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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hildreth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hildreth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bancroft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bancroft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bancroft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bancroft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creating_and_preserving_collective_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_and_preserving_collective_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Creating and preserving collective memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_and_preserving_collective_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_and_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_and_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Colonial and Revolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colonial_and_Revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colonial and Revolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colonial_and_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Imperial School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Progressive historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Republicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atlantic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlantic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Atlantic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlantic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turnerian_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turnerian_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Turnerian School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turnerian_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beardian_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beardian_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Beardian School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beardian_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consensus_historiography:_Americans_in_political_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consensus_historiography:_Americans_in_political_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Consensus historiography: Americans in political agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consensus_historiography:_Americans_in_political_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_and_black_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_and_black_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Slavery and black history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_and_black_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civil War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Lost Cause of the Confederacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Social history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Women's history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Urban history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_historians_working_in_the_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_historians_working_in_the_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Prominent historians working in the U.S.</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prominent_historians_working_in_the_U.S.-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prominent historians working in the U.S. subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prominent_historians_working_in_the_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historians_born_before_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historians_born_before_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Historians born before 1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historians_born_before_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historians_born_in_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historians_born_in_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Historians born in the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historians_born_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_historians_working_in_U.S._on_non-U.S._topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_historians_working_in_U.S._on_non-U.S._topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>American historians working in U.S. on non-U.S. topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_historians_working_in_U.S._on_non-U.S._topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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.sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-history-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of a series on the</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States"><small>History of the </small><br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Timeline and periods</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until 1607</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1607–1765</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1765–1783</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1783–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1801–1817</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1817–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1825–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1877–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Post-World War II Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post-Cold War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    Modern Era</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2008–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">Civil unrest</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Racial violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime history of the United States">Maritime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian Americans">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans#History" title="German Americans">German American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Territories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historiography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>historiography of the United States</b> refers to the studies, sources, critical methods and interpretations used by scholars to study the history of the United States. While <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> examines the interplay of events in the past, <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> examines the secondary sources written by historians as books and articles, evaluates the primary sources they use, and provides a critical examination of the methodology of historical study. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians have formed scores of scholarly organizations, which typically hold annual conferences where scholarly papers are presented, and which publish scholarly journals. In addition, every state and many localities have their own historical societies, focused on their own histories and sources. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1889_AHA_officers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1889_AHA_officers.png/220px-1889_AHA_officers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1889_AHA_officers.png/330px-1889_AHA_officers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/1889_AHA_officers.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>1889 AHA officers</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a> (AHA) is the oldest and largest society for professional historians in the U.S. Founded in 1884, it promotes historical studies covering all continents and time periods, the teaching of history, and the preservation of and access to historical materials. It publishes <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i> five times a year, with scholarly articles and book reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OAHlogo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="OAH logo"><img alt="OAH logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/OAHlogo.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>OAH logo</figcaption></figure><p>While the AHA is the largest organization for historians working in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_Historians" title="Organization of American Historians">Organization of American Historians</a> (OAH) is the major organization for historians who study and teach about the United States. Formerly known as the Mississippi Valley Historical Association, its membership comprises college and university professors, as well as graduate students, independent historians, archivists, museum curators, and other public historians.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OAH publishes the quarterly scholarly journal <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History" title="The Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a></i>. In 2010 its individual membership was 8,000 and its institutional membership 1,250, and its operating budget was approximately $2.9 million<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other large regional groups for professionals include the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Association" title="Southern Historical Association">Southern Historical Association</a>, founded in 1934 for white historians teaching in the South. It now chiefly specializes in the history of the South. In 1970, it elected its first black president, <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Western_History_Association" title="Western History Association">Western History Association</a> formed in 1961 to bring together both professional scholars and amateur writers dealing with the West. Dozens of other organizations deal in specialized topics, such as the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Military_History" title="Society for Military History">Society for Military History</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_History_Association" title="Social Science History Association">Social Science History Association</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-1800">Pre-1800</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-1800"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the colonial era, there were a handful of serious scholars—most of them men of affairs who wrote about their own colony. They included <a href="/wiki/Robert_Beverley_Jr." title="Robert Beverley Jr.">Robert Beverley</a> (1673–1722) on Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a> (1711–1780) on Massachusetts, and Samuel Smith on Pennsylvania. The Loyalist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(historian)" title="Thomas Jones (historian)">Thomas Jones</a> (1731–1792) wrote on New York from exile.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1780–1860"><span id="1780.E2.80.931860"></span>1780–1860</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1780–1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs_James_Warren_(Mercy_Otis),_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mrs_James_Warren_%28Mercy_Otis%29%2C_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/220px-Mrs_James_Warren_%28Mercy_Otis%29%2C_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mrs_James_Warren_%28Mercy_Otis%29%2C_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/330px-Mrs_James_Warren_%28Mercy_Otis%29%2C_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mrs_James_Warren_%28Mercy_Otis%29%2C_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/440px-Mrs_James_Warren_%28Mercy_Otis%29%2C_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>A 1763 portrait of <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley" title="John Singleton Copley">John Singleton Copley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The historiography of the Early National period focused on the American Revolution and the Constitution. The first studies came from <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> historians, such as Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (1755–1835). Marshall wrote a well-received four-volume of biography of George Washington that was far more than a biography, and covered the political and military history of the Revolutionary Era. Marshall emphasized Washington's virtue and military prowess. Historians have complimented his highly accurate detail, but note that Marshall—like many early historians—relied heavily on the <i>Annual Register,</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a> (1728–1814) wrote her own history favoring the <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian perspective</a> stressing natural rights and equality. She emphasized the dangers to <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a> emanating from Britain, and called for the subordination of passion to reason, and the subsuming of private selfishness in the general public good.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramsay">Ramsay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ramsay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Ramsay_(historian)" title="David Ramsay (historian)">David Ramsay</a> (1749–1815), an important Patriot leader from South Carolina, wrote thorough, scholarly histories of his state and the early United States. Trained as a physician, he was a moderate Federalist in politics. Messer (2002) examines the transition in Ramsay's republican perspective from his <i>History of the American Revolution</i> (1789) and his biography of Washington (1807) to his more conservative <i>History of the United States</i> (3 vol. 1816–17), which was part of his 12-volume world history.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramsay called on citizens to demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republican virtues</a> in helping reform and improve society. A conservative, he warned of the dangers of zealotry and the need to preserve existing institutions. O'Brien (1994) says Ramsay's 1789 <i>History of the American Revolution</i> was one of the earliest and most successful histories. It located American values within <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">the European Enlightenment</a>. Ramsay had no brief for what later was known as <a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a>, holding that the destiny of the new nation United States would be congruent with European political and cultural development.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hildreth">Hildreth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hildreth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hildreth" title="Richard Hildreth">Richard Hildreth</a> (1807–1865), a Yankee scholar and political writer, wrote a thorough highly precise history of the nation down to 1820. His six-volume <i>History of the United States</i> (1849–52) was dry and heavily factual—he rarely made a mistake in terms of names, dates, events and speeches. His Federalist views and dry style lost market share to George Bancroft's more exuberant and democratic tomes. Hildreth explicitly favored the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> and denigrated the Jeffersonians. He was an active political commentator and leading anti-slavery intellectual, so President Lincoln gave him a choice diplomatic assignment in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bancroft">Bancroft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bancroft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Bancroft_United_States_Secretary_of_Navy_c._1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/George_Bancroft_United_States_Secretary_of_Navy_c._1860.jpg/220px-George_Bancroft_United_States_Secretary_of_Navy_c._1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/George_Bancroft_United_States_Secretary_of_Navy_c._1860.jpg/330px-George_Bancroft_United_States_Secretary_of_Navy_c._1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/George_Bancroft_United_States_Secretary_of_Navy_c._1860.jpg/440px-George_Bancroft_United_States_Secretary_of_Navy_c._1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4370" data-file-height="5884" /></a><figcaption>George Bancroft United States Secretary of Navy <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a> (1800–1891), trained in the leading German universities, was a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic politician</a> and accomplished scholar, whose magisterial <i>History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent</i> covered the new nation in depth down to 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bancroft was imbued with the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, emphasizing the emergence of nationalism and republican values, and rooting on every page for the Patriots. His masterwork started appearing in 1834, and he constantly revised it in numerous editions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/John_G._Palfrey" title="John G. Palfrey">John Gorham Palfrey</a> (1796–1881), he wrote the most comprehensive history of colonial America. Billias argues Bancroft played on four recurring themes to explain how America developed its unique values: providence, progress, patria, and pan-democracy. "Providence" meant that destiny depended more on God than on human will. The idea of "progress" indicated that through continuous reform a better society was possible. "Patria" (love of country) was deserved because America's spreading influence would bring liberty and freedom to more and more of the world. "Pan-democracy" meant the nation-state was central to the drama, not specific heroes or villains.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bancroft was an indefatigable researcher who had a thorough command of the sources, but his rotund romantic style and enthusiastic patriotism annoyed later generations of scientific historians, who did not assign his books to students. Furthermore, scholars of the "Imperial School" after 1890 took a much more favorable view of the benign intentions of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> than he did.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creating_and_preserving_collective_memory">Creating and preserving collective memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Creating and preserving collective memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1791 the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society</a> became the nation's first state historical society; it was a private association of well-to-do individuals with sufficient leisure, interest, and resources for the society to prosper. It set a model that every state followed, although usually with a more popular base and state funding.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archivist Elizabeth Kaplan argues the founding of a historical society begins an upward spiral with each advance legitimizing the next. Collections are gathered that support publication of documents and histories. These publications in turn give the society and its topic legitimacy and authenticity. The process creates a sense of identity and belonging.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The builders of state historical societies and archives in the late 19th and early 20th century were more than antiquarians—they had the mission of creating as well as preserving and disseminating the collective memories of their communities. The largest and most professional collections were built at the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Historical_Society" title="Wisconsin Historical Society">State Historical Society of Wisconsin</a> in Madison by <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Draper" title="Lyman Draper">Lyman Draper</a> (1852–1887) and <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Gold_Thwaites" title="Reuben Gold Thwaites">Reuben Gold Thwaites</a> (1887–1913). Their extensive collection of books and documents became (and remain) a major scholarly resource for the graduate program in history at the University of Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thwaites disseminated materials nationally through his edited series, especially <i>Jesuit Relations'</i> in 73 volumes, <i>Early Western Travels</i> in 32 volumes, and <i>Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition</i> in eight volumes, among others. </p><p>At the national level, major efforts to collect and publish important documents from the revolutionary era were undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Elliot_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Elliot (historian)">Jonathan Elliott</a> (1784–1846), <a href="/wiki/Jared_Sparks" title="Jared Sparks">Jared Sparks</a> (1789–1866), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Force" title="Peter Force">Peter Force</a> (1790–1868) and other editors.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military history of the Civil War especially fascinated Americans, and the War Department compiled and published a massive collection of original documents that continues to be heavily used by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records of the War of the Rebellion</a></i> appeared in 128 large volumes published between 1881 and 1901. It included military and naval records from both sides, as well as important documents from state and national governments.