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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Response_and_analysis_of_coronavirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_and_analysis_of_coronavirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Response and analysis of coronavirus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_and_analysis_of_coronavirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Member countries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Member_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Member countries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Member_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Qualifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Benefits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personnel </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personnel subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Board_of_Governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_Governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Board of Governors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_Governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_Board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_Board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Executive Board </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_Board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Managing_Director" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Managing_Director"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Managing Director </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Managing_Director-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_Managing_Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Managing_Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 List of Managing Directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Managing_Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Deputy_Managing_Director" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Deputy_Managing_Director"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 First Deputy Managing Director </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Deputy_Managing_Director-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_First_Deputy_Managing_Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_First_Deputy_Managing_Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 List of First Deputy Managing Directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_First_Deputy_Managing_Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_Economist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_Economist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Chief Economist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_Economist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_Chief_Economists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Chief_Economists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 List of Chief Economists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Chief_Economists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IMF_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMF_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 IMF staff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMF_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Voting power </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voting_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Voting power subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Voting_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_of_the_quota_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_the_quota_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Effects of the quota system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_the_quota_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflexibility_of_voting_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflexibility_of_voting_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Inflexibility of voting power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflexibility_of_voting_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overcoming_borrower/creditor_divide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overcoming_borrower/creditor_divide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Overcoming borrower/creditor divide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overcoming_borrower/creditor_divide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exceptional_Access_Framework_–_sovereign_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptional_Access_Framework_–_sovereign_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Exceptional Access Framework – sovereign debt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptional_Access_Framework_–_sovereign_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Criticisms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticisms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conditionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Conditionality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_of_dictatorships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_of_dictatorships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Support of dictatorships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_of_dictatorships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_access_to_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_access_to_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Impact on access to food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_access_to_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Impact on public health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Function_and_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function_and_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.1 Function and policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function_and_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._influence_and_voting_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._influence_and_voting_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.2 U.S. influence and voting reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._influence_and_voting_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IMF_and_globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMF_and_globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 IMF and globalization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-IMF_and_globalization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle IMF and globalization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-IMF_and_globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_central_bank_digital_currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_central_bank_digital_currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 International central bank digital currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_central_bank_digital_currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Scandals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Alternatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 In the media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">International Monetary Fund</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 138 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-138" aria-hidden="true" > 138 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasionale_Monet%C3%AAre_Fonds" title="Internasionale Monetêre Fonds – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Internasionale Monetêre Fonds" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaler_W%C3%A4hrungsfonds" title="Internationaler Währungsfonds – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Internationaler Währungsfonds" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%80%E1%8D%8D_%E1%8C%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%98%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%98%E1%8B%9D%E1%8C%88%E1%89%A5" title="አለም አቀፍ ገንዘባዊ መዝገብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አለም አቀፍ ገንዘባዊ መዝገብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="صندوق النقد الدولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صندوق النقد الدولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundo_Monetario_Internacional" title="Fundo Monetario Internacional – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fundo Monetario Internacional" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%83%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF" title="আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা নিধি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা নিধি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondu_Monetariu_Internacional" title="Fondu Monetariu Internacional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fondu Monetariu Internacional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirapire_Ryru_Hetatet%C3%A3gua" title="Pirapire Ryru Hetatetãgua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pirapire Ryru Hetatetãgua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Халкъаздагьоркьосеб валюталъул фонд – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Халкъаздагьоркьосеб валюталъул фонд" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_Valyuta_Fondu" title="Beynəlxalq Valyuta Fondu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq Valyuta Fondu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="اولوسلارآراسی پول صاندیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اولوسلارآراسی پول صاندیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C9%9Bnselekenaani_Wariko_Kondo" title="Jɛnselekenaani Wariko Kondo – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Jɛnselekenaani Wariko Kondo" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="আন্তর্জাতিক মুদ্রা তহবিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তর্জাতিক মুদ্রা তহবিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-ch%C3%A8_Ho%C3%A8-p%C3%A8_Ki-kim" title="Kok-chè Hoè-pè Ki-kim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-chè Hoè-pè Ki-kim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Халыҡ-ара валюта фонды – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Халыҡ-ара валюта фонды" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Міжнародны валютны фонд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міжнародны валютны фонд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Міжнародны валютны фонд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міжнародны валютны фонд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Международен валутен фонд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международен валутен фонд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_monetarni_fond" title="Međunarodni monetarni fond – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Međunarodni monetarni fond" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font_Moneizel_Etrebroadel" title="Font Moneizel Etrebroadel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Font Moneizel Etrebroadel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fons_Monetari_Internacional" title="Fons Monetari Internacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fons Monetari Internacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_m%C4%9Bnov%C3%BD_fond" title="Mezinárodní měnový fond – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní měnový fond" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronfa_Ariannol_Ryngwladol" title="Cronfa Ariannol Ryngwladol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cronfa Ariannol Ryngwladol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Valutafond" title="Internationale Valutafond – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Internationale Valutafond" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="صندوق النقد الدولي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صندوق النقد الدولي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaler_W%C3%A4hrungsfonds" title="Internationaler Währungsfonds – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationaler Währungsfonds" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_Valuutafond" title="Rahvusvaheline Valuutafond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvaheline Valuutafond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Διεθνές Νομισματικό Ταμείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνές Νομισματικό Ταμείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondo_Monetario_Internacional" title="Fondo Monetario Internacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fondo Monetario Internacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacia_Valuta_Fonduso" title="Internacia Valuta Fonduso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internacia Valuta Fonduso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioarteko_Diru_Funtsa" title="Nazioarteko Diru Funtsa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazioarteko Diru Funtsa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84" title="صندوق بین‌المللی پول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صندوق بین‌المللی پول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="International Monetary Fund" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altj%C3%B3%C3%B0a_Gjaldoyragrunnurin" title="Altjóða Gjaldoyragrunnurin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Altjóða Gjaldoyragrunnurin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonds_mon%C3%A9taire_international" title="Fonds monétaire international – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fonds monétaire international" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynternasjonaal_Monet%C3%AAr_F%C3%BBns" title="Ynternasjonaal Monetêr Fûns – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynternasjonaal Monetêr Fûns" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ciste_Airgeada%C3%ADochta_Idirn%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta" title="An Ciste Airgeadaíochta Idirnáisiúnta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ciste Airgeadaíochta Idirnáisiúnta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondo_Monetario_Internacional" title="Fondo Monetario Internacional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fondo Monetario Internacional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund(IMF)" title="International Monetary Fund(IMF) – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="International Monetary Fund(IMF)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%86%B5%ED%99%94_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B8%88" title="국제 통화 기금 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 통화 기금" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Արժույթի միջազգային հիմնադրամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արժույթի միջազգային հիմնադրամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_monetarni_fond" title="Međunarodni monetarni fond – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međunarodni monetarni fond" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internaciona_Monetala_Fonduro" title="Internaciona Monetala Fonduro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Internaciona Monetala Fonduro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangalubongan_a_Pundo_ti_Panguartaan" title="Sangalubongan a Pundo ti Panguartaan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sangalubongan a Pundo ti Panguartaan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Moneter_Internasional" title="Dana Moneter Internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dana