands with President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Journal" title="National Journal">National Journal</a></i>, Conyers has been considered, with <a href="/wiki/Pete_Stark" title="Pete Stark">Pete Stark</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_McDermott" title="Jim McDermott">Jim McDermott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lee" title="Barbara Lee">Barbara Lee</a>, to be one of the most <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> members of Congress for many years. <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a>, known for her prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott</a>, moved to Detroit and served on Conyers's staff between 1965 and 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conyers was known to have opposed regulation of <a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">online gambling</a>. He opposed the <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_Internet_Gambling_Enforcement_Act_of_2006" title="Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006">Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> in 1968, Conyers introduced the first bill in Congress to make King's birthday a federal holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to propose legislation to establish the federal holiday in every session of Congress from 1968 to 1983, when <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a> was finally <a href="/wiki/Passage_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Passage of Martin Luther King Jr. Day">signed into law</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983 he joined with 7 other congressional representatives to sponsor a resolution to <a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Ronald_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Efforts to impeach Ronald Reagan">impeach Ronald Reagan</a> over his sudden and unexpected <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">invasion of Grenada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GeniusImpeachment_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeniusImpeachment-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>The New Republic</i>, Conyers was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conyers introduced the "Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/house-bill/3745">H.R. 3745</a>) in January 1989. He re-introduced this bill each congressional term. It calls for establishing a commission to research the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in the United States">history</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a> and its effects on current society, which is to recommend ways to remedy this injustice against African Americans. The current version was introduced and referred to committee on January 3, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conyers first introduced the proposed resolution in 1989, and has stated his intention to annually propose this act until it is approved and passed. Since 1997, the bill has been designated "H.R. 40", most recently, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/40">H.R. 40</a>, alluding to the promise of "<a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">forty acres and a mule</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If passed, the commission would explore the longstanding effects of slavery on today's society, politics, and economy. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p>"My bill does four things: It acknowledges the fundamental injustice and inhumanity of slavery; It establishes a commission to study slavery, its subsequent racial and economic discrimination against freed slaves; It studies the impact of those forces on today's living African Americans; and the commission would then make recommendations to Congress on appropriate remedies to redress the harm inflicted on living African Americans."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Conyers served as the ranking Democratic member on the House Committee on the Judiciary from 1995 to 2007 and again from 2011 to 2017. He served as chairman of that committee from 2007 to 2011 and as chairman of the House Oversight Committee from 1989 to 1995. As the longest-serving current member of Congress, Conyers was the dean of the House of Representatives from 2015 to 2017.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In March 2016, Rep. Conyers and Representative <a href="/wiki/Hank_Johnson" title="Hank Johnson">Hank Johnson</a> introduced legislation to protect consumers' access to civil courts. The bill was entitled the "Restoring Statutory Rights Act".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Conyers served more than 50 years in Congress, becoming the <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">sixth-longest serving member of Congress in U.S. history</a>; he was the longest-serving African American member of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 2017, Conyers was the last remaining member of Congress who had served since the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nixon_and_Watergate">Nixon and Watergate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nixon and Watergate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conyers was critical of President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> during his tenure. He was listed as number 13 on President <a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Nixon's enemies list</a> during the president's 1969–74 presidential tenure. The president's Chief Counsel described him as "coming on fast", and said he was "emerging" as a "black anti-Nixon spokesman".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conyers, who voted to <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeach Nixon</a> in July 1974,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote at the time, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My analysis of the evidence clearly reveals an Administration so trapped by its own war policy and a desire to remain in office that it entered into an almost unending series of plans for spying, burglary and wiretapping, inside this country and against its own citizens, and without precedent in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Health_Care_Act">National Health Care Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National Health Care Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conyers submitted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Health_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Health Care Act">United States National Health Care Act</a> (Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act) (H.R. 676); as of 2015, it had 49 cosponsors. He introduced it with 25 cosponsors, in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reintroduced it each session since then. The act calls for the creation of a universal <a href="/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">single-payer health care</a> system in the United States, in which the government would provide every resident health care free of charge. To eliminate disparate treatment between richer and poorer Americans, the Act would prohibit private insurers from covering any treatment or procedure already covered by the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_impeachment_manager_in_Hastings_trial">House impeachment manager in Hastings trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: House impeachment manager in Hastings trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conyers was one of the <a href="/wiki/House_impeachment_managers" class="mw-redirect" title="House impeachment managers">House impeachment managers</a> who prosecuted the in case the <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">impeachment trial</a> of Judge <a href="/wiki/Alcee_Hastings" title="Alcee Hastings">Alcee Hastings</a>. Hastings was found guilty by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and removed from his federal judgeship.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downing_Street_memo">Downing Street memo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Downing Street memo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 5, 2005, Conyers and 88 other members of Congress wrote an open letter to the White House inquiring about the <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_memo" title="Downing Street memo">Downing Street memo</a>. This was a leaked memorandum that revealed an apparent secret agreement between the Bush administration and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Blair_ministry" title="Second Blair ministry">Second Blair ministry</a> to <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invade Iraq</a> in 2002. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, among the first to publish news of the leak, wrote that the discovered documented revealed the intentions of Bush and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a> to invade Iraq, along with revealing that the two had "discussed creating pretextual justifications for doing so."<sup id="cite_ref-thetimes_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetimes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The memo story broke in the United Kingdom, but did not receive much coverage in the United States. Conyers said: "This should not be allowed to fall down the memory hole during wall-to-wall coverage of the <a href="/wiki/People_v._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="People v. Jackson">Michael Jackson trial</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilbanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennifer Wilbanks">runaway bride</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conyers and others reportedly considered sending a congressional investigation delegation to London.<sup id="cite_ref-thetimes_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetimes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="What_Went_Wrong_in_Ohio"><i>What Went Wrong in Ohio</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: What Went Wrong in Ohio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Fringe_theories plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-fringe-theories" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may present <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FRINGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FRINGE">fringe theories</a>, without giving <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">appropriate weight</a> to the mainstream view</b> and explaining the responses to the fringe theories.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit">help improve it</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:John_Conyers" title="Talk:John Conyers">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In May 2005, Conyers released a report about <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_election_voting_controversies" title="2004 United States election voting controversies">voting irregularities</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2004_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 U.S. presidential election">2004 U.S. presidential election</a> called <i>What Went Wrong in Ohio: The Conyers Report On The 2004 Presidential Election</i>. Some of the claims in the report pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="Voter suppression in the United States">voter suppression</a> tend to have been supported, including through court cases. Some of the claims pertaining to manipulation of the count and similar <a href="/wiki/Election_fraud_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Election fraud in the United States">election fraud</a> have been refuted.<sup id="cite_ref-v937_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v937-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently this report should be considered a representation of a minority view. </p><p>The report included the following claims: <sup id="cite_ref-conyers05_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conyers05-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Too few voting machines in Kerry-voting wards, leading to long queues. A <i>Washington Post</i> piece exemplified <a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Ohio" title="Franklin County, Ohio">Franklin County</a>, where wards with many machines per voter mostly had Bush majorities, and wards with relatively few machines per voter were typically in favor of Kerry. The numbers disenfranchised statewide were in the tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of voters.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Secretary_of_State" title="Ohio Secretary of State">Ohio Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Blackwell" title="Ken Blackwell">Ken Blackwell</a> made a decision to limit provisional ballots, leading to the estimated disenfranchisement of tens or hundreds of thousands of voters.</li> <li>Voter turnout for minorities was suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Voter_caging" title="Voter caging">caging</a> targeting 35,000 of these voters, and "challenging" tactics were used to intimidate voters and cause longer lines.</li> <li>Where absentee ballots were not issued in time, provisional ballots were not permitted, affecting thousands or tens of thousands, especially seniors. The order from Ken Blackwell to do this was found illegal by a federal court, violating the <a href="/wiki/Help_America_Vote_Act" title="Help America Vote Act">Help America Vote Act</a>.</li> <li>Improper voter purges and registration errors disenfranchised at least 10,000 voters, likely tens of thousands statewide.</li> <li>93,000 spoiled ballots where no vote was cast for president, including undervote rates as high as 25% in some counties, from people who likely stood in line.</li> <li>Statistical abnormalities in the differences between <a href="/wiki/Exit_poll" title="Exit poll">exit poll</a> results and actual votes registered at those locations.</li> <li>Issues of faulty <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">electronic voting</a> machines, such as over 24 electronic machines in <a href="/wiki/Mahoning_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahoning County">Mahoning County</a> transferring an indeterminate quantity of votes into the Bush column and out of the Kerry column.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Ohio" title="Warren County, Ohio">Warren County</a>, public observers were prevented from viewing the vote counting, due to specious claims that a terrorist threat had been called by the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>. The FBI stated it gave no such warnings.</li> <li>Little-known <a href="/wiki/Third_party_candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party candidate">third party candidates</a> got twenty times more votes than would be expected in <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga County</a>.