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class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Title 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Title 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Title 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Title 6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Title 7</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Title 8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Title 9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="دستور البرازيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دستور البرازيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Канстытуцыя Бразіліі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстытуцыя Бразіліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конституция на Бразилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конституция на Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilianische_Verfassung_von_1988" title="Brasilianische Verfassung von 1988 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brasilianische Verfassung von 1988" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_de_Brasil" title="Constitución de Brasil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constitución de Brasil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazila_Konstitucio_de_1988" title="Brazila Konstitucio de 1988 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brazila Konstitucio de 1988" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_br%C3%A9silienne_de_1988" title="Constitution brésilienne de 1988 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constitution brésilienne de 1988" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բրազիլիայի Սահմանադրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրազիլիայի Սահմանադրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costituzione_del_Brasile" title="Costituzione del Brasile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costituzione del Brasile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C" title="חוקת ברזיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקת ברזיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custitui%C3%A7on_de_l_Brasil" title="Custituiçon de l Brasil – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Custituiçon de l Brasil" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="ブラジル連邦共和国憲法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラジル連邦共和国憲法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasils_grunnlov" title="Brasils grunnlov – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brasils grunnlov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_brasilianske_grunnlova" title="Den brasilianske grunnlova – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den brasilianske grunnlova" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstytucja_Brazylii" title="Konstytucja Brazylii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstytucja Brazylii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_brasileira_de_1988" title="Constituição brasileira de 1988 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constituição brasileira de 1988" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Конституция Бразилии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституция Бразилии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustav_Brazila" title="Ustav Brazila – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ustav Brazila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Конституція Бразилії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституція Бразилії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BA%BFn_ph%C3%A1p_Brasil" title="Hiến pháp Brasil – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiến pháp Brasil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="巴西宪法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴西宪法" data-language-autonym="中文" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supreme law of Brazil</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1988_(Capa)_01.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1988_%28Capa%29_01.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1988_%28Capa%29_01.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1988_%28Capa%29_01.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1988_%28Capa%29_01.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1988_%28Capa%29_01.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1988_%28Capa%29_01.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4674" data-file-height="6557" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">First version of the Constitution of Brazil (1988)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Federative Republic of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presented</th><td class="infobox-data">22 September 1988<span class="noprint">; 36 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1988-09-22</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 October 1988<span class="noprint">; 36 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1988-10-05</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional republic">constitutional republic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Government structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Government branch">Branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Three (executive, legislature, judiciary)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bicameral: <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Senate">Federal Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Executive_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive government">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">Electoral college</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">Amendments</a></th><td class="infobox-data">134</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last amended</th><td class="infobox-data">24 September 2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1988)" title="Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1988)">1987–88 Constituent Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data">Constituent Assembly</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Supersedes</th><td class="infobox-data">1967 Constitution of Brazil</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Brazil" title="Vice President of Brazil">Vice President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Alckmin" title="Geraldo Alckmin">Geraldo Alckmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Brazil" title="Cabinet of Brazil">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Brazil">Attorney General of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Council_(Brazil)" title="National Defense Council (Brazil)">National Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Council of the Republic (Brazil)">Council of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_institutions_of_Brazil" title="List of federal institutions of Brazil">Federal institutions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Brazilian presidential line of succession">Presidential line of succession</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">Legislative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/57th_Legislature_of_the_National_Congress" title="57th Legislature of the National Congress">57th Legislature</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Senate">Federal Senate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_senators_in_Brazil" title="List of senators in Brazil">list</a>)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)">President of the Federal Senate</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">Chamber of Deputies</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal_de_Contas_da_Uni%C3%A3o" title="Tribunal de Contas da União">Federal Court of Audits</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_Supreme_Federal_Court_(Brazil)" title="List of ministers of the Supreme Federal Court (Brazil)">list</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Federal_Court" title="President of the Supreme Federal Court">President of the Supreme Federal Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Justice" title="National Council of Justice">National Council of Justice</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Common Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Justice_(Brazil)" title="Superior Court of Justice (Brazil)">Superior Court of Justice</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_(Brazil)" title="Court of Justice (Brazil)">Courts of Justice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Regional_Federal_Courts" title="Regional Federal Courts">Regional Federal Courts</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li>Specialized Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Labor_Court" title="Superior Labor Court">Superior Labor Court</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Regional_Labor_Courts" title="Regional Labor Courts">Regional Labor Courts</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Electoral_Court" title="Superior Electoral Court">Superior Electoral Court</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Regional_Electoral_Courts" title="Regional Electoral Courts">Regional Electoral Courts</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Military_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior Military Court">Superior Military Court</a> <dl><dd>Military Courts of Justice</dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">history</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_Code_of_Brazil" title="Penal Code of Brazil">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Civil_Code" title="Brazilian Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_Labor_Laws" title="Consolidation of Labor Laws">Consolidation of Labor Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_laws_in_Brazil" title="Anti-discrimination laws in Brazil">Anti-discrimination laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Brazil" title="Gun control in Brazil">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Brazil">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Brazil" title="Copyright law of Brazil">Copyright law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">States</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Governor_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor (Brazil)">State governors</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_Brazilian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assemblies of Brazilian states">State Assemblies</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/State_Senator_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Senator (Brazil)">State deputies</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">Municipalities</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of municipalities of Brazil">list</a>)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_Brazil" title="Mayors in Brazil">Mayors</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mara_municipal" title="Câmara municipal">Municipal Chambers</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Chamber_of_the_Federal_District" title="Legislative Chamber of the Federal District">Legislative Chamber</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/District_deputy" title="District deputy">District deputies</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_territories_of_Brazil" title="Federal territories of Brazil">Territories</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Brazil" title="Electoral system of Brazil">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_Brazil" title="Electronic voting in Brazil">Electronic voting</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Recent elections</b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2014_Brazilian_general_election" title="2014 Brazilian general election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Brazilian_general_election" title="2018 Brazilian general election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Brazilian_general_election" title="2022 Brazilian general election">2022</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Municipal: <a href="/wiki/2012_Brazilian_municipal_elections" title="2012 Brazilian municipal elections">2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Brazilian_municipal_elections" title="2016 Brazilian municipal elections">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Brazilian_municipal_elections" title="2020 Brazilian municipal elections">2020</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Referendums: <a href="/wiki/1993_Brazilian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum">1993</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Brazilian_firearms_and_ammunition_referendum" title="2005 Brazilian firearms and ammunition referendum">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Acre_time_zone_referendum" title="2010 Acre time zone referendum">2010</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Brazil">list</a>)</small> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Vieira" title="Mauro Vieira">Mauro Vieira</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Brazil" title="List of diplomatic missions of Brazil">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Brazil" title="List of diplomatic missions in Brazil">in Brazil</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nationality_law" title="Brazilian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_passport" title="Brazilian passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Brazilian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Brazilian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Brazil" title="Visa policy of Brazil">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_and_the_United_Nations" title="Brazil and the United Nations">Brazil and the United Nations</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">CPLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercosul">Mercosul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office_(Brazil)" title="Public Prosecutor's Office (Brazil)">Public Prosecutor's Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_order_of_precedence" title="Brazilian order of precedence">Order of precedence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/16px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/24px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Brazil" title="Template:Politics of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Politics of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">supreme law</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. It is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of Brazil and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">federal government of Brazil</a>. It replaced the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">autocratic 1967 constitution</a> capping 21 years of military dictatorship and establishing Brazil's 6th republic, also known as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">New Republic</a> (Nova República). Made in the light of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian transition to democracy">Brazilian transition to democracy</a>, it resignified the role of the state in the citizens' lives, providing a vast system of human and individual rights protection, social welfare, and democratic tools. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1988 Brazilian Constitution is the seventh enacted since the country's independence in 1822, and the sixth since the proclamation of the republic in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was promulgated on 5 October 1988, after a two-year process in which it was written from scratch.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">History of the Constitution of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1988_do_Brasil_no_Museu_do_STF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1988_do_Brasil_no_Museu_do_STF.jpg/220px-Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1988_do_Brasil_no_Museu_do_STF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1988_do_Brasil_no_Museu_do_STF.jpg/330px-Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1988_do_Brasil_no_Museu_do_STF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1988_do_Brasil_no_Museu_do_STF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>The original copy of the Constitution</figcaption></figure> <p>The current Constitution of Brazil was drafted as a reaction to the period of <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military dictatorship</a>, and sought to guarantee <a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">individual rights</a> and restrict the state's ability to limit freedom, to punish offences and to regulate individual life. Among the new constitutional guarantees are the errand of injunction and the <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_data" title="Habeas data">habeas data</a></i>. It also anticipated the existence of a Consumers' Defence Code (enacted in 1990), of a Children's and Youth Code (1990) and of a new Civil Code (2002). </p><p>It was the first constitution to demand severe punishment for breaches of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> and rights. Consequently, Brazil later approved a law making the propagation of <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a> against any <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> an unbailable crime. This law provided legal remedy against those who spread <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> or those who do not treat all citizens equally. This second aspect helped disabled people to have a reserved percentage of jobs in public service and large companies, and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Afro-Brazilians</a> to seek reparation for <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">racism</a> in court. </p><p>Breaking with the authoritarian logic of the previous Constitution, it made unbailable crimes those of torture and of actions directed against the <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">constitutional order</a>, thus creating constitutional devices to block <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups d'état</a> of any kind. </p><p>The Constitution also established many forms of direct popular participation besides regular voting, such as plebiscite, <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">citizens' initiative</a>. Examples of these democratic mechanisms were the 1993 plebiscite concerning the form of government, where the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> was confirmed, and the <a href="/wiki/2005_Brazilian_firearms_and_ammunition_referendum" title="2005 Brazilian firearms and ammunition referendum">2005 firearms and ammunition referendum</a>. </p><p>The mention of God in the preamble of the Constitution (and later on the Brazilian currency) was opposed by most leftists as incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> because it does not recognize the rights of <a href="/wiki/Polytheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheists">polytheists</a> such as some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Brazil">indigenous peoples</a> or of <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a> has ruled that this commission of the protection of God was not <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">unconstitutional</a> since the preamble of the constitution is simply an indication of principles that serves as an introduction to the constitutional text and reflects the ideological conceptions of the legislator, falling within the scope of political ideology and not of the Law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roberto_Campos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roberto_Campos.jpg/220px-Roberto_Campos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roberto_Campos.jpg/330px-Roberto_Campos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Roberto_Campos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Campos" title="Roberto Campos">Roberto Campos</a>, one of the few voices to rise up against the 1988 Constitution at the time of its creation</figcaption></figure> <p>The Federal