Moneter Internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundo_Monetari_International" title="Fundo Monetari International – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fundo Monetari International" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0agjaldeyrissj%C3%B3%C3%B0urinn" title="Alþjóðagjaldeyrissjóðurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþjóðagjaldeyrissjóðurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondo_Monetario_Internazionale" title="Fondo Monetario Internazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fondo Monetario Internazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קרן המטבע הבין-לאומית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרן המטבע הבין-לאומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMF" title="IMF – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="IMF" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಹಣಕಾಸು ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಹಣಕಾಸು ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%85%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Халкъла арасы ачха фонд – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Халкъла арасы ачха фонд" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="საერთაშორისო სავალუტო ფონდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საერთაშორისო სავალუტო ფონდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Халықаралық валюта қоры – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Халықаралық валюта қоры" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikigega_Mpuzamahanga_cy%E2%80%99Imari" title="Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMF" title="IMF – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="IMF" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_mon%C3%A9t%C3%A8r_enternasyonal" title="Fon monétèr enternasyonal – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fon monétèr enternasyonal" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMF" title="IMF – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="IMF" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Эл аралык валюта фонду – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эл аралык валюта фонду" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94" title="ກອງທືນການເງີນລະຫວ່າງປະເທດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກອງທືນການເງີນລະຫວ່າງປະເທດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundus_monetarius_internationalis" title="Fundus monetarius internationalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fundus monetarius internationalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautiskais_Val%C5%ABtas_fonds" title="Starptautiskais Valūtas fonds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskais Valūtas fonds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_W%C3%A4rungsfong" title="Internationale Wärungsfong – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Internationale Wärungsfong" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautinis_valiutos_fondas" title="Tarptautinis valiutos fondas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinis valiutos fondas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond_Monedari_Internazzional" title="Fond Monedari Internazzional – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fond Monedari Internazzional" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_Valutaalap" title="Nemzetközi Valutaalap – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközi Valutaalap" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय आर्थिक कोष – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय आर्थिक कोष" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Меѓународен монетарен фонд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓународен монетарен фонд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirim-Bola_Iraisam-Pirenena" title="Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF" title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര നാണയനിധി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര നാണയനിധി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय नाणेनिधी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय नाणेनिधी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="صندوق الفلوس الدولى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صندوق الفلوس الدولى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabung_Kewangan_Antarabangsa" title="Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Олон Улсын Валютын Сан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон Улсын Валютын Сан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7" title="အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ငွေကြေးရန်ပုံငွေအဖွဲ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ငွေကြေးရန်ပုံငွေအဖွဲ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaal_Monetair_Fonds" title="Internationaal Monetair Fonds – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internationaal Monetair Fonds" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोष – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोष" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="अन्तराष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अन्तराष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91" title="国際通貨基金 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際通貨基金" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Халкъашна йуккъера валютан фонд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Халкъашна йуккъера валютан фонд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internatsionaal_M%C3%BCntfond" title="Internatsionaal Müntfond – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Internatsionaal Müntfond" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_internasjonale_pengefondet" title="Det internasjonale pengefondet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det internasjonale pengefondet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_internasjonale_pengefondet" title="Det internasjonale pengefondet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det internasjonale pengefondet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fons_Monetari_Internacional" title="Fons Monetari Internacional – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fons Monetari Internacional" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqaro_valyuta_jamg%CA%BBarmasi" title="Xalqaro valyuta jamgʻarmasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqaro valyuta jamgʻarmasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਅੰਤਰਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਮੁਦਰਾ ਕੋਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਤਰਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਮੁਦਰਾ ਕੋਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81" title="آئی ایم ایف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئی ایم ایف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82" title="د پیسو نړیوال صندق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د پیسو نړیوال صندق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7" title="មូលនិធិរូបិយវត្ថុអន្តរជាតិ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មូលនិធិរូបិយវត្ថុអន្តរជាតិ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond_Monedari_Ant%C3%ABrnassional" title="Fond Monedari Antërnassional – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fond Monedari Antërnassional" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internatschonal_Geldfonds" title="Internatschonal Geldfonds – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Internatschonal Geldfonds" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowy_Fundusz_Walutowy" title="Międzynarodowy Fundusz Walutowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Międzynarodowy Fundusz Walutowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundo_Monet%C3%A1rio_Internacional" title="Fundo Monetário Internacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fundo Monetário Internacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halqara_para_fondu" title="Halqara para fondu – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Halqara para fondu" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondul_Monetar_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Fondul Monetar Internațional – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fondul Monetar Internațional" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond_monetar_internaziunal" title="Fond monetar internaziunal – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Fond monetar internaziunal" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamallaqtapura_Qullqi_Qullqa" title="Mamallaqtapura Qullqi Qullqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mamallaqtapura Qullqi Qullqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Міджінародный меновый фонд – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Міджінародный меновый фонд" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Международный валютный фонд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международный валютный фонд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аан дойдутааҕы харчы пуондата – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аан дойдутааҕы харчы пуондата" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱤᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱤᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%86%DA%88" title="بین الاقوامی مالیاتی فنڈ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بین الاقوامی مالیاتی فنڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondi_Monetar_Nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtar" title="Fondi Monetar Ndërkombëtar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fondi Monetar Ndërkombëtar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnu_Munitariu_Ntirnazziunali" title="Funnu Munitariu Ntirnazziunali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funnu Munitariu Ntirnazziunali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BD" title="ජාත්‍යන්තර මූල්‍ය අරමුදල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාත්‍යන්තර මූල්‍ය අරමුදල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="International Monetary Fund" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%86%DA%8A" title="انٽرنيشنل مانيٽري فنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انٽرنيشنل مانيٽري فنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%BD_menov%C3%BD_fond" title="Medzinárodný menový fond – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medzinárodný menový fond" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mednarodni_denarni_sklad" title="Mednarodni denarni sklad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mednarodni denarni sklad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMF" title="IMF – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="IMF" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95" title="سندووقی نێونەتەوەییی پارە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سندووقی نێونەتەوەییی پارە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Међународни монетарни фонд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међународни монетарни фонд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_monetarni_fond" title="Međunarodni monetarni fond – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međunarodni monetarni fond" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansainv%C3%A4linen_valuuttarahasto" title="Kansainvälinen valuuttarahasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansainvälinen valuuttarahasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationella_valutafonden" title="Internationella valutafonden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internationella valutafonden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Pondong_Pananalapi" title="Pandaigdigang Pondong Pananalapi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pandaigdigang Pondong Pananalapi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அனைத்துலக நாணய நிதியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனைத்துலக நாணய நிதியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xal%C4%B1qara_val%C3%BCta_fond%C4%B1" title="Xalıqara valüta fondı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Xalıqara valüta fondı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=IMF&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International financial institution</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"IMF" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/IMF_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="IMF (disambiguation)">IMF (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">International Monetary Fund</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Monetary_Fund_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/International_Monetary_Fund_logo.svg/220px-International_Monetary_Fund_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/International_Monetary_Fund_logo.svg/330px-International_Monetary_Fund_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/International_Monetary_Fund_logo.svg/440px-International_Monetary_Fund_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="319" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Headquarters_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund_(Washington,_DC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Headquarters_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund_%28Washington%2C_DC%29.jpg/250px-Headquarters_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund_%28Washington%2C_DC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Headquarters_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund_%28Washington%2C_DC%29.jpg/375px-Headquarters_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund_%28Washington%2C_DC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Headquarters_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund_%28Washington%2C_DC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="395" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">IMF</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1 July 1944; 80 years ago (1944-07-01)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_financial_institutions" title="International financial institutions">International financial institution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Promote international monetary co-operation, facilitate <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>, foster sustainable economic growth, make resources available to members experiencing <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a> difficulties, prevent and assist with recovery from international financial crises<a href="#cite_note-about-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">700 19th Street NW, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=International_Monetary_Fund&params=38_53_56_N_77_2_39_W_">38°53′56″N 77°2′39″W / 38.89889°N 77.04417°W / 38.89889; -77.04417</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data">191 countries (190 UN countries and Kosovo)<a href="#cite_note-IMF_members-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-Boughton_2001_7n5-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Managing Director</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Kristalina Georgieva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">First Deputy Managing Director</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gita_Gopinath" title="Gita Gopinath">Gita Gopinath</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chief Economist</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Olivier_Gourinchas" title="Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas">Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main organ</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Governors">Board of Governors</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data">United Nations<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Budget <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2023) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">$1,295 million<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>: 60 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">3,100<a href="#cite_note-about-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/">imf.