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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Throughput</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Throughput-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_saving_advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_saving_advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Power saving advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_saving_advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes_over_ATSC's_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_over_ATSC's_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disputes over ATSC's use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes_over_ATSC's_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-8VSB_vs_COFDM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8VSB_vs_COFDM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>8VSB vs COFDM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8VSB_vs_COFDM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Modulation method used by the American ATSC digital TV standard</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the television modulation method. For the SBE Certification, see <a href="/wiki/Certified_8-VSB_Specialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified 8-VSB Specialist">Certified 8-VSB Specialist</a>.</div> <p><b>8VSB</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> method used for broadcast in the <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC digital television standard</a>. ATSC and 8VSB modulation is used primarily in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>; in contrast, the <a href="/wiki/COFDM#DVB-T" class="mw-redirect" title="COFDM">DVB-T standard uses COFDM</a>. </p><p>A modulation method specifies how the radio signal fluctuates to convey information. ATSC and DVB-T specify the modulation used for over-the-air digital television; by comparison, <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a> is the modulation method used for <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a>. The specifications for a cable-ready television, then, might state that it supports 8VSB (for broadcast TV) and QAM (for cable TV). </p><p>8VSB is an 8-level <a href="/wiki/Vestigial_sideband_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial sideband modulation">vestigial sideband modulation</a>. In essence, it converts a <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary</a> stream into an <a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">octal</a> representation by <a href="/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying" title="Amplitude-shift keying">amplitude-shift keying</a> a <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sinusoidal</a> carrier to one of eight levels. 8VSB is capable of transmitting three bits (2<sup>3</sup>=8) per <a href="/wiki/Symbol_rate" title="Symbol rate">symbol</a>; in ATSC, each symbol includes two bits from the <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Trellis_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trellis modulation">trellis modulated</a> to produce a three-bit figure. The resulting signal is then band-pass filtered with a <a href="/wiki/Nyquist_filter" title="Nyquist filter">Nyquist filter</a> to remove redundancies in the side lobes, and then shifted up to the broadcast frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modulation_technique">Modulation technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=8VSB&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modulation technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB) is a modulation method which attempts to eliminate the spectral redundancy of <a href="/wiki/Pulse-amplitude_modulation" title="Pulse-amplitude modulation">pulse-amplitude modulation</a> (PAM) signals. Modulating a carrier by a real-valued data sequence results in a sum and a difference frequency, resulting in two symmetrical carrier side-bands. The symmetry means that one of the sidebands is redundant, so removing one sideband still allows for demodulation. As filters with zero transition bandwidth cannot be realized, the filtering implemented leaves a vestige of the redundant sideband, hence the name "VSB". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Throughput">Throughput</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=8VSB&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Throughput"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 6 MHz (<a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">megahertz</a>) channel used for broadcast ATSC, 8VSB carries a symbol rate of 10.76 <a href="/wiki/Megabaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabaud">megabaud</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gross_bit_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross bit rate">gross bit rate</a> of 32 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Net_bit_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Net bit rate">net bit rate</a> of 19.39 Mbit/s of usable data. The net bit rate is lower due to the addition of <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">forward error correction</a> codes. The eight signal levels are selected with the use of a <a href="/wiki/Trellis_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trellis modulation">trellis encoder</a>. There are also similar modulations <a href="/wiki/2VSB" title="2VSB">2VSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/4VSB" title="4VSB">4VSB</a>, and <a href="/wiki/16VSB" title="16VSB">16VSB</a>. 16VSB was notably intended to be used for ATSC <a href="/wiki/Digital_cable" title="Digital cable">digital cable</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">quadrature amplitude modulation</a> (QAM) has become the <i>de facto</i> industry standard instead as it is cheap and readily available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_saving_advantages">Power saving advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=8VSB&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Power saving advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2008)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:8VSB#Power_levels_not_lower" title="Talk:8VSB">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A significant advantage of 8VSB for broadcasters is that it requires much less power to cover an area comparable to that of the earlier <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> system, and it is reportedly better at this than the most common alternative system, <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">COFDM</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Part of the advantage is the lower peak to average power ratio needed compared to COFDM.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An 8VSB transmitter needs to have a peak power capability of 6 dB (four times) its average power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> 8VSB is also more resistant to impulse noise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some stations can cover the same area while transmitting at an <a href="/wiki/Effective_radiated_power" title="Effective radiated power">effective radiated power</a> of approximately 25% of analog broadcast power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While NTSC and most other analog television systems also use a vestigial sideband technique, the unwanted sideband is filtered much more effectively in ATSC 8VSB transmissions. 