Constitution of 1988 is criticized in the doctrine for being very extensive, long-winded, and analytical. This characteristic forced the Constitution to be amended several times, in politically costly processes, to adapt to changes in society<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another criticism is that the 1988 Federal Constitution reproduces a model of <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>, expanding state monopolies and regulations, which allowed the Brazilian state, in 2017, to have stakes in more than 650 companies, involved in one-third of the national GDP. This model also created restrictions for the performance of foreign companies in several fields with harmful consequences for the country's growth. In the view of some scholars, this economic model favors <a href="/wiki/Patrimonialism" title="Patrimonialism">patrimonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution is also responsible for creating a slow judicial system. Brazil has the 30th slowest judiciary among 133 countries, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. This has caused the judiciary to use provisional arrests as an advance of the sentence. In 2015 more than 40% of prisoners in Brazil were provisional.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A World Bank study criticized the 1988 Federal Constitution for extending the privileges of civil servants, aggravating income inequality in Brazil. Remuneration and retirement are disproportionately high according to studies. In 2015, the federal government's deficit associated with the retirement of the approximately 1 million government employees was greater than the total registered with 33 million private pensioners. For the World Bank, civil servants are among the richest fifth of the Brazilian population. For <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Brant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Brant (page does not exist)">Roberto Brant</a>, the Federal Constitution was captured by groups of civil servants in 1988. Philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Sch%C3%BCler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Schüler (page does not exist)">Fernando Schüler</a> maintains that Brazil went against the grain in the 1980s: "While the world tried to adjust the State to globalization and modernize public management, Brazil bet on a super bureaucratic state in the 1988 Constitution. We offer rigid stability in the employment for civil servants, we mix careers of State with common careers of the public service, we create the law of biddings, we cast the budgets and we eliminate any space for the meritocracy in the public area." For jurist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modesto_Carvalhosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modesto Carvalhosa (page does not exist)">Modesto Carvalhosa</a>, only a new "principiological" constitution would end the privileges of the 1988 Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Federal Constitution of 1988 is also criticized for having adopted one of the broadest Special Forums in the world, which jurists argue encourage corruption. A quarter of the actions with a Privileged Forum take more than ten years to be judged. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a> takes 1,300 days to judge criminal actions by persons with privileged jurisdiction. Between 2001 and 2017, 200 actions involving the Privileged Forum expired.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also criticized is the requirement of unappealable transit for the execution of the sentence. For Judge <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Moro" title="Sergio Moro">Sergio Moro</a>, waiting for the final judgment will contribute to impunity. According to Minister <a href="/wiki/Teori_Zavascki" title="Teori Zavascki">Teori Zavascki</a> after confirming a second sentence, one could no longer speak of the principle of non-culpability, since "the exceptional remedies, for the superimposition courts, do not boast the ability to review facts and evidence". </p><p>In the electoral aspect, the Constitution adopted the mandatory vote. Among the 15 largest economies in the world, Brazil is the only country in which voting is mandatory. A 2014 survey showed that the mandatory vote is rejected by 61% of Brazilians. Some question whether it is democratic to compel people to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution adopted the social democratic model of State organization, as defined by the columnist for the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luiz_S%C3%A9rgio_Henriques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luiz Sérgio Henriques (page does not exist)">Luiz Sérgio Henriques</a>. For professor and lawyer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Aur%C3%A9lio_Marrafon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Aurélio Marrafon (page does not exist)">Marco Aurélio Marrafon</a>, president of the Brazilian Academy of Constitutional Law, the 1988 Brazilian Magna Carta organized the State according to the Welfare State model, in which it is intended to reconcile "the liberal component of preservation of individual rights and limitation of state power, with direct economic intervention and the promotion of public policies, in order to redistribute resources and reduce social inequalities." In order to finance the Welfare State, it was necessary to raise the tax burden, which went from 23.4% of GDP in 1988, to 33.6% of GDP in 2005, and to link budget revenues. Thus, the Union reached 93% of mandatory spending in 2017, decreasing the room for maneuver by the government and affecting investments. This option is criticized by some.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some criticize an alleged excessive power granted to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Attorneys_of_Brazil" title="Order of Attorneys of Brazil">Order of Attorneys of Brazil</a> by the Constitution. Brazilian philosopher and journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9lio_Schwartsman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hélio Schwartsman (page does not exist)">Hélio Schwartsman</a> considers that the 1988 Constitution conferred "disproportionate powers" on lawyers such as "appointing judges, writing laws, proposing direct actions of unconstitutionality, defining who can and who cannot become a lawyer". <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Campos" title="Roberto Campos">Roberto Campos</a>, economist, ex-senator and Minister of Planning of Brazil in the early years of the military dictatorship noted that "The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Attorneys_of_Brazil" title="Order of Attorneys of Brazil">OAB</a> has achieved the feat of being mentioned three times in what he defines as the "besteirol Constitution" of 1988. According to him, "it's perhaps the only case in the world where a club of professionals has enshrined the constitutional text."