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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Under William and Mary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_William_and_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Queen_Anne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Queen_Anne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Under Queen Anne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Queen_Anne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contents_of_the_Characteristicks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents_of_the_Characteristicks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Contents of the <i>Characteristicks</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents_of_the_Characteristicks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_moralist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_moralist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Philosophical moralist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_moralist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_the_Augustans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_the_Augustans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>By the Augustans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_the_Augustans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_moral_philosophy_and_its_literary_reflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_moral_philosophy_and_its_literary_reflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>In moral philosophy and its literary reflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_moral_philosophy_and_its_literary_reflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Across_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Across_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Across Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Across_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications_of_Shaftesbury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications_of_Shaftesbury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Publications of Shaftesbury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications_of_Shaftesbury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="أنتوني كوبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنتوني كوبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%AD%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Энтані Эшлі Купер Шэфтсберы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энтані Эшлі Купер Шэфтсберы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anthony Ashley Cooper" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anthony Ashley Cooper" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3ydd_Iarll_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3ydd Iarll Shaftesbury – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3ydd Iarll Shaftesbury" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_3._Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3. Earl of Shaftesbury – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3. Earl of Shaftesbury" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anthony Ashley Cooper" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3-a_Grafo_de_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3-a Grafo de Shaftesbury – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3-a Grafo de Shaftesbury" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper_(Shaftesburyko_III._kondea)" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper (Shaftesburyko III. kondea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anthony Ashley Cooper (Shaftesburyko III. kondea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آنتونی اشلی کوپر، سومین ارل شفتسبری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتونی اشلی کوپر، سومین ارل شفتسبری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper_(3e_comte_de_Shaftesbury)" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper (3e comte de Shaftesbury) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper (3e comte de Shaftesbury)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C3%EB%8C%80_%EC%84%80%ED%94%84%EC%B8%A0%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%91_%EC%95%A4%EC%84%9C%EB%8B%88_%EC%95%A0%EC%8A%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%BF%A0%ED%8D%BC" title="제3대 섀프츠베리 백작 앤서니 애슐리쿠퍼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제3대 섀프츠베리 백작 앤서니 애슐리쿠퍼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D4%B7%D5%B7%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անտոնի Էշլի Կուպեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտոնի Էշլի Կուպեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_ke-3" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury ke-3 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury ke-3" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_III_conte_di_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, III conte di Shaftesbury – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, III conte di Shaftesbury" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шефтсбери Антони Эшли Купер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шефтсбери Антони Эшли Купер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шефтсбери, Антони Эшли Купер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шефтсбери, Антони Эшли Купер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="انتونى كوبر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انتونى كوبر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper_(1671-1713)" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper (1671-1713) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anthony Ashley Cooper (1671-1713)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC_(%E7%AC%AC3%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%95%E3%83%84%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5)" title="アントニー・アシュリー＝クーパー (第3代シャフツベリ伯爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アントニー・アシュリー＝クーパー (第3代シャフツベリ伯爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_3._jarl_av_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3. jarl av Shaftesbury – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3. jarl av Shaftesbury" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper_(3._hrabia_Shaftesbury)" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper (3. hrabia Shaftesbury) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper (3. hrabia Shaftesbury)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3.%C2%BA_Conde_de_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3.º Conde de Shaftesbury – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3.º Conde de Shaftesbury" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8,_3-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Эшли-Купер, Энтони, 3-й граф Шефтсбери – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эшли-Купер, Энтони, 3-й граф Шефтсбери" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_gr%C3%B3f_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, gróf Shaftesbury – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, gróf Shaftesbury" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_tretji_grof_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, tretji grof Shaftesbury – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, tretji grof Shaftesbury" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordi_Shaftesbury" title="Lordi Shaftesbury – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lordi Shaftesbury" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_3:e_earl_av_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3:e earl av Shaftesbury – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3:e earl av Shaftesbury" 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padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_3._Earl_of_Shaftesbury" class="extiw" title="de:Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3. Earl of Shaftesbury">the corresponding article</a> in German</b>.  <i><small>(January 2022)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnthony_Ashley_Cooper,_3._Earl_of_Shaftesbury&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the German article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. 