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interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/APCBC" title="APCBC – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="APCBC" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/APCBC" title="APCBC – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="APCBC" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/APCBC_(peluru_anti_tank)" title="APCBC (peluru anti tank) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="APCBC (peluru anti tank)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бронебойный снаряд с бронебойным наконечником – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бронебойный снаряд с бронебойным наконечником" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/APCBC" title="APCBC – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="APCBC" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бронебійний снаряд з бронебійним наконечником – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бронебійний снаряд з бронебійним наконечником" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4653251#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic capped shell</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Armor-piercing_capped_ballistic-capped_high-explosive_tracer_example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Armor-piercing_capped_ballistic-capped_high-explosive_tracer_example.png/170px-Armor-piercing_capped_ballistic-capped_high-explosive_tracer_example.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="446" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Armor-piercing_capped_ballistic-capped_high-explosive_tracer_example.png/255px-Armor-piercing_capped_ballistic-capped_high-explosive_tracer_example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Armor-piercing_capped_ballistic-capped_high-explosive_tracer_example.png/340px-Armor-piercing_capped_ballistic-capped_high-explosive_tracer_example.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Cross section of an APCBC shell (APHECBC)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ol><li>Ballistic cap</li> <li>Armour-piercing cap</li> <li>Shell body</li> <li>Explosive charge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_band" title="Driving band">Driving band</a></li> <li>Base <a href="/wiki/Fuze" title="Fuze">fuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">Tracer cup</a></li></ol> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic capped</b> (<b>APCBC</b>) is a type of configuration for <a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing_ammunition" title="Armour-piercing ammunition">armour-piercing ammunition</a> introduced in the 1930s to improve the armour-piercing capabilities of both <a href="/wiki/Naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval gun">naval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank guns</a>. The configuration consists of an <a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Armour-piercing shell">armour-piercing shell</a> fitted with a stubby <i>armour-piercing cap</i> (AP cap) for improved penetration properties against <a href="/wiki/Surface_harden" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface harden">surface hardened</a> armour, especially at high impact angles,<sup id="cite_ref-navweaps_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navweaps-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an aerodynamic <i>ballistic cap</i> on top of the AP cap to correct for the poorer aerodynamics, especially higher drag, otherwise created by the stubby AP cap.<sup id="cite_ref-amordlista_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amordlista-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These features allow APCBC shells to retain higher velocities and to deliver more energy to the target on impact, especially at long range when compared to uncapped shells. </p><p>The configuration is used on both inert and explosive armour-piercing shell types:<sup id="cite_ref-amordlista_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amordlista-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing" class="mw-redirect" title="Armour-piercing">Armour-piercing</a> (AP), capped, ballistic capped (APCBC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi_armour-piercing" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi armour-piercing">Semi-armour-piercing</a> (SAP), capped, ballistic capped (SAPCBC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing,_high-explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Armour-piercing, high-explosive">Armour-piercing, high-explosive</a> (APHE), capped, ballistic capped (APHECBC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi_armour-piercing,_high-explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi armour-piercing, high-explosive">Semi-armour-piercing, high-explosive</a> (SAPHE), capped, ballistic capped (SAPHECBC)</li></ul> <p>The APCBC configuration is an evolution of the earlier APC configuration (<a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing,_capped" class="mw-redirect" title="Armour-piercing, capped">armour-piercing, capped</a>), itself an evolution of the simple AP configuration (<a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing" class="mw-redirect" title="Armour-piercing">armour-piercing</a>, uncapped). The APCBC configuration is however expensive and thus a large amount of both historical and modern armour-piercing ammunition uses only one of the two caps: APC (armour-piercing, capped) and APBC (armour-piercing, ballistic capped). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unexploded_shell_in_the_cathedral_in_Genoa_(Italy)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Unexploded_shell_in_the_cathedral_in_Genoa_%28Italy%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Unexploded_shell_in_the_cathedral_in_Genoa_%28Italy%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Unexploded_shell_in_the_cathedral_in_Genoa_%28Italy%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Unexploded_shell_in_the_cathedral_in_Genoa_%28Italy%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Unexploded_shell_in_the_cathedral_in_Genoa_%28Italy%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Unexploded_shell_in_the_cathedral_in_Genoa_%28Italy%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>15-inch British naval APCBC shell with its armour-piercing cap on the floor to the left; the ballistic cap is absent. Fired 1941 but did not detonate. <a href="/wiki/Genoa_Cathedral" title="Genoa Cathedral">Genoa Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cap configurations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>AP</th> <th>APC</th> <th>APBC</th> <th>APCBC </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armour_Piercing_201403.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Armour_Piercing_201403.svg/150px-Armour_Piercing_201403.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Armour_Piercing_201403.svg/225px-Armour_Piercing_201403.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Armour_Piercing_201403.svg/300px-Armour_Piercing_201403.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armour_Piercing_Capped_201403.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Armour_Piercing_Capped_201403.svg/150px-Armour_Piercing_Capped_201403.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Armour_Piercing_Capped_201403.svg/225px-Armour_Piercing_Capped_201403.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Armour_Piercing_Capped_201403.svg/300px-Armour_Piercing_Capped_201403.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armour_Piercing_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Armour_Piercing_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg/150px-Armour_Piercing_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Armour_Piercing_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg/225px-Armour_Piercing_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Armour_Piercing_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg/300px-Armour_Piercing_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armour_Piercing_Capped_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Armour_Piercing_Capped_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg/150px-Armour_Piercing_Capped_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Armour_Piercing_Capped_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg/225px-Armour_Piercing_Capped_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Armour_Piercing_Capped_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg/300px-Armour_Piercing_Capped_Ballistic_Capped_201403.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="240" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Projectile body</div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Projectile body</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> Armour-piercing cap</div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Projectile body</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #6565cf;background-color:#e6e6ff; color:black;"> </span> Ballistic cap</div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Projectile body</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> Armour-piercing cap</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #6565cf;background-color:#e6e6ff; color:black;"> </span> Ballistic cap</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uncapped</td> <td>Capped</td> <td>Ballistic capped</td> <td>Capped, ballistic capped </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballistic_cap">Ballistic cap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ballistic cap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1910 it was well-established that the aerodynamically optimal form of a solid projectile does not lend itself to best-attainable armour penetration, and remedies were devised.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>ballistic cap</i> (<i>BC</i>) is a hollow thin-walled aerodynamically shaped metal <a href="/wiki/Cone" title="Cone">cone</a> mounted on the top of a projectile to cover it with a more aerodynamically efficient shape. This reduces drag in flight, so higher <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> and hence range is obtained giving better penetration over longer distances. On impact, the ballistic cap will break off or collapse without affecting the impact performance of the armour-piercing cap and penetrator.<sup id="cite_ref-amordlista_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amordlista-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ballistic caps are used on a great variety of projectiles other than APCBC shells and exist to allow the projectile or cap underneath to have a less aerodynamic shape more suitable for the effect of the munition. They are most often fitted by pressing the edges of the cone into a groove around the edge of the projectile or AP cap.<sup id="cite_ref-amordlista_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amordlista-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armour-piercing_cap">Armour-piercing cap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Armour-piercing cap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary job of an <i>armour-piercing cap</i> (<i>AP cap</i>, most often shortened to <i>cap</i>) is to protect the tip of the penetrator on impact, which could otherwise shatter and not penetrate.<sup id="cite_ref-amordlista_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amordlista-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of a metal cap, often solid in structure, which is mounted on top of the projectile lying against the tip. Depending on the purpose of the cap, different designs exist. Among other things, the cap can be made of soft metal (soft cap), or hard metal (hard cap).