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitution_of_Brazil,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Constitution_of_Brazil%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Constitution_of_Brazil%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Constitution_of_Brazil%2C_2019.jpg/330px-Constitution_of_Brazil%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Constitution_of_Brazil%2C_2019.jpg/440px-Constitution_of_Brazil%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>2017 edition of the Constitution</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Brazil_2017">Constitution of Brazil</a> is composed of nine titles, subsequently divided into chapters and then articles. The articles are in turn divided into short clauses called <i>incisos</i> (indicated by <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>) and <i>parágrafos</i> (indicated by numbers followed by §). The Constitution refers to the country as "the Union". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preamble">Preamble</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preamble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Brazil_2017#s1">preamble</a> to the Federal Constitution is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the document. The text reads:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brazilian_Constitution_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazilian_Constitution-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We, the representatives of the Brazilian People, assembled in the National Constituent Assembly to institute a Democratic State for the purpose of ensuring the exercise of social and individual rights, liberty, security, well being, development, equality and justice as supreme values of a fraternal, pluralist and unprejudiced society, based on social harmony and committed, in the internal and international spheres, to the peaceful solution of disputes, promulgate, under the protection of God, this Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_1">Title 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Title 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title 1 is devoted to the fundamental principles of the Union. It describes the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">municipalities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a> as the indissoluble constituents of the Union. It also establishes three independent, harmonic government branches: the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Executive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">Legislative</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a>, and lists the nation's main goals. </p><p>One of the most important excerpts from this title is in Article 1, single paragraph, stating: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All power emanates from the People, who exercise it through elected representatives or directly, under this Constitution.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_2">Title 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Title 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title 2 states the Fundamental Safeguards.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ensures basic rights to all citizens and foreigners residing in the Country, prohibits <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>, defines <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian citizenship">citizenship requirements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Political rights">political rights</a>, among other regulations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_3">Title 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Title 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title 3 regulates the state organization. It establishes <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> as the nation's capital, describes the rights and duties of the states, the municipalities, as well rules for the public staff. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_4">Title 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Title 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title 4 is about the branches of government. It describes the attributes for every government branch, and the rules for <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">amendments</a> to the Constitution as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_5">Title 5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Title 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title 5 regulates the defense of the State and its democratic institutions. It rules the deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">armed forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> baselines, and declaration of <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_6">Title 6</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Title 6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title 6 comprises <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> and the nation's budget. It disposes on <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(economics)" title="Distribution (economics)">budget distribution</a> among the Union's components and their competencies, and the nation's budget. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_7">Title 7</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Title 7"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title 7 rules the economic activities in the country, the agricultural and urban policies, as well the state monopolies. </p> <ul><li>The Constitution allows the Brazilian government to "expropriate, for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a>, rural property that is not performing its social function." (Article 184)</li> <li>According to Article 187, the social function is performed when rural property simultaneously meets the following requirements: <ul><li>rational and adequate use;</li> <li>adequate use of available natural resources and preservation of the environment;</li> <li>compliance with the provisions which regulate labor relations; and</li> <li>exploitation which favors the well-being of the owners and workers.