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font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn">The Earl of Shaftesbury</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Engraving_of_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Engraving_of_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg/220px-Engraving_of_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Engraving_of_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg/330px-Engraving_of_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Engraving_of_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg/440px-Engraving_of_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1671-02-26</span>)</span>26 February 1671<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 February 1713<span style="display:none">(1713-02-16)</span> (aged 41–42)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chiaia" title="Chiaia">Chiaia</a>, Naples</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/18th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="18th-century philosophy">18th-century philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Platonism">Cambridge Platonism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury</b> (26 February 1671 – 16 February 1713) was an English peer, <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> politician, philosopher and writer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born at <a href="/wiki/Cecil_House" title="Cecil House">Exeter House</a> in London, the son and first child of the future <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_2nd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley Cooper, 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ashley-Cooper,_Countess_of_Shaftesbury" title="Dorothy Ashley-Cooper, Countess of Shaftesbury">Lady Dorothy Manners</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_8th_Earl_of_Rutland" title="John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland">John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland</a>. </p><p>Letters sent to his parents reveal <a href="/wiki/Emotional_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional manipulation">emotional manipulation</a> attempted by his mother in refusing to see her son unless he cut off all ties to his sickly and secluded father. At the age of three Ashley-Cooper was made over to the formal guardianship of his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, as medical attendant to the Ashley household, was entrusted with the supervision of his education. It was conducted according to the principles of Locke's <i><a href="/wiki/Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Education" title="Some Thoughts Concerning Education">Some Thoughts Concerning Education</a></i> (1693), and the method of teaching <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> conversationally was pursued by his instructress, Elizabeth Birch. At the age of eleven, it is said, Ashley could read both languages with ease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birch had moved to Clapham and Ashley spent some years there with her.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurice_Ashley-Cooper;_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Closterman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Maurice_Ashley-Cooper%3B_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Closterman.jpg/220px-Maurice_Ashley-Cooper%3B_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Closterman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Maurice_Ashley-Cooper%3B_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Closterman.jpg/330px-Maurice_Ashley-Cooper%3B_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Closterman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Maurice_Ashley-Cooper%3B_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Closterman.jpg/440px-Maurice_Ashley-Cooper%3B_Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Closterman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3462" /></a><figcaption>Anthony Ashley Cooper with his brother Maurice, in a 1702 painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Closterman" title="John Closterman">John Closterman</a> designed to illustrate his <a href="/wiki/Neo-Platonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Platonist">Neo-Platonist</a> beliefs</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1683, after the death of the first Earl, his father sent Lord Ashley, as he now was by courtesy, to <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a>. Under a Scottish tutor, Daniel Denoune, he began a continental tour with two older companions, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Cropley,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Cropley, 2nd Baronet">Sir John Cropley, 2nd Baronet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sclater_Bacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Sclater Bacon">Thomas Sclater Bacon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_William_and_Mary">Under William and Mary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Under William and Mary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, Lord Ashley returned to England in 1689. It took five years, but he entered public life, as a parliamentary candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Poole_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Poole (UK Parliament constituency)">borough of Poole</a>, and was returned on 21 May 1695. He spoke for the Bill for Regulating Trials in Cases of Treason, one provision of which was that a person indicted for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> or <a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_treason" title="Misprision of treason">misprision of treason</a> should be allowed the assistance of counsel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a>, Ashley was not partisan. His poor health forced him to retire from parliament at the dissolution of July 1698. He suffered from <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, to escape the London environment, he purchased a property in <a href="/wiki/Little_Chelsea" title="Little Chelsea">Little Chelsea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adding a 50-foot extension to the existing building to house his bedchamber and Library, and planting fruit trees and vines. He sold the property to <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_Luttrell" title="Narcissus Luttrell">Narcissus Luttrell</a> in 1710.<sup id="cite_ref-Hist1811_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist1811-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was <a href="/wiki/Lord_Proprietor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Proprietor">Lord Proprietor</a> of the English colony of Carolina in North America and the Bahamas during this time. </p><p>Lord Ashley moved to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Away for over a year, Ashley returned to England, and shortly succeeded his father as <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Earl of Shaftesbury">Earl of Shaftesbury</a>. He took an active part, on the Whig side in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/January_1701_English_general_election" title="January 1701 English general election">January 1701 English general election</a>, and again, with more success, in the <a href="/wiki/November_1701_English_general_election" title="November 1701 English general election">November 1701 English general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_Queen_Anne">Under Queen Anne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Under Queen Anne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the first few weeks of <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>'s reign, Shaftesbury, who had been deprived of the vice-admiralty of <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, returned to private life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1703, he again settled in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> he lived, he says in a letter to his steward Wheelock, at the rate of less than £200 a year, and yet had much to dispose of and spend beyond convenient living.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763,_764_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763,_764-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shaftesbury returned to England in August 1704, he landed at <a href="/wiki/Aldeburgh" title="Aldeburgh">Aldeburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> having escaped a dangerous storm during his voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">consumption</a>, and gradually became an invalid. He continued to take an interest in politics, both home and foreign, and supported England's participation in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763,_764_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763,_764-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The declining state of Shaftesbury's health rendered it necessary for him to seek a warmer climate and in July 1711 he set out for Italy. He settled at <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in November, and lived there for more than a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shaftesbury died at <a href="/wiki/Chiaia" title="Chiaia">Chiaia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, on 15 February 1713 (N.S.) His body was brought back to England and buried at <a href="/wiki/Wimborne_St_Giles" title="Wimborne St Giles">Wimborne St Giles</a>, the family seat in Dorset.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations">Associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">John Toland</a> was an early associate, but Shaftesbury after some time found him a troublesome ally. Toland published a draft of the <i>Inquiry concerning Virtue</i>, without permission. Shaftesbury may have exaggerated its faults, but the relationship cooled.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toland edited 14 letters from Shaftesbury to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Molesworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Molesworth">Robert Molesworth</a>, published in Toland in 1721.