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/International_financial_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="International financial institution">international financial institution</a> funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> It is regarded as the global <a href="/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort" title="Lender of last resort">lender of last resort</a> to national governments, and a leading supporter of <a href="/wiki/Exchange-rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange-rate">exchange-rate</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">stability</a>. Its stated mission is "working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and <a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">reduce poverty</a> around the world."<a href="#cite_note-about-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Established in July of 1944<a href="#cite_note-About-the-IMF-10">[10]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a>, primarily according to the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White">Harry Dexter White</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, it started with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the <a href="/wiki/International_monetary_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="International monetary systems">international monetary system</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In its early years, the IMF primarily focused on facilitating fixed exchange rates across the developed world.<a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a> It now plays a central role in the management of <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a> difficulties and international financial crises.<a href="#cite_note-Lipscy_2015-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a> Through a quota system, countries contribute funds to a pool from which countries can borrow if they experience balance of payments problems. The IMF works to stabilize and foster the economies of its member countries by its use of the fund, as well as other activities such as gathering and analyzing economic statistics and surveillance of its members' economies.<a href="#cite_note-There_is_No_Invisible_Hand-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The current managing director (MD) and chairperson of the IMF is <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Kristalina Georgieva</a>, who has held the post since 1 October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Indian-American economist <a href="/wiki/Gita_Gopinath" title="Gita Gopinath">Gita Gopinath</a>, previously the chief economist, was appointed as first deputy managing director, effective 21 January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Olivier_Gourinchas" title="Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas">Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas</a> was appointed chief economist on 24 January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Functions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Board_of_Governors_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Board_of_Governors_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg/220px-Board_of_Governors_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Board_of_Governors_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg/330px-Board_of_Governors_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Board_of_Governors_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg/440px-Board_of_Governors_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Board of Governors International Monetary Fund (1999)</figcaption></figure> According to the IMF itself, it works to foster global growth and <a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">economic stability</a> by providing policy advice and financing to its members. It also works with <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The rationale for this is that private international capital markets function imperfectly and many countries have limited access to financial markets. Such market imperfections, together with balance-of-payments financing, provide the justification for official financing, without which many countries could only correct large external payment imbalances through measures with adverse economic consequences.<a href="#cite_note-What's_Wrong-19">[19]</a> The IMF provides alternate sources of financing such as the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Reduction_and_Growth_Facility" title="Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility">Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PRGF_info-20">[20]</a> Upon the founding of the IMF, its three primary functions were: <ul><li>to oversee the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system" title="Fixed exchange rate system">fixed exchange rate</a> arrangements between countries,<a href="#cite_note-Jensen_2004,_April,_Issue_48-21">[21]</a> thus helping national governments manage their <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rates</a> and allowing these governments to prioritize economic growth,<a href="#cite_note-chorev-22">[22]</a> and</li> <li>to provide short-term capital to aid the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a><a href="#cite_note-Jensen_2004,_April,_Issue_48-21">[21]</a> and prevent the spread of international <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">economic crises</a>.</li> <li>to help mend the pieces of the international economy after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> as well as to provide capital investments for economic growth and projects such as <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> The IMF's role was fundamentally altered by the <a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">floating exchange rates</a> after 1971. It shifted to examining the economic policies of countries with IMF loan agreements to determine whether a shortage of capital was due to <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">economic fluctuations</a> or economic policy. The IMF also researched what types of government policy would ensure economic recovery.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen_2004,_April,_Issue_48-21">[21]</a> A particular concern of the IMF was to prevent financial crises, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in 1982, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> in 1987, the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a>, from spreading and threatening the entire global financial and currency system. The challenge was to promote and implement a policy that reduced the frequency of crises among emerging market countries, especially the middle-income countries which are vulnerable to massive capital outflows.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Rather than maintaining a position of oversight of only exchange rates, their function became one of surveillance of the overall macroeconomic performance of member countries. Their role became a lot more active because the IMF now manages economic policy rather than just exchange rates.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition, the IMF negotiates conditions on lending and loans under their policy of <a href="/wiki/Conditionality" title="Conditionality">conditionality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jensen_2004,_April,_Issue_48-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> which was established in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-chorev-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">Low-income countries</a> can borrow on <a href="/wiki/Loan#Concessional" title="Loan">concessional terms</a>, which means there is a period of time with no interest rates, through the Extended Credit Facility (ECF), the Standby Credit Facility (SCF) and the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF). Non-concessional loans, which include interest rates, are provided mainly through the <a href="/wiki/IMF_Stand-By_Arrangement" title="IMF Stand-By Arrangement">Stand-By Arrangements</a> (SBA), the Flexible Credit Line (FCL), the Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL), and the Extended Fund Facility. The IMF provides emergency assistance via the Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI) to members facing urgent balance-of-payments needs.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surveillance_of_the_global_economy">Surveillance of the global economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Surveillance of the global economy">edit</a>]</div> The IMF is mandated to oversee the international monetary and financial system and monitor the economic and financial policies of its member countries.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_Surveillance:_A_Case_Study_on_IMF_Governance-27">[27]</a> Accurate estimations require a degree of participatory surveillance. Market sizes and economic facts are estimated using member-state data, shared and verifiable by the organization's other member-states. This transparency is intended to facilitate international co-operation and trade.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Since the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> of fixed exchange rates in the early 1970s, surveillance has evolved largely by way of changes in procedures rather than through the adoption of new obligations.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_Surveillance:_A_Case_Study_on_IMF_Governance-27">[27]</a> The Fund typically analyses the appropriateness of each member country's economic and financial policies for achieving orderly economic growth, and assesses the consequences of these policies for other countries and for the <a href="/wiki/Global_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global economy">global economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_Surveillance:_A_Case_Study_on_IMF_Governance-27">[27]</a> For instance, The IMF played a significant role in individual countries, such as Armenia and Belarus, in providing financial support to achieve stabilization financing from 2009 to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The maximum sustainable debt level of a polity, which is watched closely by the IMF, was defined in 2011 by IMF economists to be 120%.<a href="#cite_note-imfmsd-30">[30]</a> Indeed, it was at this number that the <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a> started in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-acii10-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMF_DDS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/IMF_DDS.svg/400px-IMF_DDS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/IMF_DDS.svg/600px-IMF_DDS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/IMF_DDS.svg/800px-IMF_DDS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>IMF <a href="#Data_Dissemination_Systems">Data Dissemination Systems</a> participants: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  IMF member using SDDS</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  IMF member using GDDS</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  IMF member, not using any of the DDSystems</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  non-IMF entity using SDDS</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  non-IMF entity using GDDS</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  no interaction with the IMF</div></figcaption></figure> In 1995, the International Monetary Fund began to work on data dissemination standards with the view of guiding IMF member countries to disseminate their economic and financial data to the public. The International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) endorsed the guidelines for the dissemination standards and they were split into two tiers: The <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Dissemination_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Data Dissemination System (page does not exist)">General Data Dissemination System</a> (GDDS) and the <a href="/wiki/Special_Data_Dissemination_Standard" title="Special Data Dissemination Standard">Special Data Dissemination Standard</a> (SDDS).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The executive board approved the SDDS and GDDS in 1996 and 1997, respectively, and subsequent amendments were published in a revised Guide to the General Data Dissemination System. The system is aimed primarily at statisticians and aims to improve many aspects of statistical systems in a country. It is also part of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> (MDG) and <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Reduction_Strategy_Paper" title="Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper">Poverty Reduction Strategic Papers (PRSPs)</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The primary objective of the GDDS is to encourage member countries to build a framework to improve data quality and statistical capacity building to evaluate statistical needs, set priorities in improving timeliness, <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">transparency</a>, reliability, and accessibility of financial and economic data. Some countries initially used the GDDS, but later upgraded to SDDS.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some entities that are not IMF members also contribute statistical data to the systems: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> – GDDS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> – SDDS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> – GDDS<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li>Institutions of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> – SDDS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> for the whole EU – SDDS, thus providing data from Cyprus (not using any DDSystem on its own) and Malta (using only GDDS on its own)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul></li></ul> A 2021 study found that the IMF's surveillance activities have "a substantial impact on sovereign debt with much greater impacts in emerging than high-income economies".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conditionality_of_loans">Conditionality of loans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conditionality of loans">edit</a>]</div> IMF conditionality is a set of policies or conditions that the IMF requires in exchange for financial resources.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen_2004,_April,_Issue_48-21">[21]</a> The IMF does require <a href="/wiki/Collateral_(finance)" title="Collateral (finance)">collateral</a> from countries for loans but also requires the government seeking assistance to correct its macroeconomic imbalances in the form of policy reform.<a href="#cite_note-guimaraes-35">[35]</a> If the conditions are not met, the funds are withheld.