8VSB uses a <a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">Nyquist filter</a> to achieve this. <a href="/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_error_correction" title="Reed–Solomon error correction">Reed–Solomon error correction</a> is the primary system used to retain data integrity. </p><p>In summer of 2005, the ATSC published standards for Enhanced VSB, or <a href="/wiki/E-VSB" title="E-VSB">E-VSB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060214123607/http://www.tvtechnology.com/features/atsc/F_Whitaker.shtml">[1]</a>. Using <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">forward error correction</a>, the E-VSB standard will allow DTV reception on low power handheld receivers with smaller antennas in much the same way <a href="/wiki/DVB-H" title="DVB-H">DVB-H</a> does in Europe, but still using 8VSB transmission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputes_over_ATSC's_use"><span id="Disputes_over_ATSC.27s_use"></span>Disputes over ATSC's use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=8VSB&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disputes over ATSC's use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For some period of time, there had been a continuing lobby for changing the <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> for ATSC to <a href="/wiki/COFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="COFDM">COFDM</a>, the way <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> is transmitted in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Broadcasting#ISDB-T" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting">ISDB-T</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> has always held that 8VSB is the better modulation for use in U.S. digital television broadcasting. In a 1999 report, the Commission found that 8VSB has better threshold or carrier-to-noise (C/N) performance, has a higher data rate capability, requires less transmitter power for equivalent coverage, and is more robust to impulse and phase noise.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, it denied in 2000 a petition for rulemaking from <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a> requesting that broadcasters be allowed to choose between 8VSB or COFDM as is most appropriate for their area of coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCC report also acknowledged that COFDM would "generally be expected to perform better in situations where there is dynamic multipath," such as mobile operation or in the presence of trees that are moving in high winds. However, with the introduction of 5th Generation demodulators in 2005 and subsequent improvements in generations 6 and 7, the equalization span is now about −60 to +75 microseconds (a 135 microsecond spread) and has virtually eliminated multipath, both static and dynamic, in 8VSB reception. In comparison, the equalization span in COFDM is −100 to +100 microseconds (200 microsecond spread), but the application of this much guard band space for COFDM substantially reduces its useful payload. In fact, much of Europe has adopted 1280×720p as its HD standard for DVB-T1 because of its reduced payload capacity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The introduction of DVB-T2 is meant to increase the ability of terrestrial transmissions to carry 1920×1080p content. 1920×1080i has always been part of the 8VSB scheme from its inception, and its improved demodulators have had no effect on its innate payload capacity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Because of continued adoption of the 8VSB-based ATSC standard in the U.S., and a large growing ATSC receiver population, a switch to COFDM will be challenging. Most analog terrestrial transmissions in the US were turned off in June 2009, and 8VSB tuners are common to all new TVs, further complicating a future transition to COFDM. </p><p>However, with the development of <a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a>, an updated version of the American digital television standard designed for mobile reception and better single frequency network performance, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Television_Systems_Committee" title="Advanced Television Systems Committee">the ATSC</a> has decided to make the switch to OFDM with <a href="/wiki/Low-density_parity-check_code" title="Low-density parity-check code">LDPC</a> error correction (essentially COFDM).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, ATSC 3.0 will be incompatible with all current ATSC 1.0 receivers, and viewers will need a new TV with a compatible tuner or a converter box.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the previous digital TV transition which was mandated by the FCC, the "transition" to ATSC 3.0 will be completely voluntary. Additionally, the FCC has required that broadcasters who decided to make the switch to ATSC 3.0 continue to make their main channel available through a simulcast agreement with another in-market station (with a similar coverage area) through at least 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinclair announced an intention to bring ATSC 3.0 to 40 cities by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="8VSB_vs_COFDM">8VSB vs COFDM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=8VSB&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 8VSB vs COFDM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The previously cited FCC Report also found that COFDM has better performance in dynamic and high level static multipath situations, and offers advantages for single frequency networks and mobile reception. Nonetheless, in 2001, a technical report compiled by the COFDM Technical Group concluded that COFDM did not offer any significant advantages over 8VSB. The report recommended in conclusion that receivers be linked to outdoor antennas raised to roughly 30 feet (9 m) in height. Neither 8VSB nor COFDM performed acceptably in most indoor test installations.<sup id="cite_ref-comparison_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comparison-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there were questions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> whether the COFDM receiver selected for these tests − a transmitter monitor <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.computermodules.com/pdf/dtvm2000t.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234316/http://www.computermodules.com/pdf/dtvm2000t.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> lacking normal front end filtering − colored these results. Retests that were performed using the same COFDM receivers with the addition of a front end band pass filter gave much improved results for the DVB-T receiver, but further testing was not pursued.