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molesworth had been a good friend from the 1690s. Other friends among English Whigs were <a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenant" title="Charles Davenant">Charles Davenant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fletcher_of_Saltoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun">Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Moyle" title="Walter Moyle">Walter Moyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Stephens_(minister)" title="William Stephens (minister)">William Stephens</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Trenchard_(writer)" title="John Trenchard (writer)">John Trenchard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Locke's circle in England, Shaftesbury knew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Clarke_(1650%E2%80%931710)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Clarke (1650–1710) (page does not exist)">Edward Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damaris_Masham" class="mw-redirect" title="Damaris Masham">Damaris Masham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Yonge,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Walter Yonge, 3rd Baronet">Walter Yonge</a>. In the Netherlands in the late 1690s, he got to know Locke's contact <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Furly" title="Benjamin Furly">Benjamin Furly</a>. Through Furly he had introductions to become acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Leclerc_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Leclerc (theologian)">Jean Leclerc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philipp_van_Limborch" title="Philipp van Limborch">Philipp van Limborch</a>. Bayle introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Des_Maizeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Des Maizeaux">Pierre Des Maizeaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letters from Shaftesbury to Benjamin Furly, his two sons, and his clerk Harry Wilkinson, were included in a volume entitled <i>Original Letters of Locke, Sidney and Shaftesbury</i>, published by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ignatius_Maria_Forster" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster">Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster</a> (1830, and in enlarged form, 1847). </p><p>Shaftesbury was a patron of Michael Ainsworth, a young Dorset man of <a href="/wiki/Wimborne_St_Giles" title="Wimborne St Giles">Wimborne St Giles</a>, maintained by Shaftesbury at <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a>. The <i>Letters to a Young Man at the University</i> (1716) were addressed to Ainsworth. Others he supported included <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Coste" title="Pierre Coste">Pierre Coste</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Crellius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Crellius (page does not exist)">Paul Crellius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the works for which Shaftesbury is known were completed in the period 1705 to 1710. He collected a number of those and other works in <i>Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times</i> (first edition 1711, anonymous, 3 vols.).<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His philosophical work was limited to ethics, religion, and aesthetics where he highlighted the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a> as an aesthetic quality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Basil_Willey" title="Basil Willey">Basil Willey</a> wrote "[...] his writings, though suave and polished, lack distinction of style [...]".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contents_of_the_Characteristicks">Contents of the <i>Characteristicks</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contents of the Characteristicks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This listing refers to the first edition.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later editions saw changes. The <i>Letter on Design</i> was first published in the edition of the <i>Characteristicks</i> issued in 1732.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Volume I</dt></dl> <p>The opening piece is <i>A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm</i>, advocating <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a>, published anonymously in 1708. It was based on a letter sent to <a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">John Somers, 1st Baron Somers</a> of September 1707.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time repression of the French <a href="/wiki/Camisard" class="mw-redirect" title="Camisard">Camisards</a> was topical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second treatise is <i>Sensus Communis: An Essay on the Freedom of Wit and Humour</i>, first published in 1709.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third part is <i>Soliloquy: or, Advice to an Author</i>, from 1710.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Volume II</dt></dl> <p>It opens with <i>Inquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit</i>, based on a work from 1699. With this treatise, Shaftesbury became the founder of <a href="/wiki/Moral_sense_theory" title="Moral sense theory">moral sense theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is accompanied by <i>The Moralists, a Philosophical Rhapsody</i>, from 1709.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaftesbury himself regarded it as the most ambitious of his treatises.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main object of <i>The Moralists</i> is to propound a system of <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>. Shaftesbury believed in one God whose characteristic attribute is universal benevolence; in the moral government of the universe; and in a future state of man making up for the present life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Volume III</dt></dl> <p>Entitled <i>Miscellaneous Reflections</i>, this consisted of previously unpublished works.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From his stay at Naples there was <i>A Notion of the Historical Draught or Tablature of the Judgment of Hercules</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_moralist">Philosophical moralist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Philosophical moralist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_Ashley-Cooper_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg/240px-Anthony_Ashley-Cooper_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg/360px-Anthony_Ashley-Cooper_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg/480px-Anthony_Ashley-Cooper_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="2137" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Anthony Ashley Cooper in the first volume of <i>Characteristicks</i> from 1732</figcaption></figure> <p>Shaftesbury as a moralist opposed <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>. He was a follower of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge Platonists</a>, and like them rejected the way Hobbes collapsed moral issues into expediency.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first published work was an anonymous <i>Preface</i> to the sermons of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Whichcote" title="Benjamin Whichcote">Benjamin Whichcote</a>, a prominent Cambridge Platonist, published in 1698. In it he belaboured Hobbes and his <a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">ethical egoism</a>, but also the commonplace <a href="/wiki/Carrot_and_stick" title="Carrot and stick">carrot and stick</a> arguments of Christian moralists.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Shaftesbury conformed in public to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, his private view of some of its doctrines was less respectful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His starting point in the <i>Characteristicks</i>, however, was indeed such a form of <a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">ethical naturalism</a> as was common ground for Hobbes, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Bernard Mandeville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>: appeal to self-interest. He divided moralists into Stoics and Epicurean, identifying with the Stoics and their attention to the <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">common good</a>. It made him concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>. He took Spinoza and <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> as the leading Epicureans of his time (in unpublished writings).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shaftesbury examined man first as a unit in himself, and secondly socially. His major principle was harmony or balance, rather than <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>. In man, he wrote, </p> <blockquote><p>"Whoever is in the least versed in this moral kind of architecture will find the inward fabric so adjusted, [...] that the barely extending of a single passion too far or the continuance [...] of it too long, is able to bring irrecoverable ruin and misery".