</li> <li>Voter turnout of a suspiciously-high 98.55% in <a href="/wiki/Miami_County,_Ohio" title="Miami County, Ohio">Miami County</a>.</li> <li>Provisional ballots being rejected due to lack of guidance on how to process. In once case, about 8,000 of the 24,000 provisional ballots were rejected.</li> <li>Cheat sheets were handed out by a voting machine manufacturer to the election officials, giving guidance on how to avoid doing a hand-recount in the face of anomalies.</li></ul> <p>While some courts before the election found that certain restrictive voting policies of Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell were illegal,<sup id="cite_ref-o031_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o031-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claims of voter and machine fraud swaying the election have not achieved mainstream acceptance,<sup id="cite_ref-v937_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v937-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several have been refuted.<sup id="cite_ref-h520_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h520-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conyers was one of 31 members of the House who voted not to count the 20 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state was won by Republican President George Bush by 118,457 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution_in_Crisis">Constitution in Crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Constitution in Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lead-up_to_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-up to the Iraq War">Lead-up to the Iraq War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NLN_John_Conyers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NLN_John_Conyers.jpg/220px-NLN_John_Conyers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NLN_John_Conyers.jpg/330px-NLN_John_Conyers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NLN_John_Conyers.jpg/440px-NLN_John_Conyers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Conyers at an <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">anti-war march</a> in Newark, New Jersey, in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 4, 2006, Conyers released his report, <i>The Constitution in Crisis: The Downing Street Minutes and Deception, Manipulation, Torture, Retributions and Cover-ups in the Iraq War</i>, an edited collection of information intended to serve as evidence that the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">Bush administration</a> altered <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (information gathering)">intelligence</a> to justify the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Constitution in Crisis</i> examines much of the evidence presented by the Bush administration prior to the invasion and questions the credibility of their sources of intelligence. In addition, the document investigates conditions that led to the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">torture scandal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison" title="Abu Ghraib prison">Abu Ghraib prison</a> in Iraq, as well as further evidence of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> having been committed but not made known to the public. Finally, the document reports on a series of "smear tactics" purportedly used by the administration in dealing with its political adversaries. The document calls for the <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">censure</a> of President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>. Conyers refused to back <a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">impeachment</a> proceedings, however.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_anti-Muslim_intolerance">On anti-Muslim intolerance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: On anti-Muslim intolerance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conyers proposed House Resolution 288, which condemns "religious intolerance" and emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as needing special protection from acts of violence and intolerance. It states that "it should never be official policy of the United States Government to disparage the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, Islam, or any religion in any way, shape, or form," and "calls upon local, State, and Federal authorities to work to prevent <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">bias-motivated crimes</a> and acts against all individuals, including those of the Islamic faith." The bill was referred to the House subcommittee on the Constitution in June 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Conyers introduced House Resolution 160, a house resolution that would have condemned the conduct of <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Gujarat">chief minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Gujarat">State of Gujarat</a> in India. The resolution was cosponsored by Republican Representative <a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Pitts" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph R. Pitts">Joseph R. Pitts</a> (Republican of Pennsylvania). The resolution's title was: "Condemning the conduct of Chief Minister Narendra Modi for his actions to incite religious persecution and urging the United States to condemn all violations of <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom in India">religious freedom in India</a>." The resolution cited a 2004 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom" title="United States Commission on International Religious Freedom">United States Commission on International Religious Freedom</a> report on Modi stating that he was "widely accused of being reluctant to bring the perpetrators of the killings of Muslims and non-Hindus to justice". (See <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a>.) The resolution was not adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conyers_v._Bush">Conyers v. Bush</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conyers v. Bush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conyers_v._Bush" title="Conyers v. Bush">Conyers v. Bush</a></div> <p>In April 2006 Conyers, together with ten other senior <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Congress">congressmen</a>, filed an action in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Michigan" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan">U.S. District Court in the Eastern District of Michigan, Southern Division</a>, challenging the constitutionality of the <a href="/wiki/Deficit_Reduction_Act_of_2005" title="Deficit Reduction Act of 2005">Deficit Reduction Act of 2005</a>. The complaint alleged the <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bill</a> was not afforded due consideration by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> before being signed by the President.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action was subsequently dismissed on grounds of lack of <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics_controversy">Ethics controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethics controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> and the U.S. Attorney's office sent independent letters to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Standards_of_Official_Conduct" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct">House Ethics Committee</a>, saying two former aides of Conyers had alleged that Conyers used his staff to work on several local and state campaigns of other politicians – including <a href="/wiki/Monica_Conyers" title="Monica Conyers">his wife</a> – for the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_City_Council" title="Detroit City Council">Detroit City Council</a>. (She won a seat in 2005.) He also forced them to baby-sit and chauffeur his children.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late December 2006, Conyers "accepted responsibility" for violating House rules. A statement issued December 29, 2006, by the House Ethics Committee chairman <a href="/wiki/Doc_Hastings" title="Doc Hastings">Doc Hastings</a> and Ranking Minority Member <a href="/wiki/Howard_Berman" title="Howard Berman">Howard Berman</a>, said Conyers acknowledged what he characterized as a "lack of clarity" in his communications with staff members regarding their official duties and responsibilities, and accepted responsibility for his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-ethicsviolation_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethicsviolation-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In deciding to drop the matter, Hastings and Berman said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p>After reviewing the information gathered during the inquiry, and in light of Representative Conyers's cooperation with the inquiry, we have concluded that this matter should be resolved through the issuance of this public statement and the agreement by Representative Conyers to take a number of additional, significant steps to ensure that his office complies with all rules and standards regarding campaign and personal work by congressional staff.<sup id="cite_ref-ethicsviolation_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethicsviolation-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_bill">Copyright bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Copyright bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conyers repeatedly introduced the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Copyright_in_Research_Works_Act" title="Fair Copyright in Research Works Act">Fair Copyright in Research Works Act</a>, a bill that would overturn the <a href="/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Open-access_mandate" title="Open-access mandate">open-access mandate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>. Conyers's bill would forbid the government from mandating that federally funded research be made freely available to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation was supported by the publishing industry,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opposed by groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writers <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Eisen" title="Michael Eisen">Michael Eisen</a> accused Conyers of being influenced by publishing houses, who have contributed significant money to his campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_Report_on_George_W._Bush_presidency_and_proposed_inquiry">House Report on George W. Bush presidency and proposed inquiry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: House Report on George W. Bush presidency and proposed inquiry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 13, 2009, the House Committee on the Judiciary, led by Conyers, released <i>Reining in the Imperial Presidency: Lessons and Recommendations Relating to the Presidency of George W. Bush</i>, a 486-page report detailing alleged abuses of power that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">Bush administration</a>, and a comprehensive set of recommendations to prevent recurrence. Conyers introduced a bill to set up a "truth commission" panel to investigate alleged policy abuses of the Bush administration.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bill_reading_controversy">Bill reading controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bill reading controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late July 2009, Conyers, commenting on the <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United States">healthcare debate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House">House</a>, stated: "I love these members, they get up and say, 'Read the bill'<span class="nowrap"> </span>... What good is reading the bill if it's a thousand pages and you don't have two days and two lawyers to find out what it means after you read the bill?" His remark brought criticism from <a href="/wiki/Government_transparency" class="mw-redirect" title="Government transparency">government transparency</a> advocates such as the <a href="/wiki/Sunlight_Foundation" title="Sunlight Foundation">Sunlight Foundation</a>, which referred to readthebill.org<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in response.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_to_accusations_regarding_American_Muslim_spies">Response to accusations regarding American Muslim spies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Response to accusations regarding American Muslim spies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October, Conyers responded to allegations from four Republican Congress Members, in the wake of the launch of the book <i><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mafia" title="Muslim Mafia">Muslim Mafia</a></i>, that the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_American-Islamic_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council on American-Islamic Relations">Council on American-Islamic Relations</a> (CAIR) sought to plant Muslim "spies" in <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>. He strongly opposed the accusations, saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p>It shouldn't need to be said in 2009, and after the historic election of our first African-American president, but let me remind all my colleagues that patriotic Americans of all races, religions, and beliefs have the right – and the responsibility – to participate in our political process, including by volunteering to work in Congressional offices. Numerous Muslim-American interns have served the House ably and they deserve our appreciation and respect, not attacks on their character or patriotism.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: WikiLeaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At a December 16, 2010, hearing of the <a href="/wiki/House_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Judiciary Committee">House Judiciary Committee</a> on the subject of "the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act</a> and the Legal and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitutional</a> Issues Raised by <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conyers "argue[d] strongly against prosecuting WikiLeaks in haste – or at all."