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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <title>The Political Graveyard: League for Industrial Democracy, politicians</title> <meta name="description" content="A database of political history and cemeteries, with brief biographical entries for 320,919 U.S. political figures, living and dead, from the 1700s to the present."> <meta name="keywords" content="political biography history genealogy cemeteries politics candidates congress senators legislators governors politicians biographies ancestors mayors birthplace geography elections"> <meta name="author" content="Lawrence Kestenbaum"> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-7383562-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'https://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFDD" text="#000000" link="#cc0000" alink="#ff0000" vlink="#760000"> <style type="text/css"> p {font-family:georgia,garamond,serif} td {font-family:georgia,garamond,serif} A:link {text-decoration: none} A:visited {text-decoration: none} A:active {text-decoration: none} A:hover {text-decoration: underline} </style> <p align=center style="font-size:28pt; font-family:garamond,serif"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">PoliticalGraveyard.com</span><br> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html" border=0> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgmain6.gif" width=450 height=216 border=0 alt="The Political Graveyard: A Database of American History"></a><br> League for Industrial Democracy Politicians</p> <table width=100%> <td align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></table> <table width=100%><tr><td valign="top"> <p><i>Very incomplete list!</i></p> <table align="left" cellpadding=5> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Leonard Dalton Abbott (1878-1953)</b> — also known as <b>Leonard D. Abbott</b> — of Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-lived.html">New York County</a>, N.Y.; Westfield, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/UN-lived.html">Union County</a>, N.J. Born in Liverpool, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/ED-born.html">England</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1878/05-20.html">May 20, 1878</a>. Socialist. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/writing.html">Writer</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/writing.html">editor</a>; Social Democratic candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/trea.html">New York state treasurer</a>, 1900; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from New York</a> 15th District, 1906; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/stsen.html">New York state senate</a> 15th District, 1910; president, Free Speech League, predecessor of the American Civil Liberties Union. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/english.html">English</a> ancestry. Member, <b>League for Industrial Democracy</b>. Died, in Montefiore <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">Hospital</a>, Bronx, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/BX-died.html">Bronx County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1953/03-19.html">March 19, 1953</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/74.html">74 years, 303 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of Lewis Lowe Abbott and Grace (Van Dusen) Abbott; married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1915/">1915</a> to Rose Yuster.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard D. Abbott">Wikipedia article</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Devere Allen (1891-1955)</b> — of Wilton, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CT/FA-lived.html">Fairfield County</a>, Conn. Born in Providence, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/RI/PR-born.html">Providence County</a>, R.I., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1891/06-24.html">June 24, 1891</a>. Editor for various <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/newspaper.html">publications</a>, including <i>The Nation</i>; overseas correspondent for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/newspaper.html">newspapers</a> and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/newspaper.html">magazines</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/writing.html">author</a>; Socialist candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CT/ofc/ussen.html">U.S. Senator from Connecticut</a>, 1932, 1934; Labor candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CT/ofc/gov.html">Governor of Connecticut</a>, 1938, 1940. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/war-resisters-league.html">War Resisters League</a>; <b>League for Industrial Democracy</b>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/am-acad-pol-soc-sci.html">American Academy of Political and Social Science</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/labor-unions.html">American Federation of Teachers</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/phi-beta-kappa.html">Phi Beta Kappa</a>. Died in a <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">hospital</a> at Westerly, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/RI/WA-died.html">Washington County</a>, R.I., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1955/08-27.html">August 27, 1955</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/64.html">64 years, 64 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CT/NL-buried.html#cms06281">Wheeler Cemetery</a>, North Stonington, Conn. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of Henry L. Allen and Sarah Elizabeth (Champlin) Allen; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1917/08-22.html">August 22, 1917</a>, to Marie Hollister.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devere Allen">Wikipedia article</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Louis A. Arnold (b. 1872)</b> — of Milwaukee, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WI/MI-lived.html">Milwaukee County</a>, Wis. Born in Boonville, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/IN/WR-born.html">Warrick County</a>, Ind., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1872/07-13.html">July 13, 1872</a>. Socialist. Milwaukee Tax Commissioner, 1912-14, 1922-32; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WI/ofc/stsen.html">Wisconsin state senate</a>, 1915-22; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WI/ofc/gov.html">Governor of Wisconsin</a>, 1922; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WI/ofc/cr21.html">delegate to Wisconsin convention to ratify 21st amendment</a>, 1933. Member, <b>League for Industrial Democracy</b>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/moose.html">Moose</a>. Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of Louis Arnold and Margaret (Greif) Arnold.</span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Samuel Ralph Harlow (1885-1972)</b> — also known as <b>S. Ralph Harlow</b> — of Smyrna (now Izmir), <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/TK-lived.html">Turkey</a>; Northampton, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/HM-lived.html">Hampshire County</a>, Mass. Born in Boston, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/SU-born.html">Suffolk County</a>, Mass., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1885/07-20.html">July 20, 1885</a>. Socialist. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/clergy.html">Congregationalist minister</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/faculty.html">college professor</a>; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from Massachusetts</a> 2nd District, 1932, 1934, 1936. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/congregationalist.html">Congregationalist</a>. Member, <b>League for Industrial Democracy</b>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/labor-unions.html">American Association of University Professors</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/labor-unions.html">American Federation of Teachers</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/pi-gamma-mu.html">Pi Gamma Mu</a>. Died in Oak Bluffs, Martha's Vineyard, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/DU-died.html">Dukes County</a>, Mass., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1972/08-21.html">August 21, 1972</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/87.html">87 years, 32 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of Rev. Samuel A. Harlow and Caroline Mudge (Usher) Harlow; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1912/02-01.html">February 1, 1912</a>, to Marion Stafford; married to Elizabeth (Kaufmann) Grigorakis.</span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Max Schachtman (1904-1972)</b> — of Floral Park, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NA-lived.html">Nassau County</a>, Long Island, N.Y. Born in Warsaw, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/PL-born.html">Poland</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1904/09-10.html">September 10, 1904</a>. Naturalized U.S. citizen; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">arrested</a> during a <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/protest.html">demonstration</a> on Wall Street in New York City, July 3, 1928, but charges against him were dismissed; became an open supporter of Leon Trotsky's opposition to Stalin about 1928, and was expelled from the Communist Party; became a major Trotskyist leader and theoretician, and one of the founders of the Socialist Workers Party; editor of <i>The Militant</i> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/newspaper.html">newspaper</a>; Workers candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from New York</a>, 1940 (23rd District), 1946 (15th District); Workers candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/newyorkcity.html">mayor of New York City, N.Y.</a>, 1941; broke with Trotskyism in 1948, and became more conservative in later life. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/jewish.html">Jewish</a> ancestry. Member, <b>League for Industrial Democracy</b>. Died, in Long Island Jewish <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">Hospital</a>, New Hyde Park, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NA-died.html">Nassau County</a>, Long Island, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1972/11-04.html">November 4, 1972</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/68.html">68 years, 55 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of Benjamin Schachtman and Sarah Schachtman; married to Billie Ramloff, Edith Harvey and Yetta Barsh.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max Schachtman">Wikipedia article</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Upton Beall Sinclair (1878-1968)</b> — also known as <b>Upton Sinclair</b> — of California. Born in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MD/ba-born.html">Baltimore</a>, Md., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1878/09-20.html">September 20, 1878</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/writing.html">Novelist</a> and social crusader; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/writing.html">author</a> of <i>The Jungle</i>, about the meat-packing industry in Chicago; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">arrested</a> in 1914 for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/protest.html">picketing</a> in front of the Standard Oil Building in New York; Socialist candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from California</a> 10th District, 1920; Socialist candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/ofc/ussen.html">U.S. Senator from California</a>, 1922; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/ofc/gov.html">Governor of California</a>, 1926 (Socialist), 1930 (Socialist), 1934 (Democratic); candidate for Presidential Elector for California; received the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/pulitzer-prize.html">Pulitzer Prize</a> for fiction in 1943 for the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/writing.html">novel</a> <i>Dragon's Teeth</i>. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/un-world-federalists.html">United World Federalists</a>; <b>League for Industrial Democracy</b>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/aclu.html">American Civil Liberties Union</a>. Died in Bound Brook, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/SO-died.html">Somerset County</a>, N.J., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1968/11-25.html">November 25, 1968</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/90.html">90 years, 66 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/DC/wa-buried.html#cms00376">Rock Creek Cemetery</a>, Washington, D.C. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Cross-reference:</i> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/ladislas-lair.html#441.32.02">Harry W. Laidler</a></span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Campaign slogan (1934):</i> "End Poverty in California."</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/657/000024585">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0801737">Internet Movie Database profile</a></span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Books by Upton Sinclair:</i> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520081986/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0520081986&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">I, Candidate for Governor and How I Got Licked</a> (1934)</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Fiction by Upton Sinclair:</i> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1884365302/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1884365302&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">The Jungle</a> — <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0837604443/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0837604443&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Oil! A Novel</a> — <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1573929018/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1573929018&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">The Moneychangers</a> — <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1931313032/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1931313032&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Dragons