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This version of a <a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">golden mean</a> doctrine that goes back to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> was savaged by Mandeville, who slurred it as associated with a sheltered and comfortable life, Catholic <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>, and modern sentimental rusticity.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a> adopted Shaftesbury's view that "all excellency is harmony, symmetry or proportion".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On man as a social creature, Shaftesbury argued that the egoist and the extreme <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruist</a> are both imperfect. People, to contribute to the happiness of the whole, must fit in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rejected the idea that humankind is naturally selfish; and the idea that altruism necessarily cuts across self-interest.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> found this general and social approach attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This move relied on a close parallel between moral and aesthetic criteria. In the English tradition, this appeal to a <a href="/wiki/Moral_sense" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral sense">moral sense</a> was innovative. Primarily emotional and non-reflective, it becomes rationalised by education and use. Corollaries are that morality stands apart from theology, and the moral qualities of actions are determined apart from the <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">will of God</a>; and that the moralist is not concerned to solve the problems of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> and <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a>. Shaftesbury in this way opposed also what is to be found in Locke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conceptual framework used by Shaftesbury was representative of much thinking in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Enlightenment">early Enlightenment</a>, and remained popular until the 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <i>Characteristicks</i> appeared they were welcomed by Le Clerc and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>. Among the English <a href="/wiki/Deists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deists">deists</a> Shaftesbury was significant, plausible and the most respectable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_the_Augustans">By the Augustans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: By the Augustans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature" title="Augustan literature">Augustan literature</a>, Shaftesbury's defence of <a href="/wiki/Ridicule" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridicule">ridicule</a> was taken as an entitlement to scoff, and to use ridicule as a "test of truth". Clerical authors operated on the assumption that he was a <a href="/wiki/Freethinker" class="mw-redirect" title="Freethinker">freethinker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles" title="Ezra Stiles">Ezra Stiles</a>, reading <i>Characteristicks</i> in 1748 without realising Shaftesbury had been marked down as a <a href="/wiki/Deist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deist">deist</a>, was both impressed and sometimes shocked. Around this time <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(Presbyterian)" title="John Leland (Presbyterian)">John Leland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Skelton" title="Philip Skelton">Philip Skelton</a> stepped up a campaign against deist influence, tarnishing Shaftesbury's reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Shaftesbury wrote on ridicule in the 1712 edition of <i>Characteristicks</i>, the modern scholarly consensus is that the uses of his views on it as a "test of truth" were a stretch.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Owen_Aldridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Owen Aldridge">Alfred Owen Aldridge</a>, the "test of truth" phrase is not to be found in <i>Characteristicks</i>; it was imposed on the Augustan debate by <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of Shaftesbury, and in particular <i>The Moralists</i>, on <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Man" title="An Essay on Man">An Essay on Man</a></i>, was claimed in the 18th century by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> (in his philosophical letter "On Pope"),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Hervey,_2nd_Baron_Hervey" title="John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey">Lord Hervey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warton" title="Thomas Warton">Thomas Warton</a>, and supported in recent times, for example by <a href="/wiki/Maynard_Mack" title="Maynard Mack">Maynard Mack</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> did not mention Shaftesbury explicitly as a source: this omission has been understood in terms of the political divide, Pope being a Tory.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope references the character Theocles from <i>The Moralists</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dunciad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunciad">Dunciad</a></i> (IV.487–490): </p> <div class="poem"> <p>"Or that bright Image to our Fancy draw,<br /> Which Theocles in raptur'd vision saw,<br /> While thro' Poetic scenes the Genius roves,<br /> Or wanders wild in Academic Groves". </p> </div> <p>In notes to these lines, Pope directed the reader to various passages in Shaftesbury's work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_moral_philosophy_and_its_literary_reflection">In moral philosophy and its literary reflection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In moral philosophy and its literary reflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shaftesbury's ethical system was rationalised by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a>, and from him passed with modifications to <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>; these writers, however, changed from reliance on moral sense to the <a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">deontological ethics</a> of moral obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there it was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, who elaborated a theory of <a href="/wiki/Moral_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral judgement">moral judgement</a> with some restricted emotional input, and a complex apparatus taking context into account.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Joseph Butler</a> adopted the system, but not ruling out the place of "<a href="/wiki/Moral_reason" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral reason">moral reason</a>", a rationalist version of the affective moral sense.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_(American_educator)" title="Samuel Johnson (American educator)">Samuel Johnson</a>, the American educator, did not accept Shaftesbury's moral sense as a given, but believed it might be available by intermittent divine intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the English <a href="/wiki/Sentimental_novel" title="Sentimental novel">sentimental novel</a> of the 18th century, arguments from the Shaftesbury–Hutcheson tradition appear. An early example in <a href="/wiki/Mary_Collyer" title="Mary Collyer">Mary Collyer</a>'s <i>Felicia to Charlotte</i> (vol.1, 1744) comes from its hero Lucius, who reasons in line with <i>An Enquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit</i> on the "moral sense".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second volume (1749) has discussions of <a href="/wiki/Conduct_book" title="Conduct book">conduct book</a> material, and makes use of the <i>Philemon to Hydaspes</i> (1737) of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Coventry_(writer)" title="Henry Coventry (writer)">Henry Coventry</a>, described by Aldridge as "filled with favorable references to Shaftesbury."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eponymous hero of <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sir_Charles_Grandison" title="The History of Sir Charles Grandison">The History of Sir Charles Grandison</a></i> (1753) by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Richardson" title="Samuel Richardson">Samuel Richardson</a> has been described as embodying the "Shaftesburian model" of <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a>: he is "stoic, rational, in control, yet sympathetic towards others, particularly those less fortunate."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sentimental_Journey_Through_France_and_Italy" title="A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy">A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy</a></i> (1768) by <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a> was intended by its author to evoke the "sympathizing principle" on which the tradition founded by <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarian" title="Latitudinarian">latitudinarians</a>, Cambridge Platonists and Shaftesbury relied.