<sup id="cite_ref-WikiHearing_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WikiHearing-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He strongly defended the <a href="/wiki/Whistleblowing" title="Whistleblowing">whistleblowing</a> organization, saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p>As an initial matter, there is no doubt that WikiLeaks is very unpopular right now. Many feel that the WikiLeaks publication was offensive. But being unpopular is not a crime, and publishing offensive information is not either. And the repeated calls from politicians, journalists, and other so-called experts crying out for criminal prosecutions or other extreme measures make me very uncomfortable. Indeed, when everyone in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">this town</a> is joined together calling for someone's head, that is it a pretty strong sign we need to slow down and take a closer look.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... [L]et us not be hasty, and let us not legislate in a climate of fear or prejudice. For, in such an atmosphere, it is our <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">constitutional</a> freedoms and our cherished <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> that are the first to be sacrificed in the false service of our <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WikiHearing_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WikiHearing-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Conyers's statement was "in marked contrast to the repeated calls from other members of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a> officials to prosecute WikiLeaks head <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a> immediately."<sup id="cite_ref-WikiHearing_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WikiHearing-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, Conyers, along with <a href="/wiki/Ted_Yoho" title="Ted Yoho">Ted Yoho</a>, introduced a bipartisan amendment to the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act" title="National Defense Authorization Act">National Defense Authorization Act</a> which would prohibit the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> from providing any form of assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Battalion</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine" title="National Guard of Ukraine">National Guard of Ukraine</a> unit accused by Conyers of being a "far-right <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a> militia". The amendment was subsequently passed by the House of Representatives in 2015. Conyers' decision to introduce the amendment was the subject of both praise and criticism, with detractors noting that claiming that large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazis</a> are members of the Azov Battalion is a common theme of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">propaganda in Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conyers stated, "If there's one simple lesson we can take away from U.S. involvement in conflicts overseas, it's this: Beware of unintended consequences. As was made vividly clear with U.S. involvement in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> during <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">the Soviet invasion</a> decades ago, overzealous military assistance or the hyper-weaponization of conflicts can have destabilizing consequences and ultimately undercut our own national interests."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also voiced concerns about sending <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">anti-aircraft missiles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian rebels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_harassment_allegations_and_resignation">Sexual harassment allegations and resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sexual harassment allegations and resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2017_United_States_political_sexual_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 United States political sexual scandals">2017 United States political sexual scandals</a></div> <p>In 2015, a former employee of Conyers alleged that he had sexually harassed her and dismissed her. She filed an affidavit with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Office_of_Compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Office of Compliance">Congressional Office of Compliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conyers had entered into a confidentiality agreement with the former employee and had paid her a $27,000 (~$33,936 in 2023) settlement from his publicly funded office budget in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed" title="BuzzFeed">BuzzFeed</a></i> reported on the allegations and settlement on November 20, 2017; <i>Buzzfeed</i> also reported allegations that Conyers "repeatedly made sexual advances to female staff," caressed female staffers' hands in a sexual manner, and rubbed their backs and legs in public.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beavers17_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beavers17-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 21, 2017, Conyers issued a statement in which he said, "In our country, we strive to honor this fundamental principle that all are entitled to due process. In this case, I expressly and vehemently denied the allegations made against me, and continue to do so. My office resolved the allegations – with an express denial of liability – in order to save all involved from the rigors of protracted litigation."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also on November 21, 2017, the House Ethics Committee launched an investigation into multiple sexual harassment allegations against Conyers.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 22, 2017, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> reported that <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Sloan" title="Melanie Sloan">Melanie Sloan</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Responsibility_and_Ethics_in_Washington" title="Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington">Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington</a> (CREW), publicly accused Conyers of having harassed and verbally abused her during her tenure working for the House Judiciary Committee. On one occasion, Sloan alleged that Conyers had summoned to his office, where she found him sitting in his underwear; she quickly departed.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in November 2017, there were reports that another woman accused Conyers of sexual harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> House Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>, who had initially stated that Conyers was an "icon" and had done a great deal to protect women,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called upon Conyers to resign. She said the allegations against him were "very credible".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 5, 2017, aged 88, Conyers resigned his House seat because of his mounting sexual scandals.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement came the day after another former staffer released an affidavit accusing Conyers of sexual harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day, an article by <i>The Washington Post</i> published allegations by Courtney Morse that Conyers had threatened her with a similar fate to that of <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Levy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandra Levy">Chandra Levy</a>, a staffer found murdered in a park in Washington, DC. She said that after she rejected his advances, he "said he had insider information on the case. I don't know if he meant it to be threatening, but I took it that way."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a time when the <a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">MeToo movement</a> was pushing for action against men who harassed women, some media and supporters in Detroit believed Conyers had been unfairly treated.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was reported as the "first sitting politician to be ousted from office in the wake of the #MeToo movement."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucus_memberships">Caucus memberships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Caucus memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBCfoundingmembers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/CBCfoundingmembers.jpg/240px-CBCfoundingmembers.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/CBCfoundingmembers.jpg/360px-CBCfoundingmembers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/CBCfoundingmembers.jpg/480px-CBCfoundingmembers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Conyers, (standing, second from right) with fellow founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> in 1971</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Founding Member and Dean of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sikh_Congressional_Caucus" title="American Sikh Congressional Caucus">American Sikh Congressional Caucus</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_International_Conservation_Caucus" title="United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus">United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Out of Afghanistan Caucus (Co-chair)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Congressional Full Employment Caucus<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Arts_Caucus" title="Congressional Arts Caucus">Congressional Arts Caucus</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterschool_Caucuses" title="Afterschool Caucuses">Afterschool Caucuses</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_NextGen_9-1-1_Caucus" title="Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus">Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detroit_mayoral_campaigns">Detroit mayoral campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Detroit mayoral campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While serving in the U.S. House, Conyers made two unsuccessful runs for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Detroit">mayor of Detroit</a>: one in 1989 against incumbent <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a> and again in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1989">1989</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Incumbent Democratic Mayor Coleman Young decided to run for a fifth term, despite growing unpopularity and the declining economy of Detroit. In the September primary, Young won with 51% of the vote. Accountant Tom Barrow qualified for the November run-off by having 24%, and Conyers received 18% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the difficulties of the city, Young defeated Barrow in the run-off with 56% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993">1993</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1993"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1993, incumbent Democratic Mayor Coleman Young decided to retire instead of seeking a sixth term, citing his age and health. Many observers believed he had decided not to test his growing unpopularity. In a <i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit News">Detroit News</a></i> poll in February, 81% said Young should retire.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conyers was one of the 23 candidates who qualified for ballot access.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Archer" title="Dennis Archer">Dennis Archer</a> was the front runner in the mayoral campaign from the beginning. The 51-year-old former <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court" title="Michigan Supreme Court">State Supreme Court Justice</a> raised over $1.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>million to finance his campaign. He won the September primary with 54% of the vote. Conyers came in fourth place.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archer won the November election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_Conyers" title="Electoral history of John Conyers">Electoral history of John Conyers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conyers married <a href="/wiki/Monica_Conyers" title="Monica Conyers">Monica Esters</a>, a teacher in Detroit, in 1990. She was 25 and he was 61; they had two sons together, John James III and Carl Edward Conyers.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monica Conyers served as vice administrator of Detroit's public schools, and in 2005 was elected to the Detroit City Council.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Monica Conyers pleaded guilty to bribery charges on June 26, 2009<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and served slightly more than 27 months in prison;<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her sentence was completed on May 16, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2015, Monica Conyers filed for divorce, citing a "breakdown of the marriage".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Conyerses reconciled in late 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conyers's grandnephew, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Conyers" title="Ian Conyers">Ian Conyers</a>, was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Senate" title="Michigan Senate">Michigan Senate</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He generated controversy by telling of Conyers's planned retirement in interviews before the Congressman announced it himself, and claiming his great-uncle's endorsement.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Congressman's resignation, Ian Conyers announced that he would run in the special election for the Congressman's seat. The Congressman instead endorsed his son, John Conyers III, as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Conyers III chose not to run. Ian Conyers was defeated in the Democratic primary by <a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Rashida Tlaib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conyers died at his home in Detroit on October 27, 2019, at the age of 90.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His funeral was held on November<span class="nowrap"> </span>4 at Detroit's Greater Grace Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, Conyers was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">History of African Americans in Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">List of African-American United States representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Socialists_of_America_who_have_held_office_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Democratic Socialists of America who have held office in the United States">List of Democratic Socialists of America who have held office in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRO-IP_Act" title="PRO-IP Act">PRO-IP Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Health_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Health Care Act">United States National Health Care Act</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Michigan" title="Portal:Michigan">Michigan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possessive (Conyers's), plural (Conyerses), and plural possessive (Conyerses') all have three syllables.