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_and_Revolution">Colonial and Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colonial and Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_School">Imperial School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Imperial School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most historians saw the colonial era as a prelude to the Revolution, by the 1890s the "Imperial School" was interpreting it as an expression of the <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">British Empire</a>. The leaders included <a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Osgood" title="Herbert L. Osgood">Herbert L. Osgood</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Louis_Beer" title="George Louis Beer">George Louis Beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_McLean_Andrews" title="Charles McLean Andrews">Charles M. Andrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._Gipson" title="Lawrence H. Gipson">Lawrence Henry Gipson</a>. Andrews, based at Yale, was the most influential.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They took a highly favorable view of the benefits achieved by the economic integration of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school practically died out by 1940, but Gipson published his fifteen-volume history of <i>The British Empire Before the American Revolution</i> (1936–70) and won the 1962 Pulitzer Prize in History.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_historians">Progressive historians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Progressive historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Progressive historians such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Becker" title="Carl L. Becker">Carl L. Becker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Sr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Louis_Parrington" title="Vernon Louis Parrington">Vernon L. Parrington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a> downplayed the Patriot grievances of the 1760s and 1770s as rhetorical exercises that covered the greed of smugglers and merchants who wanted to avoid taxes. Schlesinger argued the false propaganda was effective: "The stigmatizing of British policy as 'tyranny,' 'oppression' and 'slavery, had little or no objective reality, at least prior to the Intolerable Acts but ceaseless repetition of the charge kept emotions at fever pitch."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Progressive interpretation was dominant before 1960, as historians downplayed rhetoric as superficial and looked for economic motivations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republicanism">Republicanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Republicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism in the United States</a></div> <p>In the 1960s and 1970s, a new interpretation emerged that emphasized the primacy of ideas as motivating forces in history (rather than material self-interest). <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon Wood</a> from Harvard formed the "Cambridge School"; at Washington University the "St. Louis School" was led by <a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">J.G.A. Pocock</a>. They emphasized slightly different approaches to republicanism.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new discovery was that the colonial intellectual and political leaders in the 1760s and 1770s closely read history to compare governments and their effectiveness of rule.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were especially concerned with the history of liberty in England, and the rights Englishmen, which they claimed were the proper heritage of the colonists. These intellectuals were especially influenced by Britain's "country party" (which opposed the Court Party that actually held power). Country party relied heavily on the classical <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> of Roman heritage; it celebrated the ideals of duty and virtuous citizenship in a republic. It drew heavily on ancient Greek city-state and Roman republican examples.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Country party roundly denounced the corruption surrounding the "court" party in London centering on the royal court. This approach produced a political ideology Americans called "republicanism", which was widespread in America.by 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Republicanism was the distinctive political consciousness of the entire Revolutionary generation."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">J.G.A. Pocock</a> explained the intellectual sources in America:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Whig canon and the neo-Harringtonians, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">James Harrington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Algernon Sydney">Sidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Trenchard_(writer)" title="John Trenchard (writer)">Trenchard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(writer)" title="Thomas Gordon (writer)">Gordon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a>, together with the Greek, Roman, and Renaissance masters of the tradition as far as <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_baron_de_Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, formed the authoritative literature of this culture; and its values and concepts were those with which we have grown familiar: a civic and patriot ideal in which the personality was founded in property, perfected in citizenship but perpetually threatened by corruption; government figuring paradoxically as the principal source of corruption and operating through such means as patronage, faction, standing armies (opposed to the ideal of the militia); established churches (opposed to the Puritan and deist modes of American religion); and the promotion of a monied interest—though the formulation of this last concept was somewhat hindered by the keen desire for readily available paper credit common in colonies of settlement.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary Republicanism</a> was centered on limiting corruption and greed. Virtue was of the utmost importance for citizens and representatives. Revolutionaries took a lesson from ancient Rome, they knew it was necessary to avoid the luxury that had destroyed the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A virtuous citizen was one that ignored monetary compensation and made a commitment to resist and eradicate corruption. The Republic was sacred; therefore it is necessary to serve the state in a truly representative way, ignoring self-interest and individual will. Republicanism required the service of those who were willing to give up their own interests for a common good. According to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a>, "The preservation of liberty rested on the ability of the people to maintain effective checks on wielders of power and hence in the last analysis rested on the vigilance and moral stamina of the people." Virtuous citizens needed to be strong defenders of liberty and challenge the corruption and greed in government. The duty of the virtuous citizen become a foundation for the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atlantic_history">Atlantic history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Atlantic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1980s a major trend has been to locate the colonial and revolutionary eras in the wider context of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_history" title="Atlantic history">Atlantic history</a>, with emphasis on the multiple interactions among the Americas, Europe and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading promoters include <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a> at Harvard,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_P._Greene" title="Jack P. Greene">Jack P. Greene</a> at Johns Hopkins University.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turnerian_School">Turnerian School</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Turnerian School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">Frontier thesis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_of_Frederick_Jackson_Turner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Picture_of_Frederick_Jackson_Turner.jpg/220px-Picture_of_Frederick_Jackson_Turner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Picture_of_Frederick_Jackson_Turner.jpg/330px-Picture_of_Frederick_Jackson_Turner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Picture_of_Frederick_Jackson_Turner.jpg/440px-Picture_of_Frederick_Jackson_Turner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption>Frederick Jackson Turner</figcaption></figure><p>The <i>Frontier Thesis</i> or <i>Turner Thesis</i>, is the argument advanced by historian <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a> in 1893 that the origin of the distinctive egalitarian, democratic, aggressive, and innovative features of the American character has been the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a> experience. He stressed the process—the moving frontier line—and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process. In the thesis, the frontier established liberty by releasing Americans from European mind-sets and ending prior customs of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turner thesis came under attack from the "New Western Historians" after 1970 who wanted to limit western history to the western states, with a special emphasis on the 20th century, women and minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beardian_School">Beardian School</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Beardian School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Beardians were led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a> (1874–1948), who wrote hundreds of monographs, textbooks and interpretive studies in both history and political science. The most controversial was <i><a href="/wiki/An_Economic_Interpretation_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States">An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States</a></i> (1913), which indicated that the founding fathers who wrote the Constitution in 1787 were motivated more by the fate of financial investments than anything idealistic. He wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>The overwhelming majority of members, at least five-sixths, were immediately, directly, and personally interested in the outcome of their labors at Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Beard's most influential book, written with his wife <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ritter_Beard" title="Mary Ritter Beard">Mary Beard</a>, was the wide-ranging and bestselling <i>The Rise of American Civilization</i> (1927). It had a major influence on a generation of American historians. Prominent Beardian historians included <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Beale" title="Howard K. Beale">Howard K. Beale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Harvey_Harrington" title="Fred Harvey Harrington">Fred Harvey Harrington</a>, Jackson Turner Main, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> (in his early years)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to Beard in his economic interpretation, and almost as influential in the 1930s and 1940s was literary scholar <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Louis_Parrington" title="Vernon Louis Parrington">Vernon Louis Parrington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beard was famous as a political <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>, but he strenuously opposed American entry into World War II, for which he blamed <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> more than Japan or Germany. This isolationist stance destroyed his reputation among scholars. By about 1960 they also abandoned his materialistic model of class conflict. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> concluded in 1968: </p> <blockquote><p>Today Beard's reputation stands like an imposing ruin in the landscape of American historiography. What was once the grandest house in the province is now a ravaged survival.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_School_(diplomatic_history)" title="Wisconsin School (diplomatic history)">Wisconsin School of diplomatic history</a> in the 1960s adopted a neo-Beardian model, as expressed at the University of Wisconsin by a number of scholars, most notably <a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a> in <i>The Tragedy of American Diplomacy</i> (1959) but also <a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a> in <i>The New Empire</i> (1963).<sup id="cite_ref-cafr-fn-81_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cafr-fn-81-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was that material advantage, especially foreign markets for surplus goods, was more of a motivating force among American decision-makers in foreign affairs than was <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty" title="Empire of Liberty">spreading liberty to the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cafr-hwb-7_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cafr-hwb-7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wisconsin School historians generally thought that it was possible to correct this decision-making emphasis on markets and doing so would make for a more effective American diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-cafr-hwb-7_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cafr-hwb-7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A different strain of historical thought in the 1960s was associated with the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> and incorporated more radical interpretations of American diplomatic history.<sup id="cite_ref-morgan_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morgan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These scholars included Marxists such as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a>, who generally felt that there were fundamental structural causes, due to the needs of American capitalism, behind American foreign policy and that little could reverse that short of an outright remaking of the economic system.<sup id="cite_ref-cafr-hwb-7_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cafr-hwb-7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-morgan_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morgan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consensus_historiography:_Americans_in_political_agreement">Consensus historiography: Americans in political agreement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consensus historiography: Americans in political agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consensus_history" title="Consensus history">Consensus history</a></div> <p>To replace Beardianism "consensus" historiography emerged in the late 1940s and 1950s, with such leaders including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hartz" title="Louis Hartz">Louis Hartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Daniel J. Boorstin</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">David M. Potter</a>. Other prominent exemplars included <a href="/wiki/Perry_Miller" title="Perry Miller">Perry Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Rossiter" title="Clinton Rossiter">Clinton Rossiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Henry Steele Commager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morgan_(historian)" title="Edmund Morgan (historian)">Edmund Morgan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a>, a liberal, says that Hofstadter's book <i>The American Political Tradition</i> (1948) "propelled him to the very forefront of his profession." Millions of Americans, on and off campus, read it. Its format is a series of portraits of leading men from the Founding Fathers through Jefferson, Jackson, Lincoln and FDR. Foner argues: </p><p>Hofstadter's insight was that virtually all his subjects held essentially the same underlying beliefs. Instead of persistent conflict (whether between agrarians and industrialists, capital and labor, or Democrats and Republicans), American history was characterize by broad agreement on fundamentals, particularly the virtues of individual liberty, private property, and capitalist enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to historian David Rich Lewis, American popular histories, film and fiction have given enormous emphasis to the Indian wars. From a professional standpoint, he argues, "American Indian history has a venerable past and boasts a tremendous volume of scholarship judging by the published bibliographies."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis adds, "it has been difficult to distract academics or the public from the drama of Indian wars. Most of the older histories of Indians and the American West emphasized this warfare and the victimization of Indian peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1970 new ethnohistorical approaches appeared providing an anthropological perspective that deepened understanding of the Indian perspective. The new scholarly emphasis on victimization mentored by the 1980s scholars were dealing more harshly with the U.S. government's failures and emphasizing the impact of the wars on native peoples and their cultures. An influential book in popular history was <a href="/wiki/Dee_Brown_(writer)" title="Dee Brown (writer)">Dee Brown</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bury_My_Heart_at_Wounded_Knee" title="Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee">Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee</a></i> (1970). In academic history, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Jennings" title="Francis Jennings">Francis Jennings</a>'s <i>The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest</i> (New York: Norton, 1975) was notable for strong attacks on the Puritans and rejection of traditional portrayal of the wars between the indigenous peoples and colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery_and_black_history">Slavery and black history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Slavery and black history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wes_Brady,_ex-slave,_Marshall_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wes_Brady%2C_ex-slave%2C_Marshall_edited.jpg/220px-Wes_Brady%2C_ex-slave%2C_Marshall_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wes_Brady%2C_ex-slave%2C_Marshall_edited.jpg/330px-Wes_Brady%2C_ex-slave%2C_Marshall_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wes_Brady%2C_ex-slave%2C_Marshall_edited.jpg/440px-Wes_Brady%2C_ex-slave%2C_Marshall_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2418" data-file-height="4059" /></a><figcaption>Wes Brady, ex-slave, Marshall, Texas, 1937. This photograph was taken as part of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> <a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narrative Collection</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of slavery originally was the history of the government's laws and policies toward slavery, and the political debates about it. Black history was specially promoted, very largely at predominantly black colleges. The situation changed dramatically with the coming of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s. Attention shifted to the enslaved humans, the free blacks, and the struggles of the black community against adversity.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kolchin" title="Peter Kolchin">Peter Kolchin</a> described the state of historiography in the early 20th century as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During the first half of the twentieth century, a major component of this approach was often simply racism, manifest in the belief that blacks were, at best, imitative of whites. Thus <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Bonnell_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Bonnell Phillips">Ulrich B. Phillips</a>, the era's most celebrated and influential expert on slavery, combined a sophisticated portrait of the white planters' life and behavior with crude passing generalizations about the life and behavior of their black slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historians <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Oliver_Horton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Oliver Horton (page does not exist)">James Oliver Horton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lois_Horton" title="Lois Horton">Lois E. Horton</a> described Phillips's mindset, methodology and influence: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His portrayal of blacks as passive, inferior people, whose African origins made them uncivilized, seemed to provide historical evidence for the theories of racial inferiority that supported <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>. Drawing evidence exclusively from plantation records, letters, southern newspapers, and other sources reflecting the slaveholder's point of view, Phillips depicted slave masters who provided for the welfare of their slaves and contended that true affection existed between master and slave.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The racist attitude concerning slaves carried over into the historiography of the <a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> history, which dominated in the early 20th century. Writing in 2005, the historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Their account of the era rested, as one member of the Dunning school put it, on the assumption of "negro incapacity." Finding it impossible to believe that blacks could ever be independent actors on the stage of history, with their own aspirations and motivations, Dunning et al. portrayed African Americans either as "children", ignorant dupes manipulated by unscrupulous whites, or as savages, their primal passions unleashed by the end of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Beginning in the 1930s and 1940s, historiography moved away from the "overt" racism of the Phillips era. Historians still emphasized the slave as an object. Whereas Phillips presented the slave as the object of benign attention by the owners, historians such as <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Stampp" title="Kenneth M. Stampp">Kenneth Stampp</a> emphasized the mistreatment and abuse of the slave.