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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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(financier)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="يوجين ماير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوجين ماير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Meyer" title="Eugene Meyer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eugene Meyer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Meyer" title="Eugene Meyer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eugene Meyer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Meyer" title="Eugene Meyer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eugene Meyer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="یوجین میر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوجین میر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Meyer" title="Eugene Meyer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eugene Meyer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A7%84_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="유진 마이어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유진 마이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Meyer" title="Eugene Meyer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eugene Meyer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="יוג'ין מאייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוג'ין מאייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89)" title="يوجين ماير (اقتصادى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوجين ماير (اقتصادى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="ユージン・メイヤー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユージン・メイヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Meyer" title="Eugene Meyer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eugene Meyer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Meyer" title="Eugene Meyer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eugene Meyer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мейер, Юджин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мейер, Юджин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Meyer" title="Eugene Meyer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eugene Meyer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%91%C2%B7I%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E8%80%B6" title="尤金·I·迈耶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尤金·I·迈耶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q74283#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Meyer_(financier)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American financier and newspaper publisher (1875–1959)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Eugene Meyer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Eugene_Meyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Portrait_of_Eugene_Meyer.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Eugene_Meyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Portrait_of_Eugene_Meyer.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Eugene_Meyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Portrait_of_Eugene_Meyer.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Eugene_Meyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="3837" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">President of the World Bank Group</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 18, 1946 – December 18, 1946</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chairman of the Federal Reserve</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 16, 1930 – May 10, 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roy_A._Young" title="Roy A. Young">Roy A. Young</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Robert_Black" title="Eugene Robert Black">Eugene Robert Black</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Federal Reserve Board</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 16, 1930 – May 10, 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Herbert Hoover<br />Franklin D. Roosevelt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Platt" title="Edmund Platt">Edmund Platt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Eugene Robert Black</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Eugene Isaac Meyer</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1875-10-31</span>)</span>October 31, 1875<br /><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 17, 1959<span style="display:none">(1959-07-17)</span> (aged 83)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-nytObit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_E._Meyer" title="Agnes E. Meyer">Agnes Ernst</a><br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1910)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Florence_Meyer" title="Florence Meyer">Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Eugene_Meyer" title="Marc Eugene Meyer">Marc Eugene Meyer</a><br />Harriet Newmark</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Newmark" title="Joseph Newmark">Joseph Newmark</a> (grandfather)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Banker, businessman, financier, newspaper publisher</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eugene Isaac Meyer</b> (October 31, 1875 – July 17, 1959) was a prominent American banker, businessman, financier, and newspaper publisher. His most notable public service role was as the fifth <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">chairman of the Federal Reserve</a>, a position he held from 1930 to 1933. Meyer purchased <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> in 1933, and was its publisher from 1933 to 1946, with the paper staying in his family throughout the rest of the 20th century. He was the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">president of the World Bank Group</a> from June to December 1946. </p><p>His daughter, <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine "Kay" Graham</a>, took the <i>Post</i> over in 1963 and remained its titular head until her death in 2001. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meyer was born in 1875 to a <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California, descended from a long line of rabbis and civic leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of eight children of Harriet (née Newmark) and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Eugene_Meyer" title="Marc Eugene Meyer">Marc Eugene Meyer</a>. His mother was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Newmark" title="Joseph Newmark">Joseph Newmark</a>. He grew up in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. He attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, but dropped out after one year. He later enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1895, and a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Law#United_States" title="Doctor of Law">Doctorate of Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FedRes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FedRes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking_and_finance">Banking and finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Banking and finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After college, Meyer went to work for <a href="/wiki/Lazard" title="Lazard">Lazard Frères</a>, where his father was a partner, but quit in 1901 after four years and went out on his own. He was a successful investor and speculator, and owned a seat on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>. He married <a href="/wiki/Agnes_E._Meyer" title="Agnes E. Meyer">Agnes Elizabeth Ernst</a>, a Lutheran, in 1910; they had five children, including the future <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a>, and another daughter, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Meyer" title="Florence