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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology and techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology_and_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Equipment used</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment_used-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment used subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mist_nets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mist_nets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mist nets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mist_nets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ringing_pliers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ringing_pliers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ringing pliers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ringing_pliers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leg_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leg_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Leg gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leg_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wing_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wing_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Wing rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wing_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_scales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_scales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Digital scales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_scales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Similar schemes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Similar_schemes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Similar schemes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Similar_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neck_rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neck_rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Neck rings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neck_rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wing_tags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wing_tags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Wing tags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wing_tags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_transmitters_and_satellite-tracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_transmitters_and_satellite-tracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Radio transmitters and satellite-tracking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_transmitters_and_satellite-tracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field-readable_rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field-readable_rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Field-readable rings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field-readable_rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leg-flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leg-flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Leg-flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leg-flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Other markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bird ringing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تحجيل الطيور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحجيل الطيور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Кальцаванне птушак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кальцаванне птушак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Опръстеняване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Опръстеняване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anellatge_d%27ocells" title="Anellatge d'ocells – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anellatge d'ocells" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krou%C5%BEkov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Kroužkování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kroužkování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringm%C3%A6rkning_af_fugle" title="Ringmærkning af fugle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ringmærkning af fugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogelberingung" title="Vogelberingung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vogelberingung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B5ngastamine" title="Rõngastamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rõngastamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anillamiento_de_aves" title="Anillamiento de aves – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anillamiento de aves" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdoringado" title="Birdoringado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Birdoringado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حلقه‌گذاری پرندگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حلقه‌گذاری پرندگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguage" title="Baguage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baguage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98_%EA%B0%80%EB%9D%BD%EC%A7%80_%EB%B6%80%EC%B0%A9_%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC" title="조류 가락지 부착 조사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조류 가락지 부착 조사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="पक्षिपटबंधन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पक्षिपटबंधन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanstveno_prstenovanje_ptica" title="Znanstveno prstenovanje ptica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znanstveno prstenovanje ptica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ak%E1%BB%A5_nn%E1%BB%A5n%E1%BB%A5" title="Ịkụ nnụnụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịkụ nnụnụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanellamento" title="Inanellamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inanellamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="טיבוע בעלי חיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיבוע בעלי חיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ფრინველთა დარგოლვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრინველთა დარგოლვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauk%C5%A1%C4%8Di%C5%B3_%C5%BEiedavimas" title="Paukščių žiedavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paukščių žiedavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C5%B1r%C5%B1z%C3%A9s" title="Gyűrűzés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyűrűzés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringen_(ornithologie)" title="Ringen (ornithologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ringen (ornithologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E%E6%A8%99%E8%AD%98%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB" title="鳥類標識調査 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鳥類標識調査" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringmerking" title="Ringmerking – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ringmerking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringmerking" title="Ringmerking – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ringmerking" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obr%C4%85czkowanie_(zoologia)" title="Obrączkowanie (zoologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obrączkowanie (zoologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilhagem_de_aves" title="Anilhagem de aves – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anilhagem de aves" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Кольцевание птиц – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кольцевание птиц" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obro%C4%8Dkanje_ptic" title="Obročkanje ptic – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obročkanje ptic" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Научно прстеновање птица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Научно прстеновање птица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rengastus" title="Rengastus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rengastus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Attachment of a tag to a wild bird to enable individual identification</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Bird-Banding_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird-Banding (journal)">Bird-Banding (journal)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RSPB_Sandwell_Valley_bird_ringing_-_2004-06-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RSPB_Sandwell_Valley_bird_ringing_-_2004-06-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_27.jpg/220px-RSPB_Sandwell_Valley_bird_ringing_-_2004-06-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RSPB_Sandwell_Valley_bird_ringing_-_2004-06-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_27.jpg/330px-RSPB_Sandwell_Valley_bird_ringing_-_2004-06-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RSPB_Sandwell_Valley_bird_ringing_-_2004-06-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_27.jpg/440px-RSPB_Sandwell_Valley_bird_ringing_-_2004-06-19_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A researcher uses ringing pliers to attach a ring to the leg of a <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_blackcap" title="Eurasian blackcap">Eurasian blackcap</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ringing_of_black-headed_gull_Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_nestling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ringing_of_black-headed_gull_Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_nestling.jpg/220px-Ringing_of_black-headed_gull_Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_nestling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ringing_of_black-headed_gull_Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_nestling.jpg/330px-Ringing_of_black-headed_gull_Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_nestling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ringing_of_black-headed_gull_Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_nestling.jpg/440px-Ringing_of_black-headed_gull_Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_nestling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>Ringing a black-headed gull <i><a href="/wiki/Chroicocephalus_ridibundus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chroicocephalus ridibundus">Chroicocephalus ridibundus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Laridae" title="Laridae">Laridae</a>) nestling</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malet%C3%ADn_de_campo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Malet%C3%ADn_de_campo.jpg/220px-Malet%C3%ADn_de_campo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Malet%C3%ADn_de_campo.jpg/330px-Malet%C3%ADn_de_campo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Malet%C3%ADn_de_campo.jpg/440px-Malet%C3%ADn_de_campo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption>A box of equipment for measuring, weighing and ringing birds.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bird ringing</b> (UK) or <b>bird banding</b> (US) is the attachment of a small, individually numbered metal or plastic tag to the leg or wing of a wild <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> to enable individual identification. This helps in keeping track of the movements of the bird and its life history. It is common to take <a href="/wiki/Bird_measurement" title="Bird measurement">measurements</a> and examine the conditions of feather moult, subcutaneous fat, age indications and sex during capture for ringing. The subsequent recapture, recovery, or observation of the bird can provide information on <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migration</a>, longevity, mortality, population, <a href="/wiki/Territoriality" class="mw-redirect" title="Territoriality">territoriality</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">feeding behaviour</a>, and other aspects that are studied by <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithologists</a>. Other methods of marking birds may also be used to allow for field based identification that does not require capture.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest recorded attempts to mark birds were made by <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman soldiers</a>. For instance during the Punic Wars in 218 BC a crow was released by a besieged garrison, which suggests that this was an established practice. <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Quintus Fabius Pictor</a> used a thread on the bird's leg to send a message back. In another case in history, a knight interested in chariot races during the time of Pliny (AD 1) took crows to Volterra, 135 miles (217 km) away and released the crows with information on the race winners.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> fitted tags on their <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a> with seals of their owners. In England from around 1560 or so, <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swans</a> were marked with a <i><a href="/wiki/Swan_mark" title="Swan mark">swan mark</a></i>, a nick on the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Storks injured by hunting arrows (termed as <i><a href="/wiki/Pfeilstorch" title="Pfeilstorch">pfeilstorch</a></i> in German) traceable to African tribes were found in Germany and elsewhere as early as 1822, and constituted some of the earliest definitive evidence of long-distance migration in European birds.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Thompson_Seton" title="Ernest Thompson Seton">Ernest Thompson Seton</a> were pioneers although their method of marking birds was different from modern ringing. To determine if the same birds returned to his farm, Audubon tied silver threads onto the legs of young <a href="/wiki/Eastern_phoebe" title="Eastern phoebe">eastern phoebes</a> in 1805, although the veracity of Audubon's dates and methods has been questioned,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Seton marked <a href="/wiki/Snow_bunting" title="Snow bunting">snow buntings</a> in Manitoba with ink in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-study_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ringing of birds for more extensive scientific purposes was started in 1899 by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Cornelius_Mortensen" title="Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen">Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen</a>, a Danish schoolteacher, using <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> rings on <a href="/wiki/European_starling" class="mw-redirect" title="European starling">European starlings</a>. Mortensen had tried using <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> rings as early as 1890 but found these were too heavy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first ringing scheme was established in Germany by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Thienemann" title="Johannes Thienemann">Johannes Thienemann</a> in 1903 at the <a href="/wiki/Rossitten_Bird_Observatory" title="Rossitten Bird Observatory">Rossitten Bird Observatory</a> on the Baltic Coast of East Prussia. This was followed by Hungary in 1908, Great Britain in 1909 (by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Landsborough_Thomson" title="Arthur Landsborough Thomson">Arthur Landsborough Thomson</a> in Aberdeen and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Witherby" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Witherby">Harry Witherby</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>), Yugoslavia<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in 1910 and the Scandinavian countries between 1911 and 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bartsch" title="Paul Bartsch">Paul Bartsch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> is credited with the first modern banding in the U.S.: he banded 23 <a href="/wiki/Black-crowned_night_heron" title="Black-crowned night heron">black-crowned night herons</a> in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-tautinmetras_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tautinmetras-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tautinlincoln_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tautinlincoln-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tautin100_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tautin100-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leon_J._Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon J. Cole">Leon J. Cole</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a> founded the American Bird Banding Association in 1909; this organisation oversaw banding until the establishment of federal programs in the U.S. (1920) and Canada (1923) pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty" title="Migratory Bird Treaty">Migratory Bird Treaty</a> of 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-tautin100_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tautin100-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_techniques">Terminology and techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology and techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mist_net_kinglet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mist_net_kinglet.jpg/220px-Mist_net_kinglet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mist_net_kinglet.jpg/330px-Mist_net_kinglet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mist_net_kinglet.jpg/440px-Mist_net_kinglet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>A