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the portrayal of the slave as victim, the historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Elkins" title="Stanley Elkins">Stanley M. Elkins</a> in his 1959 work "Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life" compared the effects of United States slavery to that resulting from the brutality of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>. He stated the institution destroyed the will of the slave, creating an "emasculated, docile <a href="/wiki/Sambo_(racial_term)" title="Sambo (racial term)">Sambo</a>" who identified totally with the owner. Elkins's thesis was challenged by historians. Gradually historians recognized that in addition to the effects of the owner-slave relationship, slaves did not live in a "totally closed environment but rather in one that permitted the emergence of enormous variety and allowed slaves to pursue important relationships with persons other than their master, including those to be found in their families, churches and communities."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Engerman" title="Stanley Engerman">Stanley L. Engerman</a> in the 1970s, through their work <i>Time on the Cross,</i> portrayed slaves as having internalized the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a> of their owners.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In portraying the more benign version of slavery, they also argue in their 1974 book that the material conditions under which the slaves lived and worked compared favorably to those of free workers in the agriculture and industry of the time. (This was also an argument of Southerners during the 19th century.) </p><p>In the 1970s and 1980s, historians made use of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> records, black <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, and statistical data to describe a much more detailed and nuanced picture of slave life. Relying also on 19th-century autobiographies of ex-slaves (known as <a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">slave narratives</a>) and the WPA <a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narrative Collection</a>, a set of interviews conducted with former slave interviews in the 1930s by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> administration, historians described slavery as the slaves experienced it. Far from slaves' being strictly victims or content, historians showed slaves as both resilient and autonomous in many of their activities. Despite their exercise of autonomy and their efforts to make a life within slavery, current historians recognize the precariousness of the slave's situation. Slave children quickly learned that they were subject to the direction of both their parents and their owners. They saw their parents disciplined just as they came to realize that they also could be physically or verbally abused by their owners. Historians writing during this era include <a href="/wiki/John_W._Blassingame" title="John W. Blassingame">John Blassingame</a> (<i>Slave Community</i>), <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Eugene Genovese</a> (<i>Roll, Jordan, Roll</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Howard_Owens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leslie Howard Owens (page does not exist)">Leslie Howard Owens</a> (<i>This Species of Property</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gutman" title="Herbert Gutman">Herbert Gutman</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Family_in_Slavery_and_Freedom" title="The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom">The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important work on slavery has continued; for instance, in 2003, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Hahn" title="Steven Hahn">Steven Hahn</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning account, <i>A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration</i>, which examined how slaves built community and political understanding while enslaved, so they quickly began to form new associations and institutions when emancipated, including black churches separate from white control. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wright" title="Robert E. Wright">Robert E. Wright</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">model</a> that explains why <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> was more prevalent in some areas than others (e.g. southern than northern <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>) and why some <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">firms</a> (individuals, <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a>, plantation owners) chose <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave labor</a> while others used wage, indentured, or family labor instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_E._Wright_2010_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_E._Wright_2010-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War#Memory_and_historiography" title="American Civil War">American Civil War § Memory and historiography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues about the American Civil War</a></div> <p>The Civil War has generated an unusually large historiography. In terms of controversy, historians have long debated the causes of the war, and the relative importance given to nationalism and sectionalism, slavery, and economic issues. Nationalism dominated historiography from the late 19th century and the 1920s, especially as reflected in the work of <a href="/wiki/James_Ford_Rhodes" title="James Ford Rhodes">James Ford Rhodes</a>. In the 1920s, the Beardian school Identified an inevitable conflict between the plantation-based South and the industrial Northeast. When the agrarian Midwest sided with the Northeast, war resulted. In the 1930s, numerous arguments were made that the war was not inevitable, that was caused by a failure of the political system to reach a compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1960s, the emphasis has been very largely on slavery as the cause of the Civil War, with the anti-slavery element in the North committed to blocking the expansion of the slave system because it violated the rights of free white farmers and workers. Southerners responded to this as an intolerable attack on their honor, their economic needs for expansion, and the constitutional states' rights.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lost Cause of the Confederacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a></div> <p>The <i>Lost Cause</i> is a collection of popular myths, strongest in the white South, which endorse the virtues of the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum South</a> and embodied a view of the Civil War as an honorable struggle to maintain those virtues while downplaying the actual role of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lost Cause was widely taught in schools across the South. In the late 19th century it became a key part of the reconciliation process between North and South, thereby reuniting the white South with the mainstream national interest. The Lost Cause became the main way that <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">white Southerners</a> <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">commemorated the war</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a> by 1900 became the major organization promoting the Lost Cause. Historian Caroline E. Janney states: </p> <blockquote><p>Providing a sense of relief to white Southerners who feared being dishonored by defeat, the Lost Cause was largely accepted in the years following the war by <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a> who found it to be a useful tool in reconciling North and South.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Lost Cause belief has several historically inaccurate elements. These include claiming that the reason the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> started the Civil War was to defend <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">state's rights</a> rather than to preserve <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, or claiming that slavery was benevolent, rather than cruel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Historiography of the Cold War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lewis_Gaddis_speaks_to_U.S._Naval_War_College_(NWC)_faculty_during_the_Teaching_Grand_Strategy_workshop_at_the_NWC_120816-N-LE393-023_(7796812032)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/John_Lewis_Gaddis_speaks_to_U.S._Naval_War_College_%28NWC%29_faculty_during_the_Teaching_Grand_Strategy_workshop_at_the_NWC_120816-N-LE393-023_%287796812032%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/John_Lewis_Gaddis_speaks_to_U.S._Naval_War_College_%28NWC%29_faculty_during_the_Teaching_Grand_Strategy_workshop_at_the_NWC_120816-N-LE393-023_%287796812032%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/John_Lewis_Gaddis_speaks_to_U.S._Naval_War_College_%28NWC%29_faculty_during_the_Teaching_Grand_Strategy_workshop_at_the_NWC_120816-N-LE393-023_%287796812032%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>John Lewis Gaddis speaks to U.S. Naval War College (NWC) faculty in 2012</figcaption></figure><p> As soon as the "<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>" began about 1947 the origins of the conflict between the Soviet Union and the West became a source of heated controversy among scholars and politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Nashel_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nashel-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet-U.S. relations after the Second World War; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable, or could have been avoided. Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was, what the sources of the conflict were, and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the opening of the archives in Moscow and Eastern Europe after 1990, most of the pressing issues have been resolved. </p><p>The "orthodox" school dominated American historiography from the 1940s until it was challenged by both Wisconsin School and New Left historians in the 1960s. The orthodox school places the responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion into Eastern Europe. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a>, for example, argued in his 1950 <i>America Faces Russia</i> that the breakdown of postwar peace was the result of Soviet expansionism in the immediate postwar years. Bailey argued Stalin violated promises he had made at <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta</a>, imposed Soviet-dominated regimes on unwilling Eastern European populations, and conspired to spread communism throughout the world. America responded by drawing the line against Soviet aggression with the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>. </p><p>The challengers, the "revisionist" school, were originally formed at the University of Wisconsin by <a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a>. This strain of thought became most known via his <i>The Tragedy of American Diplomacy</i> (1959). Williams suggested America was just as bad as the Soviets because it had always been an empire-building nation, and forced capitalism upon unwilling nations. Revisionists emphasized Soviet weaknesses after 1945, said it only wanted a security zone, and was mostly responding to American provocations.<sup id="cite_ref-FerrellColdWar2006_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FerrellColdWar2006-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seminal "post-revisionist" accounts are by <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a>, starting with his <i>The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947</i> (1972) and continuing through his study of <i>George F. Kennan: An American Life</i> (2011). Gaddis argued that neither side bore sole responsibility, as he emphasized the constraints imposed on American policymakers by domestic politics. Gaddis criticized revisionist scholars, particularly Williams, for failing to understand the role of Soviet policy in the origins of the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._May" title="Ernest R. May">Ernest R. May</a> concluded in 1984, "The United States and the Soviet Union were doomed to be antagonists. ... There probably was never any real possibility that the post-1945 relationship could be anything but hostility verging on conflict ... Traditions, belief systems, propinquity, and convenience ... all combined to stimulate antagonism, and almost no factor operated in either country to hold it back."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_history">Social history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Social history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">Social history</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">Social history</a>, often called the <b>new social history,</b> is the history of ordinary people and their strategies of coping with life. It includes topics like demography, women, family, and education. It was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments. In two decades from 1975 to 1995, the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history rose from 31% to 41%, while the proportion of political historians fell from 40% to 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_History_Association" title="Social Science History Association">Social Science History Association</a>, formed in 1976, brings together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history and publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_History" title="Social Science History">Social Science History</a></i> quarterly.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The field is also the specialty of the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social_History" title="Journal of Social History">Journal of Social History</a></i>, edited since 1967 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stearns" title="Peter Stearns">Peter Stearns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It covers such topics as gender relations; race in American history; the history of personal relationships; consumerism; sexuality; the social history of politics; crime and punishment, and history of the senses. Most of the major historical journals have coverage as well. </p><p>Social history was practiced by local historians as well as scholars, especially the frontier historians who followed <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a>, as well as urban historians who followed <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Sr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.">Arthur Schlesinger Sr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "new" social history of the 1960s introduced demographic and quantitative techniques. However, after 1990 social history was increasingly challenged by cultural history, which emphasizes language and the importance of beliefs and assumptions and their causal role in group behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_history"><span id="Women.27s_history"></span>Women's history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Women's history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women in the United States</a></div> <p>It is often thought that the field of American women's history became a major field of academic inquiry largely after the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the field has a longer historiography than is generally understood. The earliest histories of American women were authored during the 19th century, largely by non-academic women writers writing for popular audiences or to document the history of women's civic and activist organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, abolitionists Sarah Grimke and Lydia Maria Child wrote brief histories of women in the 1830s, while Elizabeth Ellet wrote, <i>Women of the American Revolution (1848), A Domestic History of the American Revolution (1850), and Pioneer Women of the West (1852</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, women's organizations like the Women's Christian Temperance Union and the National American Woman Suffrage Association and the National Association of Colored Women set about writing their own institutional histories in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, while women's patriotic societies like the Daughters of the American Revolution and the United Daughters of the Confederacy created "filiopietistic" publications on history and women in history, developed school curricula, and engaged in historic preservation work.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both black and white women in women's clubs actively participated in this work during the twentieth century in their efforts to shape the broader culture.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early twentieth century, for example, the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) coordinated efforts across the South to tell the story of the Confederacy and its women on the Confederate home front, while male historians spent their time with battles and generals. The women emphasized female activism, initiative, and leadership. They reported that when all the men left for war, the women took command, found ersatz and substitute foods, rediscovered their old traditional skills with the spinning wheel when factory cloth became unavailable, and ran all the farm or plantation operations. They faced danger without having menfolk in the traditional role of their protectors.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Jacquelyn_Dowd_Hall" title="Jacquelyn Dowd Hall">Jacquelyn Dowd Hall</a> argues that the UDC was a powerful promoter of women's history: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>UDC leaders were determined to assert women's cultural authority over virtually every representation of the region's past. This they did by lobbying for state archives and museums, national historic sites, and historic highways; compiling genealogies; interviewing former soldiers; writing history textbooks; and erecting monuments, which now moved triumphantly from cemeteries into town centers. More than half a century before women's history and public history emerged as fields of inquiry and action, the UDC, with other women's associations, strove to etch women's accomplishments into the historical record and to take history to the people, from the nursery and the fireside to the schoolhouse and the public square.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While non-academic women in these societies succeeded in shaping public memory and history education in American school houses, albeit along racially segregated lines, the subject of women in American history was largely ignored within the historical discipline during the period in which the discipline professionalized from the 1880s to 1910. The male-dominated discipline saw its purview as relatively limited to the study of the evolution of politics, government, and the law, and emphasized research in official state documents, thus leaving little room for an examination of women's activities or lives. Women's activities were perceived as irretrievable, inadequately documented in the historical record, and occurring in the social and cultural realms.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the rise of progressive history in the 1910s and social history in the 1920s and 1930s, some professional historians began to call for more attention to the study of women in American history, or simply incorporated women into their broader historical studies. The most famous call to research and write about the history of American women in this period came from distinguished historian, Arthur Schlesinger Sr. in his collected essays published as <i>New Perspectives in American History</i>, in 1922. His graduate students and their graduate students would later contribute to the emergence of the scholarly field of American women's history in the ensuing decades. This phase in the field's development culminated in the creation of women's history archives at both Radcliffe College (Harvard's women's coordinate) and Smith College (The Sophia Smith Collection). The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America (Harvard), for example, was founded in 1943 as the Radcliffe Woman's Archives. Between 1957 and 1971, this library produced a seminal scholarly reference work on women in American history, <i>Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607–1950</i>. It coordinated the work of hundreds of historians—men and women—and was published to widespread acclaim in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomas_2012_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomas_2012-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic historians, meanwhile, sporadically produced and reviewed scholarly monographs in American women's history from the 1930s through the 1950s as well. The work of Alma Lutz, Elizabeth Anthony Dexter, Julia Cherry Spruill, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Elizabeth_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoinette Elizabeth Taylor (page does not exist)">Antoinette Elizabeth Taylor</a>, Mary Elizabeth Massey, Caroline Ware, Eleanor Flexner, and Mary Beard for example, all focused on the history of American women and was relatively well known during their time even if some of these scholars did not enjoy insider status within the historical profession.