Meyer">Florence Meyer</a> (Mrs. <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Homolka" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskar Homolka">Oskar Homolka</a>). By 1915, when he was forty, he was worth $40 million. </p><p>In 1920, Meyer teamed with <a href="/wiki/William_H._Nichols" title="William H. Nichols">William H. Nichols</a> of General Chemical to help fulfill his vision of a bigger, better chemical company. Meyer and Nichols combined five smaller chemical companies to create the Allied Chemical & Dye Corporation, which later became Allied Chemical Corp., which in turn became part of <a href="/wiki/AlliedSignal" title="AlliedSignal">AlliedSignal</a>, the forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>’s specialty materials business. Both men have buildings named after them at Honeywell’s <a href="/wiki/Morris_Plains,_New_Jersey" title="Morris Plains, New Jersey">Morris Plains, New Jersey</a>, headquarters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chairman_of_the_Federal_Reserve">Chairman of the Federal Reserve</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chairman of the Federal Reserve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meyer went to Washington, D.C., during World War I as a "dollar-a-year man" (his token salary) for <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, becoming the head of the <a href="/wiki/War_Finance_Corporation" title="War Finance Corporation">War Finance Corporation</a> and serving there long after the end of hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullins2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullins2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> named him as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Farm_Loan_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Farm Loan Board">Federal Farm Loan Board</a> in 1927. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> promoted him to <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Federal Reserve">Chairman of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve Board</a> in 1930. He took on an additional half-year post in 1932 as chief of the new <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation" title="Reconstruction Finance Corporation">Reconstruction Finance Corporation</a>, which was Hoover's unsuccessful attempt to aid companies by providing loans to businesses. After <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> became president, Meyer resigned his Fed position on May 10, 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meyer has been criticized as Fed Chairman for not attacking the economic catastrophe of the early 1930s with monetary stimulus, thus allowing the banking crisis to get out of hand and deepening the economic collapse. One of his biggest critics at the time condemned Meyer along with <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Ogden Mills</a> as being the <a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent critics include <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and his fellow economist <a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a> who, in their landmark book <i><a href="/wiki/A_Monetary_History_of_the_United_States" title="A Monetary History of the United States">A Monetary History of the United States</a>,</i> put forth the argument that the Fed could have lessened the severity of the Depression, but failed to exercise its role of managing the monetary system and ameliorating banking panics.<sup id="cite_ref-FriedmanSchwartz2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FriedmanSchwartz2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Washington_Post"><i>The Washington Post</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Washington Post"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1929, Meyer made an offer of $5 million for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, but he was rebuffed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1933, he bought the paper at a bankruptcy auction for $825,000, the paper having been ruined by its spendthrift socialite owner <a href="/wiki/Edward_Beale_McLean" title="Edward Beale McLean">Ned McLean</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Meyer had resigned as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Federal Reserve">Fed chairman</a> just three weeks earlier, and he had no experience in the publishing business. But he was prepared to bid up to $2 million for the <i>Post,</i> far more than the other bidders, including <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preferring to remain anonymous, Meyer stayed <a href="/wiki/White-Meyer_House" title="White-Meyer House">home</a> from the proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After weeks of speculation when even his daughter <a href="/wiki/Kay_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Graham">Katharine</a> did not know the buyer's name,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was finally revealed in newspapers around the country on June 13.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his statement to the press, Meyer vowed to improve the <i>Post,</i> and asserted that he would operate it independently. He also said that he had bought the <i>Post</i> on his own, without the influence of "any person, group or organization."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made this statement to contradict the rumors that as a well-known Republican, he would soon turn it into a voice for Republican causes. Press reaction to the purchase was positive, with other newspapers being pleased that the <i>Post</i> would not go out of business, and would continue to report the news from the nation's capital; given its important location, said one editorial, rescuing the <i>Post</i> was "a public service."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An editorial in a newspaper that was identifiably Republican praised the purchase as "good news for journalism." While expressing the hope that Meyer would in fact take the Republican point of view, the editorial acknowledged that he probably would not do so, since he seemed to be "no slavish supporter of any party or leader," assuring that under his leadership the <i>Washington Post</i> would be "hard hitting and independent, a paper that nobody can ignore."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it turned out, Meyer did take the side of the Republican party on some issues. He was opposed to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">FDR</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, and this was reflected in the <i>Post's</i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial" title="Editorial">editorial</a> stance as well as its news coverage, especially regarding the <a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a> (NRA).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He even wrote an <a href="/wiki/Opinion_piece" title="Opinion piece">editorializing</a> "news" story under a fake name.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next twenty years, Meyer spent millions of dollars of his own money to keep the money-losing paper in business, while focusing on improving its quality; by the 1950s, it was finally consistently profitable and was increasingly recognized for good reporting and important editorials. As publisher, Meyer occasionally contributed to stories: his friendship with the British Ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kerr,_11th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian">Lord Lothian</a>, led to a <i>Washington Post</i> scoop on reporting of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII abdication crisis">Edward VIII</a>'s relationship with <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Bank">World Bank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World Bank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in June 1946, U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> named Meyer, then 70 years old, the first head of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. Meyer appointed his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Graham" title="Phil Graham">Phil Graham</a>, as publisher of the <i>Post.