ringed <a href="/wiki/Ruby-crowned_kinglet" title="Ruby-crowned kinglet">ruby-crowned kinglet</a> recaptured in a <a href="/wiki/Mist_net" title="Mist net">mist net</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Bird ringing</i> is the term used in the UK and in some other parts of Europe and the world. <i>Bird banding</i> is the term used in the United States. Organised ringing efforts are called ringing or banding schemes, and the organisations that run them are ringing or banding authorities. Birds are <i>ringed</i> rather than <i>rung</i>. Those who ring or band birds are known as ringers or banders, and they are typically active at ringing or banding stations. </p><p>Birds may be captured by being taken as young birds at the <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">nest</a>, or as adults, captured in fine <a href="/wiki/Mist_net" title="Mist net">mist nets</a>, baited traps, <a href="/wiki/Heligoland_trap" title="Heligoland trap">Heligoland traps</a>, drag nets, <a href="/wiki/Cannon-netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon-netting">cannon nets</a>, or by other methods. Raptors may be caught by many methods, including <a href="/wiki/Bal-chatri" title="Bal-chatri">bal-chatri</a> traps. </p><p>When a bird is caught, a ring of suitable size (usually made of aluminium or other lightweight material) is attached to the bird's leg, has a unique number, and a contact address. The bird is often weighed and measured, examined for data relevant to the ringer's project, and then released. The rings are very light, and are designed to have no adverse effect on the birds – indeed, the whole basis of using ringing to gain data about the birds is that ringed birds should behave in all respects in the same way as the unringed population. The birds so tagged can then be identified when they are re-trapped, or found dead, later. </p><p>When a ringed bird is found, and the ring number read and reported back to the ringer or ringing authority, this is termed a <i>ringing recovery</i> or a <i>control</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BTOmanual_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTOmanual-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finder can contact the address on the ring, give the unique number, and be told the known history of the bird's movements. Many national ringing/banding authorities now also accept reports by phone or on official web sites. </p><p>The organising body, by collating many such reports, can then determine patterns of bird movements for large populations. Non-ringing/banding scientists can also obtain data for use in bird-related research. </p><p>At times in North America, the bands have just a unique number (without an address) that is recorded along with other identifying information on the bird. If the bird is recaptured the number on the band is recorded (along with other identifying characteristics) as a <i>retrap</i>. All band numbers and information on the individual birds are then entered into a database and the information often shared throughout North American banding operations. This way information on retrapped birds is more readily available and easy to access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment_used">Equipment used</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Equipment used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mist_nets_for_bird_ringing_Malta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mist nets for bird ringing, Malta."><img alt="Mist nets for bird ringing, Malta." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mist_nets_for_bird_ringing_Malta.jpg/360px-Mist_nets_for_bird_ringing_Malta.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mist_nets_for_bird_ringing_Malta.jpg/540px-Mist_nets_for_bird_ringing_Malta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mist_nets_for_bird_ringing_Malta.jpg/720px-Mist_nets_for_bird_ringing_Malta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mist nets for bird ringing, Malta.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Redstart_(Phoenicurus_phoenicurus)_male_ringed_Malta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male common redstart with a ring, Malta."><img alt="Male common redstart with a ring, Malta." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Redstart_%28Phoenicurus_phoenicurus%29_male_ringed_Malta.jpg/405px-Redstart_%28Phoenicurus_phoenicurus%29_male_ringed_Malta.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Redstart_%28Phoenicurus_phoenicurus%29_male_ringed_Malta.jpg/608px-Redstart_%28Phoenicurus_phoenicurus%29_male_ringed_Malta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Redstart_%28Phoenicurus_phoenicurus%29_male_ringed_Malta.jpg/810px-Redstart_%28Phoenicurus_phoenicurus%29_male_ringed_Malta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5626" data-file-height="3751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male <a href="/wiki/Common_redstart" title="Common redstart">common redstart</a> with a ring, Malta.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weighing_ringed_bird_Malta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Weighing ringed bird, Malta."><img alt="Weighing ringed bird, Malta." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Weighing_ringed_bird_Malta.jpg/270px-Weighing_ringed_bird_Malta.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Weighing_ringed_bird_Malta.jpg/405px-Weighing_ringed_bird_Malta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Weighing_ringed_bird_Malta.jpg/540px-Weighing_ringed_bird_Malta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="2257" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Weighing ringed bird, Malta.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Redbackedshrike_inhand_blacksea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bird ringing is not without hazards to the ringer! Here, a red-backed shrike is attacking the person ringing it."><img alt="Bird ringing is not without hazards to the ringer! Here, a red-backed shrike is attacking the person ringing it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Redbackedshrike_inhand_blacksea.jpg/404px-Redbackedshrike_inhand_blacksea.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Redbackedshrike_inhand_blacksea.jpg/606px-Redbackedshrike_inhand_blacksea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Redbackedshrike_inhand_blacksea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bird ringing is not without hazards to the ringer! Here, a <a href="/wiki/Red-backed_shrike" title="Red-backed shrike">red-backed shrike</a> is attacking the person ringing it.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mist_nets">Mist nets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mist nets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_researcher_removes_a_bird_from_a_mist_net_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_researcher_removes_a_bird_from_a_mist_net_2.jpg/220px-A_researcher_removes_a_bird_from_a_mist_net_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_researcher_removes_a_bird_from_a_mist_net_2.jpg/330px-A_researcher_removes_a_bird_from_a_mist_net_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_researcher_removes_a_bird_from_a_mist_net_2.jpg/440px-A_researcher_removes_a_bird_from_a_mist_net_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3531" data-file-height="2354" /></a><figcaption>A researcher removes a bird from a mist net.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mist_net" title="Mist net">Mist nets</a> are fine mesh nets with shelves that create pockets to temporarily restrain birds. Mist nets come in a variety of mesh sizes, heights, lengths, weights, materials, and colours. The mesh size of the net is calculated differently in different countries; in the US and Canada the given mesh size is equivalent to two sides of a mesh square, while in the UK it is equivalent to one side. Ringers must choose a mesh size that appropriately targets the desired species, with smaller birds requiring a smaller mesh size. Nets can range from 1.5 to 18 metres in length, and from 1 to 3 metres in height depending on the number of panels. The weight of the thread and the ply (number of strands) can also vary. Common construction materials include nylon, polyester, and monofilament. Mist nets are typically black, but may also be shades of green or brown. While mist nets are capable of capturing a variety of species, they require supervised training in order to use properly and when they are deployed must be checked frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ringing_pliers">Ringing pliers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ringing pliers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ringing pliers are an essential tool that helps place the ring around a bird's leg. These pliers come in different sizes as determined by how wide a bird's leg is. Pliers are sized between 0A-1A, 2–3, and 3B, 3A, and 4.