<sup id="cite_ref-amordlista_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amordlista-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Soft caps</i> were the original design in use. Unlike hard caps, soft caps primarily only help with protecting the penetrator on impact.<sup id="cite_ref-navweaps_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navweaps-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spread the radial shock outward from the impact along the radius of the now flattened soft cap, keeping the shock from travelling into the body of the shell itself.<sup id="cite_ref-navweaps_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navweaps-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soft caps, however, do not function at high impact angles. At angles of impact (obliquities) of 15° or greater, they start to be torn free prior to functioning, and do not fully function over 20°.<sup id="cite_ref-navweaps_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navweaps-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, soft caps started being discarded for naval shells. One reason was their inability to function at high impact angles, but also because of improved <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> following the war which had led to <a href="/wiki/Face-hardened" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-hardened">face-hardened</a> armour of a tougher grade than before that negated the soft cap.<sup id="cite_ref-navweaps_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navweaps-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On impacting tough face-hardened armour the soft cap will protect the penetrator in the initial impact, but once the penetrator has passed through the soft cap, the hardened armour surface, backed up by the soft depth plate, will not cave in and the penetrator is destroyed by the crushing forces surrounding it.<sup id="cite_ref-navweaps_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navweaps-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Hard caps</i> were introduced after soft caps fell out of favour. Unlike soft caps, hard caps not only helps with protecting the penetrator on impact, but most often also helps guide the projectile into armour at high impact angles.<sup id="cite_ref-navweaps_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navweaps-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is achieved by giving the hard cap a blunt shaped tip, often with sharp edges, which allows it to grip into armour even at high impact angles.<sup id="cite_ref-amordlista_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amordlista-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike soft caps, hard caps functions against face-hardened armour and even counters it. It does this, much like drilling a hole in wood before one uses a screw, by punching through the hardened surface of face-hardened armour, destroying itself in the process. The penetrator then passed through the hole in the hardened surface and enters the soft back of the armour, going through it or creating <a href="/wiki/Spalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalling">spalling</a> on the other side.<sup id="cite_ref-navweaps_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navweaps-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shells_from_IJN_WW2_battleships.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shells_from_IJN_WW2_battleships.jpg/220px-Shells_from_IJN_WW2_battleships.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shells_from_IJN_WW2_battleships.jpg/330px-Shells_from_IJN_WW2_battleships.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shells_from_IJN_WW2_battleships.jpg/440px-Shells_from_IJN_WW2_battleships.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3412" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>Battleship APCBC shells from the Second World War: 36 cm, 41 cm, 46 cm</figcaption></figure> <p>Early World War II-era uncapped AP projectiles fired from high-velocity guns were able to penetrate about twice their calibre at close range: 100 m (110 yd). At longer ranges (500–1,000 m), this dropped to 1.5–1.1 calibres due to the poor ballistic shape and higher drag of the smaller-diameter early projectiles. </p><p>As the war progressed, vehicle armour became progressively thicker (and sloped) and early war AP and APHE were less effective against newer tanks. The initial response was to compensate by increased muzzle velocities in newly developed anti-tank guns. However, it was found that steel shot tended to shatter on impact at velocities greater than 823 m/s (2700 feet/second).<sup id="cite_ref-junobeach1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junobeach1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To counter this, a cap of softer metal was attached to the tip of an AP (solid) round. The cap transferred energy from the tip of the shell to the sides of the projectile, thereby helping to reduce shattering. In addition, the cap appeared to improve penetration of sloped armour by deforming, spreading, and "sticking" to the armour on impact and thereby reducing the tendency of the shell to deflect at an angle. However, the cap structure of the APC shell reduced the aerodynamic efficiency of the round with a resultant reduction in accuracy and range.