</i> After six months with the World Bank, Meyer returned to the <i>Post,</i> serving as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Graham_Holdings" title="Graham Holdings">Washington Post Company</a> until his death in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kisco,_New_York" title="Mount Kisco, New York">Mount Kisco, New York</a>, in 1959. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: more information on his marriage, wife, and offspring. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Meyer's older sister, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Meyer_Blumenthal" title="Florence Meyer Blumenthal">Florence Meyer Blumenthal</a>, was noted for the philanthropic organization she formed, the Franco-American Florence Blumenthal Foundation, which awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Blumenthal" title="Prix Blumenthal">Prix Blumenthal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FMBlumenthal_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FMBlumenthal-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother, Edgar J. Meyer, married to Leila Saks Meyer, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Saks" title="Andrew Saks">Andrew Saks</a>, perished in the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meyer died at age 83 on July 17, 1959 at <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_Hospital" title="George Washington University Hospital">George Washington University Hospital</a> in Washington, D.C., where he had been under treatment for a heart ailment and cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-nytObit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eugene Meyer Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, was named in Meyer's honor in 1963. The school closed in 2008, and the building has since been used as swing space by <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Public_Schools" title="District of Columbia Public Schools">District of Columbia Public Schools</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nytObit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytObit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytObit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/18/archives/eugene-meyer-dies-publisher-banker-eugene-meyer-dies-in-capital.html">"Eugene Meyer Dies; Publisher, Banker"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 18 July 1959. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eugene+Meyer+Dies%3B+Publisher%2C+Banker&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1959-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1959%2F07%2F18%2Farchives%2Feugene-meyer-dies-publisher-banker-eugene-meyer-dies-in-capital.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael G. Schechter, ‘Meyer, Eugene Isaac’ in IO BIO, Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries-General of International Organizations, Edited by Bob Reinalda, Kent J. Kille and Jaci Eisenberg, p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ru.nl/politicologie/io-bio-bob-reinalda/io-bio-biographical-dictionary-sgs-ios/">www.ru.nl/fm/iobio</a>, retrieved August 8, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FedRes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FedRes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreservehistory.org/people/eugene-i-meyer">"Eugene I. Meyer"</a>. Federal Reserve History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eugene+I.+Meyer&rft.pub=Federal+Reserve+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalreservehistory.org%2Fpeople%2Feugene-i-meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullins2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mullins2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEustace_Clarence_Mullins2013" class="citation book cs1">Eustace Clarence Mullins (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PozrAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Two+billion+dollars+worth%22&pg=PT14"><i>Study of the Federal Reserve</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62793-114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62793-114-4"><bdi>978-1-62793-114-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Study+of+the+Federal+Reserve&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62793-114-4&rft.au=Eustace+Clarence+Mullins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPozrAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Two%2Bbillion%2Bdollars%2Bworth%2522%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Washington Post Bought By Meyer." Trenton Evening <a href="/wiki/The_Times_(Trenton)" title="The Times (Trenton)"><i>Times</i></a>, June 13, 1933, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Meier_Schlesinger1960" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Meier Schlesinger (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vC5HJloBWugC&pg=PA18"><i>The Politics of Upheaval: 1935–1936, the Age of Roosevelt, Volume III</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-34087-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-34087-4"><bdi>0-618-34087-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 Sep</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Upheaval%3A+1935%E2%80%931936%2C+the+Age+of+Roosevelt%2C+Volume+III&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-618-34087-4&rft.au=Arthur+Meier+Schlesinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvC5HJloBWugC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FriedmanSchwartz2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FriedmanSchwartz2008_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton_FriedmanAnna_Jacobson_SchwartzNational_Bureau_of_Economic_Research2008" class="citation book cs1">Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz; National Bureau of Economic Research (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lCArZfazBkC&q=%22Regarding+the+Great+Depression+You%27re+right+We+did+it%22&pg=PP1"><i>The Great Contraction, 1929–1933</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13794-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13794-0"><bdi>978-0-691-13794-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Contraction%2C+1929%E2%80%931933&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13794-0&rft.au=Milton+Friedman&rft.au=Anna+Jacobson+Schwartz&rft.au=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lCArZfazBkC%26q%3D%2522Regarding%2Bthe%2BGreat%2BDepression%2BYou%2527re%2Bright%2BWe%2Bdid%2Bit%2522%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers_McGeagh_Roberts1977" class="citation book cs1">Chalmers McGeagh Roberts (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OY61AAAAIAAJ&q=%22In+1929+there+had+been,+in+secret,+a+cash+offer+of+$5+million+from+Eugene+Meyer+but+Ned+had+blocked+that+sale%22&pg=PT146">"Headed for Disaster – Ned McLean I"</a>. <i>The Washington Post: The First 100 Years</i>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25854-5"><bdi>978-0-395-25854-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 Sep</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Headed+for+Disaster+%E2%80%93+Ned+McLean+I&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Post%3A+The+First+100+Years&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-395-25854-5&rft.au=Chalmers+McGeagh+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOY61AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522In%2B1929%2Bthere%2Bhad%2Bbeen%2C%2Bin%2Bsecret%2C%2Ba%2Bcash%2Boffer%2Bof%2B%245%2Bmillion%2Bfrom%2BEugene%2BMeyer%2Bbut%2BNed%2Bhad%2Bblocked%2Bthat%2Bsale%2522%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_Felsenthal1993" class="citation