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leg_gauge">Leg gauge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leg gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ring size is determined by using a leg gauge. This is placed around the bird's leg, which determines the diameter of the leg. After identifying the size of ring needed, it is then placed on around the leg with the help from the ringing pliers.<sup id="cite_ref-Avinet_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avinet-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, ring sizes range from 1 to 15, plus special sizes for birds whose leg shapes require special rings, such as parrots and pelicans.<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_researcher_uses_a_wing_ruler_to_measures_a_Lincoln%27s_sparrow_wing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_researcher_uses_a_wing_ruler_to_measures_a_Lincoln%27s_sparrow_wing.jpg/220px-A_researcher_uses_a_wing_ruler_to_measures_a_Lincoln%27s_sparrow_wing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_researcher_uses_a_wing_ruler_to_measures_a_Lincoln%27s_sparrow_wing.jpg/330px-A_researcher_uses_a_wing_ruler_to_measures_a_Lincoln%27s_sparrow_wing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_researcher_uses_a_wing_ruler_to_measures_a_Lincoln%27s_sparrow_wing.jpg/440px-A_researcher_uses_a_wing_ruler_to_measures_a_Lincoln%27s_sparrow_wing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>A researcher uses a wing ruler to measure a <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_sparrow" title="Lincoln's sparrow">Lincoln's sparrow</a> wing.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wing_rulers">Wing rulers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wing rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When looking through the Pyle textbook some birds can be identified by the wing cord. The next essential piece of equipment is the wing ruler, which is used to determine the length of the wing for data collection, research purposes, or determining species.<sup id="cite_ref-Avinet_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avinet-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_scales">Digital scales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Digital scales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the processing of the bird's <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> has been completed the last piece of equipment used is a digital scale. This helps with determining the weight of the bird. This is the last step before releasing the bird.<sup id="cite_ref-Avinet_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avinet-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain bird species are for various reasons unsuitable for ringing. In some countries, such as Australia, there exist laws prohibiting ringing of such species.<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some very large birds, such as <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratites</a>, are difficult to ring because the cost of making a ring which is capable of securely fitting their strong, heavy legs is prohibitive. At the other extreme, the smaller species of <a href="/wiki/River_kingfisher" title="River kingfisher">river</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tree_kingfisher" title="Tree kingfisher">tree kingfishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tody" title="Tody">todies</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Lory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lory">lories</a>, have such narrow <a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsus" title="Tarsometatarsus">tarsi</a> that a ring placed around the bird's foot may impose danger to blood circulation. For some gamebirds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">Indian peafowl</a>, spurs on the legs interfere with the rings, which thus can cause injury to the birds. </p><p>Special rings are needed for long-lived seabirds, such as <a href="/wiki/Manx_shearwater" title="Manx shearwater">Manx shearwaters</a>, which can live for over 50 years. The corrosive effects of sea water, combined with wear, result in traditional aluminium rings only lasting around 4 years; for these birds, much tougher and more corrosion-resistant <a href="/wiki/Incoloy" title="Incoloy">incoloy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monel" title="Monel">monel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> alloy rings are now used.<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many species of <a href="/wiki/Cockatoo" title="Cockatoo">cockatoo</a>, which even if able to be ringed, require special rings to fit the unique shape of their legs. With softer metals like aluminium, they can bite off the rings with their powerful bills; tougher alloys also need to be used for these rings.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to overcome this problem varies between species, and with some such as the <a href="/wiki/Gang-gang_cockatoo" title="Gang-gang cockatoo">Gang-gang cockatoo</a>, it is known to be too dangerous to attempt banding. <a href="/wiki/New_World_vulture" title="New World vulture">New World vultures</a> also cannot be banded on their legs because they urinate onto their legs, causing corrosion of the bands into a powdery oxide that sticks to the vulture's leg and injures the bird. <a href="/wiki/Dipper" title="Dipper">Dippers</a> are also dangerously handicapped by ringing because the rings induce drag that makes it extremely difficult for them to catch prey in fast-flowing water. </p><p>Among species which can be safely ringed, there are major limitations among <a href="/wiki/Nomadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadism">nomadic species</a> of the deserts of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carduelinae" title="Carduelinae">cardueline finches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>. The highly unpredictable movements inherent in these species' lifestyles means that recovery rates are extremely low,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially given generally low population densities within their habitats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_schemes">Similar schemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Similar schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neck_rings">Neck rings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neck rings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2023-05-12_Goose_with_neck_ring_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/2023-05-12_Goose_with_neck_ring_02.jpg/220px-2023-05-12_Goose_with_neck_ring_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/2023-05-12_Goose_with_neck_ring_02.jpg/330px-2023-05-12_Goose_with_neck_ring_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/2023-05-12_Goose_with_neck_ring_02.jpg/440px-2023-05-12_Goose_with_neck_ring_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Greylag_goose" title="Greylag goose">greylag goose</a> with a neck collar ring. These can be read at long distance, increasing observation rates.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">waterfowl</a> are leg ringed, but some are marked with a plastic neck collar, which can be read at a greater distance. Neck collars can also be used for other long-necked birds such as <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wing_tags">Wing tags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wing tags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wing_tag_Great_Frigatebird.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wing_tag_Great_Frigatebird.JPG/220px-Wing_tag_Great_Frigatebird.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wing_tag_Great_Frigatebird.JPG/330px-Wing_tag_Great_Frigatebird.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wing_tag_Great_Frigatebird.JPG/440px-Wing_tag_Great_Frigatebird.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="1405" /></a><figcaption>This female <a href="/wiki/Great_frigatebird" title="Great frigatebird">great frigatebird</a> has been tagged with wing tags as part of a breeding study</figcaption></figure> <p>In some surveys, involving larger birds such as eagles, brightly coloured plastic tags are attached to birds' wing feathers. Each has a letter or letters, and the combination of colour and letters uniquely identifies the bird. These can then be read in the field, through binoculars, meaning that there is no need to re-trap the birds. Because the tags are attached to feathers, they drop off when the bird <a href="/wiki/Moult" class="mw-redirect" title="Moult">moults</a>. </p><p>Another method is <a href="/wiki/Imping" title="Imping">imping</a> in a brightly coloured false feather instead of a natural feather.