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomas_2012_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomas_2012-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the new social history of the 1960s and the modern women's movement, increasing numbers of scholars, especially women graduate students training in universities across the country, began to focus on the history of women. They struggled to find mentors in male dominated history departments initially. Students in the Columbia University History Department produced several early significant works in the 1960s. Gerda Lerner's dissertation, published as <i>The Grimke Sisters of South Carolina</i> in 1967, and Aileen Kraditor's <i>The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement</i> (1965) are just two notable examples.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomas_2012_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomas_2012-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Firor_Scott" title="Anne Firor Scott">Anne Firor Scott</a>, a graduate of Harvard who studied under Oscar Handlin in the 1950s, wrote a dissertation on women in the Southern Progressive movement and by 1970 had published <i>The Southern Lady: From the Pedesta</i>l <i>to Politics</i>. These new ventures into women's history were made within mainstream academic institutions. Lerner and Scott would become leading lights and organizers for the field's younger practitioners in the coming decades. Their contributions to American history were recognized by the Organization of American Historians and the Southern Historical Association when they were elected to the presidencies of those professional organizations in the 1980s. </p><p>The field of women's history exploded dramatically after 1969. New historians of women organized within the major national historical associations from 1969 forward to promote scholarship about women. This included the American Historical Association, the Organization of American History, and the Southern Historical Association. The mostly women historians created status of women committees in these male dominated associations and made developing women's history a major focus of their professional and intellectual activism. They started by gathering data and writing bibliographies in the field to identify areas in need of study. Then they painstakingly completed the research and produced the monographs that vitalized this field. They also created around a dozen regional women's history organizations and conference groups of their own to support their scholarly work and build intellectual and professional networks. These included the <a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_on_Women_in_the_Historical_Profession" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Committee on Women in the Historical Profession">Coordinating Committee on Women in the Historical Profession</a>—Conference Group on Women's History (1969), the Berkshire Conference on the History of Women (1973), West Coast Association of Women Historians (1970), Women Historians of the Midwest(1973), Southern Association for Women Historians (1970), Upstate New York Women's History Organization (1975), New England Association of Women Historians (1972), Association of Black Women Historians (1979), and others.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scholarship this growing cohort of historians created was soon vast, diverse, and theoretically complex. Almost from its inception, the new women's history of the 1970s focused on the differential experiences of white women of diverse backgrounds, women of color, working-class women, relations of power between men and women, and how to integrate women's history into mainstream American history narratives. There was a pervasive concern with understanding the impact of race, class, gender, and sexuality on the histories of women—despite later claims to the contrary. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, American women's historians like Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Joan Kelley were considering sexual relations of power, sex roles, the problem of fitting women's history into traditional frameworks of periodization and Joan Wallach Scott's call to apply gender as a "Useful Category of Historical Analysis."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., historians of women in Europe, America, and the World collaborated by working together in the discipline's professional institutions and sharing one another's theoretical insights to strengthen the standing of women's history in academia broadly. </p><p>An important development of the 1980s was the fuller integration of women into the history of race and slavery and race into the history of women. This work was preceded by the work of black club women, historic preservationists, archivists, and educators of the early twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerda Lerner published a significant document reader, <i>Black Women in White America</i> in 1972 (Pantheon Publishers). <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Gray_White" title="Deborah Gray White">Deborah Gray White</a>'s <i>Ar'n't I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South</i> (1985), helped to open up analysis of race, slavery, abolitionism and feminism, as well as resistance, power, activism, and themes of violence, sexualities, and the body.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The professional service and scholarship of Darlene Clark Hine, Rosalyn Terborg -Penn, and Nell Irvin Painter on African American women also broke important ground in the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1980s, women's history in the United States had matured and proliferated enough to support its own stand alone scholarly journals to showcase scholarship in the field. The major women's history journal published in the United States is <i>The Journal of Women's History,</i> launched in 1989 by Joan Hoff and Christie Farnham Pope. It was first published out of Indiana University and continues to be published quarterly today. Indeed, the field became so prolific and established by the turn of the 21st century that it had become one of the most commonly claimed fields of specialization of all professional historians in the United States, according to Robert Townsend of the American Historical Association.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major trends in the history of American women in recent years have emphasized the study of global and transnational histories of women, and histories of conservative women.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women's history continues to be a robust and prolific field in the United States, and new scholarship is published regularly in the history discipline's mainstream, regional, and subfield specific journals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_history">Urban history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Urban history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">Urban history</a></div> <p>Urban history has long been practiced by amateurs who from the late 19th century have written detailed histories of their own cities. Academic interest began with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Sr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.">Arthur Schlesinger Sr.</a> at Harvard in the 1920s, and his successor <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Handlin" title="Oscar Handlin">Oscar Handlin</a>. The "new urban history" emerged in the 1960s as a branch of <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">Social history</a> seeking to understand the "city as process" and, through quantitative methods, to learn more about the inarticulate masses in the cities, as opposed to the mayors and elites. Much of the attention is devoted to individual behavior, and how the intermingling of classes and ethnic groups operated inside a particular city. Smaller cities are much easier to handle when it comes to tracking a sample of individuals over ten or 20 years. </p><p>Common themes include the social and political changes, examinations of class formation, and racial/ethnic tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major early study was Stephan Thernstrom's <i>Poverty and Progress: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth Century City</i> (1964), which used census records to study <a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport, Massachusetts</a>, 1850–1880. A seminal, landmark book, it sparked interest in the 1960s and 1970s in quantitative methods, census sources, "bottom-up" history, and the measurement of upward social mobility by different ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than being strictly areas of geographical segmentation, spatial patterns and concepts of place reveal the struggles for power of various social groups, including gender, class, race, and ethnic identity. The spatial patterns of residential and business areas give individual cities their distinct identities and, considering the social aspects attendant to the patterns, create a more complete picture of how those cities evolved, shaping the lives of their citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent techniques include the use of historical <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">GIS</a> data.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching">Teaching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The great majority of leading scholars have been teachers at universities and colleges. However, professionalization and the academic advancement system gives priority to graduate-level research and publication, and to the teaching of advanced graduate students. Issues regarding the teaching at the undergraduate level or below have been promoted by the associations, but have not become main themes.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American studies was seldom taught in Europe or Asia before the Second World War. Since then, American studies has had a limited appeal and typically involves a combination of American literature and some history. Europe's approach has been highly sensitive to the changes in the political climate.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_historians_working_in_the_U.S.">Prominent historians working in the U.S.</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Prominent historians working in the U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historians_born_before_1900">Historians born before 1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Historians born before 1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Brooks Adams</a>, (1838–1918), US 1800–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McLean_Andrews" title="Charles McLean Andrews">Charles McLean Andrews</a>, (1863–1943), colonial</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Elmer_Barnes" title="Harry Elmer Barnes">Harry Elmer Barnes</a>, (1889–1958) World wars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a>, (1800–1891), colonial and Revolution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft" title="Hubert Howe Bancroft">Hubert Howe Bancroft</a>, (1832–1918) West</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_C._Barker" title="Eugene C. Barker">Eugene C. Barker</a> (1874–1956), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a>, (1874–1948), political, economic and social</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ritter_Beard" title="Mary Ritter Beard">Mary Ritter Beard</a>, (1876–1958), social</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Flagg_Bemis" title="Samuel Flagg Bemis">Samuel Flagg Bemis</a>, (1891–1973) diplomatic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Catton" title="Bruce Catton">Bruce Catton</a>, (1899–1978) Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Channing" title="Edward Channing">Edward Channing</a>, (1856–1931), political</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Merton_Coulter" title="E. Merton Coulter">E. Merton Coulter</a>, (1890–1981) South</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Craven" title="Avery Craven">Avery Craven</a>, (1885–1980), Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a>, (1897–1997), intellectual, social, peace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angie_Debo" title="Angie Debo">Angie Debo</a>, (1890–1988), Native American and Oklahoma history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_DeVoto" title="Bernard DeVoto">Bernard DeVoto</a>, (1897–1955), West</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W.E.B. Du Bois</a>, (1868–1963) Reconstruction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Walter Lynwood Fleming</a>, (1874–1932), Reconstruction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman" title="Douglas Southall Freeman">Douglas Southall Freeman</a> (1886–1953), Washington, Lee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hildreth" title="Richard Hildreth">Richard Hildreth</a>, (1807–1865) political</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Jameson" title="J. Franklin Jameson">J. Franklin Jameson</a> (1859–1937), editor and archivist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woods_Labaree" title="Leonard Woods Labaree">Leonard Woods Labaree</a>, (1897–1980) editor of the Benjamin Franklin Papers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumas_Malone" title="Dumas Malone">Dumas Malone</a>, (1892–1986), Jefferson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>, (1887–1976) naval, American colonial</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a>, (1890–1971) political and business; Civil War; biography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Palfrey" title="John G. Palfrey">John Gorham Palfrey</a>, (1796–1881) New England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a> (1832–1893), Canada, French and Indian wars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Parton" title="James Parton">James Parton</a>, (1822–1891), political biography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ford_Rhodes" title="James Ford Rhodes">James Ford Rhodes</a>, (1848–1927) Civil War, Reconstruction, and Gilded Age</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hester_Dorsey_Richardson" title="Hester Dorsey Richardson">Hester Dorsey Richardson</a> (1862–1933), biography, Maryland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, (1858–1919), West, naval</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sarton" title="George Sarton">George Sarton</a>, (1884–1956), history of science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Sr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.">Arthur Schlesinger Sr.</a> (1888–1965), social, urban</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Schouler" title="James Schouler">James Schouler</a>, (1839–1920) political</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Harvey_Smith" title="Justin Harvey Smith">Justin Harvey Smith</a>, (1857–1930) Mexican–American War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a>, (1861–1932), West, methodology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Wesley" title="Charles H. Wesley">Charles H. Wesley</a>, (1891–1987) black history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Winsor" title="Justin Winsor">Justin Winsor</a>, (1831–1897), 18th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a>, (1875–1950) black history</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historians_born_in_the_20th_century">Historians born in the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Historians born in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a>, (born 1936), Cold War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Stephen Ambrose</a>, (1936–2002), WW2, U.S. political</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Appleby" title="Joyce Appleby">Joyce Appleby</a> (1929–2016), capitalism, early national</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Aptheker" title="Herbert Aptheker">Herbert Aptheker</a>, (1915–2003), African American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_J._Arrington" title="Leonard J. Arrington">Leonard J. Arrington</a>, (1917–1999), Mormons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a>, (1902–1983), diplomacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a>, (1922–2020), colonial; Atlantic history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Jack_Bauer" title="K. Jack Bauer">K. Jack Bauer</a>, (1926–1987), U.S. naval, military, and maritime</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a>, (born 1955), Cold War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Allen_Billington" title="Ray Allen Billington">Ray Allen Billington</a>, (1903–81), Frontier and West</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Blight" title="David W. Blight">David Blight</a>, (born 1949), slavery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_Blum" title="John Morton Blum">John Morton Blum</a>, (1921–2011), presidents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Daniel J. Boorstin</a>, (1914–2004), legal, social</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Boyer_(historian)" title="Paul Boyer (historian)">Paul S. Boyer</a>, (1935–2012), culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brinkley" title="Alan Brinkley">Alan Brinkley</a>, (1949–2019), 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brody_(historian)" title="David Brody (historian)">David Brody</a>, (born 1930), labor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_MacGregor_Burns" title="James MacGregor Burns">James MacGregor Burns</a>, (1918–2014), World War II, FDR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bushman" title="Richard Bushman">Richard Bushman</a>, (born 1931), colonial, Mormons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Butler" title="Jon Butler">Jon Butler</a>, (born 1940), religion, colonial</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carwardine" title="Richard Carwardine">Richard Carwardine</a>, (born 1947) political, religious; Lincoln</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D._Chandler_Jr." title="Alfred D. Chandler Jr.">Alfred D. Chandler Jr.</a>, (1918–2007), business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a>, (born 1949), biography, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Clark-Lewis" title="Elizabeth Clark-Lewis">Elizabeth Clark-Lewis</a>, slavery, emancipation, domestic labor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Coffman" title="Edward M. Coffman">Edward M. Coffman</a>, (1929–2020), military</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Henry Steele Commager</a>, (1902–98), intellectual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Cooper_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Cooper (historian)">John Milton Cooper</a> (born 1940), Woodrow Wilson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_A._Cremin" title="Lawrence A. Cremin">Lawrence A. Cremin</a>, (1925–90), education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cronon" title="William Cronon">William Cronon</a>, (born 1954), environmental</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dallek" title="Robert Dallek">Robert Dallek</a>, (born 1934), politics, diplomacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Danbom" title="David B. Danbom">David B. Danbom</a> (born 1947), rural</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">David Brion Davis</a>, (1927–2019), Slavery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Davis" title="Kenneth S. Davis">Kenneth S. Davis</a>, (1912–1999), Franklin D. Roosevelt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Neumann_Degler" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Neumann Degler">Carl N. Degler</a>, (1921–2014), social</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">David Herbert Donald</a>, (1920–2009), Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Hunter_Dupree" title="A. Hunter Dupree">A. Hunter Dupree</a>, (1921–2019), science and technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Elkins" title="Stanley Elkins">Stanley Elkins</a>, (1925–2013), slavery, federalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Joseph J. Ellis</a>, (born 1943), early Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, (born 1964), military, business, economic, imperial</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">David Hackett Fischer</a>, (born 1935) American Revolution, cycles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a>, (1926–2013), economic, cliometrics, slavery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a>, (born 1943), Reconstruction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Foote" title="Shelby Foote">Shelby Foote</a>, (1916–2005), Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fox-Genovese" title="Elizabeth Fox-Genovese">Elizabeth Fox-Genovese</a>, (1941–2007), South; cultural & social, women</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a>, (1915–2009), black history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Freidel" title="Frank Freidel">Frank Freidel</a>, (1916–1993), Franklin Roosevelt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a>, (born 1941), Cold War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a> (born 1934), diplomatic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Garraty" title="John A. Garraty">John Garraty</a>, (1920–2007), biography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Gaustad" title="Edwin Gaustad">Edwin Gaustad</a> (1923–2011), religion in America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Eugene Genovese</a>, (1930–2012), South, slavery, religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Doris