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/C/CONYERS,-John,-Jr--(C000714)/">"Conyers, John, Jr. 1929–2019"</a>. history.house.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conyers%2C+John%2C+Jr.+1929%E2%80%932019&rft.pub=history.house.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FPeople%2FListing%2FC%2FCONYERS%2C-John%2C-Jr--%28C000714%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614140930/http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/one-michigans-finest-john-conyers">"One of Michigan's finest, John Conyers!"</a>. African American Registry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/one-michigans-finest-john-conyers">the original</a> on June 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+of+Michigan%27s+finest%2C+John+Conyers%21&rft.pub=African+American+Registry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaregistry.org%2Fhistoric_events%2Fview%2Fone-michigans-finest-john-conyers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytobit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/10/27/us/ap-us-obit-john-conyers-bio-box.html">"John Conyers' Life at a Glance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Associated Press. May 16, 1929<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Conyers%27+Life+at+a+Glance&rft.date=1929-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Faponline%2F2019%2F10%2F27%2Fus%2Fap-us-obit-john-conyers-bio-box.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn, Howard</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youcantbeneutral00zinn_0"><i>You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train</i></a></span>. Beacon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youcantbeneutral00zinn_0/page/63">63</a>–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807070581" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807070581"><bdi>978-0807070581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Can%27t+Be+Neutral+on+a+Moving+Train&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0807070581&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoucantbeneutral00zinn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/former-congressman-john-conyers-passes-away">"Former Congressman John Conyers passes away"</a>. FOX 2 Detroit. October 1, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Congressman+John+Conyers+passes+away&rft.pub=FOX+2+Detroit&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox2detroit.com%2Fnews%2Fformer-congressman-john-conyers-passes-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/99681347/">"24 Mar 1992, Page 11"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a></i>. March 24, 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2019</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=24+Mar+1992%2C+Page+11&rft.date=1992-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F99681347%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/99197328/">"5 Nov 1992, Page 20"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a></i>. November 5, 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2019</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Battle+Creek+Enquirer&rft.atitle=3+Nov+2010%2C+Page+7&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F203490431%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/10/27/john-conyers-obituary/2908410002/">"John Conyers, longest-serving black member of Congress in history, dies"</a>. Detroitnews.com. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Associated Press. November 6, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=2633701">the original</a> on February 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Judge+Dismisses+Budget+Bill+Lawsuit&rft.date=2006-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D2633701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/12/griffin.conyers/index.html">"Congressman accused of using staff to baby-sit"</a>. CNN. April 12, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congressman+accused+of+using+staff+to+baby-sit&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FPOLITICS%2F04%2F12%2Fgriffin.conyers%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0604/13/lol.05.html">"Civilian Employee Held Hostage at Baltimore Police Station; Moussaoui Testifies; 9/11: Delayed Death; Congressional Baby Sitter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. April 13, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2019</span>. <q>When it came to Conyers, staff members said doing errands and babysitting were only the half of it. Conyers, they told CNN, regularly used his congressional staff to work on other politicians' campaigns. Chief among them, the campaign of his very own wife, Detroit City Councilwoman Monica Conyers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Civilian+Employee+Held+Hostage+at+Baltimore+Police+Station%3B+Moussaoui+Testifies%3B+9%2F11%3A+Delayed+Death%3B+Congressional+Baby+Sitter&rft.date=2006-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0604%2F13%2Flol.05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethicsviolation-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethicsviolation_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethicsviolation_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehill.com:8888/thehill/opencms/TheHill/News/Frontpage/121306/conyers.html">Conyers accepts responsibility for possible ethics violations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102065507/http://www.thehill.com:8888/thehill/opencms/TheHill/News/Frontpage/121306/conyers.html">Archived</a> January 2, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved May 10, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techlawjournal.com/topstories/2009/20090203.asp">Conyers Reintroduces Fair Copyright in Research Works Act</a>, <i>Tech Law Journal</i> (February 3, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillinsky2009" class="citation journal cs1">Willinsky, J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/international/359609-the-reality-of-neo-nazis-in-the-ukraine-is-far-from-kremlin-propaganda/">the original</a> on November 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+reality+of+neo-Nazis+in+Ukraine+is+far+from+Kremlin+propaganda&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fopinion%2Finternational%2F359609-the-reality-of-neo-nazis-in-the-ukraine-is-far-from-kremlin-propaganda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-06-12/ukraine-s-neo-nazis-won-t-get-u-s-money">Ukraine's Neo-Nazis Won't Get U.S. Money</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120125547/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-06-12/ukraine-s-neo-nazis-won-t-get-u-s-money">Archived</a> November 20, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>. June 12, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conyers.house.gov/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=0DC46F90-801E-433D-B565-5E8A67C81A83">U.S. House Passes three Amendments By Rep. Conyers To Defense Spending Bill To Protect Civilians From Dangers Of Arming and Training Foreign Forces</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613233143/http://conyers.house.gov/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=0DC46F90-801E-433D-B565-5E8A67C81A83">Archived</a> June 13, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Press Releases. June 11, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/12/06/congress-just-gave-trump-the-authority-to-send-surface-to-air-missiles-to-syrian-fighters/?noredirect=on">Congress just gave Trump the authority to send surface-to-air missiles to Syrian fighters</a>". <i>The Washington Post</i>. December 6, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2017/11/21/john-conyers-sexual-harassment-253977">"Conyers scandal rocks House Democrats"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Conyers+scandal+rocks+House+Democrats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2017%2F11%2F21%2Fjohn-conyers-sexual-harassment-253977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2017" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Susan (November 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2017/11/21/565681045/rep-john-conyers-acknowledges-settlement-but-denies-sexual-harassment-claim">"Democratic Congressman Acknowledges Settlement, But Denies Sexual Harassment Claim"</a>. <i>NPR</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Democratic+Congressman+Acknowledges+Settlement%2C+But+Denies+Sexual+Harassment+Claim&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2017%2F11%2F21%2F565681045%2Frep-john-conyers-acknowledges-settlement-but-denies-sexual-harassment-claim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2017" class="citation web cs1">McLeod, Paul (November 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/paulmcleod/she-complained-that-a-powerful-congressman-harassed-her">"She complained that a powerful congressman harassed her. Here's why you didn't hear her story"</a>. <i>BuzzFeed</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed&rft.atitle=She+complained+that+a+powerful+congressman+harassed+her.+Here%27s+why+you+didn%27t+hear+her+story.&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeed.com%2Fpaulmcleod%2Fshe-complained-that-a-powerful-congressman-harassed-her&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beavers17-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beavers17_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeavers2017" class="citation news cs1">Beavers, Olivia (November 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/361301-report-conyers-settled-wrongful-dismissal-complaint-over-sexual-advances/">"Report: Conyers Settled Wrongful Dismissal Complaint over 'Sexual Advances'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i>. <q>Conyers<span class="nowrap"> </span>... reportedly settled a wrongful dismissal complaint in 2015 after a former employee accused him of firing her for resisting his 'sexual advances'<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Conyers's office did not immediately respond to a request for comment from The Hill.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Conyers+Settled+Wrongful+Dismissal+Complaint+over+%27Sexual+Advances%27&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.aulast=Beavers&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F361301-report-conyers-settled-wrongful-dismissal-complaint-over-sexual-advances%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viebeck, Elise, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/conyers-denies-reaching-harassment-settlement-after-buzzfeed-report/2017/11/21/cc514762-ced5-11e7-9d3a-bcbe2af58c3a_story.html">Rep. John Conyers denies reaching harassment settlement after BuzzFeed report</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, November 21, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wxyz.com/news/report-rep-conyers-settled-complaint-over-sexual-conduct">"Michigan Rep. Conyers responds after sexual harassment complaints"</a>. WXYZ Detroit. Associated Press. November 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michigan+Rep.+Conyers+responds+after+sexual+harassment+complaints&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wxyz.com%2Fnews%2Freport-rep-conyers-settled-complaint-over-sexual-conduct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingman2017" class="citation news cs1">Singman, Brooke (November 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/ethics-panel-probes-conyers-allegations-as-dem-leaders-call-claims-disturbing/">"Ethics panel probes Conyers allegations, as Dem leaders call claims 'disturbing'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Fox News Channel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ethics+panel+probes+Conyers+allegations%2C+as+Dem+leaders+call+claims+%27disturbing%27&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft.aulast=Singman&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fethics-panel-probes-conyers-allegations-as-dem-leaders-call-claims-disturbing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindyHendrixLee2017" class="citation news cs1">Kindy, Kimberly; Hendrix, Steve; Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (November 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ethics-lawyer-says-conyers-mistreated-her-during-her-years-on-capitol-hill/2017/11/22/ed88a480-cf9c-11e7-81bc-c55a220c8cbe_story.html">"Ethics lawyer says Conyers mistreated her during her years on Capitol Hill"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ethics+lawyer+says+Conyers+mistreated+her+during+her+years+on+Capitol+Hill&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft.aulast=Kindy&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft.au=Hendrix%2C+Steve&rft.au=Lee%2C+Michelle+Ye+Hee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fethics-lawyer-says-conyers-mistreated-her-during-her-years-on-capitol-hill%2F2017%2F11%2F22%2Fed88a480-cf9c-11e7-81bc-c55a220c8cbe_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke_Singman2017" class="citation news cs1">Brooke Singman (November 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/john-conyers-long-history-of-controversy-surfaces-amid-misconduct-allegations">"John Conyers' long history of controversy surfaces amid misconduct allegations"</a>. Fox News Channel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Maher claimed that there were three instances of inappropriate conduct. The first was allegedly in 1997, when she reportedly rejected his offer to share a hotel room and have sex.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=John+Conyers%27+long+history+of+controversy+surfaces+amid+misconduct+allegations&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.au=Brooke+Singman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fjohn-conyers-long-history-of-controversy-surfaces-amid-misconduct-allegations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Weber2017" class="citation web cs1">Joseph Weber (November 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/pelosi-calls-conyers-icon-who-has-worked-to-protect-women-yet-backs-house-probe-into-sexual-allegations">"Pelosi calls Conyers 'icon' who has worked to 'protect women,' yet backs House probe into sexual allegations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pelosi+calls+Conyers+%27icon%27+who+has+worked+to+%27protect+women%2C%27+yet+backs+House+probe+into+sexual+allegations&rft.pub=Fox+News+Channel&rft.date=2017-11-27&rft.au=Joseph+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpelosi-calls-conyers-icon-who-has-worked-to-protect-women-yet-backs-house-probe-into-sexual-allegations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcindor2017" class="citation news cs1">Alcindor, Yamiche (November 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/us/politics/conyers-accuser-today-show-hospital.html">"House Leaders Call on Conyers to Resign After an Accuser Details Her Charges"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=House+Leaders+Call+on+Conyers+to+Resign+After+an+Accuser+Details+Her+Charges&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.aulast=Alcindor&rft.aufirst=Yamiche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fconyers-accuser-today-show-hospital.