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>patagial tag</i> is a permanent tag held onto the wing by a rivet punched through the <a href="/wiki/Patagium" title="Patagium">patagium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bib_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bib-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wing tags can be a problem for some smaller raptors like <a href="/wiki/Harrier_(bird)" title="Harrier (bird)">harriers</a> as their conspicuous nature makes them more obvious targets for other more powerful predators like <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p925_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p925-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_transmitters_and_satellite-tracking">Radio transmitters and satellite-tracking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Radio transmitters and satellite-tracking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where detailed information is needed on individual movements, tiny radio transmitters can be fitted on to birds. For small species the transmitter is carried as a 'backpack' fitted over the wing bases, and for larger species it may be attached to a tail feather or looped to the legs. Both types usually have a tiny (10 cm) flexible aerial to improve signal reception. Two field receivers (reading distance and direction) are needed to establish the bird's position using triangulation from the ground. The technique is useful for tracing individuals during landscape-level movements particularly in dense vegetation (such as tropical forests) and for shy or difficult-to-spot species, because birds can be located from a distance without visual confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of satellite transmitters for bird movements is currently restricted by transmitter size – to species larger than about 400g. They may be attached to <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory</a> birds (geese, swans, cranes, penguins etc.) or other species such as penguins that undertake long-distance movements. Individuals may be tracked by satellites for immense distances, for the lifetime of the transmitter battery. As with wing tags, the transmitters may be designed to drop off when the bird moults; or they may be recovered by recapturing the bird.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Motus_(wildlife_tracking_network)" title="Motus (wildlife tracking network)">Motus wildlife tracking network</a> is a program of <a href="/wiki/Birds_Canada" title="Birds Canada">Birds Canada</a>, it was launched in 2014 in the US and Canada, by 2022 more than 1,500 receiver stations have been installed in 34 countries, most receivers are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field-readable_rings">Field-readable rings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Field-readable rings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_roller_(Coracias_garrulus)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/European_roller_%28Coracias_garrulus%29_2.jpg/220px-European_roller_%28Coracias_garrulus%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/European_roller_%28Coracias_garrulus%29_2.jpg/330px-European_roller_%28Coracias_garrulus%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/European_roller_%28Coracias_garrulus%29_2.jpg/440px-European_roller_%28Coracias_garrulus%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5340" data-file-height="3560" /></a><figcaption>Ringed for the <a href="/wiki/European_roller" title="European roller">European roller</a> conservation project</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gull_with_bands_on_both_legs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gull_with_bands_on_both_legs.jpg/220px-Gull_with_bands_on_both_legs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gull_with_bands_on_both_legs.jpg/330px-Gull_with_bands_on_both_legs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gull_with_bands_on_both_legs.jpg/440px-Gull_with_bands_on_both_legs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2635" data-file-height="2622" /></a><figcaption>A gull with rings on both legs. <br /> The orange ring is <a href="/wiki/Alphanumericals" title="Alphanumericals">alphanumeric</a>, the large characters makes it easy to read from a distance</figcaption></figure> <p>A field-readable is a ring or rings, usually made from plastic and brightly coloured, which may also have conspicuous markings in the form of letters and/or numbers. They are used by biologists working in the field to identify individual birds without recapture and with a minimum of disturbance to their behaviour. Rings large enough to carry numbers are usually restricted to larger birds, although if necessary small extensions to the rings (leg flags) bearing the identification code allow their use on slightly smaller species. For small species (e.g. most passerines), individuals can be identified by using a combination of small rings of different colours, which are read in a specific order. Most colour-marks of this type are considered temporary (the rings degrade, fade and may be lost or removed by the birds) and individuals are usually also fitted with a permanent metal ring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leg-flags">Leg-flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Leg-flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to coloured rings or bands are leg-flags, usually made of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darvic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darvic (page does not exist)">darvic</a> and used in addition to numbered metal rings. Although leg-flags may sometimes have individual codes on them, their more usual use is to code for the sites where the birds were ringed in order to elucidate their <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migration</a> routes and staging areas. The use of colour-coded leg-flags is part of an international program, originated in Australia in 1990, by the countries of the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_-_Australasian_Flyway" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian - Australasian Flyway">East Asian - Australasian Flyway</a> to identify important areas and routes used by migratory <a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">waders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_markers">Other markers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Head and neck markers are very visible, and may be used in species where the legs are not normally visible (such as ducks and geese). <i>Nasal discs</i> and <i>nasal saddles</i> can be attached to the culmen with a pin looped through the nostrils in birds with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perforate_nostrils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perforate nostrils (page does not exist)">perforate nostrils</a>. They should not be used if they obstruct breathing. They should not be used on birds that live in icy climates, as accumulation of ice on a nasal saddle can plug the nostrils.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Neck collars</i> made of expandable, non-heat-conducting plastic are useful for larger birds such as geese.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many institutions that ring birds offer demonstrations for the public, where experts ring live birds while highlighting the steps of the process and answering questions from the public.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Educating visitors about the technique helps to spread accurate information about it to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While live bird ringing is not the only method of educating the public on bird conservation, it can be an especially engaging and unique method for visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banded_sandhill_crane_(Grus_canadensis)_at_Llano_Seco-9397.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Banded_sandhill_crane_%28Grus_canadensis%29_at_Llano_Seco-9397.jpg/220px-Banded_sandhill_crane_%28Grus_canadensis%29_at_Llano_Seco-9397.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Banded_sandhill_crane_%28Grus_canadensis%29_at_Llano_Seco-9397.jpg/330px-Banded_sandhill_crane_%28Grus_canadensis%29_at_Llano_Seco-9397.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Banded_sandhill_crane_%28Grus_canadensis%29_at_Llano_Seco-9397.jpg/440px-Banded_sandhill_crane_%28Grus_canadensis%29_at_Llano_Seco-9397.