<sup id="cite_ref-junobeach1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junobeach1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the conflict, APCBCs fired at close range from large-calibre, high-velocity guns (75–128 mm) were able to penetrate much greater thicknesses of armour in relation to their calibres (2.5 times) and also greater thicknesses (2–1.75 times) at longer ranges (1,500–2,000 m). Comparative testing of British <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_17_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 17 pounder">17-pounder (76 mm) gun</a> and US Army APCBC rounds fired into captured German <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther tanks</a> indicated the APCBC munitions were more accurate than late war <a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing_discarding_sabot" title="Armour-piercing discarding sabot">armour-piercing discarding sabot</a> (APDS) shot, though the lot used was described as sub-standard and the report made no determination of general APDS accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>APCBC shot was produced for a wide range of anti-tank artillery ranging from 2-pounders to the German 88 mm. This type of munition was also designated as APBC (armour piercing ballistic capped), in reference to the Soviet version of APCBC. APCBC shot was also used in naval armaments in World War II. After World War II, the trend in armour-piercing munitions development centred on sub-calibre projectiles. No tank guns designed since the late 1950s have used full-caliber AP, APC, or APCBC ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-navweaps-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-navweaps_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navweaps_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navweaps_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navweaps_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navweaps_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navweaps_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navweaps_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navweaps_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOkun" class="citation cs2">Okun, Nathan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navweaps.com/index_tech/tech-055.htm"><i>Projectile AP Caps</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Projectile+AP+Caps&rft.aulast=Okun&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navweaps.com%2Findex_tech%2Ftech-055.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour-piercing%2C+capped%2C+ballistic+capped+shell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amordlista-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amordlista_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amordlista_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amordlista_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amordlista_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amordlista_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amordlista_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amordlista_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>AMORDLISTA, Preliminär ammunitionsordlista</i> (in Swedish). Sweden: Försvarets materielverk (FMV), huvudavdelningen för armémateriel. 1979. pp. 33, 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AMORDLISTA%2C+Prelimin%C3%A4r+ammunitionsordlista&rft.place=Sweden&rft.pages=33%2C+35&rft.pub=F%C3%B6rsvarets+materielverk+%28FMV%29%2C+huvudavdelningen+f%C3%B6r+arm%C3%A9materiel&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour-piercing%2C+capped%2C+ballistic+capped+shell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cite.case.law/ct-cl/72/51">Richardson v. United States, 72 Ct. Cl. 51 (1930)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-junobeach1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-junobeach1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-junobeach1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516214809/http://www.junobeach.org/e/4/can-tac-art-atp-e.htm">"Juno Beach Centre – Anti-Tank Projectiles"</a>. Junobeach.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.junobeach.org/e/4/can-tac-art-atp-e.htm">the original</a> on 2011-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juno+Beach+Centre+%E2%80%93+Anti-Tank+Projectiles&rft.pub=Junobeach.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.junobeach.org%2Fe%2F4%2Fcan-tac-art-atp-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour-piercing%2C+capped%2C+ballistic+capped+shell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Army Firing Test No. 3, U.S. Army Firing Tests conducted August 1944 by 12th U.S. Army Group at Isigny, France. Report of tests conducted during 20–21 August 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orgokiewicz, p. 77.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrgokiewicz1991" class="citation cs2">Orgokiewicz, Richard M. (1991), <i>Technology of Tanks Volume I.</i>, Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+of+Tanks+Volume+I.&rft.place=Coulsdon&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Information+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Orgokiewicz&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour-piercing%2C+capped%2C+ballistic+capped+shell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090812141445/http://www.wargaming.info/ww2/ustest3.htm"><i>U.S. Army Firing Test No.3</i></a>, 30 August 1944, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wargaming.info/ww2/ustest3.htm">the original</a> on 2009-08-12 – via www.wargaming.info</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army+Firing+Test+No.3&rft.date=1944-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wargaming.info%2Fww2%2Fustest3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour-piercing%2C+capped%2C+ballistic+capped+shell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2004" class="citation cs2">Henry, Chris (2004), <i>British Anti-tank Artillery 1939-45</i>, New Vanguard 98, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841766386" title="Special:BookSources/9781841766386"><bdi>9781841766386</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Anti-tank+Artillery+1939-45&rft.series=New+Vanguard+98&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781841766386&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour-piercing%2C+capped%2C+ballistic+capped+shell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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