book cs1">Carol Felsenthal (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x0lNDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Four+years+earlier%2C+he+had+offered+%245+million%22&pg=PT48"><i>Power, Privilege and the Post: The Katharine Graham Story</i></a>. Seven Stories Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-290-5"><bdi>978-1-60980-290-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 Sep</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Privilege+and+the+Post%3A+The+Katharine+Graham+Story&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-60980-290-5&rft.au=Carol+Felsenthal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx0lNDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Four%2Byears%2Bearlier%252C%2Bhe%2Bhad%2Boffered%2B%25245%2Bmillion%2522%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers_McGeagh_Roberts1977" class="citation book cs1">Chalmers McGeagh Roberts (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OY61AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Meyer+had+authorized+him+to+bid+up+to+$2+million%22&pg=PT146"><i>The Washington Post: The First 100 Years</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25854-5"><bdi>978-0-395-25854-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 Sep</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Post%3A+The+First+100+Years&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-395-25854-5&rft.au=Chalmers+McGeagh+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOY61AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Meyer%2Bhad%2Bauthorized%2Bhim%2Bto%2Bbid%2Bup%2Bto%2B%242%2Bmillion%2522%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_Felsenthal1993" class="citation book cs1">Carol Felsenthal (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x0lNDwAAQBAJ&q=%22He+was+willing+to+pay+up+to+%242+million%22&pg=PT57"><i>Power, Privilege and the Post: The Katharine Graham Story</i></a>. Seven Stories Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-290-5"><bdi>978-1-60980-290-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 Sep</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Privilege+and+the+Post%3A+The+Katharine+Graham+Story&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-60980-290-5&rft.au=Carol+Felsenthal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx0lNDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522He%2Bwas%2Bwilling%2Bto%2Bpay%2Bup%2Bto%2B%25242%2Bmillion%2522%26pg%3DPT57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers_McGeagh_Roberts1977" class="citation book cs1">Chalmers McGeagh Roberts (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OY61AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Meyer+had+hidden+in+the+closed-for-the-summer+home%22&pg=PT146"><i>The Washington Post: The First 100 Years</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25854-5"><bdi>978-0-395-25854-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 Sep</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Post%3A+The+First+100+Years&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-395-25854-5&rft.au=Chalmers+McGeagh+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOY61AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Meyer%2Bhad%2Bhidden%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bclosed-for-the-summer%2Bhome%2522%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_Felsenthal1993" class="citation book cs1">Carol Felsenthal (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x0lNDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Kay+Meyer+It+never+occurred+to+me%22&pg=PT57"><i>Power, Privilege and the Post: The Katharine Graham Story</i></a>. Seven Stories Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-290-5"><bdi>978-1-60980-290-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 Sep</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Privilege+and+the+Post%3A+The+Katharine+Graham+Story&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-60980-290-5&rft.au=Carol+Felsenthal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx0lNDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Kay%2BMeyer%2BIt%2Bnever%2Boccurred%2Bto%2Bme%2522%26pg%3DPT57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Meyer is Buyer of <i> Washington Post"</i> Cleveland <i><a href="/wiki/Plain_Dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain Dealer">Plain Dealer</a>,</i> June 13, 1933, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Washington Post</i> Bought By Meyer" Trenton Evening <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_(Trenton)" title="The Times (Trenton)">Times</a></i>, June 13, 1933, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers_McGeagh_Roberts1977" class="citation book cs1">Chalmers McGeagh Roberts (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OY61AAAAIAAJ&q=%22any+person,+group+or+organization%22&pg=PT198"><i>The Washington Post: The First 100 Years</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25854-5"><bdi>978-0-395-25854-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Post%3A+The+First+100+Years&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-395-25854-5&rft.au=Chalmers+McGeagh+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOY61AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522any%2Bperson%2C%2Bgroup%2Bor%2Borganization%2522%26pg%3DPT198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Eugene Meyer, Publisher." Baton Rouge (LA) State Times Advocate, June 24, 1933, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editorial, "Mr. Meyer and <i>The Post.</i> " Boston Herald, June 16, 1933, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Kelly1983" class="citation book cs1">Tom Kelly (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NhhlAAAAMAAJ&q=%22NRA%22"><i>The Imperial Post: The Meyers, the Grahams, and the Paper that Rules Washington</i></a>. Morrow. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01919-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01919-8"><bdi>978-0-688-01919-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Post%3A+The+Meyers%2C+the+Grahams%2C+and+the+Paper+that+Rules+Washington&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-688-01919-8&rft.au=Tom+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNhhlAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522NRA%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Kelly1983" class="citation book cs1">Tom Kelly (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NhhlAAAAMAAJ&q=%22anonymous%20reporting%22"><i>The Imperial Post: The Meyers, the Grahams, and the Paper That Rules Washington</i></a>. Morrow. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01919-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01919-8"><bdi>978-0-688-01919-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Post%3A+The+Meyers%2C+the+Grahams%2C+and+the+Paper+That+Rules+Washington&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-688-01919-8&rft.au=Tom+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNhhlAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522anonymous%2520reporting%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers_McGeagh_Roberts1977" class="citation book cs1">Chalmers McGeagh Roberts (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OY61AAAAIAAJ&q=%22one+dramatic+foreign+story+that+riveted+American+attention:+the+constitutional+crisis+in+1936%22&pg=PT146"><i>The Washington Post: The First 100 Years</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25854-5"><bdi>978-0-395-25854-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Post%3A+The+First+100+Years&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-395-25854-5&rft.au=Chalmers+McGeagh+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOY61AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522one%2Bdramatic%2Bforeign%2Bstory%2Bthat%2Briveted%2BAmerican%2Battention%3A%2Bthe%2Bconstitutional%2Bcrisis%2Bin%2B1936%2522%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FMBlumenthal-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FMBlumenthal_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/blumenthal-florence-meyer">"Florence Meyer Blumenthal"</a>. Jewish Women's Archive, Michele Siegel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florence+Meyer+Blumenthal&rft.pub=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive%2C+Michele+Siegel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fblumenthal-florence-meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZottolir2016" class="citation book cs1">Zottolir, Maureen (June 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=61L3DAAAQBAJ&q=Leila+Saks+Meyer+titanic&pg=PA103"><i>The R.M.S. Titanic and Washington, D. C.: One Hundred Years: 1912 to 2012 – People, Government Process and Precedent, Investigations, and Locations</i></a>. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781468543711" title="Special:BookSources/9781468543711"><bdi>9781468543711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R.M.S.+Titanic+and+Washington%2C+D.+C.%3A+One+Hundred+Years%3A+1912+to+2012+%E2%80%93+People%2C+Government+Process+and+Precedent%2C+Investigations%2C+and+Locations&rft.pages=103&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft.isbn=9781468543711&rft.aulast=Zottolir&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D61L3DAAAQBAJ%26q%3DLeila%2BSaks%2BMeyer%2Btitanic%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrasch1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brasch" title="Walter Brasch">Brasch, Walter M.</a> (1987). <i>Eugene Meyer: His Life and Times by Walter M. Brasch</i>. Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eugene+Meyer%3A+His+Life+and+Times+by+Walter+M.+Brasch&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Brasch&rft.aufirst=Walter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButkiewicz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Butkiewicz, James (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/James-Butkiewicz/publication/276373007_EUGENE_MEYER_and_the_German_INFLUENCE_on_the_ORIGIN_of_US_FEDERAL_FINANCIAL_RESCUES/links/568bf4b408ae8f6ec7524342/EUGENE-MEYER-and-the-German-INFLUENCE-on-the-ORIGIN-of-US-FEDERAL-FINANCIAL-RESCUES.pdf">"Eugene Meyer and the German Influence on the Origin of US Federal Financial Rescues"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>Journal of the History of Economic Thought</i>. <b>37</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.atitle=Eugene+Meyer+and+the+German+Influence+on+the+Origin+of+US+Federal+Financial+Rescues&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Butkiewicz&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FJames-Butkiewicz%2Fpublication%2F276373007_EUGENE_MEYER_and_the_German_INFLUENCE_on_the_ORIGIN_of_US_FEDERAL_FINANCIAL_RESCUES%2Flinks%2F568bf4b408ae8f6ec7524342%2FEUGENE-MEYER-and-the-German-INFLUENCE-on-the-ORIGIN-of-US-FEDERAL-FINANCIAL-RESCUES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanSchwartz1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman, Milton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Schwartz, Anna J.</a> (1993) [1963]. <a href="/wiki/A_Monetary_History_of_the_United_States" title="A Monetary History of the United States"><i>A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960</i></a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">327–</span>389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691003542" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691003542"><bdi>978-0691003542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Monetary+History+of+the+United+States%2C+1867%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0691003542&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Anna+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Graham, Katharine</a> (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/Personal_History" title="Personal History">Personal History</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394585852" title="Special:BookSources/0394585852"><bdi>0394585852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+History&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0394585852&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltzer2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_H._Meltzer" title="Allan H. Meltzer">Meltzer, Allan H.</a> (2003). <i>A History of the Federal Reserve – Volume 1: 1913–1951</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">320–</span>436. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226520001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226520001"><bdi>978-0226520001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Federal+Reserve+%E2%80%93+Volume+1%3A+1913%E2%80%931951&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0226520001&rft.aulast=Meltzer&rft.aufirst=Allan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_E._Meyer" title="Agnes E. Meyer">Meyer, Agnes E.</a> (1959). <i>Out of These Roots: The Autobiography of an American Woman</i>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+These+Roots%3A+The+Autobiography+of+an+American+Woman&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Agnes+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPusey1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merlo_J._Pusey" title="Merlo J. Pusey">Pusey, Merlo J</a> (1974). <i>Eugene Meyer</i>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394478975" title="Special:BookSources/0394478975"><bdi>0394478975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eugene+Meyer&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0394478975&rft.aulast=Pusey&rft.aufirst=Merlo+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugene+Meyer+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Meyer_(financier)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eugene_Meyer_(financier)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eugene Meyer (financier)">Eugene Meyer (financier)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/archives/history/past-presidents/eugene-meyer">Biography of Eugene Meyer (website)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/3775">Statements and Speeches of Eugene Meyer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/archival/4951">Selections from the Eugene Meyer Papers relating to the Federal Reserve</a>, from the Library of Congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Meyer%2C%20Eugene%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eugene%20Meyer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Meyer%2C%20Eugene%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eugene%20Meyer%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Eugene%20Meyer%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Meyer%2C%20Eugene%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eugene%20Meyer%22%29%20OR%20%28%221875-1959%22%20AND%20Meyer%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Eugene Meyer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Platt" title="Edmund Platt">Edmund Platt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Federal Reserve Board of Governors</a> </b><br />1930–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Robert_Black" title="Eugene Robert Black">Eugene Robert Black</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roy_A._Young" title="Roy A. Young">Roy A. Young</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chairman of the Federal Reserve</a> </b><br />1930–1933 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">President of the World Bank Group</a> </b><br />1946 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John McCloy</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes">International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugene Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_R._Black,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene R. Black, Sr.">Eugene R. Black, Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_David_Woods" title="George David Woods">George David Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alden_W._Clausen" title="Alden W. Clausen">Alden W. Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">Barber Conable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Thompson_Preston" title="Lewis Thompson Preston">Lewis Thompson Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wolfensohn" title="James Wolfensohn">James Wolfensohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim Yong Kim">Jim Yong Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Kristalina Georgieva</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malpass" title="David Malpass">David Malpass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Banga" title="Ajay Banga">Ajay Banga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_World_Bank_Group_presidential_election" title="2012 World Bank Group presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_World_Bank_Group_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 World Bank Group presidential election (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_World_Bank_Group_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 World Bank Group presidential election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="by_country3234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Afghanistan and the World Bank">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_and_the_World_Bank" title="Argentina and the World Bank">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Australia and the World Bank">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus_and_the_World_Bank" title="Belarus and the World Bank">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_and_the_World_Bank" title="Botswana and the World Bank">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_and_the_World_Bank" title="Brazil and the World Bank">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Cambodia and the World Bank">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_and_the_World_Bank" title="Cape Verde and the World Bank">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chile_and_the_World_Bank" title="Chile and the World Bank">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Bank" title="China and the World Bank">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Colombia and the World Bank">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica_and_the_World_Bank" title="Costa Rica and the World Bank">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Croatia and the World Bank">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_and_the_World_Bank" title="The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the World Bank">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_and_the_World_Bank" title="Djibouti and the World Bank">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Ethiopia and the World Bank">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France_and_the_World_Bank" title="France and the World Bank">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_and_the_World_Bank" title="Guatemala and the World Bank">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haiti_and_the_World_Bank" title="Haiti and the World Bank">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Honduras_and_the_World_Bank" title="Honduras and the World Bank">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_World_Bank" title="India and the World Bank">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Indonesia and the World Bank">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_and_the_World_Bank" title="The Republic of Ireland and the World Bank">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_and_the_World_Bank" title="Jamaica and the World Bank">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Japan and the World Bank">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Kazakhstan and the World Bank">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_and_the_World_Bank" title="Kenya and the World Bank">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Laos_and_the_World_Bank" title="Laos and the World Bank">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_and_the_World_Bank" title="Lebanon and the World Bank">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Malaysia and the World Bank">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_and_the_World_Bank" title="Maldives and the World Bank">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_and_the_World_Bank" title="Mali and the World Bank">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_and_the_World_Bank" title="Mexico and the World Bank">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Mongolia and the World Bank">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_and_the_World_Bank" title="Morocco and the World Bank">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_and_the_World_Bank" title="Myanmar and the World Bank">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_and_the_World_Bank" title="Nicaragua and the World Bank">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_and_the_World_Bank" title="Nigeria and the World Bank">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Panama_and_the_World_Bank" title="Panama and the World Bank">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_and_the_World_Bank" title="Paraguay and the World Bank">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peru_and_the_World_Bank" title="Peru and the World Bank">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Philippines_and_the_World_Bank" title="The Philippines and the World Bank">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_World_Bank" title="Poland and the World Bank">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Russia and the World Bank">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Senegal_and_the_World_Bank" title="Senegal and the World Bank">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Serbia and the World Bank">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_and_the_World_Bank" title="Singapore and the World Bank">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_the_World_Bank" title="South Africa and the World Bank">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_and_the_World_Bank" title="South Korea and the World Bank">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_World_Bank" title="Sri Lanka and the World Bank">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Tajikistan and the World Bank">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_and_the_World_Bank" title="Tanzania and the World Bank">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_World_Bank" title="Turkey and the World Bank">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_and_the_World_Bank" title="Uganda and the World Bank">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_the_World_Bank" title="Ukraine and the World Bank">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_and_the_World_Bank" title="Uruguay and the World Bank">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Uzbekistan and the World Bank">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_and_the_World_Bank" title="Vietnam and the World Bank">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_and_the_World_Bank" title="Zimbabwe and the World Bank">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Bank" title="Category:World Bank">Category World Bank</a> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Bank_Group" title="Category:World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> </p> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Bank_Group_relations" title="Category:World