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption>Ringed <a href="/wiki/Sandhill_crane" title="Sandhill crane">sandhill crane</a> (<i>Grus canadensis</i>) at the Llano Seco Unit of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex">Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ringing activities are often regulated by national agencies but because ringed birds may be found across countries, there are consortiums that ensure that recoveries and reports are collated. In the UK, bird ringing is organised by the <a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">British Trust for Ornithology</a>. In North America the U.S. <a href="/wiki/North_American_Bird_Banding_Program" title="North American Bird Banding Program">Bird Banding Laboratory</a> collaborates with Canadian programs and since 1996, partners with the North American Banding Council (NABC).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waterfowl hunters may report the ring number of the bird they killed or observed, and find out the details of that specific bird such as breed, age, and ringing location. Bird rings are often seen as a prize because they are still relatively rare.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">European Union for Bird Ringing</a> (EURING) consolidates ringing data from the various national programs in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, the Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme manages all bird and bat ringing information.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/SAFRING" title="SAFRING">SAFRING</a> manages bird ringing activities in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bird ringing in India is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Natural_History_Society" title="Bombay Natural History Society">Bombay Natural History Society</a>. BirdRing rings in the Neotropics and Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Cemave" title="Cemave">National Center for Bird Conservation (CEMAVE)</a> coordinates a national scheme for bird ringing in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_animal_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracking animal migration">Tracking animal migration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCottam1956" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Cottam" title="Clarence Cottam">Cottam, C</a> (1956). "Uses of marking animals in ecological studies: marking birds for scientific purposes". <i>Ecology</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 675–681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1933058">10.2307/1933058</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1933058">1933058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Uses+of+marking+animals+in+ecological+studies%3A+marking+birds+for+scientific+purposes&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=675-681&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1933058&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1933058%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cottam&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+ringing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, J. & Peterson, R.T. 1964. <i>The world of birds</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usgs.gov&rft.atitle=Bird+Banding+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwrc.usgs.gov%2FBBL%2Fhomepage%2Fbtypes.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+ringing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avinet-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avinet_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avinet_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avinet_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avinet.com/">"Welcome to AVINET"</a>. <i>avinet.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416085200/http://www.avinet.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avinet.com&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+AVINET&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avinet.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+ringing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australian-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/81b57b46-3ee3-4c8a-8a2d-ce530273c717/files/band-size-list.pdf">Recommended Band Size List – Birds of Australia and its Territories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922073758/http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/81b57b46-3ee3-4c8a-8a2d-ce530273c717/files/band-size-list.pdf">Archived</a> 22 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copeland-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Copeland_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecbo.org.uk/birds/manx-shearwaters/">"Manx Shearwaters – Copeland Bird Observatory"</a>. <i>Copeland Bird Observatory</i>. 19 August 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Euring Newsletter Vol 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528112858/http://www.euring.org/index.html">"EURING"</a>. EURING. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euring.org/index.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Web.uct.ac.za. 3 October 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/stats/adu/p_safr1.htm">the original</a> on 21 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safring&rft.pub=Web.uct.ac.za&rft.date=2001-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uct.ac.za%2Fdepts%2Fstats%2Fadu%2Fp_safr1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+ringing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icmbio.gov.br/cemave/">"CEMAVE"</a>. Icmbio.gov.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104220550/http://www4.icmbio.gov.br/cemave/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CEMAVE&rft.pub=Icmbio.gov.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icmbio.gov.br%2Fcemave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+ringing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/BBL/homepage/aboutbanding.cfm">"Bird Banding Laboratory"</a>. <i>usgs.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083354/http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/BBL/homepage/aboutbanding.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usgs.gov&rft.atitle=Bird+Banding+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwrc.usgs.gov%2FBBL%2Fhomepage%2Faboutbanding.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+ringing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avinet. 2014. Bird Banding Supply Company. [Online] Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.avinet.com/">http://www.avinet.com/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216202433/http://www.avinet.com/">Archived</a> 16 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014].</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Knox, A.G. 1982. "Ringing pioneer".<i> <a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">BTO</a> News</i> No. 122, p. 8.</li> <li>Knox, A.G. 1983. "The location of the Ringing Registers of the Aberdeen University Bird-Migration Inquiry". <i>Ringing and Migration</i> 4: 148.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin-Löf1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Per_Martin-L%C3%B6f" title="Per Martin-Löf">Martin-Löf, P.</a> (1961). <a href="/wiki/Dunlin" title="Dunlin">"Mortality rate calculations on ringed birds with special reference to the Dunlin <i>Calidris alpina</i>"</a>. <i>Arkiv för Zoologi</i>. 2. <b>13</b> (21). Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+Zoologi&rft.atitle=Mortality+rate+calculations+on+ringed+birds+with+special+reference+to+the+Dunlin+Calidris+alpina&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=21&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Martin-L%C3%B6f&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+ringing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_ringing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bird_ringing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bird ringing">Bird ringing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810182854/http://birdringing.net/">Birdringing.net : A Directory of Bird Ringing and Bird Banding Websites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327142007/http://www.a1-idsystems.com/index_files/AnimalProducts.htm">A1 ID Systems: Manufacturer of electronic bird rings. (Microchip identification for animals)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anillamiento.net/">LaB O RINg Project:Birds of Western Palearctic in Hand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reportband.gov/">Report a found band in the United States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbl/">Official US Bird Banding Lab</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ring.ac">Report ringed birds online from all of the European schemes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/">EURING</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">European Union for Bird Ringing</a> (Co-ordinating organisation for European bird-ringing schemes)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060202231420/http://www.bsc-eoc.org/national/cmmn.html">Canadian Migration Monitoring Network (Co-ordinates bird migration monitoring (includes bird banding) stations across Canada)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064906/http://www.birdrings.eu/bird-rings-in-poland">Types and sizes of bird rings used in Poland</a> published by the Aranea, bird rings producer.