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Across_Europe">Across Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Across Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1745 <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> adapted or reproduced the <i>Inquiry concerning Virtue</i> in what was afterwards known as his <i>Essai sur le Mérite et la Vertu</i>. In 1769 a French translation of the whole of Shaftesbury's works, including the <i>Letters</i>, was published at Geneva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Translations of separate treatises into German began to be made in 1738, and in 1776–1779 there appeared a complete German translation of the <i>Characteristicks</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Theodor_Hettner" title="Hermann Theodor Hettner">Hermann Theodor Hettner</a> stated that not only Leibniz, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and Diderot, but <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gottfried von Herder">Johann Gottfried von Herder</a>, drew from Shaftesbury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herder in early work took from Shaftesbury arguments for respecting individuality, and against system and universal psychology. He went on to praise him in <i>Adrastea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a> found in Shaftesbury the "inward form" concept, key for education in the approach of <a href="/wiki/German_classical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="German classical philosophy">German classical philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later philosophical writers in German (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon_Spicker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gideon Spicker (page does not exist)">Gideon Spicker</a> with <i>Die Philosophie des Grafen von Shaftesbury</i>, 1872, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Gizycki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg von Gizycki (page does not exist)">Georg von Gizycki</a> with <i>Die Philosophie Shaftesbury's</i>, 1876) returned to Shaftesbury in books.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wimborne_St._Giles,_Philosopher%27s_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_540073.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wimborne_St._Giles%2C_Philosopher%27s_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_540073.jpg/240px-Wimborne_St._Giles%2C_Philosopher%27s_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_540073.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wimborne_St._Giles%2C_Philosopher%27s_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_540073.jpg/360px-Wimborne_St._Giles%2C_Philosopher%27s_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_540073.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wimborne_St._Giles%2C_Philosopher%27s_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_540073.jpg/480px-Wimborne_St._Giles%2C_Philosopher%27s_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_540073.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Philosopher's Tower on the Shaftesbury Estate</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 18th century, Shaftesbury built a <a href="/wiki/Folly" title="Folly">folly</a> on the Shaftesbury Estate, known as the Philosopher's Tower. It sits in a field, visible from the B3078 just south of <a href="/wiki/Cranborne" title="Cranborne">Cranborne</a>. </p><p>In the Shaftesbury papers that went to the <a href="/wiki/Public_Record_Office" title="Public Record Office">Public Record Office</a> are several memoranda, letters, rough drafts, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A portrait of the 3rd Earl is displayed in <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Town_Hall" title="Shaftesbury Town Hall">Shaftesbury Town Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shaftesbury married in 1709 Jane Ewer, the daughter of Thomas Ewer of <a href="/wiki/Bushey_Hall" title="Bushey Hall">Bushey Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>. On 9 February 1711, their only child Anthony, the future <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_4th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 4th Earl of Shaftesbury">fourth Earl</a> was born.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His son succeeded him in his titles and republished <i>Characteristicks</i> in 1732. His great-grandson was the famous philanthropist, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications_of_Shaftesbury">Publications of Shaftesbury</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Publications of Shaftesbury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following list of Shaftebury's principal publications has been sourced from <i>The third Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713</i> by Robert Voitle.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>The Danger of Mercenary Parliaments</i>. 1698. With the collaboration of John Toland.</li> <li><i>Select Sermons of Dr. Whichcot[e]</i>. London, 1698. Preface by Shaftesbury.</li> <li><i>An Inquiry Concerning Virtue, in Two Discourses</i>. London, 1699.</li> <li><i>The Adept Ladys or The Angelick Sect. Being the Matters of fact of certain Adventures Spiritual, Philosophical, Political, and Gallant. In a Letter to a Brother.</i> 1702.</li> <li><i>Paradoxes of State, Relating to the Present Juncture of Affairs in England and the rest of Europe; Chiefly grounded on his Majesty's Princely, Pious, and most Gracious Speech</i>. London, 1702. With the collaboration of John Toland.</li> <li><i>The Sociable Enthusiast. A Philosophical Adventure Written to Palemon</i>. [1704?]</li> <li><i>A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, To My Lord *****.</i> London, 1708.</li> <li><i>The Moralists, a Philosophical Rhapsody. Being a recital of certain conversations upon natural and moral subjects</i>. London, 1709.</li> <li><i>Sensus Communis: An Essay on the Freedom of Wit and Humour. In a letter to a friend</i>. London, 1709.</li> <li><i>Soliloquy: or, Advice to an Author</i>. London, 1710.</li> <li><i>AΣKHMATA</i> [”Exercises”). Written from 1698 to 1712. Edited by Benjamin Rand in 1900 in <i>The Life, Unpublished Letters, and Philosophical Regimen of Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury</i>.</li> <li><i>Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times.</i> 3 vols. London, 1711. [Second corrected edition, 1714.]</li> <li><i>Second Characters, or the Language of Forms</i>. Largely written in 1712.</li> <li><i>A Letter Concerning the Art or Science of Design, written from Italy</i> (<i>on the occasion of Some Designs in Painting), to my Lord *****</i>. [This appears in some copies of the 1714 edition of Characteristicks, and regularly from the 1732 edition on.]</li> <li><i>A Notion of the Historical Draught or Tablature of the Judgment of Hercules</i>. 1713. [First printed in French in the November 1712 edition of the <i>Journal des sçavans</i> as "Raisonnement sur le tableau du jugement d'Hercule, selon l'histoire de Prodicus." It is in some copies of the 1714 edition of <i>Characteristicks</i> and most later ones.]</li> <li><i>Plasticks, or the Original Progress and Power of Designatory Art</i>.</li> <li><i>Several Letters Written by a Noble Lord to a Young Man at the University</i>. London, 1716.</li> <li><i>Letters from the Right Honourable the late Earl of Shaftesbury, to Robert Molesworth, Esq. . . . with two letters written by the late Sir John Cropley</i>. Ed. with an introduction by John Toland. London, 1721.</li> <li><i>Letters of the Earl of Shaftesbury</i>. Collected into one volume, London, 1750.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowlerMitchell1911">Fowler & Mitchell 1911</a>, p. 763.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claphamhistorian.com">"About"</a>. <i>The Clapham Historian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Clapham+Historian&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claphamhistorian.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Klein, Lawrence E. "Cooper, Anthony Ashley, third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F6209">10.1093/ref:odnb/6209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cooper%2C+Anthony+Ashley%2C+third+Earl+of+Shaftesbury+%281671%E2%80%931713%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F6209&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hist1811-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hist1811_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UykGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA110"><i>The Environs of London: Being an Historical Account of the Towns, Villages, and Hamlets, Within Twelve Miles of that Capital : Interspersed with Biographical Anecdotes</i></a>. T. Cadell and W. Davies. 1811. pp. 110–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Environs+of+London%3A+Being+an+Historical+Account+of+the+Towns%2C+Villages%2C+and+Hamlets%2C+Within+Twelve+Miles+of+that+Capital+%3A+Interspersed+with+Biographical+Anecdotes&rft.pages=110-111&rft.pub=T.+Cadell+and+W.+Davies&rft.date=1811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUykGAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763,_764-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763,_764_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911763,_764_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowlerMitchell1911">Fowler & Mitchell 1911</a>, pp. 763, 764.