Bank Group relations">Country Relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_Reserve_System542" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_Reserve_System" title="Template:Federal Reserve System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federal_Reserve_System" title="Template talk:Federal Reserve System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_Reserve_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal Reserve System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_Reserve_System542" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Open_Market_Committee" title="Federal Open Market Committee">Federal Open Market Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note" title="Federal Reserve Note">Federal Reserve Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_Note" title="Federal Reserve Bank Note">Federal Reserve Bank Note</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beige_Book" title="Beige Book">Beige Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Statistical_Release" title="Federal Reserve Statistical Release">Federal Reserve Statistical Release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Report_to_the_Congress" title="Monetary Policy Report to the Congress">Monetary Policy Report to the Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount window</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_rate" title="Bank rate">Bank rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_funds" title="Federal funds">Federal funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_funds_rate" title="Federal funds rate">Federal funds rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overnight_rate" title="Overnight rate">Overnight rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_dealer" title="Primary dealer">Primary dealer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="History of the Federal Reserve System">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">Antecedents</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldrich%E2%80%93Vreeland_Act" title="Aldrich–Vreeland Act">Aldrich–Vreeland Act</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monetary_Commission" title="National Monetary Commission">National Monetary Commission</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittman_Act" title="Pittman Act">Pittman Act</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_Act" title="Edge Act">Edge Act</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelan_Act_of_1920" title="Phelan Act of 1920">Phelan Act</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_D_(FRB)" title="Regulation D (FRB)">Regulation D</a> (c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_Q" title="Regulation Q">Regulation Q</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Banking_Act" title="1933 Banking Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act" title="Gold Reserve Act">Gold Reserve Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Act_of_1935" title="Banking Act of 1935">Banking Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> (1944–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Act_of_1946" title="Employment Act of 1946">Employment Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="History of the Federal Reserve System">U.S. Treasury Department Accord</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act" title="Bank Holding Company Act">Bank Holding Company Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Federal_Open_Market_Committee_actions" title="History of Federal Open Market Committee actions">FOMC actions</a> (1961–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending Act</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Agreement" title="Smithsonian Agreement">Smithsonian Agreement</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act" title="Home Mortgage Disclosure Act">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Reform_Act_of_1977" title="Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977">Federal Reserve Reform Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act" title="Electronic Fund Transfer Act">Electronic Fund Transfer Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Hawkins_Full_Employment_Act" title="Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act">Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Banking_Act_of_1978" title="International Banking Act of 1978">International Banking Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">DIDMC Act</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors,_FRS_v._Investment_Co._Institute" title="Board of Governors, FRS v. Investment Co. Institute">Federal Reserve v. Investment Co. Institute</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_England" title="Bank of New England">Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenspan_put" title="Greenspan put">Greenspan put</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_Funds_Availability_Act" title="Expedited Funds Availability Act">Expedited Funds Availability Act</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Reform,_Recovery,_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1989" title="Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989">FIRRE Act</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation_Improvement_Act_of_1991" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991">FDIC Improvement Act</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_responses_to_the_subprime_crisis" title="Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis responses</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">Emergency Economic Stabilization Act</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfair_or_Deceptive_Acts_or_Practices" title="Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices">Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Paper_Funding_Facility" title="Commercial Paper Funding Facility">Commercial Paper Funding Facility</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Dealer_Credit_Facility" title="Primary Dealer Credit Facility">Primary Dealer Credit Facility</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Supervisory_Capital_Assessment_Program" title="2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program">2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_Asset-Backed_Securities_Loan_Facility" title="Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility">Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets" title="Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets">Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a> (2009–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Act</a> (2010; <a href="/wiki/Durbin_amendment" title="Durbin amendment">Durbin amendment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Paper_Funding_Facility" title="Commercial Paper Funding Facility">Commercial Paper Funding Facility</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corner_Post,_Inc._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Corner Post, Inc. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Corner Post v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Hamlin" title="Charles Sumner Hamlin">Charles S. Hamlin</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._G._Harding" title="William P. G. Harding">William P. G. Harding</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Richard_Crissinger" title="Daniel Richard Crissinger">Daniel R. Crissinger</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_A._Young" title="Roy A. Young">Roy A. Young</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugene Meyer</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Robert_Black" title="Eugene Robert Black">Eugene R. Black</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriner_S._Eccles" title="Marriner S. Eccles">Marriner S. Eccles</a> (1934–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._McCabe" title="Thomas B. McCabe">Thomas B. McCabe</a> (1948–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McChesney_Martin" title="William McChesney Martin">William M. Martin</a> (1951–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1970–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a> (1978–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a> (1979–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> (1987–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2006–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2014–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Jerome Powell</a> (2018–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Current<br />governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Jerome Powell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jefferson" title="Philip Jefferson">Philip Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bowman" title="Michelle Bowman">Michelle Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Waller" title="Christopher Waller">Christopher Waller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_D._Cook" title="Lisa D. Cook">Lisa D. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barr_(U.S._official)" title="Michael Barr (U.S. official)">Michael Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_Kugler" title="Adriana Kugler">Adriana Kugler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current presidents<br />(by district)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Collins_(economist)" title="Susan M. Collins (economist)">Susan Collins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Boston">Boston</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Williams_(economist)" title="John C. Williams (economist)">John Williams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">New York</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_T._Harker" title="Patrick T. Harker">Patrick T. Harker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Philadelphia" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_M._Hammack" title="Beth M. Hammack">Beth M. Hammack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Cleveland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barkin" title="Thomas Barkin">Thomas Barkin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Richmond" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond">Richmond</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Bostic" title="Raphael Bostic">Raphael Bostic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Atlanta" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta">Atlanta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago">Chicago</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Musalem" title="Alberto Musalem">Alberto Musalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">St. Louis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neel_Kashkari" title="Neel Kashkari">Neel Kashkari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Schmid" title="Jeffrey Schmid">Jeff Schmid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Kansas_City" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City">Kansas City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorie_K._Logan" title="Lorie K. Logan">Lorie Logan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Dallas" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas">Dallas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Daly" title="Mary C. Daly">Mary C. Daly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco" title="Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco">San Francisco</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Criticism of the Federal Reserve">Criticism of the Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_model" title="Fed model">Fed model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedspeak" title="Fedspeak">Fedspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_put" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed put">Fed put</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Hole_Economic_Symposium" title="Jackson Hole Economic Symposium">Jackson Hole Economic Symposium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort" title="Lender of last resort">Lender of last resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Monetary policy of the United States">Monetary policy of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monetary_policy_in_the_United_States" title="History of monetary policy in the United States">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_consumption_expenditures_price_index" title="Personal consumption expenditures price index">Personal consumption expenditures price index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahm_rule" title="Sahm rule">Sahm rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="AlliedSignal65" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AlliedSignal" title="Template:AlliedSignal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AlliedSignal" title="Template talk:AlliedSignal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AlliedSignal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AlliedSignal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AlliedSignal65" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AlliedSignal" title="AlliedSignal">AlliedSignal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Corp.">Allied Corp.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_AiResearch" title="Garrett AiResearch">Garrett AiResearch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvay_Process_Company" title="Solvay Process Company">Solvay Process Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allied Corp.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendix_Corporation" title="Bendix Corporation">Bendix Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Ramo" title="Bunker Ramo">Bunker Ramo Corporation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugene Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ripley_Nichols" title="William Ripley Nichols">William Ripley Nichols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garrett AiResearch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Air_Data_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Air Data Computer">Central Air Data Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Dallenbach" title="Frederick Dallenbach">Frederick Dallenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Garrett" title="Cliff Garrett">Cliff Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_STAMP" title="Garrett STAMP">Garrett STAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_J._Wood" title="Homer J. Wood">Homer J. Wood</a></li> <li>Normalair</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q74283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q74283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q74283#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000028099656">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8860110">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/198911/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhvYPPX7vc7P9cqMj6Kd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1065093195">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86025876">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070791090">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007280136505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/1065093195.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/159198623">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10571833">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m61n2m">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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