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_8">Title 8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Title 8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title 8 is about the social order. It establishes the <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Brazil" title="Social security in Brazil">Social Security</a> system, the Public Health system, the Public Pension system, among regulations concerning education, culture, science and technology, and sports policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_9">Title 9</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Title 9"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title 9 encompasses general constitutional dispositions. Among those, there are sparse regulations, as well as transitional dispositions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Military_Criminal_Code" title="Brazilian Military Criminal Code">Brazilian Military Criminal Code</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Galindo, George Rodrigo Bandeira (2023), "Brazil." in <i>The Oxford Handbook of International Law and the Americas</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197661062.013.35</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElkinsGinsburgMelton2009" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, Zachary; 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noblat.oglobo.globo.com/editoriais/noticia/2017/12/os-privilegios-salariais-do-servidor-publico.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Para+o+Banco+Mundial%2C+Brasil+precisa+reduzir+os+privil%C3%A9gios+de+servidores&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasmetro.org.br%2Fportalsn%2F2017%2F11%2F22%2Fpara-o-banco-mundial-brasil-precisa-reduzir-os-privilegios-de-servidores%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2017/11/29/interna_politica,920462/pobre-paga-privilegios-de-servidores-diz-ex-ministro-da-previdencia.shtml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Pobre paga privilégios de servidores", diz ex-ministro da Previdência"</a>. 24 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Pobre+paga+privil%C3%A9gios+de+servidores%22%2C+diz+ex-ministro+da+Previd%C3%AAncia&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.em.com.br%2Fapp%2Fnoticia%2Fpolitica%2F2017%2F11%2F29%2Finterna_politica%2C920462%2Fpobre-paga-privilegios-de-servidores-diz-ex-ministro-da-previdencia.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/fernando-schuler/2019/10/reforma-administrativa-ou-do-estado.shtml">"Reforma administrativa ou do Estado?"</a>. 10 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reforma+administrativa+ou+do+Estado%3F&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Fcolunas%2Ffernando-schuler%2F2019%2F10%2Freforma-administrativa-ou-do-estado.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publico.pt/2018/10/27/mundo/entrevista/sociedade-brasileira-hoje-papel-brutal-politicao-eleitorado-brasileiro-eliminar-politicos-partidos-sugam-recursos-1848998">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Os brasileiros estão a eliminar os políticos que sugam o Estado"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 27 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Os+brasileiros+est%C3%A3o+a+eliminar+os+pol%C3%ADticos+que+sugam+o+Estado%22&rft.date=2018-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publico.pt%2F2018%2F10%2F27%2Fmundo%2Fentrevista%2Fsociedade-brasileira-hoje-papel-brutal-politicao-eleitorado-brasileiro-eliminar-politicos-partidos-sugam-recursos-1848998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/foro-privilegiado-no-brasil-mais-amplo-comparado-outros-20-paises-20973826">"Foro privilegiado no Brasil é mais amplo comparado a outros 20 países"</a>. O Globo. 24 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foro+privilegiado+no+Brasil+%C3%A9+mais+amplo+comparado+a+outros+20+pa%C3%ADses&rft.pub=O+Globo&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foglobo.globo.com%2Fbrasil%2Fforo-privilegiado-no-brasil-mais-amplo-comparado-outros-20-paises-20973826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstevão_Taiar2016" class="citation web cs1">Estevão Taiar (24 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valor.com.br/politica/4754425/para-ministro-barroso-foro-privilegiado-e-feito-para-nao-funcionar">"Para ministro Barroso, foro privilegiado 'é feito para não funcionar'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Valor Econômico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Para+ministro+Barroso%2C+foro+privilegiado+%27%C3%A9+feito+para+n%C3%A3o+funcionar%27&rft.pub=Valor+Econ%C3%B4mico&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft.au=Estev%C3%A3o+Taiar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valor.com.br%2Fpolitica%2F4754425%2Fpara-ministro-barroso-foro-privilegiado-e-feito-para-nao-funcionar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Nêumanne (13 Junho 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/neumanne/o-privilegio-do-foro/">«O privilégio do foro»</a>.politica.estadao.com.br</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2016/11/1829725-casos-de-foro-privilegiado-se-arrastam-por-ate-18-anos-no-supremo.shtml">"Casos de foro privilegiado se arrastam por até 18 anos"</a>. 6 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+foro+privilegiado+em+n%C3%BAmeros&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jota.info%2Fjustica%2Fo-foro-privilegiado-em-numeros-23112017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://direito.folha.uol.com.br/blog/voto-obrigatrio-no-mundo">"Voto obrigatório no mundo"</a>. 12 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voto+obrigat%C3%B3rio+no+mundo&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdireito.folha.uol.com.br%2Fblog%2Fvoto-obrigatrio-no-mundo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datafolha.folha.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2014/05/1453158-rejeicao-a-voto-obrigatorio-atinge-61-e-alcanca-taxa-recorde-entre-brasileiros.shtml">"Rejeição a voto obrigatório atinge 61% e alcança taxa recorde entre brasileiros"</a>. 12 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rejei%C3%A7%C3%A3o+a+voto+obrigat%C3%B3rio+atinge+61%25+e+alcan%C3%A7a+taxa+recorde+entre+brasileiros&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatafolha.folha.uol.com.br%2Feleicoes%2F2014%2F05%2F1453158-rejeicao-a-voto-obrigatorio-atinge-61-e-alcanca-taxa-recorde-entre-brasileiros.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conjur.com.br/2005-out-24/democracia_voto_direito_nao_obrigacao">"Na democracia o voto é um direito, não uma obrigação"</a>. 24 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Na+democracia+o+voto+%C3%A9+um+direito%2C+n%C3%A3o+uma+obriga%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.date=2005-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conjur.com.br%2F2005-out-24%2Fdemocracia_voto_direito_nao_obrigacao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conjur.com.br/2005-nov-09/principal_instrumento_democracia_facultativo">"Principal instrumento da democracia tem de ser facultativo"</a>. 