Kearns Goodwin</a>, (born 1943), presidential</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Paul Gottfried</a>, (born 1941), conservatism, modern Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Guerra" title="Lillian Guerra">Lillian Guerra</a>, Cuban and Latin American history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_R._Hirsch" title="Arnold R. Hirsch">Arnold Hirsch</a>, (born 1949), urban, New Orleans, modern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a>, (1916–1970), political, historiography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Daniel Walker Howe</a>, (born 1937), political, intellectual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. Jackson">Kenneth T. Jackson</a>, (born 1939), urban, New York City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Jensen" title="Merrill Jensen">Merrill Jensen</a> (1905–1980), American Revolution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kazin" title="Michael Kazin">Michael Kazin</a>, (born 1948), political</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a>, (1904–2005), U.S. and Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(historian)" title="David M. Kennedy (historian)">David Kennedy</a> (born 1941), 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kevles" title="Daniel Kevles">Daniel J. Kevles</a>, (born 1939), science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a> (1933–2021), diplomatic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Leckie_(author)" title="Robert Leckie (author)">Robert Leckie</a>, (1920–2001), American military</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Leuchtenburg" title="William Leuchtenburg">William Leuchtenburg</a> (born 1922), American political and legal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Litwack" title="Leon Litwack">Leon F. Litwack</a> (1929–2021), African-American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lord" title="Walter Lord">Walter Lord</a> (1917–2002), American, popular</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Marsden" title="George Marsden">George Marsden</a>, (born 1939), Christianity and American culture; Evangelicalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_McDonald" title="Forrest McDonald">Forrest McDonald</a>, (1927–2016), early national, presidency, business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Maier" title="Pauline Maier">Pauline Maier</a>, (1938–2013), American revolution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Manchester" title="William Manchester">William Manchester</a>, (1922–2004), World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">David McCullough</a>, (1933–2022), presidents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._McFeely" title="William S. McFeely">William S. McFeely</a>, (1930–2019), Civil War and Reconstruction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a>, (born 1936), Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Meinig" title="Donald W. Meinig">D. W. Meinig</a> (1924–2020), American geography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Menard" title="Russell Menard">Russell Menard</a>, Colonial, demographic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Miller" title="Perry Miller">Perry Miller</a>, (1905–1963), intellectual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morgan_(historian)" title="Edmund Morgan (historian)">Edmund Morgan</a> (1916–2013), colonial and Revolution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nasaw" title="David Nasaw">David Nasaw</a> (born 1945), Progressive Era</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">George H. Nash</a>, (born 1945), conservatism; Herbert Hoover</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Noll" title="Mark Noll">Mark A. Noll</a>, (born 1946), Christianity in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Patterson_(historian)" title="James T. Patterson (historian)">James T. Patterson</a> (born 1935), 20th-century political</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Perkins_(historian)" title="Bradford Perkins (historian)">Bradford Perkins</a> (1925–2008), U.S. diplomatic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Prange" title="Gordon Prange">Gordon W. Prange</a> (1910–1980), World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_N._Rakove" title="Jack N. Rakove">Jack N. Rakove</a> (born 1947), US Constitution and early politics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Robert V. Remini</a>, (1921–2013), ante-bellum politics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Richard Rhodes</a> (born 1937), nuclear weapons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._J._Rorabaugh" title="W. J. Rorabaugh">W.J. Rorabaugh</a> (born 1945), 19th and 20th century and frontier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Rosenberg" title="Charles E. Rosenberg">Charles E. Rosenberg</a> (born 1936), medicine and science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_J._Rupp" title="Leila J. Rupp">Leila J. Rupp</a> (born 1950), feminism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Ryan" title="Cornelius Ryan">Cornelius Ryan</a>, (1920–1974), World War II, popular</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sugrue" title="Thomas Sugrue">Thomas J. Sugrue</a>, (born 1962), urban</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur Schlesinger Jr.</a> (1917–2007), Andrew Jackson, New Deal, Kennedys, politics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Kish_Sklar" title="Kathryn Kish Sklar">Kathryn Kish Sklar</a>, (born 1939), Women's History of the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theda_Skocpol" title="Theda Skocpol">Theda Skocpol</a> (born 1947), Institutions and comparative method; sociological</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Slotkin" title="Richard Slotkin">Richard Slotkin</a> (born 1942), environment & West; literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Nash_Smith" title="Henry Nash Smith">Henry Nash Smith</a>, (1906–1996), cultural, American Studies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Jean Edward Smith</a>, (1932–2019), biography,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Norton_Smith" title="Richard Norton Smith">Richard Norton Smith</a>, (born 1953) presidential</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Stampp" title="Kenneth M. Stampp">Kenneth Stampp</a>, (1912–2009), South, slavery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Takaki" title="Ronald Takaki">Ronald Takaki</a>, (1939–2009), ethnic studies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Thernstrom" title="Stephan Thernstrom">Stephan Thernstrom</a>, (born 1934), new social history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tindall" title="George Tindall">George Tindall</a>, (1921–2006), South</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(historian)" title="John Toland (historian)">John Toland</a>, (1912–2004), world wars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Thatcher_Ulrich" title="Laurel Thatcher Ulrich">Laurel Thatcher Ulrich</a>, (born 1938), Early America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Utley" title="Robert M. Utley">Robert M. Utley</a>, (1929–2022), 19th-century American West</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Samuel_Walker" title="J. Samuel Walker">J. Samuel Walker</a>, nuclear energy and weapons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Weigley" title="Russell Weigley">Russell Weigley</a>, (1930–2004), military</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_White_(historian)" title="Richard White (historian)">Richard White</a>, (born 1947), American West, environmental, Native American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a>, (born 1951), political, cultural</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a>, (1921–1990) diplomatic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Clyde N. Wilson</a>, (born 1941), 19th-century South</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon S. Wood</a>, (born 1933), American Revolution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a>, (1908–1999), South</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a>, (1922–2010), People's history</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_J._Cade_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony J. Cade II (page does not exist)">Anthony J. Cade II</a>, (born 1988), American Military History</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_historians_working_in_U.S._on_non-U.S._topics">American historians working in U.S. on non-U.S. topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: American historians working in U.S. on non-U.S. topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research and teaching history in the United States has, of course, included the history of Europe and the rest of the world as well. So many topics are covered that is possible only to list some of the outstanding scholars. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Becker" title="Carl L. Becker">Carl L. Becker</a>, (1873–1945), modern Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_A._R._Brown" title="Elizabeth A. R. Brown">Elizabeth A. R. Brown</a>, (born 1932), medieval</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bruun" title="Geoffrey Bruun">Geoffrey Bruun</a> (1899–1988), European civilization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_R._Gottschalk" title="Louis R. Gottschalk">Louis R. Gottschalk</a>, (1899–1975) French Revolution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_H._Haring" title="Clarence H. Haring">Clarence H. Haring</a>, (1885–1960), Latin American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Homer_Haskins" title="Charles Homer Haskins">Charles H. Haskins</a>, (1870–1937), medieval</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>, (1840–1914), naval</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._Gipson" title="Lawrence H. Gipson">Lawrence Henry Gipson</a>, (1882–1970), British Empire before 1775</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">William L. Langer</a>, (1896–1977), European diplomatic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a>, (1814–1877), Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a>, (1895–1988), urban</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Prescott" title="William H. Prescott">William H. Prescott</a> (1796–1859), Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Jacques Barzun</a>, (1907–2012), cultural</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell">John Boswell</a>, (1947–1994), Medieval</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Peter Brown</a>, (born 1935) Medieval</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Christopher Browning</a>, (born 1944) the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Gordon A. Craig</a>, (1913–2005) German, diplomatic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darnton" title="Robert Darnton">Robert Darnton</a>, (born 1939) 18th-century France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Dawidowicz" title="Lucy Dawidowicz">Lucy Dawidowicz</a>, (1915–1990) the Holocaust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis" title="Natalie Zemon Davis">Natalie Zemon Davis</a>, (1928–2023) early modern France, film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_N._Dupuy" title="Trevor N. Dupuy">Trevor Dupuy</a>, (1916–1995) military</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Fairbank" class="mw-redirect" title="John K. Fairbank">John K. Fairbank</a>, (1907–1991), China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Saul Friedländer</a>, (born 1932) Holocaust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>, (born 1955) world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Peter Gay</a> (1923–2015), psychohistory, Enlightenment, modern Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gollin" title="Alfred Gollin">Alfred Gollin</a> (1926–2005), 20th-century Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Hattendorf" title="John B. Hattendorf">John Hattendorf</a>, (born 1941) maritime and naval</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitney_Hall" title="John Whitney Hall">John Whitney Hall</a>, (1916–1997) Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a>, (born 1953) ancient warfare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Gertrude Himmelfarb</a>, (1922–2019) 19th-century British</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajo_Holborn" title="Hajo Holborn">Hajo Holborn</a>, (1902–1969), Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a>, (1948–2010), 20th-century Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kagan" title="Donald Kagan">Donald Kagan</a>, (1932–2021) ancient Greek</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Paul Kennedy</a>, (born 1945) world, military</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Koonz" title="Claudia Koonz">Claudia Koonz</a> (born 1940), Nazi Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a>, (1922–1996), science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">John Lukacs</a>, (1924–2019) 20th-century Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacMullen" title="Ramsay MacMullen">Ramsay MacMullen</a>, (1928–2022) Roman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Maier" title="Charles S. Maier">Charles S. Maier</a>, (born 1939) 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._McNeill_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. McNeill (historian)">William McNeill</a>, (1917–2016) World</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_J._Mayer" title="Arno J. Mayer">Arno J. Mayer</a> (1926–2023), World War I and Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mosse" title="George Mosse">George Mosse</a> (1918–1999), German, Jewish, fascism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Geoffrey Parker</a> (born 1943), early modern military</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a> (1923–2018), Russian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">J. G. A. Pocock</a> (1924–2023), early modern Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_V._Riasanovsky" title="Nicholas V. Riasanovsky">Nicholas V. Riasanovsky</a> (1923–2011), Russian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ropp" title="Theodore Ropp">Theodore Ropp</a> (1911–2000), military</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Emil_Schorske" title="Carl Emil Schorske">Carl Schorske</a> (1915–2015), European intellectual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Schroeder" title="Paul W. Schroeder">Paul W. Schroeder</a> (1927–2020), European diplomacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Wallach_Scott" title="Joan Wallach Scott">Joan Scott</a>, (born 1941) Feminism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Sheehan" title="James J. Sheehan">James J. Sheehan</a> (born 1937), modern German</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Showalter" title="Dennis Showalter">Dennis Showalter</a> (1942–2019), military</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy D. Snyder</a> (born 1969), World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Jonathan Spence</a>, (born 1936), China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_J._Spielvogel" title="Jackson J. Spielvogel">Jackson J. Spielvogel</a>, (born 1939), world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Tucker" title="Robert C. Tucker">Robert C. Tucker</a>, (1918–2010) Stalin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Weber" title="Eugen Weber">Eugen Weber</a> (1925–2007), modern French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a> (born 1928), World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Wolf" title="John Baptist Wolf">John B. Wolf</a>, (1907–1996) early modern French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Wright_(historian)" title="Gordon Wright (historian)">Gordon Wright</a>, (1912–2000) Modern French</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James J. Sheehan, "The AHA and its Publics - Part I." <i>Perspectives</i> 2005 43(2): 5-7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2005/0502/0502pre1.cfm">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirkendall, ed. (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"OAH Treasurer's Report, Fiscal Year, 2009", Robert Griffith, OAH Treasurer, February 8, 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oah.org/publications/reports/treasurer09.pdf">http://www.oah.org/publications/reports/treasurer09.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221051138/http://oah.org/publications/reports/treasurer09.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kraus and Davis D. Joyce, <i>The Writing of American History</i> (3rd ed. 1990) ch 3-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William A. Foran, "John Marshall as a Historian," <i>American Historical Review</i> 43#1 (1937), pp. 51-64 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1840187">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence J. Friedman and Arthur H. Shaffer, "Mercy Otis Warren and the Politics of Historical Nationalism," <i>New England Quarterly</i> 48#2 (1975), pp. 194-215 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/364658">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter C. Messer, "From a Revolutionary History to a History of Revolution: David Ramsay and the American Revolution," <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> 2002 22(2): 205-233. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/3125180">Jstor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen O'Brien, "David Ramsay and the Delayed Americanization of American History." <i>Early American Literature</i> 1994 29(1): 1-18. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0012-8163">0012-8163</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey Wish,<i> The American Historian: A Social-intellectual History of the Writing of the American Past</i> (1960) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98866105">ch 4 online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716181817/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98866105">Archived</a> 2012-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey Wish,<i> The American Historian: A Social-intellectual History of the Writing of the American Past</i> (1960) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98866105">ch 5 online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716181817/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98866105">Archived</a> 2012-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.jrshelby.com/#ba">for online editions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Athan Billias, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44574433.pdf">"George Bancroft: Master Historian,"</a> <i>Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society,</i> <b>111</b>(2): 507-528. 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. H. Dawes, and F. T. Nichols, "Revaluing George Bancroft," <i>New England Quarterly,</i> 6#2 (1933), pp. 278-293 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/359126">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kraus, "George Bancroft 1834-1934," <i>New England Quarterly</i>, 7#4 (1934), pp. 662-686 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/359191">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. D. Aeschbacher, "Historical Organization On The Great Plains," <i>North Dakota History,</i> 1967, 34#1 pp 93-104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Kaplan, "We Are What We Collect, We Collect What We Are: Archives and the Construction of Identity," <i>American Archivist</i> (2000) 63:126-51 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40283823">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amanda Laugesen, "Keeper of Histories: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin Library and Its Cultural Work, 1860-1910," <i>Libraries & Culture,</i> Winter 2004, 39#1 pp 13-35,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kraus, <i>Writing of American History</i> (2nd ed. 1953), pp. 89–103, 108-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold E. Mahan, "The Arsenal of History: <i>The Official Records of the War of the Rebellion,</i>" <i>Civil War History,</i> March 1983, 29#1 pp 5-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Fahs and Joan Waugh, eds. <i>The memory of the Civil War in American culture</i> (2004) pp. 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Johnson, "Charles McLean Andrews and the Invention of American Colonial History," <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> 43 (1986): 519-41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923681">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Tyrrell, "Making Nations/Making States: American Historians in the Context of Empire," <i>Journal of American History,</i> 86#3 (1999), pp. 1015-1044 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2568604">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard B. Morris, "The Spacious Empire of Lawrence Henry Gipson," <i>William and Mary Quarterly,</i> 24#2 (1967): 170–189 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1920835">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Griffin, "In Retrospect: Lawrence Henry Gipson's <i>The British Empire before the American Revolution</i>" <i>Reviews in American History,</i> (2003) 31#2 pp: 171–183 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30031757">in JSTOR</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For British historians see Paul David Nelson, "British Conduct of the American Revolutionary War: A Review of Interpretations." <i>Journal of American History</i> 65.3 (1978): 623-653. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1901416">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur M. Schlesinger, <i>Prelude To Independence The Newspaper War On Britain 1764 1776</i> (1957) p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon S. Wood, "Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution," <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> 23#1 (1966), pp. 3-32 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2936154">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodgers (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor Colbourn, <i>The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution</i> (1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0009">online version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413184422/https://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0009">Archived</a> 2020-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. T. Dickinson, ed., <i>A companion to eighteenth-century Britain</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=41KQ_oc-JP0C&dq=republicanism+%22country+party%22&pg=PA300">p. 300</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mortimer N. S. Sellers, <i>American republicanism</i> (1994) p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Kelley, "Ideology and Political Culture from Jefferson to Nixon," <i>American Historical Review,</i> 82 (June 1977), 536</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.G.A. Pocock, <i>The Machiavellian Moment</i> p. 507</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon Wood, <i>The Idea of America</i> (2011) p. 325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Bailyn, <i>The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution</i> (1967)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison Games, "Atlantic History: Definitions, Challenges, and Opportunities," <i>American Historical Review</i> 2006 111#3 pp. 741-757 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/ahr.111.3.741">in JSTOR</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Bailyn, <i>Atlantic History: Concept and Contours</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_YEtHC4D6nkC">online excerpts</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack P. Greene, and Philip D. Morgan, eds. <i>Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray Allen Billington, ed,. <i>The Frontier Thesis: Valid Interpretation of American History?</i> (1966)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clyde A. Milner, et al. <i>Trails: Toward a New Western History</i> (1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Austin_Beard1921" class="citation book cs1">Charles Austin Beard (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9QpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA149"><i>An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+Interpretation+of+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1921&rft.au=Charles+Austin+Beard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9QpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellen Nore, <i>Charles A. Beard: An Intellectual Biography</i> (1983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Hofstadter, <i>The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington</i> (1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hofstadter, <i>The Progressive Historians</i> (1968), p. 344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cafr-fn-81-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cafr-fn-81_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNinkovich2006" class="citation book cs1">Ninkovich, Frank (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_jk8rKq5_MC&pg=PA81">"The United States and Imperialism"</a>. In Schulzinger, Robert (ed.). <i>A Companion to American Foreign Relations</i>. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 79–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470999035" title="Special:BookSources/9780470999035"><bdi>9780470999035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+Imperialism&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+American+Foreign+Relations&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=79-102&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780470999035&rft.aulast=Ninkovich&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_jk8rKq5_MC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> At p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cafr-hwb-7-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cafr-hwb-7_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cafr-hwb-7_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cafr-hwb-7_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2006" class="citation book cs1">Brands, H. W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_jk8rKq5_MC&pg=PA7">"Ideas and Foreign Affairs"</a>. In Schulzinger, Robert (ed.). <i>A Companion to American Foreign Relations</i>. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 1–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470999035" title="Special:BookSources/9780470999035"><bdi>9780470999035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ideas+and+Foreign+Affairs&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+American+Foreign+Relations&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=1-14&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780470999035&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_jk8rKq5_MC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> At p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morgan-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morgan_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morgan_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2014" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, James G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vey6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172"><i>Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of American Imperialism</i></a>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 172–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299300449" title="Special:BookSources/9780299300449"><bdi>9780299300449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+New+Territory%3A+American+Historians+and+the+Concept+of+American+Imperialism&rft.place=Madison&rft.pages=172-176&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780299300449&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvey6AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil Jumonville, <i>Henry Steele Commager: Midcentury Liberalism and the History of the Present</i> (1999) pp. 232–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner, "Introduction" to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Hofstadter1944" class="citation book cs1">Richard Hofstadter (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty8aEmWc_ekC&pg=PR9"><i>Social Darwinism in American Thought</i></a>. Beacon Press. p. xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807055038" title="Special:BookSources/9780807055038"><bdi>9780807055038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Darwinism+in+American+Thought&rft.pages=xxi&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=9780807055038&rft.au=Richard+Hofstadter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTy8aEmWc_ekC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Rich Lewis, "Native Americans in the 19th-Century American West" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Deverell2008" class="citation book cs1">William Deverell, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3q_0ZgquK4C&pg=PA145"><i>A Companion to the American West</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 144–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405138482" title="Special:BookSources/9781405138482"><bdi>9781405138482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+West&rft.pages=144-45&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405138482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3q_0ZgquK4C%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeverell2008" class="citation book cs1">Deverell, William (2008-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3q_0ZgquK4C&pg=PA147"><i>A Companion to the American West</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3848-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3848-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-3848-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+West&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3848-2&rft.aulast=Deverell&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3q_0ZgquK4C%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrell1989" class="citation journal cs1">Merrell, James H. (1989). "Some Thoughts on Colonial Historians and American Indians". <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 94–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1922410">10.2307/1922410</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1922410">1922410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Some+Thoughts+on+Colonial+Historians+and+American+Indians&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-119&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1922410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1922410%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Merrell&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">August Meier, August, and Elliott M. Rudwick, eds. <i>Black history and the historical profession, 1915-80</i> (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Kolchin, <i>American Slavery: 1619-1877</i> (1993) p 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Oliver_HortonLois_E._Horton2006" class="citation book cs1">James Oliver Horton; Lois E. Horton (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUleEW07AvgC&pg=PA8"><i>Slavery and the Making of America</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195304510" title="Special:BookSources/9780195304510"><bdi>9780195304510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+the+Making+of+America&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195304510&rft.au=James+Oliver+Horton&rft.au=Lois+E.+Horton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuUleEW07AvgC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Foner2013" class="citation book cs1">Eric Foner (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BfC7FbdXgxIC&pg=PR22"><i>Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. p. xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307834584" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307834584"><bdi>978-0307834584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forever+Free%3A+The+Story+of+Emancipation+and+Reconstruction&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0307834584&rft.au=Eric+Foner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfC7FbdXgxIC%26pg%3DPR22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolchin p. 135. David and Temin p. 741. The latter authors wrote, "The vantage point correspondingly shifted from that of the master to that of his slave. The reversal culminated in Kenneth M. Stampp's 'The Peculiar Institution' (1956), which rejected both the characterization of blacks as a biologically and culturally inferior, childlike people, and the depiction of the white planters as paternal <a href="/wiki/Cavaliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaliers">Cavaliers</a> coping with a vexing social problem that was not of their own making."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolchin p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolchin pp. 137–143. Horton and Horton p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_E._Wright_2010-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_E._Wright_2010_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Wright, Fubarnomics (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus, 2010), 83-116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Pressley, <i>Americans interpret their Civil War</i> (1954)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner, <i>Free soil, free labor, free men: The ideology of the Republican party before the civil war</i>(1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallagher (2000) p. 1. Gallagher wrote:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The architects of the Lost Cause acted from various motives. They collectively sought to justify their own actions and allow themselves and other former Confederates to find something positive in all-encompassing failure. They also wanted to provide their children and future generations of white Southerners with a 'correct' narrative of the war.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caroline E. Janney, "The Lost Cause." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Lost_Cause_The"><i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i> (Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 2009) accessed 26 July 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nashel-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nashel_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Nashel, "Cold War (1945–91): Changing Interpretations" <i>The Oxford Companion to American Military History</i>. John Whiteclay Chambers II, ed., Oxford University Press 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred Halliday, "Cold War" in <i>The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World</i> (2001), page 2e.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FerrellColdWar2006-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FerrellColdWar2006_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_H._Ferrell2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert H. Ferrell</a> (1 May 2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harrystrumancold00ferr_0"><i>Harry S. Truman and the Cold War Revisionists</i></a></span>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6520-3"><bdi>978-0-8262-6520-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+S.+Truman+and+the+Cold+War+Revisionists&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-6520-3&rft.au=Robert+H.+Ferrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharrystrumancold00ferr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Nashel, "Cold War (1945–91): Changing Interpretations," in <i>The Oxford Companion to American Military History</i> ed. by John Whiteclay Chambers II, (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernest May, "The Cold War," in <i>The Making of America's Soviet Policy,</i> ed. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. (1984), p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diplomatic dropped from 5% to 3%, economic history from 7% to 5%, and cultural history grew from 14% to 16%. Based on full-time professors in U.S. history departments. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Haber" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen H. Haber">Stephen H. Haber</a>, David M. Kennedy, and Stephen D. Krasner, "Brothers under the Skin: Diplomatic History and International Relations," <i>International Security,</i> Vol. 22, No. 1 (Summer, 1997), pp. 34-43 at p. 4 2; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539326">online at JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssha.org/">the SSHA website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/jsh/"><i>Journal of Social History</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Kornblith and Carol Lasser, "More than Great White Men: A Century of Scholarship on American Social History," <i>OAH Magazine of History</i> (2007) 21#2 pp 8-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn Hunt and Victoria Bonnell, eds., <i>Beyond the Cultural Turn</i> (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinsser1993" class="citation book cs1">Zinsser, Judith (1993). <i>History and Feminism: a Glass Half Full</i>. New York: Twayne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Feminism%3A+a+Glass+Half+Full&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Zinsser&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornelia H. Dayton, and Lisa Levenstein, "The Big Tent of U.S. Women's and Gender History: A State of the Field," <i>Journal of American History</i> (2012) 99#3 pp 793–817</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eleanor Amico, ed. <i>Reader's Guide to Women's Studies</i> (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaym1995" class="citation book cs1">Baym, Nina (1995). <i>American Women Writers and the Work of History, 1790–1860</i>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. 214–240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2143-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2143-2"><bdi>0-8135-2143-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Women+Writers+and+the+Work+of+History%2C+1790%E2%80%931860&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=214-240&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8135-2143-2&rft.aulast=Baym&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaym1995" class="citation book cs1">Baym, Nina (1995). <i>American Women Writers and the Work of History, 1790–1860</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 214–239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Women+Writers+and+the+Work+of+History%2C+1790%E2%80%931860&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pages=214-239&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Baym&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDes_Jardins2003" class="citation book cs1">Des Jardins, Julie (2003). <i>Women & the Historical Enterprise in America, Gender, Race, and the Politics of Memory, 1880–1945</i>. Chapel Hill: UNC Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+%26+the+Historical+Enterprise+in+America%2C+Gender%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Memory%2C+1880%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Des+Jardins&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Johnson, Joan Marie (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2587867">"Drill Into Us The Rebel Tradition: The Contest Over Southern Identity in Black and White Women's Clubs, 1890-1930s"</a>. <i>The Journal of Southern History</i>. V. 66/ No. 3: 525–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2587867">10.2307/2587867</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2587867">2587867</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Drill+Into+Us+The+Rebel+Tradition%3A+The+Contest+Over+Southern+Identity+in+Black+and+White+Women%27s+Clubs%2C+1890-1930s&rft.volume=V.+66%2F+No.+3&rft.pages=525-562&rft.date=2000-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2587867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2587867%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Joan+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2587867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines M. Foster, <i>Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South, 1865-1913</i> (1985) p 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, "'You must remember this': Autobiography as social critique." <i>Journal of American History</i> (1998): 439-465 at p 450. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2567747">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDes_Jardins2003" class="citation book cs1">Des Jardins, Julie (2003). <i>Women & the Historical Enterprise in America: Gender, Race, and the Politics of Memory, 1880 to 1945</i>. Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Press. pp. 13–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-5475-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-5475-1"><bdi>0-8078-5475-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+%26+the+Historical+Enterprise+in+America%3A+Gender%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Memory%2C+1880+to+1945&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=13-51&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8078-5475-1&rft.aulast=Des+Jardins&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomas_2012-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tomas_2012_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomas_2012_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomas_2012_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomas2012" class="citation book cs1">Tomas, Jennifer (2012). <i>The Women's History Movement in the United States</i>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+History+Movement+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=UMI+Dissertations&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tomas&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonnie G. Smith, "Women's History: A Retrospective from the United States," <i>Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society,</i> (2010) 35#3, pp 723-747</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomas2012" class="citation book cs1">Tomas, Jennifer (2012). <i>The Women's History Movement in the United States</i>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertations. pp. 282–283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+History+Movement+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=282-283&rft.pub=UMI+Dissertations&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tomas&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1984" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Joan (1984). <i>Women, History, and Theory</i>. Chicago: Chicago University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-43027-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-43027-8"><bdi>0-226-43027-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+History%2C+and+Theory&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Chicago+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-226-43027-8&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1986" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Scott, Joan W. (December 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1864376">"Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis"</a>. <i>American Historical Review</i>. V. 91/No. 5 (5): 1053–1075. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1864376">10.2307/1864376</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1864376">1864376</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Gender%3A+A+Useful+Category+of+Historical+Analysis&rft.volume=V.+91%2FNo.+5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1053-1075&rft.date=1986-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1864376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1864376%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Joan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F1864376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulie2003" class="citation book cs1">Julie, Des Jardins (2003). <i>Women & the Historical Enterprise in America</i>. Chapel Hill: UNC Press. pp. 118–144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+%26+the+Historical+Enterprise+in+America&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=118-144&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Julie&rft.aufirst=Des+Jardins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier-Thomas1986" class="citation book cs1">Collier-Thomas, Bettye (1986). <i>"Towards Black Feminism: the Creation of the Bethune Museum Archives" in Suzanne Hildebrand, Editor of Women's Collections: Libraries, Archives, and Consciousness</i>. New York: The Haworth Press. pp. 43–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Towards+Black+Feminism%3A+the+Creation+of+the+Bethune+Museum+Archives%22+in+Suzanne+Hildebrand%2C+Editor+of+Women%27s+Collections%3A+Libraries%2C+Archives%2C+and+Consciousness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43-66&rft.pub=The+Haworth+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Collier-Thomas&rft.aufirst=Bettye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jessica Millward, "More History Than Myth: African American Women's History Since the Publication of 'Ar'n't I a Woman?'" <i>Journal of Women's History,</i> (2007) 19#2 pp 161-167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray_White2008" class="citation book cs1">Gray White, Deborah (2008). <i>Telling Histories: Black Women in the Ivory Tower</i>. Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telling+Histories%3A+Black+Women+in+the+Ivory+Tower&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Gray+White&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2007" class="citation journal cs1">Townsend, Robert (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2007/0701/0701new1.cfm">2/8/2008. "What's in a Label?: Changing Patterns of Faculty Specialization since 1975"</a>. <i>Perspectives</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Label%3F%3A+Changing+Patterns+of+Faculty+Specialization+since+1975&rft.date=2007-01&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fperspectives%2Fissues%2F2007%2F0701%2F0701new1.cfm+2%2F8%2F2008.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary E. Frederickson, "Going Global: New Trajectories in U.S. Women's History," <i>History Teacher,</i> (2010) 43#2 pp 169-189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathryn_Kish_Sklar_&_Thomas_Dublin,_editors" class="citation web cs1">Kathryn Kish Sklar & Thomas Dublin, editors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.alexanderstreet.com/wasi">"Women and Social Movements International, 1840 to the present"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+and+Social+Movements+International%2C+1840+to+the+present&rft.au=Kathryn+Kish+Sklar+%26+Thomas+Dublin%2C+editors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.alexanderstreet.com%2Fwasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephan Thernstrom and Richard Sennett, eds. <i>Nineteenth-century Cities: Essays in the New Urban History</i> (1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Frisch, "<i>Poverty and Progress:</i> A Paradoxical Legacy," <i>Social Science History,</i> Spring 1986, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp. 15–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Connolly, "Bringing the City Back in: Space and Place in the Urban History of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era," <i>Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era,</i> (2002) 1#3 pp 258-278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Gordon, "Lost in space, or confessions of an accidental geographer,"<i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Humanities_and_Arts_Computing" title="International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing">International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing</a></i> (2011) 5#1 pp 1-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard S. Kirkendall, ed., <i>The Organization of American Historians and the Writing and Teaching of American History</i> (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor Burnard, et al. "Teaching in Europe and Researching in the United States." <i>American Historical Review</i> 119#3 (2014): 771-779. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/119/3/771.short">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Frank" title="Tibor Frank">Tibor Frank</a>, "European Perspectives Of United States History Since World War II, <i> Halcyone</i> (01986449). (1991), Vol. 13, pp 169-179</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Amico, Eleanor, ed. <i>Reader's Guide to Women's Studies</i> (1997) 762pp; advanced guide to scholarship on 200+ topics</li> <li>Beisner, Robert L. ed. <i> American Foreign Relations Since 1600: A Guide to the Literature</i> (2 vol 2003) 2070pp; annotated guide to 16,000 books and articles, covering all major topics; each of 31 topical sections is introduced and edited by an expert.</li> <li>Cunliffe, Marcus, and Robin Winks, eds. <i>Pastmasters: Some Essays on Americans Historians</i> (1969) essays on leading historians of the past (by current historians)</li> <li>Dayton, Cornelia H.; Levenstein, Lisa. "The Big Tent of U.S. Women's and Gender History: A State of the Field," <i>Journal of American History</i> (2012) 99#3 pp 793–817</li> <li>Foner, Eric, ed. <i>The New American History</i> (1997) 397pp; 16 essays by experts on recent historiography</li> <li>Foner, Eric, and Lisa McGirr, eds. <i>American History Now</i> (2011) 440pp; essays by 18 scholars on recent historiography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/American-History-Now-Critical-Perspectives/dp/1439902445/ref=pd_sim_b_1#reader_1439902445">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Garraty, John A., and Eric Foner, eds. <i>The Reader's Companion to American History</i> (2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014)</li> <li>Handlin, Oscar, et al. <i>Harvard Guide to American history</i> (1955), methodology and detailed bibliographies</li> <li>Higham, John. <i>History: Professional Scholarship in America</i> (1989). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-3952-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-3952-1">0-8018-3952-1</a>, the history of the profession</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jensen,_Richard_J." class="mw-redirect" title="Jensen, Richard J.">Jensen, Richard J.</a> "Historiography of American Political History," in Jack Greene, ed., <i>Encyclopedia of American Political History</i> (New York: Scribner's, 1984), vol 1. pp 1–25</li> <li>Joranger, Terje Mikael Hasle. "A Historiographical Perspective on the Social History of Immigration to and Ethnicity in the United States," <i>Swedish-American Historical Quarterly</i> (2009) 60#1 pp 5–24.</li> <li>Kammen, Michael G, ed. <i>The Past before us: Contemporary historical writing in the United States</i> (1980), wide-ranging survey by leading scholars; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pastbeforeuscont00kamm">online free</a></li> <li>Kimball, Jeffrey. "The Influence of Ideology on Interpretive Disagreement: A Report on a Survey of Diplomatic, Military and Peace Historians on the Causes of 20th Century U. S. Wars," <i>History Teacher</i> 17#3 (1984) pp. 355–384 DOI: 10.2307/493146 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/493146">online</a></li> <li>Kirkendall, Richard S., ed. <i>The Organization of American Historians and the Writing and Teaching of American History</i> (2011), essays on the history of the OAH, and on teaching main themes</li> <li>Kraus, Michael, and Davis D. Joyce. <i>The Writing of American History</i> (3rd ed. 1990)</li> <li>Kulikoff, Allan. "A Modest Proposal to Resolve the Crisis in History" <i>Journal of the Historical Society</i> (June 2011) 11#2 pp 239–263, on the tension between social history and cultural history</li> <li>Link, Arthur, and Rembert Patrick, eds. <i>Writing Southern History</i> (1966) 502 pp; scholarly essays on historiography of the chief topics</li> <li>Muccigrosso, Robert ed. <i>Research Guide to American Historical Biography</i> (5 vol 1988–91); 3600 pages of historiography on 452 prominent Americans</li> <li>Novick, Peter. <i>That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession</i> (1988), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34328-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34328-3">0-521-34328-3</a></li> <li>Parish, Peter J., ed. <i>Reader's Guide to American History</i> (1997), historiographical overview of 600 topics and scholars</li> <li>Rutland, Robert, ed. <i>Clio's Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945–2000</i> (University of Missouri Press, 2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109331899">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604224431/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109331899">Archived</a> 2011-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Samuel, Lawrence R. <i>Remembering America: How We Have Told Our Past</i> (2015) covers historians 1920–2015 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0803254334?colid=48I7U377HK64&coliid=I2BEI6A9713B56">excerpt</a></li> <li>Singal, Daniel Joseph. "Beyond Consensus: Richard Hofstadter and American Historiography." <i>American Historical Review</i> 89.4 (1984): 976–1004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinityhistory.org/AH/pdfs/Beyond%20Consensus.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Wish, Harvey. <i>The American Historian: A Social-intellectual History of the Writing of the American Past</i> (Oxford University Press, 1960) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98866105">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716181817/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98866105">Archived</a> 2012-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Zelikow, Philip, Niall Ferguson, Francis J. Gavin, Anne Karalekas, and Daniel Sargent. "Forum 31 on the Importance of the Scholarship of Ernest May" <i>H-DIPLO</i> Dec. 17, 2021 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/forums/31">online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/List_of_historians_by_area_of_study" title="List of historians by area of study">by area of study</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians" title="Category:Historians">historians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Historicity" title="Category:Historicity">historicity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">history</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_history" title="Category:Theories of history">theories of history</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_source" title="Historical source">Historical sources</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">Primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">Secondary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">Tertiary sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">Facsimiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_document" title="Historical document">Historical documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logbook" title="Logbook">Logbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_diary" title="War diary">War diaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_record" title="Service record">Service records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fields_of_study" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Fields of study</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_history" title="Local history">Local history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">Microhistory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science">template</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codicology" title="Codicology">Books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorography" title="Chorography">Chorography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">dating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">Diplomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedistics" title="Encyclopaedistics">Encyclopaedistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics (Money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">Oral history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">preservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography" title="Prosopography">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_ecology" title="Historical ecology">Ecology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geistesgeschichte" title="Geistesgeschichte">Geistesgeschichte</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_ecclesiastic_historiography" title="Medieval ecclesiastic historiography">Medieval churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Military historiography">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history" title="Constitutional history">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_history" title="Gender history">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history" title="Labor history">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">Rural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Methodology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Methodology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Historical eras</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh" title="Tarikh">Tarikh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Approaches,_schools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches,<br /> schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annales_school" title="Annales school">Annales school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mentalities" title="History of mentalities">History of mentalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_histoire" title="Nouvelle histoire">Nouvelle histoire</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiometry" title="Historiometry">Historiometry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">Cliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative historical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_historiography" title="Critical historiography">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">Decoloniality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_anthropology" title="Historical anthropology">Historical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical-critical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_historiography" title="Humanistic historiography">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiscipline_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiscipline of history (page does not exist)">Indiscipline of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisciplina_da_hist%C3%B3ria" class="extiw" title="pt:Indisciplina da história">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninist_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist historiography">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_civilisation" title="Ancestral civilisation">Ancestral civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_history" title="Nationalization of history">Nationalization of history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">People's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_Studies" title="Subaltern Studies">Subaltern Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_history" title="Popular history">Pop history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_history" title="Transnational history">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Man theory">Great Man theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_and_continuity" title="Change and continuity">Change and continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_recurrence" title="Historic recurrence">Historic recurrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_significance" title="Historical significance">Historical significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiology">Historiology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiolog%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Historiología">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of history (page does not exist)">Theory of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorie_der_Geschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Theorie der Geschichte">de</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">Black legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge" title="Coloniality of knowledge">Coloniality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">decolonization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian%27s_fallacy" title="Historian's fallacy">Historian's fallacy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)" title="Presentism (historical analysis)">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation theory">Modernisation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">Narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">Pax</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Paxes" title="Template:Paxes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">Thirty-year rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhistoricity" title="Transhistoricity">Transhistoricity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_studii" title="Translatio studii">Translatio studii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Periodization_ofmodern_history" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodization of<br /><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_eighteenth_century" title="Long eighteenth century">Long 18th</a> / <a href="/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century" title="Long nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_thesis" title="Continuity thesis">Continuity thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By country or region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_historiography" title="African historiography">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Pyramid construction techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Egypt_Thesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Egypt Thesis (page does not exist)">Black Egypt Thesis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_del_Egipto_Negro" class="extiw" title="es:Hipótesis del Egipto Negro">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopia</a></li> <li>Morocco <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rwanda <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory_(Rwanda)" title="Double genocide theory (Rwanda)">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maafa" title="Maafa">Maafa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-hinterland_thesis" title="Metropolitan-hinterland thesis">Metropolitan-hinterland thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_history_wars" title="Canadian history wars">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staples_thesis" title="Staples thesis">Staples thesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population history</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Argentina" title="Historiography of Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Historiography of the May Revolution">May Revolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Causes of the May Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical revisionism in Argentina (page does not exist)">Revisionist</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Revisionismo histórico en Argentina">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1825%E2%80%931828#Historiography" title="Iquicha War of 1825–1828">Iquicha Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Colonial_Spanish_America" title="Historiography of Colonial Spanish America">Colonial Spanish America</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history#Historiography" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)" title="Neoabolitionism (race relations)">Neoabolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Legacy_and_historiography" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_history" title="Consensus history">Consensus history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)" title="Cyclical theory (United States history)">Cyclical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">Frontier thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_in_the_United_States" title="Political history in the United States">Political history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Eras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_historians" title="Progressive historians">Progressive-era historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Albania" title="Historiography of Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dealbanisation" title="Dealbanisation">Dealbanisation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_myth" title="Habsburg