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sbgi.net/dtv/newer/Receiver%20Anamoly%20Retest.pdf">[3]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </p><p>The debate over 8VSB versus COFDM modulation is still ongoing. Proponents of COFDM argue that it resists multipath far better than 8VSB. This is important property of the modulation for receiving HDTV in e.g. moving vehicles that is not possible with 8VSB. Early 8VSB <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">DTV</a> (digital television) receivers often had difficulty receiving a signal in urban environments. Newer 8VSB receivers, however, are better at dealing with multipath, but a moving receiver can still not receive the signal. Moreover, 8VSB modulation requires less power to transmit a signal the same distance. In less populated areas, 8VSB may outperform COFDM because of this. However, in some urban areas, as well as for mobile use, COFDM may offer better reception than 8VSB. Several "enhanced" VSB systems were in development, most notably <a href="/wiki/E-VSB" title="E-VSB">E-VSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-VSB" title="A-VSB">A-VSB</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MPH_(ATSC)" class="mw-redirect" title="MPH (ATSC)">MPH</a>. The deficiencies in 8VSB in regards to multipath reception can be dealt with by using additional forward error-correcting codes which decreases the useful bit rate, such as that used by <a href="/wiki/ATSC-M/H" title="ATSC-M/H">ATSC-M/H</a> for Mobile/Handheld reception. <a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a>, the next major television standard in the United States, will use COFDM. </p><p>The vast majority of U.S. TV stations use COFDM for their studio to transmitter links and news gathering operations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. These are point-to-point communication links and not broadcast transmissions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=8VSB&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_tuner" title="ATSC tuner">ATSC tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATSC-M/H" title="ATSC-M/H">ATSC-M/H</a> for Mobile/Handheld receivers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=8VSB&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSparano1997" class="citation web cs1">Sparano, David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Technology/TV_Channels/8_Bit_VSB.pdf">"WHAT EXACTLY IS 8-VSB ANYWAY?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 Nov</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHAT+EXACTLY+IS+8-VSB+ANYWAY%3F&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Sparano&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2FTechnology%2FTV_Channels%2F8_Bit_VSB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A8VSB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/Documents/reports/dtvreprt.pdf"><i>DTV REPORT ON COFDM AND 8-VSB PERFORMANCE</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, FCC Office of Engineering and Technology, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070414182411/http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/Documents/reports/dtvreprt.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DTV+REPORT+ON+COFDM+AND+8-VSB+PERFORMANCE&rft.pub=FCC+Office+of+Engineering+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2FBureaus%2FEngineering_Technology%2FDocuments%2Freports%2Fdtvreprt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A8VSB" class="Z3988"></span>, September 30, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040902074405/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3169/is_41_19/ai_56290133"><i>Sinclair Claims Wide Support For Dtv Petition</i></a>, Television Digest with Consumer Electronics, 1999, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3169/is_41_19/ai_56290133">the original</a> on 2004-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinclair+Claims+Wide+Support+For+Dtv+Petition&rft.pub=Television+Digest+with+Consumer+Electronics&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m3169%2Fis_41_19%2Fai_56290133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A8VSB" class="Z3988"></span>, Oct 11, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.rohde-schwarz.com/pws/dl_downloads/dl_common_library/dl_brochures_and_datasheets/pdf_1/ATSC_3_po_folded_en_3607-4093-82__v0100.pdf">"ATSC 3.0 Technical overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rohde & Schwarz</i>. 8 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308155634/https://cdn.rohde-schwarz.com/pws/dl_downloads/dl_common_library/dl_brochures_and_datasheets/pdf_1/ATSC_3_po_folded_en_3607-4093-82__v0100.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fierce+Video&rft.atitle=Sinclair+announces+40+U.S.+cities+getting+ATSC+3.0+by+2020&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.aulast=Munson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiercevideo.com%2Fvideo%2Fsinclair-announces-40-u-s-cities-getting-atsc-3-0-by-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A8VSB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comparison-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comparison_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdtvmagazine.com/archives/mstvtestsum.html">8VSB/COFDM Comparison Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051122132418/http://www.hdtvmagazine.com/archives/mstvtestsum.html">Archived</a> 2005-11-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=8VSB&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Technology/TV_Channels/8_Bit_VSB.pdf">What exactly is 8-VSB anyway?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_DTV" title="Template:North American DTV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_DTV" title="Template talk:North American DTV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_DTV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American DTV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_television_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital television</a> in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_broadcasting" title="Digital broadcasting">Digital broadcasting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_tuner" title="ATSC tuner">ATSC tuners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_subchannel" title="Digital subchannel">Digital subchannels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_channel" title="Virtual channel">Virtual channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_transmission_system" title="Distributed transmission system">Distributed transmission system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datacasting" title="Datacasting">Datacasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guide_Plus" title="Guide Plus">Guide Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Datacast" title="National Datacast">National Datacast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UpdateLogic" class="mw-redirect" title="UpdateLogic">UpdateLogic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Television_Alliance" title="Metropolitan Television Alliance">Metropolitan Television Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(HDTV)" title="Grand Alliance (HDTV)">Grand Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital switchover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_Analog_Flash_and_Emergency_Readiness_Act" title="Short-term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act">SAFER Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_channel_election" title="Digital channel election">Digital channel election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">Set-top boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_adapter" title="Digital television adapter">Digital television adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupon-eligible_converter_box" title="Coupon-eligible converter box">U.S. Converter Box Coupon Program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Transition_and_Public_Safety_Act_of_2005" title="Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_passthrough" title="Analog passthrough">Analog passthrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_recorder" title="DVD recorder">DVD recorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">Digital video recorders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Digital standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC standards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Television_Systems_Committee" title="Advanced Television Systems Committee">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATSC-M/H" title="ATSC-M/H">ATSC-M/H</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">8VSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-VSB" title="A-VSB">A-VSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-VSB" title="E-VSB">E-VSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_and_System_Information_Protocol" title="Program and System Information Protocol">PSIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_Metadata_Communication_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming Metadata Communication Protocol">PMCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards" title="List of ATSC standards">full list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">Standard-definition TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">Enhanced-definition TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">576p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">High-definition TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra high-definition TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2160p" class="mw-redirect" title="2160p">2160p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_digital_interface" title="Serial digital interface">Serial digital interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_antenna" title="Smart antenna">Smart antennas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEA-909" title="CEA-909">CEA-909</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Digital networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multicast_television_network" title="Digital multicast television network">Digital multicast television network</a></li> <li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:American_broadcast_television" title="Template:American broadcast television">Template:American broadcast television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_television_networks" title="Template:Canadian television networks">Template:Canadian television networks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">National deployment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country" title="List of digital television deployments by country">List by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_in_Canada" title="Digital television in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Mexico" title="Television in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television_in_the_United_States" title="High-definition television in the United States">HDTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television transition in the United States">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_wireless_spectrum_auction" title="2008 United States wireless spectrum auction">wireless spectrum auction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_cable" title="Digital cable">Digital cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable-ready#Digital_cable" title="Cable-ready">Digital-cable-ready TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QAM_(television)" title="QAM (television)">QAM tuners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable-ready#Digital_cable" title="Cable-ready">Interactive-digital-cable-ready TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenCable_Application_Platform" title="OpenCable Application Platform">OpenCable Application Platform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_encryption#Digital_cable_and_satellite_television_encryption" title="Television encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Must-carry#Digital_must-carry" title="Must-carry">Must-carry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Subscription TV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AllVid" title="AllVid">AllVid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CableCARD" title="CableCARD">CableCARD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downloadable_Conditional_Access_System" title="Downloadable Conditional Access System">Downloadable Conditional Access System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tru2way" title="Tru2way">Tru2way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite TV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobeCast_World_TV" title="GlobeCast World TV">GlobeCast World TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">Free-to-air</a> <a href="/wiki/FTA_receiver" title="FTA receiver">receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Satellite_TV" title="Bell Satellite TV">Bell Satellite TV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Telus_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Telus TV">Telus Satellite TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_M%C3%A9xico" title="Dish México">Dish México</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigiCipher_2" title="DigiCipher 2">DigiCipher 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4DTV" title="4DTV">4DTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Direct" title="Shaw Direct">Shaw Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Satellite_Service" title="Digital Satellite Service">Digital Satellite Service</a>/<a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrio_Corp." title="Vrio Corp.">Vrio</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sky_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Brazil">Sky Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Mexico">Sky Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-verse_TV" title="U-verse TV">U-verse TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Fibe_TV" title="Bell Fibe TV">Bell Fibe TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibe_(Bell_Aliant)" title="Fibe (Bell Aliant)">FibreOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telus_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Telus TV">Telus Optik TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14:9_aspect_ratio" title="14:9 aspect ratio">14:9 aspect ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">Active Format Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television#Protection_parameters_for_terrestrial_DTV_broadcasting" title="Digital television">Channel protection ratios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_motion_blur" title="Display motion blur">HDTV blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_modulation" title="Hierarchical modulation">Hierarchical modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_decryption" title="Pirate decryption">Pirate decryption</a></li> <li><a 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