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen_2004,_April,_Issue_48-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-An_Analysis_of_IMF_Conditionality-36">[36]</a> The concept of conditionality was introduced in a 1952 executive board decision and later incorporated into the Articles of Agreement. Conditionality is associated with economic theory as well as an enforcement mechanism for repayment. Stemming primarily from the work of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_J._Polak" title="Jacques J. Polak">Jacques Polak</a>, the theoretical underpinning of conditionality was the "monetary approach to the balance of payments".<a href="#cite_note-chorev-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_adjustment">Structural adjustment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structural adjustment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">Structural adjustment</a></div> Some of the conditions for structural adjustment can include: <ul><li>Cutting expenditures or raising revenues, also known as <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a>.</li> <li>Focusing economic output on direct export and <a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">resource extraction</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">Devaluation</a> of currencies,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade liberalisation">Trade liberalisation</a>, or lifting import and export restrictions,</li> <li>Increasing the stability of investment (by supplementing <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> with the opening of facilities for the domestic market),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">Balancing budgets</a> and not overspending,</li> <li>Removing <a href="/wiki/Price_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Price control">price controls</a> and state <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Divestiture" class="mw-redirect" title="Divestiture">divestiture</a> of all or part of state-owned enterprises,</li> <li>Enhancing the rights of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_investors" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign investors">foreign investors</a> vis-a-vis national laws,</li> <li>Improving <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> and fighting corruption,</li></ul> These conditions are known as the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Benefits">edit</a>]</div> These loan conditions ensure that the borrowing country will be able to repay the IMF and that the country will not attempt to solve their balance-of-payment problems in a way that would negatively impact the <a href="/wiki/International_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="International economy">international economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_Conditionality_and_Country_Ownership_of_Programs-38">[38]</a> The incentive problem of <a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">moral hazard</a>—when <a href="/wiki/Economic_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic agents">economic agents</a> maximise their own <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> to the detriment of others because they do not bear the full consequences of their actions—is mitigated through conditions rather than providing collateral; countries in need of IMF loans do not generally possess internationally valuable collateral anyway.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_Conditionality_and_Country_Ownership_of_Programs-38">[38]</a> Conditionality also reassures the IMF that the funds lent to them will be used for the purposes defined by the Articles of Agreement and provides safeguards that the country will be able to rectify its macroeconomic and structural imbalances.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_Conditionality_and_Country_Ownership_of_Programs-38">[38]</a> In the judgment of the IMF, the adoption by the member of certain corrective measures or policies will allow it to repay the IMF, thereby ensuring that the resources will be available to support other members.<a href="#cite_note-An_Analysis_of_IMF_Conditionality-36">[36]</a> As of 2004<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit">[update]</a>, borrowing countries have had a good track record for repaying credit extended under the IMF's regular lending facilities with full interest over the duration of the loan. This indicates that IMF lending does not impose a burden on creditor countries, as lending countries receive market-rate interest on most of their quota subscription, plus any of their own-currency subscriptions that are loaned out by the IMF, plus all of the reserve assets that they provide the IMF.<a href="#cite_note-What's_Wrong-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_5.jpg/220px-Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_5.jpg/330px-Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_5.jpg/440px-Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>Plaque Commemorating the Formation of the IMF in July 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Monetary_Fund_(IMF)_(53844898894).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/International_Monetary_Fund_%28IMF%29_%2853844898894%29.jpg/220px-International_Monetary_Fund_%28IMF%29_%2853844898894%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/International_Monetary_Fund_%28IMF%29_%2853844898894%29.jpg/330px-International_Monetary_Fund_%28IMF%29_%2853844898894%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/International_Monetary_Fund_%28IMF%29_%2853844898894%29.jpg/440px-International_Monetary_Fund_%28IMF%29_%2853844898894%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3003" data-file-height="3003" /></a><figcaption>IMF "Headquarters 1" in Washington, D.C., designed by <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_Reverse_Angle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_Reverse_Angle.jpg/220px-The_Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_Reverse_Angle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_Reverse_Angle.jpg/330px-The_Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_Reverse_Angle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_Reverse_Angle.jpg/440px-The_Gold_Room_Bretton_Woods_Reverse_Angle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>The Gold Room within the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington_Hotel" title="Mount Washington Hotel">Mount Washington Hotel</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> attendees signed the agreements creating the IMF and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Articles_of_Agreement_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Articles_of_Agreement_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg/220px-Articles_of_Agreement_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Articles_of_Agreement_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg/330px-Articles_of_Agreement_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Articles_of_Agreement_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg/440px-Articles_of_Agreement_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>First page of the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, 1 March 1946. Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs archives.</figcaption></figure> The IMF was originally laid out as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> exchange agreement in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen,_pp_194-210-39">[39]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, countries sharply raised barriers to trade in an attempt to improve their failing economies. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> of national currencies and a decline in world trade.<a href="#cite_note-CoopAndRecon-40">[40]</a> This breakdown in international monetary cooperation created a need for oversight. The representatives of 45 governments met at the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> in the Mount Washington Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods,_New_Hampshire" title="Bretton Woods, New Hampshire">Bretton Woods, New Hampshire</a>, in the United States, to discuss a framework for postwar international economic cooperation and how to rebuild Europe. There were two views on the role the IMF should assume as a global economic institution. American delegate <a href="/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White">Harry Dexter White</a> foresaw an IMF that functioned more like a bank, making sure that borrowing states could repay their debts on time.<a href="#cite_note-auto-41">[41]</a> Most of White's plan was incorporated into the final acts adopted at Bretton Woods. British economist <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, on the other hand, imagined that the IMF would be a cooperative fund upon which member states could draw to maintain economic activity and employment through periodic crises. This view suggested an IMF that helped governments and act as the United States government had during the New Deal to <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">the great depression of the 1930s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-41">[41]</a> The IMF formally came into existence on 27 December 1945, when the first 29 countries <a href="/wiki/Ratified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratified">ratified</a> its Articles of Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> By the end of 1946 the IMF had grown to 39 members.<a href="#cite_note-Vries86-43">[43]</a> On 1 March 1947, the IMF began its financial operations,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and on 8 May France became the first country to borrow from it.<a href="#cite_note-Vries86-43">[43]</a> The IMF was one of the key organizations of the international economic system; its design allowed the system to balance the rebuilding of international capitalism with the maximization of national economic sovereignty and human welfare, also known as <a href="/wiki/Embedded_liberalism" title="Embedded liberalism">embedded liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chorev-22">[22]</a> The IMF's influence in the global economy steadily increased as it accumulated more members. Its membership began to expand in the late 1950s and during the 1960s as many African countries became independent and applied for membership. But the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> limited the Fund's membership, with most countries in the Soviet sphere of influence not joining until 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-CoopAndRecon-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Bretton Woods exchange rate system prevailed until 1971 when the United States government suspended the convertibility of the US$ (and dollar reserves held by other governments) into gold. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_Shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon Shock">Nixon Shock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CoopAndRecon-40">[40]</a> The changes to the IMF articles of agreement reflecting these changes were ratified in 1976 by the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Accords" title="Jamaica Accords">Jamaica Accords</a>. Later in the 1970s, large commercial banks began lending to states because they were awash in cash deposited by oil exporters. The lending of the so-called money center banks led to the IMF changing its role in the 1980s after a world recession provoked a crisis that brought the IMF back into global financial governance.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In the mid-1980s, the IMF shifted its narrow focus from currency stabilization to a broader focus of promoting market-liberalizing reforms through structural adjustment programs.<a href="#cite_note-:1-48">[48]</a> This shift occurred without a formal renegotiation of the organization's charter or operational guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-:1-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan administration</a>, in particular Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a>, his assistant secretary <a href="/wiki/David_C._Mulford" title="David C. Mulford">David Mulford</a> and deputy assistant secretary <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dallara" title="Charles Dallara">Charles Dallara</a>, pressured the IMF to attach market-liberal reforms to the organization's conditional loans.<a href="#cite_note-:1-48">[48]</a> During the 20th century, the IMF shifted its position on capital controls. Whereas the IMF permitted capital controls at its founding and throughout the 1970s, IMF staff increasingly favored free capital movement from 1980s onwards.<a href="#cite_note-:3-49">[49]</a> This shift happened in the aftermath of an emerging consensus in economics on the desirability of free capital movement, retirement of IMF staff hired in the 1940s and 1950s, and the recruitment of staff exposed to new thinking in economics.<a href="#cite_note-:3-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> The IMF provided two major lending packages in the early 2000s to Argentina (during the <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">1998–2002 Argentine great depression</a>) and Uruguay (after the <a href="/wiki/2002_Uruguay_banking_crisis" title="2002 Uruguay banking crisis">2002 Uruguay banking crisis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> However, by the mid-2000s, IMF lending was at its lowest share of world GDP since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In May 2010, the IMF participated, in 3:11 proportion, in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis#Rescue_packages_provided_by_the_EU_and_IMF" title="Greek government-debt crisis">first Greek bailout</a> that totaled €110 billion, to address the great accumulation of public debt, caused by continuing large public sector deficits. As part of the bailout, the Greek government agreed to adopt austerity measures that would reduce the deficit from 11% in 2009 to "well below 3%" in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The bailout did not include <a href="/wiki/Debt_restructuring" title="Debt restructuring">debt restructuring</a> measures such as a <a href="/wiki/Haircut_(finance)" title="Haircut (finance)">haircut</a>, to the chagrin of the Swiss, Brazilian, Indian, Russian, and Argentinian Directors of the IMF, with the Greek authorities themselves (at the time, PM <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou" title="George Papandreou">George Papandreou</a> and Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Papakonstantinou" title="Giorgos Papakonstantinou">Giorgos Papakonstantinou</a>) ruling out a haircut.<a href="#cite_note-tpp3feb-53">[53]</a> A second bailout package of more than €100 billion was agreed upon over the course of a few months from October 2011, during which time Papandreou was forced from office. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Troika_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troika (finance)">Troika</a>, of which the IMF is part, are joint managers of this programme, which was approved by the executive directors of the IMF on 15 March 2012 for XDR 23.8 billion<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and saw private bondholders take a <a href="/wiki/Haircut_(finance)" title="Haircut (finance)">haircut</a> of upwards of 50%. In the interval between May 2010 and February 2012 the private banks of Holland, France, and Germany reduced exposure to Greek debt from €122 billion to €66 billion.