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010718132302/http://nabanding.net/nabanding/">The North American Banding Council (NABC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdpop.org/">The Institute for Bird Populations – MAPS banding Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3032326.stm">BBC News of <i>Bardsey Island, ringed 1957</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icmbio.gov.br/cemave/">Official CEMAVE-Brazil</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calgarybirdbandingsociety.org/">Calgary Bird Banding Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbrcnet.org">Songbird and Hummingbird Banding Research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430234939/http://www.hbrcnet.org/">Archived</a> 30 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ohio and Indiana</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birds_(class:_Aves)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds" title="Template:Birds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds" title="Template talk:Birds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birds_(class:_Aves)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>: Aves)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_birds" title="Outline of birds">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">Beak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_brain" title="Avian brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)#Birds" title="Crop (anatomy)">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyly#bird_digits" title="Dactyly">Dactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">Eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">Preen gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">Plumage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">Vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird behaviour">Behaviour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_intelligence" title="Bird intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_foraging" title="Avian foraging">Foraging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_birds" title="Sexual selection in birds">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">Lek mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_breeding_behavior" title="Seabird breeding behavior">Seabird breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_incubation#Avian_incubation" title="Egg incubation">Incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">Brood parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">Nesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hybrid" title="Bird hybrid">Hybrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Origin of flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Evolution of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_bird_genera" title="List of fossil bird genera">Fossil birds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivoropterygidae" title="Omnivoropterygidae">Omnivoropterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeholornithidae" title="Jeholornithidae">Jeholornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Confuciusornithiformes">Confuciusornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyangiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoyangiformes">Chaoyangiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagopterygiformes" title="Patagopterygiformes">Patagopterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiortiformes" title="Ambiortiformes">Ambiortiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songlingornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Songlingornithiformes">Songlingornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshanornithidae" title="Hongshanornithidae">Hongshanornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gansus" title="Gansus">Gansuiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornithes" title="Ichthyornithes">Ichthyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperornithes" title="Hesperornithes">Hesperornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithornithidae" title="Lithornithidae">Lithornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">Dinornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">Aepyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastornithiformes" title="Gastornithiformes">Gastornithiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human <br />interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithomancy" title="Ornithomancy">Ornithomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_collections" title="Bird collections">Bird collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_feeding" title="Bird feeding">Bird feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imping" title="Imping">Imping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oology" title="Oology">Egg collecting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds" title="List of birds">Families and orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bird_genera" title="List of bird genera">Genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Glossary of bird terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_by_population" title="List of birds by population">List by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_birds_by_region" title="Lists of birds by region">Lists by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_bird_species_since_1500" title="List of extinct bird species since 1500">Extinct species since 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_bird_species" title="List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species">Late Quaternary prehistoric birds</a></li> <li>Notable birds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_birds" title="List of individual birds">individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_birds" title="List of fictional birds">fictional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neornithes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neornithes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palaeognathae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struthionidae" title="Struthionidae">Struthioniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(ostriches)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheidae" title="Rheidae">Rheiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(rheas)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">Tinamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tinamous)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">Apterygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kiwis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuariiformes" title="Casuariiformes">Casuariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(emus and cassowaries)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">N<br />e<br />o<br />g<br />n<br />a<br />t<br />h<br />a<br />e</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Galloanserae_(fowls)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">G<br />a<br />l<br />l<br />o<br />a<br />n<br />s<br />e<br />r<br />a<br />e</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowls</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(waterfowls)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatinae" title="Anatinae">Anatinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">Aythyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergini" title="Mergini">Mergini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyurini" title="Oxyurini">Oxyurini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anserinae" title="Anserinae">Anserinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan"><span style="font-size:85%;">swans</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose"><span style="font-size:85%;">true geese</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistling_duck" title="Whistling duck">Dendrocygninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freckled_duck" title="Freckled duck">Stictonettinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadorninae" title="Tadorninae">Tadorninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhimidae">Anhimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Horned_screamer" title="Horned screamer">Anhima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chauna" title="Chauna">Chauna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseranatidae" title="Anseranatidae">Anseranatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magpie_goose" title="Magpie