myth">Habsburg myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae_controversies" title="Balhae controversies">Balhae</a></li> <li>Belarus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litvinism" title="Litvinism">Litvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_historiography" title="Bulgarian historiography">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Byzantine Empire</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinische_Geschichtsschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Byzantinische Geschichtsschreibung">de</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Early</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Ранневизантийская историография">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_historiography" title="Croatian historiography">Croatia</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_ancient_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of ancient Europe (page does not exist)">Ancient</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Античная историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval historiography">Medieval</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Средневековая историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Age_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Age historiography (page does not exist)">New Age</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Нового времени">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_historiography" title="Hellenic historiography">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea" title="Historiography of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalist_historiography" title="Korean nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_controversies" title="Goguryeo controversies">Goguryeo controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia" title="Historiography in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements" title="Historiography of early Philippine settlements">Early settlements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiograpy_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiograpy of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_de_Portugal" class="extiw" title="pt:Historiografia de Portugal">pt</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_historiography" title="Serbian historiography">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland_theory" title="Götaland theory">Götaland theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwanese_historiography" title="History of Taiwanese historiography">Taiwan</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_sisters" title="Trưng sisters">Trưng sisters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy#Historiography" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Romanisation" title="Historiography of Romanisation">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of Western Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_ancient_Rome" title="Prosopography of ancient Rome">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Succession to the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Ottoman claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">Problem of two emperors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_thousand_years_of_Chinese_civilization" title="Five thousand years of Chinese civilization">5000-year civilization assertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wunu_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wunu School (page does not exist)">Wunu School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:无奴派">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_dynasty" title="Conquest dynasty">Conquest dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_Chineseness_of_the_Yuan_and_Qing_dynasties" title="Debate on the Chineseness of the Yuan and Qing dynasties">"Chineseness" debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China" title="Golden ages of China">Golden ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement#Evaluation" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouts_of_capitalism" title="Sprouts of capitalism">Sprouts of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(international_relations)" title="Cordon sanitaire (international relations)">Cordon sanitaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankish_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankish Interregnum (page does not exist)">Frankish Interregnum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interr%C3%A8gne_franc" class="extiw" title="fr:Interrègne franc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Si%C3%A8cle" title="Grand Siècle">Grand Siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_Saracen_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legendary Saracen in France (page does not exist)">Legendary Saracen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gendaire_sarrasin_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Légendaire sarrasin en France">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiographical_debate_on_the_location_of_Al%C3%A9sia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiographical debate on the location of Alésia (page does not exist)">Location of Alésia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_d%C3%A9bat_sur_la_localisation_d%27Al%C3%A9sia" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du débat sur la localisation d'Alésia">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Lyon (page does not exist)">Lyon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_de_Lyon" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie de Lyon">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturgeschichte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strukturgeschichte (page does not exist)">Strukturgeschichte</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturgeschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Strukturgeschichte">de</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybel-Ficker_controversy" title="Sybel-Ficker controversy">Sybel-Ficker controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_India" title="Historiography of India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indocentrism" title="Indocentrism">Indocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland#Historiography" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#Analysis_of_the_government's_role" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/More_Irish_than_the_Irish_themselves" title="More Irish than the Irish themselves">More Irish than the Irish themselves</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Ireland)" title="Revisionism (Ireland)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Revolutionary period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy#Historiography" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historiae_Patriae_Monumenta" title="Historiae Patriae Monumenta">Historiae Patriae Monumenta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Series_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Historical Series of the Bank of Italy">Historical Series of the Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italiani brava gente</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_italicarum_scriptores" title="Rerum italicarum scriptores">Rerum italicarum scriptores</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty#Assessment" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)#In_popular_culture" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland#Reasons,_legality_and_justifications" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_about_Polish_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography about Polish People's Republic (page does not exist)">Polish People's Republic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_PRL" class="extiw" title="pl:Historiografia PRL">pl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">Anti-Normanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Revolution_Russian_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Revolution Russian historiography (page does not exist)">Pre-Revolutionary Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Российская дореволюционная историография">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeptic_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeptic School (page does not exist)">Skeptic School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Скептическая школа">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution#Historiography" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">Soviet famine of 1930–1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor genocide question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics" title="Holodomor in modern politics">Holodomor in modern politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">Black legend</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)#White_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">White legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_on_Carlism_during_the_Francoist_era" title="Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era">Carlism in the Francoist era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limpieza_de_sangre_controversy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpieza de sangre controversy (page does not exist)">Limpieza de sangre controversy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre#Los_estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre,_¿el_origen_del_racismo_europeo?" class="extiw" title="es:Estatutos de limpieza de sangre">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_revolution_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic revolution of Spain (page does not exist)">Islamic revolution of Spain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_revoluci%C3%B3n_isl%C3%A1mica_en_Occidente" class="extiw" title="es:La revolución islámica en Occidente">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty#Controversy_over_whether_the_American_Viceroyalties_were_Colonies_or_Provinces" title="Viceroyalty">Colonies or Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_decline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish decline (page does not exist)">Spanish decline</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadencia_espa%C3%B1ola" class="extiw" title="es:Decadencia española">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ser de España (page does not exist)">Ser de España</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Ser de España">es</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws" title="Historiography of the Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Scotland" title="Historiography of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Stone_theory" title="Westminster Stone theory">Westminster Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_over_the_gentry" title="Storm over the gentry">Storm over the gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Suffragette Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_myth" title="Tudor myth">Tudor myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)" title="Ricardian (Richard III)">Ricardians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent#Legacy" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BritishEmpire" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">British<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_School_(imperial_history)" title="Cambridge School (imperial history)">Cambridge School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%E2%80%93MacKenzie_debate" title="Porter–MacKenzie debate">Porter–MacKenzie debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_colonial_occupation" title="Second colonial occupation">Second colonial occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Colonial Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_war,_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By war, conflict</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a><br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</span></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of<br />Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_person" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By person</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Historiography of Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Historiography of Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Evaluations_of_Husseini's_historical_significance" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#Assessments_and_legacy" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Cato_the_Younger" title="Legacy of Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara" title="Legacy of Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Ching-kuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Ching-kuo (page does not exist)">Chiang Ching-kuo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣經國的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Kai_Shek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Kai Shek (page does not exist)">Chiang Kai Shek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣中正的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#Historiography" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism#Initial_Western_reactions" title="Palamism">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Legacy of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia#Legacy" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Jiang Zemin (page does not exist)">Jiang Zemin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對江澤民的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Joseph_Stalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Joseph Stalin (page does not exist)">Joseph Stalin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87#Мнения_и_оценки_личности_Сталина" class="extiw" title="ru:Сталин, Иосиф Виссарионович">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn#Historiography" title="Legacy of José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_assessment_of_Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Louis_Riel" title="Historiography of Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Mao_Zedong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Mao Zedong (page does not exist)">Mao Zedong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:对中国共产党的评论">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain#Legacy_and_reputation" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Legacy of Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#Legacy" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_personality_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cult of personality of Simón Bolívar (page does not exist)">Cult of personality</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_a_la_personalidad_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Culto a la personalidad de Simón Bolívar">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin#Recognition_and_legacy" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Sun_Yat_Tse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Sun Yat Tse (page does not exist)">Sun Yat Tse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對孫中山的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas#Legacy,_veneration,_and_modern_reception" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Historical reputation of Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Yuan_Shikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Yuan Shikai (page does not exist)">Yuan Shikai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對袁世凱的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhou_Enlai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhou Enlai (page does not exist)">Zhou Enlai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對周恩來的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhuge_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhuge Liang (page does not exist)">Zhuge Liang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對諸葛亮的評價">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historicalrankings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_heads_of_government" title="Historical rankings of heads of government">Historical<br />rankings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany">Modern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_the_Beatles" title="Cultural impact of the Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Industry" title="Darwin Industry">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_studies" title="Lovecraft studies">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_history_of_Jane_Austen" title="Reception history of Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Muhammad">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Madonna" title="Cultural impact of Madonna">Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Controversies surrounding Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bears_in_antiquity" title="Bears in antiquity">Bears in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_of_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis of historiography (page does not exist)">Crisis of historiography</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_da_historiografia" class="extiw" title="pt:Crise da historiografia">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_feudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Professionalization_and_institutionalization_of_history" title="Professionalization and institutionalization of history">Professionalization and institutionalization of history</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_salon" title="Historiography of the salon">Salons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization">Western European colonialism and colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Recession" title="Causes of the Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li>School of Thoughts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_religion" title="Historiography of religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">Avestan geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy#Opposition" title="Papal supremacy">Opposition to Papal supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Early Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic golden age">Islamic golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites#Legacy" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council#Controversies" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics_of_Vatican_Council_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II (page does not exist)">Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeneutica_del_Concilio_Vaticano_II" class="extiw" title="it:Ermeneutica del Concilio Vaticano II">it</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation#Conclusion_and_legacy" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits#Controversies" title="Jesuits">Jesuit historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern Jewish history</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Wissenschaft des Judentums">Wissenschaft des Judentums</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Schools of thought <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbabylonism" title="Panbabylonism">Panbabylonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion">Urreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions_school" title="History of religions school">Religionsgeschichtliche Schule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School_(history_of_religion)" title="Roman School (history of religion)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_science" title="Historiography of science">Science</a> /<br />Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">Protestant Ethic and Capitalism</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development" title="Heroic theory of invention and scientific development">Heroic theory of invention and scientific development</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations,_publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations, publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_registers" title="List of heritage registers">Heritage registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_society" title="Historical society">Historical society</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_societies" title="List of historical societies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_institutes" class="extiw" title="c:History institutes">History institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_journals" title="List of history journals">History journals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_journals" title="Template:History journals">template</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Commemorative plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical realism">Historical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_metafiction" title="Historiographic metafiction">Historiographic metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geographic_information_system" title="Historical geographic information system">Historical geographic information system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Historiography" title="Category:Historiography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Historiography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Historiography">Multimedia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historiography_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historiography_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historiography of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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