<a href="#cite_note-tpp3feb-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-elp131-55">[55]</a> As of January 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit">[update]</a>, the largest borrowers from the IMF in order were Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Romania, and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> On 25 March 2013, a €10 billion international <a href="/wiki/Bailout" title="Bailout">bailout</a> of Cyprus was agreed by the <a href="/wiki/Troika_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troika (finance)">Troika</a>, at the cost to the Cypriots of its agreement: to close the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Popular_Bank" title="Cyprus Popular Bank">country's second-largest bank</a>; to impose a one-time <a href="/wiki/Bank_deposit_levy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank deposit levy">bank deposit levy</a> on Bank of Cyprus uninsured deposits.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> No <a href="/wiki/Deposit_insurance" title="Deposit insurance">insured deposit</a> of €100k or less were to be affected under the terms of a novel <a href="/wiki/Bail-in" class="mw-redirect" title="Bail-in">bail-in</a> scheme.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersNewdeal-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ekathimerini-60">[60]</a> The topic of sovereign debt restructuring was taken up by the IMF in April 2013, for the first time since 2005, in a report entitled "Sovereign Debt Restructuring: Recent Developments and Implications for the Fund's Legal and Policy Framework".<a href="#cite_note-imf.org-61">[61]</a> The paper, which was discussed by the board on 20 May,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-62">[62]</a> summarised the recent experiences in Greece, St Kitts and Nevis, Belize, and Jamaica. An explanatory interview with deputy director Hugh Bredenkamp was published a few days later,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-63">[63]</a> as was a deconstruction by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matina_Stevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matina Stevis (page does not exist)">Matina Stevis</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blogs.wsj.com-64">[64]</a> In the October 2013, Fiscal Monitor publication, the IMF suggested that a <a href="/wiki/Capital_levy" title="Capital levy">capital levy</a> capable of reducing Euro-area government debt ratios to "end-2007 levels" would require a very high tax rate of about 10%.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The Fiscal Affairs department of the IMF, headed at the time by Acting Director Sanjeev Gupta, produced a January 2014 report entitled "Fiscal Policy and Income Inequality" that stated that "Some taxes levied on wealth, especially on immovable property, are also an option for economies seeking more <a href="/wiki/Progressive_taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive taxation">progressive taxation</a> ... Property taxes are equitable and efficient, but underutilized in many economies ... There is considerable scope to exploit this tax more fully, both as a revenue source and as a redistributive instrument."<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> At the end of March 2014, the IMF secured an $18 billion bailout fund for the provisional government of Ukraine in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response_and_analysis_of_coronavirus">Response and analysis of coronavirus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Response and analysis of coronavirus">edit</a>]</div> In late 2019, the IMF estimated global growth in 2020 to reach 3.4%, but due to the coronavirus, in November 2020, it expected the global economy to shrink by 4.4%.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-70">[70]</a> In March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Kristalina Georgieva</a> announced that the IMF stood ready to mobilize $1 trillion as its response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cornbc-71">[71]</a> This was in addition to the $50 billion fund it had announced two weeks earlier,<a href="#cite_note-corbbc-72">[72]</a> of which $5 billion had already been requested by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coralj-73">[73]</a> One day earlier on 11 March, the UK called to pledge £150 million to the IMF catastrophe relief fund.<a href="#cite_note-corimf-74">[74]</a> It came to light on 27 March that "more than 80 poor and middle-income countries" had sought a bailout due to the coronavirus.<a href="#cite_note-cortg-75">[75]</a> On 13 April 2020, the IMF said that it "would provide immediate debt relief to 25 member countries under its <a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_Containment_and_Relief_Trust" title="Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust">Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust</a> (CCRT)" programme.<a href="#cite_note-gnmc-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Member_countries">Member countries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Member countries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Monetary_Fund_(art.VIII).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/International_Monetary_Fund_%28art.VIII%29.png/330px-International_Monetary_Fund_%28art.VIII%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/International_Monetary_Fund_%28art.VIII%29.png/495px-International_Monetary_Fund_%28art.VIII%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/International_Monetary_Fund_%28art.VIII%29.png/660px-International_Monetary_Fund_%28art.VIII%29.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  IMF member states </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  IMF member states not accepting the obligations of Article VIII, Sections 2, 3, and 4<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Former IMF states/non-participants/no data available</div></figcaption></figure> Not all member countries of the IMF are sovereign states, and therefore not all "member countries" of the IMF are members of the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Amidst "member countries" of the IMF that are not member states of the UN are non-sovereign areas with special jurisdictions that are officially under the sovereignty of full UN member states, such as <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macao</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-imfkos-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-imfkospr-80">[80]</a> The corporate members appoint ex-officio <a href="#Voting_power">voting members, who are listed below</a>. All members of the IMF are also <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (IBRD) members and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Former members are <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (which left in 1964),<a href="#cite_note-cuba-82">[82]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, which was ejected from the IMF<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> in 1980 after losing the support of the then United States President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journal-84">[84]</a> However, "Taiwan Province of China" is still listed in the official IMF indices.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> withdrew in 1950—allegedly pressured by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>—but returned in 1986. The former <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> was expelled in 1954 for "failing to provide required data" and was readmitted in 1990, after the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Apart from Cuba, the other UN states that do not belong to the IMF are <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> became the 191st member on 21 October 2024.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Qualifications">edit</a>]</div> Any country may apply to be a part of the IMF. Post-IMF formation, in the early postwar period, rules for IMF membership were left relatively loose. Members needed to make periodic membership payments towards their quota, to refrain from currency restrictions unless granted IMF permission, to abide by the Code of Conduct in the IMF Articles of Agreement, and to provide national economic information. However, stricter rules were imposed on governments that applied to the IMF for funding.<a href="#cite_note-chorev-22">[22]</a> The countries that joined the IMF between 1945 and 1971 agreed to keep their exchange rates secured at rates that could be adjusted only to correct a "fundamental disequilibrium" in the balance of payments, and only with the IMF's agreement.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits_2">Benefits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Benefits">edit</a>]</div> Member countries of the IMF have access to information on the economic policies of all member countries, the opportunity to influence other members' economic policies, <a href="/wiki/Technical_assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical assistance">technical assistance</a> in banking, fiscal affairs, and exchange matters, financial support in times of payment difficulties, and increased opportunities for trade and investment.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personnel">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/International_Monetary_Fund" title="Special:EditPage/International Monetary Fund">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22International+Monetary+Fund%22">"International Monetary Fund"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22International+Monetary+Fund%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22International+Monetary+Fund%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22International+Monetary+Fund%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22International+Monetary+Fund%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22International+Monetary+Fund%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_Governors">Board of Governors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Board of Governors">edit</a>]</div> The board of governors consists of one governor and one alternate governor for each member country. Each member country appoints its two governors. The Board normally meets once a year and is responsible for electing or appointing an executive director to the executive board. While the board of governors is officially responsible for approving quota increases, <a href="/wiki/Special_drawing_rights" title="Special drawing rights">special drawing right</a> allocations, the admittance of new members, compulsory withdrawal of members, and amendments to the Articles of Agreement and By-Laws, in practice it has delegated most of its powers to the IMF's executive board.<a href="#cite_note-Governance_Structure-91">[91]</a> The board of governors is advised by the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_and_Financial_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="International Monetary and Financial Committee">International Monetary and Financial Committee</a> and the Development Committee. The International Monetary and Financial Committee has 24 members and monitors developments in global liquidity and the transfer of resources to <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_Factsheet:_Guide_to_Committees,_Groups,_and_Clubs-92">[92]</a> The Development Committee has 25 members and advises on critical development issues and on financial resources required to promote economic development in developing countries. The board of governors reports directly to the managing director of the IMF, Kristalina Georgieva.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_Factsheet:_Guide_to_Committees,_Groups,_and_Clubs-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_Board">Executive Board</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Executive Board">edit</a>]</div> 25 Executive Directors make up the executive board. The executive directors represent all 190 member countries in a geographically based roster.<a href="#cite_note-edsa-93">[93]</a> Countries with large economies have their own executive director, but most countries are grouped in constituencies representing four or more countries.<a href="#cite_note-Governance_Structure-91">[91]</a> Following the 2008 Amendment on Voice and Participation which came into effect in March 2011,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> seven countries each appoint an executive director: the United States, Japan, China, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-edsa-93">[93]</a> The remaining 17 Directors represent constituencies consisting of 2 to 23 countries. This Board usually meets several times each week.<a href="#cite_note-pr10477-95">[95]</a> The board membership and constituency is scheduled for periodic review every eight years.<a href="#cite_note-pr10418-96">[96]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:1px #aaa solid;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fffaf0;">List of Executive Directors of the IMF, as of February 2019</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Region</th> <th>Number of Member(s) Represented</th> <th>Director</th> <th>Country with Most Votes </th></tr> <tr> <td>United States</td> <td>United States</td> <td>1</td> <td>Mark Rosen</td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japan</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masaaki_Kaizuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masaaki Kaizuka (page does not exist)">Masaaki Kaizuka</a></td> <td>Japan </td></tr> <tr> <td>China</td> <td>China</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_Zhongxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jin Zhongxia (page does not exist)">Jin Zhongxia</a></td> <td>China </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a>, Israel, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></td> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_De_Lannoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony De Lannoy (page does not exist)">Anthony De Lannoy</a></td> <td>Netherlands </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steffen_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steffen Meyer (page does not exist)">Steffen Meyer</a></td> <td>Germany </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colombia</td> <td>Spain and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></td> <td>8</td> <td>Leonardo Villar</td> <td>Spain </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indonesia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juda_Agung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juda Agung (page does not exist)">Juda Agung</a></td> <td>Indonesia </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Mediterranean Europe</a></td> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_G._Fanizza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domenico G. Fanizza (page does not exist)">Domenico G. Fanizza</a></td> <td>Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td>France</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herve_de_Villeroche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herve de Villeroche (page does not exist)">Herve de Villeroche</a></td> <td>France </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_E._Riach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shona E. Riach (page does not exist)">Shona E. Riach</a></td> <td>United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a></td> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigel_Ray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigel Ray (page does not exist)">Nigel Ray</a></td> <td>South Korea </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></td> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Levonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise Levonian (page does not exist)">Louise Levonian</a></td> <td>Canada </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></td> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%96stros" title="Thomas Östros">Thomas Östros</a></td> <td>Sweden </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkey</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a></td> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raci_Kaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raci Kaya (page does not exist)">Raci Kaya</a></td> <td>Turkey </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Northern South America</a></td> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Tombini" title="Alexandre Tombini">Alexandre Tombini</a></td> <td>Brazil </td></tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></td> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surjit_Bhalla" title="Surjit Bhalla">Surjit Bhalla</a></td> <td>India </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> 1</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumisani_Mahlinza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumisani Mahlinza (page does not exist)">Dumisani Mahlinza</a></td> <td>South Africa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland</td> <td>Switzerland, Poland, and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></td> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Inderbinen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Inderbinen (page does not exist)">Paul Inderbinen</a></td> <td>Switzerland </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russia</td> <td>Russia</td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksei_V._Mozhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksei V. Mozhin (page does not exist)">Aleksei V. Mozhin</a></td> <td>Russia </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iran</td> <td>Iran and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></td> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jafar_Mojarrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jafar Mojarrad (page does not exist)">Jafar Mojarrad</a></td> <td>Iran </td></tr> <tr> <td>Egypt</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the Middle East</td> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hazem_El_Beblawi" title="Hazem El Beblawi">Hazem Beblawi</a></td> <td>United Arab Emirates </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saudi Arabia</td> <td>Saudi Arabia</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maher_Mouminah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maher Mouminah (page does not exist)">Maher Mouminah</a></td> <td>Saudi Arabia </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mauritania</td> <td>Africa 2</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed-Lemine_Raghani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed-Lemine Raghani (page does not exist)">Mohamed-Lemine Raghani</a></td> <td>Democratic Republic of the Congo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Argentina</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern South America</a></td> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lopetegui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Lopetegui (page does not exist)">Gabriel Lopetegui</a></td> <td>Argentina </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Managing_Director">Managing Director</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Managing Director">edit</a>]</div> The IMF is led by a managing director, who is head of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_IMF_people" title="List of IMF people">staff</a> and serves as chairman of the executive board. The managing director is the most powerful position at the IMF.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Historically, the IMF's managing director has been a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">European citizen</a> and the president of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> has been an <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">American citizen</a>. However, this standard is increasingly being questioned and competition for these two posts may soon open up to include other qualified candidates from any part of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Harding_FT-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woods_2003_(92,114)-99">[99]</a> In August 2019, the International Monetary Fund has removed the age limit which is 65 or over for its managing director position.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2011, the world's largest developing countries, the <a href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRIC</a> states, issued a statement declaring that the tradition of appointing a European as managing director undermined the legitimacy of the IMF and called for the appointment to be merit-based.<a href="#cite_note-Harding_FT-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_Managing_Directors">List of Managing Directors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: List of Managing Directors">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Dates </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Citizenship </th> <th>Background </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>6 May 1946 – 5 May 1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camille_Gutt" title="Camille Gutt">Camille Gutt</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>Politician, Economist, Lawyer, Economics Minister, Finance Minister </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>3 August 1951 – 3 October 1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Rooth" title="Ivar Rooth">Ivar Rooth</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>Economist, Lawyer, Central Banker </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>21 November 1956 – 5 May 1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Per_Jacobsson" title="Per Jacobsson">Per Jacobsson</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>Economist, Lawyer, Academic, <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">BIS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>1 September 1963 – 31 August 1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Schweitzer" title="Pierre-Paul Schweitzer">Pierre-Paul Schweitzer</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>Lawyer, Businessman, Civil Servant, Central Banker </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>1 September 1973 – 18 June 1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johan_Witteveen" title="Johan Witteveen">Johan Witteveen</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>Politician, Economist, Academic, Finance Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_for_Economic_Policy_Analysis" title="Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis">CPB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>18 June 1978 – 15 January 1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Larosi%C3%A8re" title="Jacques de Larosière">Jacques de Larosière</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>Businessman, Civil Servant, Central Banker </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>16 January 1987 – 14 February 2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michel_Camdessus" title="Michel Camdessus">Michel Camdessus</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>Economist, Civil Servant, Central Banker </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>1 May 2000 – 4 March 2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>Politician, Economist, Civil Servant, <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">EBRD</a>, President </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>7 June 2004 – 31 October 2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Rato" title="Rodrigo Rato">Rodrigo Rato</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>Politician, Businessman, Economics Minister, Finance Minister, Deputy Prime Minister </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>1 November 2007 – 18 May 2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn" title="Dominique Strauss-Kahn">Dominique Strauss-Kahn</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>Politician, Economist, Lawyer, Businessman, Economics Minister, Finance Minister </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>5 July 2011 – 12 September 2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>Politician, Lawyer, Finance Minister </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>1 October 2019 – present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Kristalina Georgieva</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>Politician, Economist </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christine_Lagarde_-_Universit%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_du_MEDEF_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A three-quarter portrait of an elegantly dressed Christine Lagarde, perhaps in her early 60s sitting in a chair behind a microphone. She looks fit and tanned. Her overall mien is alert, pleasant, and intelligent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Christine_Lagarde_-_Universit%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_du_MEDEF_2009.jpg/280px-Christine_Lagarde_-_Universit%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_du_MEDEF_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Christine_Lagarde_-_Universit%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_du_MEDEF_2009.jpg/420px-Christine_Lagarde_-_Universit%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_du_MEDEF_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Christine_Lagarde_-_Universit%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_du_MEDEF_2009.jpg/560px-Christine_Lagarde_-_Universit%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_du_MEDEF_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>On 28 June 2011, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a> was named managing director of the IMF, replacing <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn" title="Dominique Strauss-Kahn">Dominique Strauss-Kahn</a>.</figcaption></figure> Former managing director <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn" title="Dominique Strauss-Kahn">Dominique Strauss-Kahn</a> was arrested in connection <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn_sexual_assault_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominique Strauss-Kahn sexual assault case">with charges of sexually assaulting</a> a New York hotel room attendant and resigned on 18 May. The charges were later dropped.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On 28 June 2011 <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a> was <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund_Managing_Director_2011_election" title="International Monetary Fund Managing Director 2011 election">confirmed as managing director of the IMF</a> for a five-year term starting on 5 July 2011.<a href="#cite_note-appointment-IMF-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-appointment-104">[104]</a> She was re-elected by consensus for a second five-year term, starting 5 July 2016, being the only candidate nominated for the post of managing director.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Deputy_Managing_Director">First Deputy Managing Director</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: First Deputy Managing Director">edit</a>]</div> The managing director is assisted by a First Deputy managing director (FDMD) who, by convention, has always been a citizen of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Together, the managing director and their First Deputy lead the senior management of the IMF.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Like the managing director, the First Deputy traditionally serves a five-year term. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_First_Deputy_Managing_Directors">List of First Deputy Managing Directors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: List of First Deputy Managing Directors">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Dates </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Citizenship </th> <th>Background </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>9 February 1949 – 24 January 1952 </td> <td>Andrew Overby </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Banker, Senior U.S. Treasury Official </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>16 March 1953 – 31 October 1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merle_Cochran" class="mw-redirect" title="Merle Cochran">Merle Cochran</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>U.S. Foreign Service Officer </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>1 November 1962 – 28 February 1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Southard" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Southard">Frank Southard</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Economist, Civil Servant </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>1 March 1974 – 31 May 1984 </td> <td>William Dale </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Civil Servant </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>1 June 1984 – 31 August 1994 </td> <td>Richard Erb </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Economist, White House Official </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>1 September 1994 – 31 August 2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Economist, Central Banker, Banker </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>1 September 2001 – 31 August 2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_Osborn_Krueger" title="Anne Osborn Krueger">Anne Kreuger</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Economist </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>17 July 2006 – 11 November 2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Lipsky" title="John Lipsky">John Lipsky</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Economist </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>1 September 2011 – 28 February 2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Lipton" title="David Lipton">David Lipton</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Economist, Senior U.S. Treasury Official </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>20 March 2020 – 20 January 2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Okamoto" title="Geoffrey Okamoto">Geoffrey Okamoto</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Senior U.S. Treasury Official, Bank Consultant </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>21 January 2022 – present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gita_Gopinath" title="Gita Gopinath">Gita Gopinath</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Professor at Harvard University's Economics department Chief Economist of IMF </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_Economist">Chief Economist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chief Economist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chief_Economist_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Chief Economist of the International Monetary Fund">Chief Economist of the International Monetary Fund</a></div> The chief economist leads the research division of the IMF and is a "senior official" of the IMF.