goose">Anseranas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Landfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfowl">landfowls</a>-</span> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gamebirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamebirds">gamebirds</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cracidae" title="Cracidae">Cracidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cracinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracinae">Cracinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreophasinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreophasinae">Oreophasinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelopinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelopinae">Penelopinae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megapodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodidae">Megapodidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepypodius" title="Aepypodius">Aepypodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectura" class="mw-redirect" title="Alectura">Alectura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eulipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulipoa">Eulipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipoa">Leipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrocephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocephalon">Macrocephalon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodius">Megapodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talegalla" title="Talegalla">Talegalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Numididae">Numididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vulturine_guineafowl" title="Vulturine guineafowl">Acryllium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agelastes" title="Agelastes">Agelastes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttera" title="Guttera">Guttera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numida" class="mw-redirect" title="Numida">Numida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odontophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophoridae">Odontophoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Callipepla" title="Callipepla">Callipepla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colinus" title="Colinus">Colinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtonyx" title="Cyrtonyx">Cyrtonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylortyx">Dactylortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendrortyx" title="Dendrortyx">Dendrortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophorus">Odontophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreortyx">Oreortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Philortyx">Philortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchortyx">Rhynchortyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meleagridinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meleagridinae">Meleagridinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(turkeys)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdicinae" title="Perdicinae">Perdicinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasianinae" title="Phasianinae">Phasianinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(pheasants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">Tetraoninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbea" title="Columbea">Columbea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbimorphae" title="Columbimorphae">Columbimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(doves and pigeons)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesite" title="Mesite">Mesitornithiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mesites)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">Pterocliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(sandgrouse)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirandornithes" title="Mirandornithes">Mirandornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Phoenicopteriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(flamingos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">Podicipediformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(grebes)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passerea" title="Passerea">Passerea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otidimorphae" title="Otidimorphae">Otidimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">Cuculiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cuckoos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turaco" title="Turaco">Musophagiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(turacos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustard" title="Bustard">Otidiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(bustards)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strisores" title="Strisores">Strisores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caprimulgiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Caprimulgiformes">Caprimulgiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(nightjars and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatornithiformes">Steatornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podargiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Podargiformes">Podargiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(swifts and hummingbirds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthocomiformes">Opisthocomiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomidae" title="Opisthocomidae">Opisthocomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hoatzin)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cursorimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursorimorphae">Cursorimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(gulls and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruiformes" title="Gruiformes">Gruiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cranes and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phaethontimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaethontimorphae">Phaethontimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropicbird" title="Tropicbird">Phaethontiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tropicbirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypygiformes" title="Eurypygiformes">Eurypygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kagu and sunbittern)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aequornithes" title="Aequornithes">Aequornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">Gaviiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(loons or divers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">Sphenisciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(penguins)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(albatrosses and petrels)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">Ciconiiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(storks)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suliformes" title="Suliformes">Suliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cormorants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecaniformes" title="Pelecaniformes">Pelecaniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(pelicans and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(seriemas and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(falcons and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">Psittaciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(parrots)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(perching birds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroaves" title="Afroaves">Afroaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(raptors)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Strigiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(owls)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousebird" title="Mousebird">Coliiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mousebirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogon" title="Trogon">Trogoniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(trogons and quetzals)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo-roller" title="Cuckoo-roller">Leptosomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cuckoo-roller)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucerotiformes" title="Bucerotiformes">Bucerotiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hornbills and hoopoes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kingfishers and rollers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(woodpeckers and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> 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