24 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principal+instrumento+da+democracia+tem+de+ser+facultativo&rft.date=2005-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conjur.com.br%2F2005-nov-09%2Fprincipal_instrumento_democracia_facultativo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opiniao.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,a-perspectiva-social-democrata-imp-,716432">"A perspectiva social-democrata"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+perspectiva+social-democrata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopiniao.estadao.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fgeral%2Ca-perspectiva-social-democrata-imp-%2C716432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conjur.com.br/2014-nov-10/constituicao-poder-esgotamento-estado-bem-estar-afeta-concretizacao-direitos-sociais">"Esgotamento do Estado de Bem-Estar afeta concretização de direitos sociais"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esgotamento+do+Estado+de+Bem-Estar+afeta+concretiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+direitos+sociais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conjur.com.br%2F2014-nov-10%2Fconstituicao-poder-esgotamento-estado-bem-estar-afeta-concretizacao-direitos-sociais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jota.info/opiniao-e-analise/colunas/o-mundo-fora-dos-autos/do-poder-constituinte-lipoaspiracional-08102018">"Do poder constituinte lipoaspiracional"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+poder+constituinte+lipoaspiracional&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jota.info%2Fopiniao-e-analise%2Fcolunas%2Fo-mundo-fora-dos-autos%2Fdo-poder-constituinte-lipoaspiracional-08102018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nacoesunidas.org/pesquisadores-alertam-para-sistema-tributario-regressivo-no-brasil-mais-pobres-sao-afetados/">"Pesquisadores alertam para sistema tributário regressivo no Brasil; mais pobres são afetados"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pesquisadores+alertam+para+sistema+tribut%C3%A1rio+regressivo+no+Brasil%3B+mais+pobres+s%C3%A3o+afetados&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnacoesunidas.org%2Fpesquisadores-alertam-para-sistema-tributario-regressivo-no-brasil-mais-pobres-sao-afetados%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014834/https://epocanegocios.globo.com/Economia/noticia/2018/03/epoca-negocios-uniao-tem-93-de-gastos-obrigatorios.html">"União tem 93% de gastos obrigatórios"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epocanegocios.globo.com/Economia/noticia/2018/03/epoca-negocios-uniao-tem-93-de-gastos-obrigatorios.html/">the original</a> on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uni%C3%A3o+tem+93%25+de+gastos+obrigat%C3%B3rios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepocanegocios.globo.com%2FEconomia%2Fnoticia%2F2018%2F03%2Fepoca-negocios-uniao-tem-93-de-gastos-obrigatorios.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/politica/republica/quem-vencer-as-eleicoes-vai-governar-de-maos-amarradas-evl017lsiy64g53id79gzupx6/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Quem vencer as eleições vai governar de mãos amarradas"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Quem+vencer+as+elei%C3%A7%C3%B5es+vai+governar+de+m%C3%A3os+amarradas%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetadopovo.com.br%2Fpolitica%2Frepublica%2Fquem-vencer-as-eleicoes-vai-governar-de-maos-amarradas-evl017lsiy64g53id79gzupx6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/politica/republica/constituicao-de-1988-e-a-causa-do-atraso-do-brasil-diz-descendente-de-d-pedro-ii-0mfem5c1ldu9q9w0klmsibl6z/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Constituição de 1988 é a causa do atraso do Brasil, diz descendente de D. Pedro II"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+1988+%C3%A9+a+causa+do+atraso+do+Brasil%2C+diz+descendente+de+D.+Pedro+II%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetadopovo.com.br%2Fpolitica%2Frepublica%2Fconstituicao-de-1988-e-a-causa-do-atraso-do-brasil-diz-descendente-de-d-pedro-ii-0mfem5c1ldu9q9w0klmsibl6z%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opiniao.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,a-constituicao-de-1988-na-visao-de-roberto-campos,70002057765">"A Constituição de 1988 na visão de Roberto Campos"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+1988+na+vis%C3%A3o+de+Roberto+Campos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopiniao.estadao.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fgeral%2Ca-constituicao-de-1988-na-visao-de-roberto-campos%2C70002057765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/especial/fj03109807.htm">"Carta criou despesas sem fonte de recursos"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carta+criou+despesas+sem+fonte+de+recursos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Ffsp%2Fespecial%2Ffj03109807.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.org.br/artigos/uma-visao-critica">"Uma visão crítica"</a>. 10 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uma+vis%C3%A3o+cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.org.br%2Fartigos%2Fuma-visao-critica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/helioschwartsman/2012/08/1145463-negocios-da-oab.shtml">"Negócios da OAB"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neg%C3%B3cios+da+OAB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Fcolunas%2Fhelioschwartsman%2F2012%2F08%2F1145463-negocios-da-oab.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/1996/5/26/brasil/3.html">"O pior corporativismo"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+pior+corporativismo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Ffsp%2F1996%2F5%2F26%2Fbrasil%2F3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/br00000_.html">Brazil - Constitution:Preamble</a> International Constitutional Law. Retrieved 2011-10-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brazilian_Constitution-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brazilian_Constitution_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imprensaoficial.com.br/PortalIO/download/pdf/Constituicoes_declaracao.pdf">Declaração - Constituição Federal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Brazil_2014?lang=en#55">"Brazil 1988 (rev. 2014)"</a>. <i>Constitute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitute&rft.atitle=Brazil+1988+%28rev.