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGideon_Resnick2017" class="citation news cs1">Gideon Resnick (December 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/john-conyers-im-retiring-as-of-today">"Conyers Retires, Family Feud Ensues"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Conyers+Retires%2C+Family+Feud+Ensues&rft.date=2017-12-05&rft.au=Gideon+Resnick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fjohn-conyers-im-retiring-as-of-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Elbaum2017" class="citation web cs1">Rachel Elbaum (December 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/sexual-misconduct/conyers-allegations-ex-staffer-says-congressman-inappropriately-touched-her-n826561">"Conyers allegations: Ex-staffer says congressman 'inappropriately touched' her"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Conyers+allegations%3A+Ex-staffer+says+congressman+%27inappropriately+touched%27+her&rft.date=2017-12-05&rft.au=Rachel+Elbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fstoryline%2Fsexual-misconduct%2Fconyers-allegations-ex-staffer-says-congressman-inappropriately-touched-her-n826561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindy2017" class="citation news cs1">Kindy, Kimberly (December 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/conyers-faced-mounting-sexual-misconduct-allegations-as-he-weighed-his-future/2017/12/05/5616e5f0-d602-11e7-a986-d0a9770d9a3e_story.html">"Conyers faced mounting sexual misconduct allegations as he weighed his future"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Conyers+faced+mounting+sexual+misconduct+allegations+as+he+weighed+his+future&rft.date=2017-12-05&rft.aulast=Kindy&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fconyers-faced-mounting-sexual-misconduct-allegations-as-he-weighed-his-future%2F2017%2F12%2F05%2F5616e5f0-d602-11e7-a986-d0a9770d9a3e_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2019</span>. <q>This makes Conyers just the latest politician to fall to the #MeToo movement</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Civil+rights+hero+and+Democrat+John+Conyers+has+been+felled+by+%23MeToo&rft.date=2017-11-26&rft.au=McKinley+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1138208%2Fjohn-conyers-steps-down-as-the-ranking-democrat-on-the-house-judiciary-committee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis_Richardson2017" class="citation news cs1">Davis Richardson (December 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2017/12/battered-by-sexual-harassment-allegations-john-conyers-resigns-from-congress/">"Battered by Sexual Harassment Allegations, John Conyers Resigns From Congress"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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John Conyers announces retirement, endorses son to run for seat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. December 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Rep.+John+Conyers+announces+retirement%2C+endorses+son+to+run+for+seat&rft.date=2017-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Frep-john-conyers-son-john-conyers-iii-to-run-for-congress-seat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwickardBen_SchmittDavid_Ashenfelter2009" class="citation web cs1">Swickard, Joe; Ben Schmitt; David Ashenfelter (June 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629060434/http://www.freep.com/article/20090626/NEWS01/90626024/Conyers+pleads+guilty+to+conspiracy">"Monica Conyers pleads guilty to conspiracy"</a>. <i>Detroit Free Press</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freep.com/article/20090626/NEWS01/90626024/Conyers+pleads+guilty+to+conspiracy">the original</a> on June 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Monica+Conyers+pleads+guilty+to+conspiracy&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Swickard&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Ben+Schmitt&rft.au=David+Ashenfelter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Farticle%2F20090626%2FNEWS01%2F90626024%2FConyers%2Bpleads%2Bguilty%2Bto%2Bconspiracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2011/04/prosecutors_monica_conyers_mus.html">"Prosecutors: Monica Conyers must stay at Camp Cupcake"</a>. <i>MLive.com</i>. April 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MLive.com&rft.atitle=Prosecutors%3A+Monica+Conyers+must+stay+at+Camp+Cupcake&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fdetroit%2Findex.ssf%2F2011%2F04%2Fprosecutors_monica_conyers_mus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTresa_Baldas2013" class="citation news cs1">Tresa Baldas (February 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freep.com/article/20130205/NEWS0102/130205056/Monica-Conyers-Sam-Riddle-out-of-prison-in-time-for-Kilpatrick-corruption-verdict">"Monica Conyers, Sam Riddle out of prison in time for Kilpatrick corruption verdict"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Monica+Conyers%2C+Sam+Riddle+out+of+prison+in+time+for+Kilpatrick+corruption+verdict&rft.date=2013-02-05&rft.au=Tresa+Baldas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Farticle%2F20130205%2FNEWS0102%2F130205056%2FMonica-Conyers-Sam-Riddle-out-of-prison-in-time-for-Kilpatrick-corruption-verdict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clickondetroit.com/news/politics/monica-conyers-files-for-divorce-from-u-s-rep-john-conyers">"Monica Conyers files for divorce from U.S. Rep. John Conyers"</a>. <i>Clickondetroit.com</i>. October 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clickondetroit.com&rft.atitle=Monica+Conyers+files+for+divorce+from+U.S.+Rep.+John+Conyers&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clickondetroit.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fmonica-conyers-files-for-divorce-from-u-s-rep-john-conyers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/11/22/john-monica-conyers-reconcile/94305280/">"John, Monica Conyers 'reconciled,' no longer divorcing"</a>. Detroitnews.com. November 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John%2C+Monica+Conyers+%27reconciled%2C%27+no+longer+divorcing&rft.pub=Detroitnews.com&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fdetroit-city%2F2016%2F11%2F22%2Fjohn-monica-conyers-reconcile%2F94305280%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/elections/2016/11/08/michigan-wayne-house-results/93503926/">"Banks earns victory; GOP splits key races in Wayne Co"</a>. <i>Detroitnews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroitnews.com&rft.atitle=Banks+earns+victory%3B+GOP+splits+key+races+in+Wayne+Co.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2F2016%2F11%2F08%2Fmichigan-wayne-house-results%2F93503926%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/05/us/politics/john-conyers-election.html">"John Conyers to Leave Congress Amid Harassment Claims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. December 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Conyers+to+Leave+Congress+Amid+Harassment+Claims&rft.date=2017-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F12%2F05%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjohn-conyers-election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2017/12/05/john-conyers-relatives-successor/108330920/">"Conyers vs. Conyers? Congressman backs son for seat"</a>. <i>Detroit News</i>. December 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroit+News&rft.atitle=Conyers+vs.+Conyers%3F+Congressman+backs+son+for+seat&rft.date=2017-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2F12%2F05%2Fjohn-conyers-relatives-successor%2F108330920%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/elections/2018/11/06/michigan-13-th-district-results-tlaib-jones/1737484002/">"Rashida Tlaib wins race to replace John Conyers"</a>. <i>Detroit Free Press</i>. November 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Rashida+Tlaib+wins+race+to+replace+John+Conyers&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2F2018%2F11%2F06%2Fmichigan-13-th-district-results-tlaib-jones%2F1737484002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2019" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Corey (October 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/ap-top-news-us-news-detroit-john-conyers-e4410a5c00404ffebc0e7727e594326a">"John Conyers, longest serving black congressman, dies at 90"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=John+Conyers%2C+longest+serving+black+congressman%2C+dies+at+90&rft.date=2019-10-27&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fap-top-news-us-news-detroit-john-conyers-e4410a5c00404ffebc0e7727e594326a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2019/10/29/john-conyers-funeral-scheduled-monday-november-4/2500187001/">"John Conyers funeral set for Monday in Detroit; Bill Clinton to attend"</a>. <i>The Detroit News</i>. Detroitnews.com. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=John+Conyers+funeral+set+for+Monday+in+Detroit%3B+Bill+Clinton+to+attend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fdetroit-city%2F2019%2F10%2F29%2Fjohn-conyers-funeral-scheduled-monday-november-4%2F2500187001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802063355/http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners">"NAACP Spingarn Medal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners">the original</a> on August 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAACP+Spingarn+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fpages%2Fspingarn-medal-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Conyers&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>John Conyers</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Conyers" class="extiw" title="c:Category:John Conyers">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Conyers" class="extiw" title="q:John Conyers">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressC000714" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000714">"John Conyers (id: C000714)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=John+Conyers+%28id%3A+C000714%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DC000714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Conyers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/204206974">John Conyers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506192414/http://www.michiganliberal.com/tag.do?tag=CD14">CD14</a> at <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Liberal" title="Michigan Liberal">Michigan Liberal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionaryproject.com/conyersjohn">John Conyers's oral history video excerpts</a> at The National Visionary Leadership Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnconyers.com/">John Conyers Jr for Congress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112073107/https://www.johnconyers.com/">Archived</a> November 12, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822134605/http://www.globalfamilyday.org/">Global Family Day</a> movement co-founded by John Conyers and Linda Grover</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1824">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050910092328/http://archive.salon.com/opinion/feature/2003/10/15/rove/index_np.html">It's time for Karl Rove to go: The president needs to ask for a special prosecutor in the Valerie Plame case</a> Congressman John Conyers Jr., <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon.com</a> (October 15, 2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620165012/http://www.house.gov/mcdermott/pdf/ohio_report.pdf">Preserving Democracy: What Went Wrong in Ohio: Status Report of the House Judiciary Committee Democratic Staff</a> (prepared at the request of Congressman John Conyers, January 5, 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050707215557/http://www.house.gov/judiciary_democrats/letters/bushsecretmemoltr5505.pdf">Open letter to George W. Bush, re: Downing Street Memo</a> (originally signed by 89 U.S. Congress members), John Conyers, et al. (May 5, 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/11/britain.war.memo/">Bush asked to explain UK war memo</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> (May 12, 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041217122041/http://www.johnconyers.com/index.asp?Design=PrintView">The Downing Street Memo</a> John Conyers (May 27, 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051223171847/http://www.buzzflash.com/interviews/05/06/int05023.html">Congressman John Conyers Talks About Bush Lying America Into War and His Campaign to Hold Bush Accountable: The Downing Street Memo and More</a> (John Conyers interview), <i>BuzzFlash</i> (June 9, 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060705085701/http://www.house.gov/judiciary_democrats/iraqrept.html">The Constitution in Crisis; The Downing Street Minutes and Deception, Manipulation, Torture, Retribution, and Coverups in the Iraq War</a> (Investigative Status Report of the House Judiciary Committee Democratic Staff, December 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060109/motion_for_censure">A Motion for Censure</a> Congressman John Conyers Jr., <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> (December 22, 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107121827/http://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/171/who_is_john_conyers/">Q & A with Conyers</a> <i>Guernica Magazine</i>, May 22, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107054514/http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/11/05/house.contempt.ap/index.html">House chair warns White House to comply with subpoenas</a>, November 5, 2007</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucien_N._Nedzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucien N. Nedzi">Lucien Nedzi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Michigan01 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 1st congressional district">Michigan's 1st congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1965–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">Bart Stupak</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_M._Hertel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis M. Hertel">Dennis Hertel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Michigan14 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 14th congressional district">Michigan's 14th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1993–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Gary Peters</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hansen_Clarke" title="Hansen Clarke">Hansen Clarke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Michigan13 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 13th congressional district">Michigan's 13th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />2013–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Jones_(politician)" title="Brenda Jones (politician)">Brenda Jones</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brooks_(American_politician)" title="Jack Brooks (American politician)">Jack Brooks</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">House Oversight Committee</a> </b><br />1989–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Clinger_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Clinger Jr.">William F. Clinger Jr.