Teeth</a> — <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/9997531620/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=9997531620&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Wide is the Gate</a></span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Books about Upton Sinclair:</i> Lauren Coodley, ed., <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1890771953/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1890771953&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Land of Orange Groves and Jails: Upton Sinclair's California</a> — Greg Mitchell, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0871134675/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0871134675&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">The Campaign of the Century: Upton Sinclair's E.P.I.C. Race for Governor of California and the Birth of Media Politics</a> — Kevin Mattson, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0471725110/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0471725110&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Upton Sinclair and the Other American Century</a> — Anthony Arthur, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1400061512/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1400061512&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Radical Innocent: Upton Sinclair</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Norman Mattoon Thomas (1884-1968)</b> — also known as <b>Norman Thomas</b> — of Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-lived.html">New York County</a>, N.Y. Born in Marion, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OH/MR-born.html">Marion County</a>, Ohio, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1884/11-20.html">November 20, 1884</a>. Socialist. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/clergy.html">Ordained minister</a>; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/gov.html">Governor of New York</a>, 1924, 1938; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/newyorkcity.html">mayor of New York City, N.Y.</a>, 1925 (Socialist), 1929; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/stsen.html">New York state senate</a> 14th District, 1926; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/pres-vp.html">President of the United States</a>, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from New York</a> 6th District, 1930; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/ussen.html">U.S. Senator from New York</a>, 1934; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/cncn8.html">delegate to New York state constitutional convention</a> at-large, 1937; delegate to Socialist National Convention from New York, 1960. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/presbyterian.html">Presbyterian</a>. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/aclu.html">American Civil Liberties Union</a>; <b>League for Industrial Democracy</b>. Died <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1968/12-19.html">December 19, 1968</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/84.html">84 years, 29 days</a>). <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/plcrem.html">Cremated</a>; ashes scattered. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1910/">1910</a> to Frances Violet Stewart.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/873/000205258">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://findagrave.com/memorial/12337418">Find-A-Grave memorial</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> </table> </td> <td width=180 align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></tr></table> <table width=100%> <td align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></table> <table width=100%> <tr><td align="center"><span style="font-size:20pt;"> <span style="font-family:garamond,serif"> <i>"Enjoy the hospitable entertainment of a political graveyard."</i></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:8pt;">Henry L. Clinton, Apollo Hall, New York City, February 3, 1872</span></td> <td><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/"> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgsub.gif" width=450 height=71 align="right" border=0 alt="The Political Graveyard"></a></td></tr></table> <br clear="all"> <table width=100% cellpadding=2> <tr><td colspan=3><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html">The Political Graveyard</a></b> is a web site about U.S. political history and cemeteries. Founded in 1996, it is the Internet's most comprehensive free source for American political biography, listing 320,919 politicians, living and dead.</span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3><span style="font-size:8pt;"> </span></td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The coverage of this site includes (1) the President, Vice President, members of Congress, elected state and territorial officeholders in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories; and the chief elected official, typically the mayor, of qualifying municipalities; (2) candidates at election, including primaries, for any of the above; (3) all federal judges and all state appellate judges; (4) certain federal officials, including the federal cabinet, diplomatic chiefs of mission, consuls, U.S. district attorneys, collectors of customs and internal revenue, members of major federal commissions; and political appointee (pre-1969) postmasters of qualifying communities; (5) state and national political party officials, including delegates, alternate delegates, and other participants in national party nominating conventions; (6) Americans who served as "honorary" consuls for other nations before 1950. Note: municipalities or communities "qualify", for Political Graveyard purposes, if they have at least half a million person-years of history, inclusive of predecessor, successor, and merged entities.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The listings are <b>incomplete</b>; development of the database is a continually ongoing project.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> Information on this page — and on all other pages of this site — is believed to be accurate, but is <b>not</b> guaranteed. 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Rural Telephone</a>. (2) Politician portraits displayed on this site are 70-pixel-wide monochrome thumbnail images, which I believe to constitute <b>fair use</b> under applicable copyright law. Where possible, each image is linked to its online source. However, requests from owners of copyrighted images to delete them from this site are honored. (3) Original material, programming, selection and arrangement are © 1996-2023 Lawrence Kestenbaum. (4) This work is also licensed for free non-commercial re-use, with attribution, under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons License</a>.</span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3 align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b>Site information:</b> The Political Graveyard is created and maintained by <b>Lawrence Kestenbaum</b>, who is solely responsible for its structure and content. — The mailing address is <b>The Political Graveyard, P.O. 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