+2014%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FBrazil_2014%3Flang%3Den%2355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brazilian_Constitution_of_1988" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brazilian Constitution of 1988">Brazilian Constitution of 1988</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>(full text - English translation edited by the Chamber of Deputies - download free e-book at "Baixar grátis" button, or buy physical book) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329235703/http://livraria.camara.leg.br/direito-e-justica/constitution-of-the-federative-republic-of-brazil.html">Constitution of Brazil</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li>(full text) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stf.jus.br/arquivo/cms/legislacaoConstituicao/anexo/brazil_federal_constitution.pdf">Constitution of Brazil</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> extracted from the website of the Chamber of Deputies <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628202044/http://www.stf.jus.br/arquivo/cms/legislacaoConstituicao/anexo/brazil_federal_constitution.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-06-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;</li> <li>(full text) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalhealthrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Brazil-constitution-English.pdf">Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil</a>; pdf; 432 pages</li> <li>(full text) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao.htm">Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpf.mp.br/atuacao-tematica/sci/normas-e-legislacao/legislacao/legislacao-em-ingles-1">Legislação brasileira traduzida para o Inglês</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190907030157/http://www.mpf.mp.br/atuacao-tematica/sci/normas-e-legislacao/legislacao/legislacao-em-ingles-1">Archived</a> 7 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – official English translations of the Constitution, and dozens of other Brazilian laws</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpf.mp.br/atuacao-tematica/sci/normas-e-legislacao/legislacao/legislacao-em-ingles/constitution-of-the-federative-republic-of-brazil">Constitution of the Federative 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href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom (1815–1822)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era (1930–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Republic (1946–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Brazil" title="List of extreme points of Brazil">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Brazil" title="Geology of Brazil">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Brazil" title="List of mountains in Brazil">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">Time Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Brazil" title="Water resources management in Brazil">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of speech in Brazil">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ rights in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Brazil" title="Category:Society of Brazil">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Brazil" title="Unemployment in Brazil">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Brazil">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ people in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Brazil" title="National symbols of Brazil">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Brazil" title="List of newspapers in Brazil">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sculpture" title="Brazilian sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Buddhism</a></li> <li>Christianity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Latin_America_and_Mexico" title="Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico">Armenian Catholic</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Maronite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_Para%C3%ADso_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo">Melkite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_em_Curitiba" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba">Ukrainian Catholic</a></small></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Orthodoxy <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_and_All_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of São Paulo and All Brazil">Antiochian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Brazil" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil">LDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Brazil" title="Hinduism in Brazil">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Syncretic_Religions" title="Brazilian Syncretic Religions">Syncretic Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazil" title="Category:Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_countries_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_countries_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Constitutions of countries in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina" title="Constitution of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Barbados" title="Constitution of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belize" title="Constitution of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Chile" title="Constitution of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Constitution of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Constitution of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_El_Salvador" title="Constitution of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Guatemala" title="Constitution of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Guyana" title="Constitution of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti" title="Constitution of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Honduras" title="Constitution of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jamaica" title="Constitution of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nicaragua" title="Constitution of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Panama" title="Constitution of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Paraguay" title="Constitution of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Suriname" title="Constitution of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay" title="Constitution of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Aruba" title="Constitution of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Constitution of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Constitution of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Constitution of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Constitution of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Constitution of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Constitution of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Constitution of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of South America">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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