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">Jim Sensenbrenner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> </b><br />2007–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lamar_S._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar S. Smith">Lamar S. Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">John Dingell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean of the United States House of Representatives</a> </b><br />2015–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Don Young</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Most senior <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </b><br />2015–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Steny Hoyer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hall" title="Ralph Hall">Ralph Hall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Oldest member of the U.S. House of Representatives </b><br />2015–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_deans" title="Template:US House deans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_deans" title="Template talk:US House deans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_deans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House deans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deans_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Deans of the United States House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hartley" title="Thomas Hartley">Hartley</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barry_Grove" title="William Barry Grove">Grove</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stanford_(American_politician)" title="Richard Stanford (American politician)">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davenport_(Connecticut_politician)" title="John Davenport (Connecticut politician)">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newton_Jr." title="Thomas Newton Jr.">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCoy_(congressman)" title="William McCoy (congressman)">McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Williams_(politician)" title="Lewis Williams (politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Everett" title="Horace Everett">Everett</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dixon_Hall_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixon Hall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_Iver_McKay" class="mw-redirect" title="James Iver McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reed_Giddings" title="Joshua Reed Giddings">Giddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Phelps" title="John S. Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Kelley" title="William D. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Roger_Q._Mills" title="Roger Q. Mills">Mills</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_Henderson_Blount" title="James Henderson Blount">Blount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Bland" title="Richard P. Bland">Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Harmer" title="Alfred C. Harmer">Harmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Bingham" title="Henry H. Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalzell" title="John Dalzell">Dalzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Atkinson_Jones" title="William Atkinson Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Allen_Cooper" title="Henry Allen Cooper">Cooper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Butler" title="Thomas S. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Haugen" title="Gilbert N. Haugen">Haugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Pou" title="Edward W. Pou">Pou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_J._Sabath" title="Adolph J. Sabath">Sabath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Doughton" title="Robert L. Doughton">Doughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Celler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Patman" title="Wright Patman">Patman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Mahon" title="George H. Mahon">Mahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Whitten" title="Jamie Whitten">Whitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">Dingell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Rogers" title="Hal Rogers">Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Judiciary_chairs" title="Template:US House Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Judiciary_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Judiciary_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">United States House Committee on the Judiciary</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jared_Ingersoll" title="Charles Jared Ingersoll">C. Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_(Virginia_politician)" title="Hugh Nelson (Virginia politician)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">Sergeant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_(Virginia_politician)" title="Hugh Nelson (Virginia politician)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_R._Davis" title="Warren R. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Flournoy_Foster" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Flournoy Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beardsley" title="Samuel Beardsley">Beardsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Thomas" title="Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">Sergeant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Barnard" title="Daniel D. Barnard">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Mitchell_Saunders" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Mitchell Saunders">Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_O._Rathbun" title="George O. Rathbun">Rathbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_Ingersoll" title="Joseph Reed Ingersoll">J. Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thompson_(jurist)" title="James Thompson (jurist)">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Xavier_McLanahan" class="mw-redirect" title="James Xavier McLanahan">McLanahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Perry_Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Perry Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Simmons" title="George A. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hickman_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="John Hickman (Pennsylvania politician)">Hickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Wilson" title="James F. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Proctor_Knott" title="J. Proctor Knott">Knott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">T. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_Tucker_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Randolph Tucker (politician)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_B._Taylor" title="Ezra B. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Ray" title="George W. Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Jenkins" title="John J. Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Parker" title="Richard W. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_De_Lamar_Clayton_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry De Lamar Clayton Jr.">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Y._Webb" title="Edwin Y. Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Volstead" title="Andrew Volstead">Volstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scott_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="George Scott Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatton_W._Sumners" title="Hatton W. Sumners">Sumners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Celler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_W._Reed" title="Chauncey W. Reed">C. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Celler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Rodino" title="Peter W. Rodino">Rodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brooks_(American_politician)" title="Jack Brooks (American politician)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">Sensenbrenner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Goodlatte" title="Bob Goodlatte">Goodlatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Nadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Oversight_and_Government_Reform_chairs" title="Template:US House Oversight and Government Reform chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Oversight_and_Government_Reform_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Oversight and Government Reform chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Oversight_and_Government_Reform_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Oversight and Government Reform chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform">Chairs of the United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Williamson_(American_politician)" title="William Williamson (American politician)">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Cochran" title="John J. Cochran">Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._O%27Leary" title="James A. O'Leary">O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Manasco" title="Carter Manasco">Manasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_E._Holifield" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester E. Holifield">Holifield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brooks_(American_politician)" title="Jack Brooks (American politician)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Clinger_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Clinger Jr.">Clinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Burton" title="Dan Burton">Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Davis_(Virginia_politician)" title="Tom Davis (Virginia politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waxman" title="Henry Waxman">Waxman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Issa" title="Darrell Issa">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Chaffetz" title="Jason Chaffetz">Chaffetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trey_Gowdy" title="Trey Gowdy">Gowdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">Maloney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Comer_(politician)" title="James Comer (politician)">Comer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Michigan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Template:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Template talk:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Michigan" title="United States congressional delegations from Michigan">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Michigan Territory's at-large congressional district">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodbridge" title="William Woodbridge">Woodbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sibley" title="Solomon Sibley">Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Richard" title="Gabriel Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Eli_Wing" title="Austin Eli Wing">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biddle_(Michigan_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Biddle (Michigan politician)">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Eli_Wing" title="Austin Eli Wing">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lyon" title="Lucius Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Jones" title="George Wallace Jones">G. Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Michigan's at-large congressional district">At-large</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Crary" title="Isaac E. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Howard" title="Jacob M. Howard">J. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._Kelley" title="Patrick H. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Staebler" title="Neil Staebler">Staebler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan01 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClelland_(American_politician)" title="Robert McClelland (American politician)">McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Buel" title="Alexander W. Buel">Buel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_J._Penniman" title="Ebenezer J. Penniman">Penniman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stuart_(brigadier_general)" title="David Stuart (brigadier general)">D. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alanson_Howard" title="William Alanson Howard">W. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cooper_(politician)" title="George B. Cooper (politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alanson_Howard" title="William Alanson Howard">W. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_F._Granger" title="Bradley F. Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_C._Beaman" title="Fernando C. Beaman">Beaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_W._Field" title="Moses W. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">A. S. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stoughton_Newberry" title="John Stoughton Newberry">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Lord" title="Henry W. Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Maybury" title="William C. Maybury">Maybury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logan_Chipman" class="mw-redirect" title="John Logan Chipman">J. L. Chipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_T._Griffin" title="Levi T. Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blaisdell_Corliss" title="John Blaisdell Corliss">Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lucking" title="Alfred Lucking">Lucking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(politician)" title="Edwin Denby (politician)">Denby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ellsworth_Doremus" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Ellsworth Doremus">Doremus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Codd" title="George P. Codd">Codd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Clancy" title="Robert H. Clancy">Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Sosnowski" title="John B. Sosnowski">Sosnowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Clancy" title="Robert H. Clancy">Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Sadowski" title="George G. Sadowski">Sadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_G._Tenerowicz" title="Rudolph G. Tenerowicz">Tenerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Sadowski" title="George G. Sadowski">Sadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_M._Machrowicz" title="Thaddeus M. Machrowicz">Machrowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">Nedzi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">Stupak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Benishek" title="Dan Benishek">Benishek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Bergman" title="Jack Bergman">Bergman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan02 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lyon" title="Lucius Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_Chipman" title="John Smith Chipman">J. S. Chipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bradley_(politician)" title="Edward Bradley (politician)">E. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">C. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sprague_(Michigan_politician)" title="William Sprague (Michigan politician)">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">C. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Noble" title="David A. Noble">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_C._Beaman" title="Fernando C. Beaman">Beaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Upson" title="Charles Upson">Upson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Stoughton" title="William L. Stoughton">Stoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Willits" title="Edwin Willits">Willits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Eldredge" title="Nathaniel B. Eldredge">Eldredge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Allen" title="Edward P. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Gorman" title="James S. Gorman">Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Spalding" title="George Spalding">Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Smith_(politician)" title="Henry C. Smith (politician)">H. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Townsend" title="Charles E. Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedemeyer" title="William Wedemeyer">Wedemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beakes" title="Samuel Beakes">Beakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Bacon" title="Mark R. Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beakes" title="Samuel Beakes">Beakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Lehr" title="John C. Lehr">Lehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meader" title="George Meader">Meader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_E._Vivian" title="Weston E. Vivian">Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Esch" title="Marvin L. Esch">Esch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pursell" title="Carl Pursell">Pursell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">Hoekstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">Huizenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">Moolenaar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan03 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Hunt" title="James B. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsley_S._Bingham" title="Kinsley S. Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Conger" title="James L. Conger">J. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clark_(New_York_and_Michigan_politician)" title="Samuel Clark (New York and Michigan politician)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Walbridge" title="David S. Walbridge">Walbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Kellogg" title="Francis William Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Longyear" title="John W. Longyear">Longyear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Blair" title="Austin Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Willard" title="George Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_H._McGowan" title="Jonas H. McGowan">McGowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Lacey" title="Edward S. Lacey">Lacey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Donnell_(politician)" title="James O'Donnell (politician)">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milnes" title="Alfred Milnes">Milnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_M._Todd" title="Albert M. Todd">A. Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Gardner" title="Washington Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._C._Smith" title="John M. C. Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Frankhauser" title="William H. Frankhauser">Frankhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._C._Smith" title="John M. C. Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Williams" title="Arthur B. Williams">A. B. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Hooper" title="Joseph L. Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Kimball" title="Henry M. Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner_Main" title="Verner Main">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Shafer" title="Paul W. Shafer">Shafer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_E._Johansen" title="August E. Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Todd_Jr." title="Paul H. Todd Jr.">P. Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_E._Brown" title="Garry E. Brown">G. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wolpe" title="Howard Wolpe">Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Meijer" title="Peter Meijer">Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Scholten" title="Hillary Scholten">Scholten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan04 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hestor_L._Stevens" title="Hestor L. Stevens">H. L. Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Peck" title="George Washington Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewitt_C._Leach" title="Dewitt C. Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_E._Trowbridge" title="Rowland E. Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Kellogg" title="Francis William Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_D._Foster" title="Wilder D. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Potter" title="Allen Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Keightley" title="Edwin W. Keightley">Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Yaple" title="George L. Yaple">Yaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Thomas" title="Henry F. Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Hamilton" title="Edward L. Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Ketcham" title="John C. Ketcham">Ketcham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ernest_Foulkes" title="George Ernest Foulkes">Foulkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stockman" title="David Stockman">Stockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Siljander" title="Mark D. Siljander">Siljander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">Moolenaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">Huizenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan05 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Baldwin" title="Augustus C. Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_E._Trowbridge" title="Rowland E. Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">O. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_D._Foster" title="Wilder D. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Williams_(Michigan_politician)" title="William B. Williams (Michigan politician)">W. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stone" title="John W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Webber_(politician)" title="George W. Webber (politician)">Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Houseman" title="Julius Houseman">Houseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Comstock" title="Charles C. Comstock">Comstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_H._Ford" title="Melbourne H. Ford">M. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Belknap" title="Charles E. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_H._Ford" title="Melbourne H. Ford">M. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Belknap" title="Charles E. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Richardson" title="George F. Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alden_Smith" title="William Alden Smith">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_J._Diekema" title="Gerrit J. Diekema">Diekema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Sweet" title="Edwin F. Sweet">Sweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Mapes" title="Carl E. Mapes">Mapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartel_J._Jonkman" title="Bartel J. Jonkman">Jonkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">G. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vander_Veen" title="Richard Vander Veen">Vander Veen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Sawyer" title="Harold S. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barcia" title="James Barcia">Barcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. T. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan06 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Driggs" title="John F. Driggs">Driggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Strickland" title="Randolph Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_G._Sutherland" title="Jabez G. Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Begole" title="Josiah Begole">Begole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Durand" title="George H. Durand">Durand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Brewer" title="Mark S. Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_L._Spaulding" title="Oliver L. Spaulding">Spaulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_B._Winans_(politician)" title="Edwin B. Winans (politician)">Winans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Brewer" title="Mark S. Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_G._Stout" title="Byron G. Stout">Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Aitken" title="David D. Aitken">Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_William_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel William Smith">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._Kelley" title="Patrick H. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_M._Hudson" title="Grant M. Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_H._Person" title="Seymour H. Person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Cady" title="Claude E. Cady">Cady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">Blackney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Transue" title="Andrew J. Transue">Transue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">Blackney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Clardy" title="Kit Clardy">Clardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hayworth" title="Donald Hayworth">Hayworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitney_Dunn" title="James Whitney Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">Dingell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan07 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 7th congressional district">7th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">O. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Treadway_Rich" title="John Treadway Rich">Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_C._Carleton" title="Ezra C. Carleton">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Rice_Whiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Rice Whiting">Whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_G._Snover" title="Horace G. Snover">Snover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Weeks" title="Edgar Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McMorran" title="Henry McMorran">McMorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Cramton" title="Louis C. Cramton">Cramton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._McIntosh" title="Robert J. McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mackie" title="John C. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">Riegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Nick Smith (American politician)">N. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schwarz" title="Joe Schwarz">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schauer" title="Mark Schauer">Schauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">Slotkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan08 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 8th congressional district">8th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_B._Bradley" title="Nathan B. Bradley">N. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Ellsworth" title="Charles C. Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_G._Horr" title="Roswell G. Horr">Horr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_E._Tarsney" title="Timothy E. Tarsney">Tarsney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_T._Bliss" title="Aaron T. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Youmans" title="Henry M. Youmans">Youmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Linton" title="William S. Linton">Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Brucker" title="Ferdinand Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Fordney" title="Joseph W. Fordney">Fordney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_J._Vincent" title="Bird J. Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Hart" title="Michael J. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Crawford" title="Fred L. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Morell_Bentley" title="Alvin Morell Bentley">Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Harvey" title="R. James Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Bob_Traxler" title="J. Bob Traxler">Traxler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Chrysler" title="Dick Chrysler">Chrysler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bishop_(politician)" title="Mike Bishop (politician)">M. Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">Slotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">Kildee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan09 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 9th congressional district">9th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Abel_Hubbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Abel Hubbell">Hubbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_M._Cutcheon" title="Byron M. Cutcheon">Cutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_H._Wheeler" title="Harrison H. Wheeler">H. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Moon" title="John W. Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Bishop" title="Roswell P. Bishop">R. Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McLaughlin" title="James C. McLaughlin">McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_W._Musselwhite" title="Harry W. Musselwhite">Harry W. Musselwhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Engel" title="Albert J. Engel">Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Thompson" title="Ruth Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">Vander Jagt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">Knollenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Levin" title="Andy Levin">A. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">McClain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan10 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 10th congressional district">10th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_H._Hatch" title="Herschel H. Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_O._Fisher" title="Spencer O. Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Wheeler" title="Frank W. Wheeler">F. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._E._Weadock" title="Thomas A. E. Weadock">Weadock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseau_Owen_Crump" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau Owen Crump">Crump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Aplin" title="Henry H. Aplin">Aplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Loud" title="George A. Loud">Loud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Loud" title="George A. Loud">Loud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_A._Currie" title="Gilbert A. Currie">Currie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">Cederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Albosta" title="Donald J. Albosta">Albosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Schuette" title="Bill Schuette">Schuette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">Bonior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">McClain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_(Michigan_politician)" title="John James (Michigan politician)">J. James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan11 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 11th congressional district">11th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Breitung" title="Edward Breitung">Breitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_C._Moffatt" title="Seth C. Moffatt">Moffatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Seymour" title="Henry W. Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Stephenson" title="Samuel M. Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Avery_(politician)" title="John Avery (politician)">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Mesick" title="William S. Mesick">Mesick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_B._Darragh" title="Archibald B. Darragh">Darragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_H._Dodds" title="Francis H. Dodds">Dodds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_O._Lindquist" title="Francis O. Lindquist">Lindquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Scott" title="Frank D. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Bohn" title="Frank P. Bohn">Bohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentiss_M._Brown" title="Prentiss M. Brown">P. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Luecke" title="John F. Luecke">Luecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Van_Ness_Bradley" title="Frederick Van Ness Bradley">F. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Knox" title="Victor A. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Clevenger" title="Raymond F. Clevenger">Clevenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ruppe" title="Philip Ruppe">Ruppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Davis_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Davis (Michigan politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">Knollenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">McCotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Curson" title="David Curson">Curson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Bentivolio" title="Kerry Bentivolio">Bentivolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Trott_(politician)" title="Dave Trott (politician)">Trott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Stevens" title="Haley Stevens">H. Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan12 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 12th congressional district">12th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Stephenson" title="Samuel M. Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_D._Shelden" title="Carlos D. Shelden">Shelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Olin_Young" title="H. Olin Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Josiah_MacDonald" title="William Josiah MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Frank_James" title="W. Frank James">W. F. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Eugene_Hook" title="Frank Eugene Hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Eugene_Hook" title="Frank Eugene Hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">Bonior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">D. Dingell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan13 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 13th congressional district">13th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Archibald_Nichols" title="Charles Archibald Nichols">Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_M._Brennan" title="Vincent M. Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_A._Coffin" title="Howard A. Coffin">Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">Diggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crockett_Jr." title="George Crockett Jr.">Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Rivers" title="Lynn Rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansen_Clarke" title="Hansen Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Jones_(politician)" title="Brenda Jones (politician)">B. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Thanedar" title="Shri Thanedar">Thanedar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan14 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 14th congressional district">14th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_M._Weideman" title="Carl M. Weideman">Weideman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">Rabaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_F._Youngblood" title="Harold F. Youngblood">Youngblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">Rabaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_M._Ryan" title="Harold M. Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">Nedzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hertel" title="Dennis Hertel">Hertel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lawrence" title="Brenda Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan15 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 15th congressional district">15th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell_Sr." title="John Dingell Sr.">J. Dingell Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan16 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 16th congressional district">16th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Sr." title="John Lesinski Sr.">Lesinski Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Jr." title="John Lesinski Jr.">Lesinski Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan17 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_17th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 17th congressional district">17th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">Dondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Oakman" title="Charles G. Oakman">Oakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Brodhead" title="William M. Brodhead">Brodhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan18 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 18th congressional district">18th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">Dondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Huber" title="Robert J. Huber">Huber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Blanchard" title="James J. Blanchard">Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan19 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 19th congressional district">19th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billie_S._Farnum" title="Billie S. Farnum">Farnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_H._McDonald" title="Jack H. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriot_Act" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Titles</b> <a href="/wiki/Title_I_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title I of the Patriot Act">I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_II_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title II of the Patriot Act">II</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_III_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title III of the Patriot Act">III</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IV_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IV of the Patriot Act">IV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_V_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title V of the Patriot Act">V</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VI_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VI of the Patriot Act">VI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VII of the Patriot Act">VII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VIII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VIII of the Patriot Act">VIII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IX_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IX of the Patriot Act">IX</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_X_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title X of the Patriot Act">X</a> · <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Conyers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-government<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template talk:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just" title="Ernest Everett Just">Ernest Everett Just</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1916: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Charles Young (United States Army officer)">Charles Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Braithwaite" title="William Stanley Braithwaite">William Stanley Braithwaite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Archibald Grimké">Archibald Grimké</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Sidney Gilpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Hayes" title="Roland Hayes">Roland Hayes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson" title="Mordecai Wyatt Johnson">Mordecai Wyatt Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hunt" title="Henry A. Hunt">Henry A. Hunt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Berry_Harrison" title="Richard Berry Harrison">Richard Berry Harrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Max_Yergan" title="Max Yergan">Max Yergan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/William_T._B._Williams" title="William T. B. Williams">William T. B. Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(educator)" title="John Hope (educator)">John Hope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1940: <a href="/wiki/Louis_T._Wright" title="Louis T. Wright">Louis T. Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1941: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles R. Drew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian" title="Percy Lavon Julian">Percy Lavon Julian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Channing_Heggie_Tobias" title="Channing Heggie Tobias">Channing Heggie Tobias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Keaton_Staupers" title="Mabel Keaton Staupers">Mabel Keaton Staupers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Williams" title="Paul R. Williams">Paul R. Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_K._Lawless" title="Theodore K. Lawless">Theodore K. Lawless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Murphy" title="Carl J. Murphy">Carl J. Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/John_H._Johnson" title="John H. Johnson">John H. Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Jr." title="Clarence Mitchell Jr.">Clarence Mitchell Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Riles" title="Wilson Riles">Wilson Riles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Damon_Keith" title="Damon Keith">Damon Keith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Rayford Logan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Elijah Mays</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Patterson" title="Frederick D. Patterson">Frederick D. Patterson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr." title="A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.">A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Graves_Sr." title="Earl G. Graves Sr.">Earl G. Graves Sr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carter" title="Robert L. Carter">Robert L. Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Conyers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Muse_Freeman" title="Frankie Muse Freeman">Frankie Muse Freeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_R._Jones" title="Nathaniel R. Jones">Nathaniel R. Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gaspard" title="Patrick Gaspard">Patrick Gaspard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Cato_T._Laurencin" title="Cato T. Laurencin">Cato T. Laurencin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370968#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370968#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370968#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85376924">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000714">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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