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-enlightenment.com/item/lockjoOU0080384b1c/">"Electronic Enlightenment: John Freke to John Locke"</a>. <i>www.e-enlightenment.com</i>. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13051%2Fee%3Adoc%2Flockjoou0080384b1c">10.13051/ee:doc/lockjoou0080384b1c</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.e-enlightenment.com&rft.atitle=Electronic+Enlightenment%3A+John+Freke+to+John+Locke&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13051%2Fee%3Adoc%2Flockjoou0080384b1c&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-enlightenment.com%2Fitem%2FlockjoOU0080384b1c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911764_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowlerMitchell1911">Fowler & Mitchell 1911</a>, p. 764.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shaftesbury/">"Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury</a>"] entry by Michael B. Gill in the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>, 9 September 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaftesbury1711" class="citation book cs1">Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/characteristick11shafgoog"><i>Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times</i></a>. s.n.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Characteristicks+of+Men%2C+Manners%2C+Opinions%2C+Times&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1711&rft.aulast=Shaftesbury&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Ashley+Cooper+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharacteristick11shafgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilley1964" class="citation book cs1">Willey, Basil (1964). <i>The English Moralists</i>. Chatto & Windus. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Moralists&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Willey&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaftesbury1711" class="citation book cs1">Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/characteristick11shafgoog"><i>Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times</i></a>. s.n.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Characteristicks+of+Men%2C+Manners%2C+Opinions%2C+Times&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1711&rft.aulast=Shaftesbury&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Ashley+Cooper+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharacteristick11shafgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard B. Wolf, <i>The Publication of Shaftesbury's "Letter concerning Enthusiasm"</i>, Studies in Bibliography Vol. 32 (1979), pp. 236–241, at pp. 236–237. Published by: Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40371706">40371706</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaftesbury1711" class="citation book cs1">Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/characteristick11shafgoog"><i>Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times</i></a>. s.n. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/characteristick11shafgoog/page/n171">57</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Characteristicks+of+Men%2C+Manners%2C+Opinions%2C+Times&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1711&rft.aulast=Shaftesbury&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Ashley+Cooper+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharacteristick11shafgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaftesbury1711" class="citation book cs1">Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/characteristick11shafgoog"><i>Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times</i></a>. s.n. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/characteristick11shafgoog/page/n374">151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Characteristicks+of+Men%2C+Manners%2C+Opinions%2C+Times&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1711&rft.aulast=Shaftesbury&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Ashley+Cooper+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharacteristick11shafgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/entries/emotions-17th18th/LD6Shaftesbury.html/">"Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, on the Emotions"</a> entry by Amy M. Schmitter in the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John G. Hayman, <i>The Evolution of "The Moralists"</i>, The Modern Language Review Vol. 64, No. 4 (Oct., 1969), pp. 728–733, at p. 728. Published by: Modern Humanities Research Association <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3723913">3723913</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2020" class="citation book cs1">Brett, R. L. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSnJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT290"><i>The Third Earl of Shaftesbury: A Study in Eighteenth-Century Literary Theory</i></a>. Routledge. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03127-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03127-0"><bdi>978-1-000-03127-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Earl+of+Shaftesbury%3A+A+Study+in+Eighteenth-Century+Literary+Theory&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03127-0&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSnJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel, Jonathan I.</a> (2002). <i>Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650–1750</i>. OUP Oxford. pp. 625–626. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191622878" title="Special:BookSources/9780191622878"><bdi>9780191622878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Enlightenment%3A+Philosophy+and+the+Making+of+Modernity+1650%E2%80%931750&rft.pages=625-626&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780191622878&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowlerMitchell1911">Fowler & Mitchell 1911</a>, p. 765 Cites: <i>Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit</i>, Bk. II. ii. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSambrook2014" class="citation book cs1">Sambrook, James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANUFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70"><i>The Eighteenth Century: The Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature 1700–1789</i></a>. Routledge. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89324-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89324-0"><bdi>978-1-317-89324-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eighteenth+Century%3A+The+Intellectual+and+Cultural+Context+of+English+Literature+1700%E2%80%931789&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89324-0&rft.aulast=Sambrook&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANUFBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBombaro2011" class="citation book cs1">Bombaro, John J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oB_1BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59"><i>Jonathan Edwards's Vision of Reality: The Relationship of God to the World, Redemption History, and the Reprobate</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-812-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-812-2"><bdi>978-1-63087-812-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Edwards%27s+Vision+of+Reality%3A+The+Relationship+of+God+to+the+World%2C+Redemption+History%2C+and+the+Reprobate&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-63087-812-2&rft.aulast=Bombaro&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoB_1BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerMitchell1911765_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowlerMitchell1911">Fowler & Mitchell 1911</a>, p. 765.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaftesbury1977" class="citation book cs1">Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper Earl of (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9NRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR15"><i>An Inquiry Concerning Virtue, Or Merit</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0657-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0657-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-0657-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inquiry+Concerning+Virtue%2C+Or+Merit&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0657-9&rft.aulast=Shaftesbury&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Ashley+Cooper+Earl+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9NRAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicchio2007" class="citation book cs1">Vicchio, Stephen J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7FLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60"><i>Jefferson's Religion</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59752-830-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59752-830-6"><bdi>978-1-59752-830-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson%27s+Religion&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59752-830-6&rft.aulast=Vicchio&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De7FLAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisick2005" class="citation book cs1">Chisick, Harvey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2oV8xAMgFckC&pg=PA385"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6548-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6548-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-6548-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Enlightenment&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6548-8&rft.aulast=Chisick&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2oV8xAMgFckC%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullard2019" class="citation book cs1">Bullard, Paddy (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dShDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA578"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Eighteenth-Century Satire</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 578. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872783-5"><bdi>978-0-19-872783-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Eighteenth-Century+Satire&rft.pages=578&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872783-5&rft.aulast=Bullard&rft.aufirst=Paddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3dShDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiering2006" class="citation book cs1">Fiering, Norman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJZLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109"><i>Jonathan Edwards's Moral Thought and Its British Context</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 109 note8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59752-618-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59752-618-0"><bdi>978-1-59752-618-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Edwards%27s+Moral+Thought+and+Its+British+Context&rft.pages=109+note8&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59752-618-0&rft.aulast=Fiering&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJZLAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir2014" class="citation book cs1">Amir, Lydia B. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjaoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>Humor and the Good Life in Modern Philosophy: Shaftesbury, Hamann, Kierkegaard</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4938-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4938-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-4938-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humor+and+the+Good+Life+in+Modern+Philosophy%3A+Shaftesbury%2C+Hamann%2C+Kierkegaard&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-4938-8&rft.aulast=Amir&rft.aufirst=Lydia+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjaoAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Owen Aldridge, <i>Shaftesbury and the Test of Truth</i>, PMLA Vol. 60, No. 1 (Mar., 1945), pp. 129–156, at p. 129. Published by: Modern Language Association <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/459126">459126</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/voltaire-the-works-of-voltaire-vol-xix-philosophical-letters">"On Pope"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Alderman, <i>Pope's "Essay on Man" and Shaftesbury's "The Moralists"</i>, The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America Vol. 67, No. 2 (Second Quarter, 1973), pp. 131–140. Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Bibliographical Society of America <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24301749">24301749</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwallStephen1995" class="citation book cs1">Darwall, Stephen; Stephen, Darwall (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V0MRre56HAUC&pg=PA219"><i>The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1640–1740</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 219 and note 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45782-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45782-8"><bdi>978-0-521-45782-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Moralists+and+the+Internal+%27Ought%27%3A+1640%E2%80%931740&rft.pages=219+and+note+25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45782-8&rft.aulast=Darwall&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Stephen%2C+Darwall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV0MRre56HAUC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaakonssen1996" class="citation book cs1">Haakonssen, Knud (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luwipM3Mg-oC&pg=PA231"><i>Natural Law and Moral Philosophy: From Grotius to the Scottish Enlightenment</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49802-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49802-9"><bdi>978-0-521-49802-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Law+and+Moral+Philosophy%3A+From+Grotius+to+the+Scottish+Enlightenment&rft.pages=231-232&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49802-9&rft.aulast=Haakonssen&rft.aufirst=Knud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluwipM3Mg-oC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkorupski2010" class="citation book cs1">Skorupski, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJhaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"><i>The Routledge Companion to Ethics</i></a>. Routledge. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-96422-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-96422-0"><bdi>978-1-136-96422-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Ethics&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-96422-0&rft.aulast=Skorupski&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJhaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph J. Ellis III, <i>The Philosophy of Samuel Johnson</i>, The William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 28, No. 1 (Jan., 1971), pp. 26–45, at p. 44. Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1925118">1925118</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaves2006" class="citation book cs1">Staves, Susan (2006). <i>A Literary History of Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 237–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45858-0"><bdi>978-1-139-45858-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+History+of+Women%27s+Writing+in+Britain%2C+1660%E2%80%931789&rft.pages=237-238&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45858-0&rft.aulast=Staves&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaves2006" class="citation book cs1">Staves, Susan (2006). <i>A Literary History of Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45858-0"><bdi>978-1-139-45858-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+History+of+Women%27s+Writing+in+Britain%2C+1660%E2%80%931789&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45858-0&rft.aulast=Staves&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Owen Aldridge, <i>Shaftesbury and the Deist Manifesto</i>, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Vol. 41, No. 2 (1951), pp. 297–382, at p. 376. Published by: American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005651">1005651</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaborSchellenberg2017" class="citation book cs1">Sabor, Peter; Schellenberg, Betty A. (2017). <i>Samuel Richardson in Context</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-32716-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-32716-9"><bdi>978-1-108-32716-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Richardson+in+Context&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-108-32716-9&rft.aulast=Sabor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Schellenberg%2C+Betty+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2001" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Ian Campbell (2001). <i>Laurence Sterne: A Life</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-212235-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-212235-3"><bdi>978-0-19-212235-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laurence+Sterne%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-212235-3&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Ian+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjesdal2017" class="citation book cs1">Gjesdal, Kristin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ts8oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112"><i>Herder's Hermeneutics: History, Poetry, Enlightenment</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 112 and note 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11286-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11286-5"><bdi>978-1-107-11286-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herder%27s+Hermeneutics%3A+History%2C+Poetry%2C+Enlightenment&rft.pages=112+and+note+27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11286-5&rft.aulast=Gjesdal&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dts8oDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerBreslerCooper2002" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Joy; Bresler, Liora; Cooper, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFLhvQau0xkC&pg=PA81"><i>Fifty Major Thinkers on Education: From Confucius to Dewey</i></a>. Routledge. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-73594-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-73594-5"><bdi>978-1-134-73594-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Major+Thinkers+on+Education%3A+From+Confucius+to+Dewey&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-73594-5&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Joy&rft.au=Bresler%2C+Liora&rft.au=Cooper%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFLhvQau0xkC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Erdmann, Johann Eduard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XafXMVMb2vQC&pg=PA123"><i>A History of Philosophy</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29542-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29542-0"><bdi>978-0-415-29542-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29542-0&rft.aulast=Erdmann&rft.aufirst=Johann+Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXafXMVMb2vQC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/anthony-ashley-cooper-16711713-3rd-earl-of-shaftesbury-60319/search/venue:shaftesbury-town-hall-3515/page/1/view_as/grid">"Anthony Ashley-Cooper (1671–1713), 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury"</a>. Art UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anthony+Ashley-Cooper+%281671%E2%80%931713%29%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury&rft.pub=Art+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartuk.org%2Fdiscover%2Fartworks%2Fanthony-ashley-cooper-16711713-3rd-earl-of-shaftesbury-60319%2Fsearch%2Fvenue%3Ashaftesbury-town-hall-3515%2Fpage%2F1%2Fview_as%2Fgrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoitle1984" class="citation book cs1">Voitle, Robert (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdearlofshaft0000voit/page/417/mode/1up"><i>The third Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713</i></a>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 417–418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807111392" title="Special:BookSources/0807111392"><bdi>0807111392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+third+Earl+of+Shaftesbury%2C+1671%E2%80%931713&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pages=417-418&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0807111392&rft.aulast=Voitle&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdearlofshaft0000voit%2Fpage%2F417%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fowler_(academic)" title="Thomas Fowler (academic)">Fowler, Thomas</a>; Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Shaftesbury,_Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of">Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 763–765.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shaftesbury%2C+Anthony+Ashley+Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=763-765&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury, <i>An Inquiry Concerning Virtue</i>, London, 1699. Facsimile ed., introd. Joseph Filonowicz, 1991, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8201-1455-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8201-1455-2">978-0-8201-1455-2</a>.</li> <li>David Walford (editor). <i>An Inquiry Concerning Virtue or Merit.</i> A selection of material from Toland's 1699 edition with introduction.</li> <li>Robert B. Voitle, <i>The third Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713</i>, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, c. 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Chaney" title="Edward Chaney">Edward Chaney</a> (2000), <i>George Berkeley's Grand Tours: The Immaterialist as Connoisseur of Art and Architecture</i>, in E. Chaney, The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance, 2nd ed. London, Routledge</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonLancaster" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Paula; Lancaster, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/ashley-anthony-1671-1713">"ASHLEY, Anthony, Lord Ashley (1671–1713), of Wimborne St. Giles, Dorset"</a>. <i>History of Parliament Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Parliament+Online&rft.atitle=ASHLEY%2C+Anthony%2C+Lord+Ashley+%281671%E2%80%931713%29%2C+of+Wimborne+St.+Giles%2C+Dorset&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Lancaster%2C+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1690-1715%2Fmember%2Fashley-anthony-1671-1713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith, George H.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Shaftesbury, Third Earl of (1671–1713)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. p. 462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n282">10.4135/9781412965811.n282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shaftesbury%2C+Third+Earl+of+%281671%E2%80%931713%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=462&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n282&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Ashley-Cooper%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Shaftesbury" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Anthony_Ashley_Cooper_(1671-1713)" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Anthony Ashley Cooper (1671-1713)">Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1851&Itemid=27">Shaftesbury's <i>Characteristicks</i> in three parts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlymoderntexts.com">Contains the five treatises in Shaftesbury's <i>Characteristicks</i>, slightly modified for easier reading</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/shaftes/"><i>The Third Earl of Shaftesbury</i></a>, an article by John McAteer in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> 2011</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Nathaniel_Napier,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Nathaniel Napier, 2nd Baronet">Sir Nathaniel Napier, Bt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Trenchard_(Secretary_of_State)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Trenchard (Secretary of State)">Sir John Trenchard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Poole_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Poole (UK Parliament constituency)">Poole</a><br /><small>with <a href="/wiki/Sir_Nathaniel_Napier,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Nathaniel Napier, 2nd Baronet">Sir Nathaniel Napier, Bt</a></small> </b><br />1695–1698 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Joliffe" title="William Joliffe">William Joliffe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Phippard" title="William Phippard">Sir William Phippard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_2nd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley Cooper</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Earl of Shaftesbury">Earl of Shaftesbury</a> </b><br />1699–1713 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_4th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 4th Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley Cooper</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul 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decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/19px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/29px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/38px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335112#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121296523">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41846508">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/552/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfMmcxPQDXyTDpgvMqG73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118613693">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50002516">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11924603x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11924603x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV033191">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35491769">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1120378">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1551311">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068503296">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2038188">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000055308&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000740334&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=161681">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000047116">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hlrfnp4sghfs5">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810664470605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/13049">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268065105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521450906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14157256">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01585023?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500266923">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/972418">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118613693.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118613693">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028721918">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62f7sgc">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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