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_Chief_Economists">List of Chief Economists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: List of Chief Economists">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Dates </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Citizenship </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>1946–1958 </td> <td>Edward Bernstein<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>1958–1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_J._Polak" title="Jacques J. Polak">Jacques Polak</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>1980–1987 </td> <td>William Hood<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>1987–1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacob_A._Frenkel" title="Jacob A. Frenkel">Jacob Frenkel</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>August 1991 – 29 June 2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mussa" title="Michael Mussa">Michael Mussa</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>August 2001 – September 2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rogoff" title="Kenneth Rogoff">Kenneth Rogoff</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>September 2003 – January 2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raghuram_Rajan" title="Raghuram Rajan">Raghuram Rajan</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>March 2007 – 31 August 2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>1 September 2008 – 8 September 2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>8 September 2015 – 31 December 2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Obstfeld" title="Maurice Obstfeld">Maurice Obstfeld</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>1 January 2019 – 21 January 2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gita_Gopinath" title="Gita Gopinath">Gita Gopinath</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>24 January 2022 – present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Olivier_Gourinchas" title="Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas">Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMF_staff">IMF staff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: IMF staff">edit</a>]</div> IMF staff have considerable autonomy and are known to shape IMF policy. According to Jeffrey Chwieroth, "It is the staff members who conduct the bulk of the IMF's tasks; they formulate policy proposals for consideration by member states, exercise surveillance, carry out loan negotiations and design the programs, and collect and systematize detailed information."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Most IMF staff are economists.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> According to a 1968 study, nearly 60% of staff were from English-speaking developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-:2-123">[123]</a> By 2004, between 40 and 50% of staff were from English-speaking developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-:2-123">[123]</a> A 1996 study found that 90% of new staff with a PhD obtained them from universities in the United States or Canada.<a href="#cite_note-:2-123">[123]</a> A 1999 study found that none of the new staff with a PhD obtained their PhD in the Global South.<a href="#cite_note-:2-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voting_power">Voting power</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Voting power">edit</a>]</div> Voting power in the IMF is based on a quota system. Each member has a number of basic votes, equal to 5.502% of the total votes,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> plus one additional vote for each <a href="/wiki/Special_drawing_rights" title="Special drawing rights">special drawing right</a> (SDR) of 100,000 of a member country's quota.<a href="#cite_note-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting-125">[125]</a> The SDR is the unit of account of the IMF and represents a potential claim to currency. It is based on a basket of key international currencies. The basic votes generate a slight bias in favour of small countries, but the additional votes determined by SDR outweigh this bias.<a href="#cite_note-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting-125">[125]</a> Changes in the voting shares require approval by a super-majority of 85% of voting power.<a href="#cite_note-Lipscy_2015-12">[12]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Quota and voting shares for the largest IMF members<a href="#cite_note-IMF_members-2">[2]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rank</th> <th rowspan="2">IMF Member country</th> <th colspan="2">Quota</th> <th rowspan="2">Governor</th> <th rowspan="2">Alternate</th> <th rowspan="2">No. of votes</th> <th rowspan="2">% of total votes </th></tr> <tr> <th>millions of <a href="/wiki/Special_drawing_rights" title="Special drawing rights">XDR</a></th> <th>% of the total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>82,994.2</td> <td>17.43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jay_Shambaugh" title="Jay Shambaugh">Jay Shambaugh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Federal_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Federal Reserve">Vacant</a></td> <td>831,401</td> <td>16.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>30,820.5</td> <td>6.47</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shun%27ichi_Suzuki_(politician)" title="Shun'ichi Suzuki (politician)">Shunichi Suzuki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haruhiko_Kuroda" title="Haruhiko Kuroda">Haruhiko Kuroda</a></td> <td>309,664</td> <td>6.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>30,482.9</td> <td>6.40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pan_Gongsheng" title="Pan Gongsheng">Pan Gongsheng</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changneng_Xuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changneng Xuan (page does not exist)">Changneng Xuan</a></td> <td>306,288</td> <td>6.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>26,634.4</td> <td>5.59</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Nagel" title="Joachim Nagel">Joachim Nagel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Christian Lindner</a></td> <td>267,803</td> <td>5.31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>20,155.1</td> <td>4.23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Le_Maire" title="Bruno Le Maire">Bruno Le Maire</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villeroy_de_Galhau" title="François Villeroy de Galhau">François Villeroy de Galhau</a></td> <td>203,010</td> <td>4.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>20,155.1</td> <td>4.23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Rachel Reeves</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bailey_(banker)" title="Andrew Bailey (banker)">Andrew Bailey</a></td> <td>203,010</td> <td>4.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>15,070.0</td> <td>3.16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Giorgetti" title="Giancarlo Giorgetti">Giancarlo Giorgetti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Panetta" title="Fabio Panetta">Fabio Panetta</a></td> <td>152,159</td> <td>3.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>13,114.4</td> <td>2.75</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaktikanta_Das" title="Shaktikanta Das">Shaktikanta Das</a></td> <td>132,603</td> <td>2.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>12,903.7</td> <td>2.71</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anton_Siluanov" title="Anton Siluanov">Anton Siluanov</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elvira_Nabiullina" title="Elvira Nabiullina">Elvira S. Nabiullina</a></td> <td>130,496</td> <td>2.59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>11,042.0</td> <td>2.32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Haddad" title="Fernando Haddad">Fernando Haddad</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Campos_Neto" title="Roberto Campos Neto">Roberto Campos Neto</a></td> <td>111,879</td> <td>2.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>11,023.9</td> <td>2.31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiff_Macklem" title="Tiff Macklem">Tiff Macklem</a></td> <td>111,698</td> <td>2.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td>9,992.6</td> <td>2.10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Jadaan" title="Mohammed Al-Jadaan">Mohammed Al-Jadaan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fahad_A._Almubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahad A. Almubarak">Fahad A. Almubarak</a></td> <td>101,385</td> <td>2.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>9,535.5</td> <td>2.00</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Calvi%C3%B1o" title="Nadia Calviño">Nadia Calviño</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_Cos" title="Pablo Hernández de Cos">Pablo Hernández de Cos</a></td> <td>96,814</td> <td>1.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>8,912.7</td> <td>1.87</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_la_O" title="Rogelio Ramírez de la O">Rogelio Eduardo Ramirez de la O</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ceja" title="Victoria Rodríguez Ceja">Victoria Rodríguez Ceja</a></td> <td>90,586</td> <td>1.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>8,736.5</td> <td>1.83</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaas_Knot" title="Klaas Knot">Klaas Knot</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Rebergen" title="Christiaan Rebergen">Christiaan Rebergen</a></td> <td>88,824</td> <td>1.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>8,582.7</td> <td>1.80</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Choo_Kyung-ho" title="Choo Kyung-ho">Choo Kyung-ho</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhee_Chang-yong" title="Rhee Chang-yong">Rhee Chang-yong</a></td> <td>87,286</td> <td>1.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>6,572.4</td> <td>1.38</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Chalmers" title="Jim Chalmers">Jim Chalmers, M.P.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steven_Kennedy" title="Steven Kennedy">Steven Kennedy</a></td> <td>67,183</td> <td>1.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>6,410.7</td> <td>1.35</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Wunsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Wunsch (page does not exist)">Pierre Wunsch</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Van_Peteghem" title="Vincent Van Peteghem">Vincent Van Peteghem</a></td> <td>65,566</td> <td>1.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>5,771.1</td> <td>1.21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jordan_(economist)" title="Thomas Jordan (economist)">Thomas Jordan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ueli_Maurer" title="Ueli Maurer">Ueli Maurer</a></td> <td>59,170</td> <td>1.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>4,658.6</td> <td>0.98</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fek" title="Mehmet Şimşek">Mehmet Şimşek</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafize_Gaye_Erkan" title="Hafize Gaye Erkan">Hafize Gaye Erkan</a></td> <td>48,045</td> <td>0.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>4,648.4</td> <td>0.98</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perry_Warjiyo" title="Perry Warjiyo">Perry Warjiyo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Mulyani_Indrawati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Mulyani Indrawati">Sri Mulyani Indrawati</a></td> <td>47,943</td> <td>0.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>4,430.0</td> <td>0.93</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Ingves" title="Stefan Ingves">Stefan Ingves</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elin_Eliasson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elin Eliasson (page does not exist)">Elin Eliasson</a></td> <td>45,759</td> <td>0.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>4,095.4</td> <td>0.86</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Doma%C5%84ski" title="Andrzej Domański">Andrzej Domański</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marta_Kightley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marta Kightley (page does not exist)">Marta Kightley</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Kightley" class="extiw" title="pl:Marta Kightley">pl</a>]</td> <td>42,413</td> <td>0.84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>3,932.0</td> <td>0.83</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Holzmann" title="Robert Holzmann">Robert Holzmann</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Haber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Haber (page does not exist)">Gottfried Haber</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Haber" class="extiw" title="de:Gottfried Haber">de</a>]</td> <td>40,779</td> <td>0.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td> <td>3,891.9</td> <td>0.82</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Menon_(economist)" title="Ravi Menon (economist)">Ravi Menon</a></td> <td>40,378</td> <td>0.80 </td></tr></tbody></table> In December 2015, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> adopted a legislation authorising the 2010 Quota and Governance Reforms. As a result, <ul><li>all 190 members' quotas will increase from a total of about XDR 238.5 billion to about XDR 477 billion, while the quota shares and voting power of the IMF's poorest member countries will be protected.</li> <li>more than 6 percent of quota shares will shift to dynamic emerging market and developing countries and also from over-represented to under-represented members.</li> <li>four emerging market countries (Brazil, China, India, and Russia) will be among the ten largest members of the IMF. Other top 10 members are the United States, Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_the_quota_system">Effects of the quota system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Effects of the quota system">edit</a>]</div> The IMF's quota system was created to raise funds for loans.<a href="#cite_note-chorev-22">[22]</a> Each IMF member country is assigned a quota, or contribution, that reflects the country's relative size in the global economy. Each member's quota also determines its relative voting power. Thus, financial contributions from member governments are linked to voting power in the organization.<a href="#cite_note-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting-125">[125]</a> This system follows the logic of a shareholder-controlled organization: wealthy countries have more say in the making and revision of rules.<a href="#cite_note-chorev-22">[22]</a> Since decision making at the IMF reflects each member's relative economic position in the world, wealthier countries that provide more money to the IMF have more influence than poorer members that contribute less; nonetheless, the IMF focuses on redistribution.<a href="#cite_note-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflexibility_of_voting_power">Inflexibility of voting power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Inflexibility of voting power">edit</a>]</div> Quotas are normally reviewed every five years and can be increased when deemed necessary by the board of governors. IMF voting shares are relatively inflexible: countries that grow economically have tended to become under-represented as their voting power lags behind.<a href="#cite_note-Lipscy_2015-12">[12]</a> Currently, reforming the representation of <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> within the IMF has been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting-125">[125]</a> These countries' economies represent a large portion of the global economic system but this is not reflected in the IMF's decision-making process through the nature of the quota system. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> argues, "There is a need to provide more effective voice and representation for developing countries, which now represent a much larger portion of world economic activity since 1944, when the IMF was created."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In 2008, a number of quota reforms were passed including shifting 6% of quota shares to dynamic emerging markets and developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overcoming_borrower/creditor_divide">Overcoming borrower/creditor divide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Overcoming borrower/creditor divide">edit</a>]</div> The IMF's membership is divided along income lines: certain countries provide financial resources while others use these resources. Both <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> "creditors" and <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> "borrowers" are members of the IMF. The developed countries provide the financial resources but rarely enter into IMF loan agreements; they are the creditors. Conversely, the developing countries use the lending services but contribute little to the pool of money available to lend because their quotas are smaller; they are the borrowers. Thus, tension is created around governance issues because these two groups, creditors and borrowers, have fundamentally different interests.<a href="#cite_note-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting-125">[125]</a> The criticism is that the system of voting power distribution through a quota system institutionalizes borrower subordination and creditor dominance. The resulting division of the IMF's membership into borrowers and non-borrowers has increased the controversy around conditionality because the borrowers are interested in increasing loan access while creditors want to maintain reassurance that the loans will be repaid.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Use">edit</a>]</div> In 2008, the SAIS Review of International Affairs revealed that the average overall use of IMF credit per decade increased, in real terms, by 21% between the 1970s and 1980s, and increased again by just over 22% from the 1980s to the 1991–2005 period. Another study has suggested that since 1950 the continent of Africa alone has received $300 billion from the IMF, the World Bank, and affiliate institutions.<a href="#cite_note-MukherjeeIEOED-130">[130]</a> A study by Bumba Mukherjee found that developing <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic countries</a> benefit more from IMF programs than developing <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic countries</a> because policy-making, and the process of deciding where loaned money is used, is more transparent within a democracy.<a href="#cite_note-MukherjeeIEOED-130">[130]</a> One study done by <a href="/wiki/Randall_Stone" title="Randall Stone">Randall Stone</a> found that although earlier studies found little impact of IMF programs on balance of payments, more recent studies using more sophisticated methods and larger samples "usually found IMF programs improved the balance of payments".<a href="#cite_note-Jensen,_pp_194-210-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exceptional_Access_Framework_–_sovereign_debt">Exceptional Access Framework – sovereign debt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Exceptional Access Framework – sovereign debt">edit</a>]</div> The Exceptional Access Framework was created in 2003 when <a href="/wiki/John_B._Taylor" title="John B. Taylor">John B. Taylor</a> was Under Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/US_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="US Treasury">US Treasury</a> for International Affairs. The new Framework became fully operational in February 2003 and it was applied in the subsequent decisions on Argentina and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Its purpose was to place some sensible rules and limits on the way the IMF makes loans to support governments with debt problem—especially in emerging markets—and thereby move away from the bailout mentality of the 1990s. Such a reform was essential for ending the crisis atmosphere that then existed in emerging markets. The reform was closely related to and put in place nearly simultaneously with the actions of several emerging market countries to place <a href="/wiki/Collective_action_clause" title="Collective action clause">collective action clauses</a> in their bond contracts. In 2010, the framework was abandoned so the IMF could make loans to Greece in an unsustainable and political situation.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-taywsj-133">[133]</a> The topic of sovereign debt restructuring was taken up by IMF staff in April 2013 for the first time since 2005, in a report entitled "Sovereign Debt Restructuring: Recent Developments and Implications for the Fund's Legal and Policy Framework".<a href="#cite_note-imf.org-61">[61]</a> The paper, which was discussed by the board on 20 May,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-62">[62]</a> summarised the recent experiences in Greece, St Kitts and Nevis, Belize, and Jamaica. An explanatory interview with deputy director Hugh Bredenkamp was published a few days later,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-63">[63]</a> as was a deconstruction by Matina Stevis of <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blogs.wsj.com-64">[64]</a> The staff was directed to formulate an updated policy, which was accomplished on 22 May 2014 with a report entitled "The Fund's Lending Framework and Sovereign Debt: Preliminary Considerations", and taken up by the executive board on 13 June.<a href="#cite_note-efj-134">[134]</a> The staff proposed that "in circumstances where a (Sovereign) member has lost market access and debt is considered sustainable ... the IMF would be able to provide Exceptional Access on the basis of a debt operation that involves an extension of maturities", which was labeled a "reprofiling operation". These reprofiling operations would "generally be less costly to the debtor and creditors—and thus to the system overall—relative to either an upfront debt reduction operation or a bail-out that is followed by debt reduction ... (and) would be envisaged only when both (a) a member has lost market access and (b) debt is assessed to be sustainable, but not with high probability ... Creditors will only agree if they understand that such an amendment is necessary to avoid a worse outcome: namely, a default and/or an operation involving debt reduction ... <a href="/wiki/Collective_action_clause" title="Collective action clause">Collective action clauses</a>, which now exist in most—but not all—bonds would be relied upon to address collective action problems."<a href="#cite_note-efj-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> According to a 2002 study by <a href="/wiki/Randall_Stone" title="Randall Stone">Randall W. Stone</a>, the academic literature on the IMF shows "no consensus on the long-term effects of IMF programs on growth".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Some research has found that IMF loans can reduce the chance of a future banking crisis,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> while other studies have found that they can increase the risk of political crises.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> IMF programs can reduce the effects of a currency crisis.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Some research has found that IMF programs are less effective in countries which possess a developed-country patron (be it by foreign aid, membership of postcolonial institutions or UN voting patterns), seemingly due to this patron allowing countries to flaunt IMF program rules as these rules are not consistently enforced.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Some research has found that IMF loans reduce economic growth due to creating an economic <a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">moral hazard</a>, reducing public investment, reducing incentives to create a robust domestic policies and reducing private investor confidence.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Other research has indicated that IMF loans can have a positive impact on economic growth and that their effects are highly nuanced.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMF_demonstration_(10).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IMF_demonstration_%2810%29.png/220px-IMF_demonstration_%2810%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IMF_demonstration_%2810%29.png/330px-IMF_demonstration_%2810%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IMF_demonstration_%2810%29.png/440px-IMF_demonstration_%2810%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">Anarchist</a> protest against the IMF and corporate bailout</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a> (ODI) research undertaken in 1980 included criticisms of the IMF which support the analysis that it is a pillar of what activist Titus Alexander calls <a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">global apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <ul><li>Developed countries were seen to have a more dominant role and control over <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">less developed countries</a> (LDCs).</li> <li>The Fund worked on the incorrect assumption that all payments <a href="/wiki/Disequilibria" class="mw-redirect" title="Disequilibria">disequilibria</a> were caused domestically. The <a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">Group of 24</a> (G-24), on behalf of LDC members, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a> (UNCTAD) complained that the IMF did not distinguish sufficiently between disequilibria with predominantly external as opposed to internal causes. This criticism was voiced in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. Then LDCs found themselves with payment deficits due to adverse changes in their <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_trade" title="Terms of trade">terms of trade</a>, with the Fund prescribing stabilization programmes similar to those suggested for deficits caused by government over-spending. Faced with long-term, externally generated disequilibria, the G-24 argued for more time for LDCs to adjust their economies.</li> <li>Some IMF policies may be anti-developmental; the report said that <a href="/wiki/Deflationary" class="mw-redirect" title="Deflationary">deflationary</a> effects of IMF programmes quickly led to losses of output and employment in economies where incomes were low and unemployment was high. Moreover, the burden of the deflation is disproportionately borne by the poor.</li> <li>The IMF's initial policies were based in theory and influenced by differing opinions and departmental rivalries. Critics suggest that its intentions to implement these policies in countries with widely varying economic circumstances were misinformed and lacked economic rationale.</li></ul> ODI conclusions were that the IMF's very nature of promoting market-oriented approaches attracted unavoidable criticism. On the other hand, the IMF could serve as a scapegoat while allowing governments to blame international bankers. The ODI conceded that the IMF was insensitive to political aspirations of LDCs while its policy conditions were inflexible.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Argentina, which had been considered by the IMF to be a model country in its compliance to policy proposals by the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods</a> institutions, experienced a catastrophic economic crisis in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> which some believe to have been caused by IMF-induced budget restrictions—which undercut the government's ability to sustain national infrastructure even in crucial areas such as health, education, and security—and <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> of strategically vital national <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Others attribute the crisis to Argentina's misdesigned <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">fiscal federalism</a>, which caused subnational spending to increase rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The crisis added to widespread hatred of this institution in Argentina and other South American countries, with many blaming the IMF for the region's economic problems. The post-2000s trend toward moderate left-wing governments in the region and a growing concern with the development of a regional economic policy largely independent of big business pressures has been ascribed to this crisis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2001, the Independent Evaluation Office, an autonomous body, was established to conduct independent evaluations of policies and activities of the International Monetary Fund.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2006, a senior <a href="/wiki/ActionAid" title="ActionAid">ActionAid</a> policy analyst Akanksha Marphatia stated that IMF policies in Africa undermine any possibility of meeting the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)</a> due to imposed restrictions that prevent spending on important sectors, such as education and health.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In an interview (2008-05-19), the former Romanian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu</a> claimed that "Since 2005, IMF is constantly making mistakes when it appreciates the country's economic performances".<a href="#cite_note-int-148">[148]</a> Former Tanzanian President <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a>, who claimed that debt-ridden African states were ceding sovereignty to the IMF and the World Bank, famously asked, "Who elected the IMF to be the ministry of finance for every country in the world?"<a href="#cite_note-Mwakikagile2006-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Former chief economist of IMF and former <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> (RBI) Governor <a href="/wiki/Raghuram_Rajan" title="Raghuram Rajan">Raghuram Rajan</a> who predicted the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a> criticised the IMF for remaining a sideline player to the developed world. He criticised the IMF for praising the monetary policies of the US, which he believed were wreaking havoc in emerging markets.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> He had been critical of "ultra-loose money policies" of some unnamed countries.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Countries such as <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> have not received proper aid with long-lasting effects, leading to concern from economists. Since 2005, Zambia (as well as 29 other African countries) did receive debt write-offs, which helped with the country's medical and education funds. However, Zambia returned to a debt of over half its GDP in less than a decade. American economist <a href="/wiki/William_Easterly" title="William Easterly">William Easterly</a>, sceptical of the IMF's methods, had initially warned that "debt relief would simply encourage more reckless borrowing by crooked governments unless it was accompanied by reforms to speed up economic growth and improve governance", according to <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditionality">Conditionality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Conditionality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">Debt-trap diplomacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></div> The IMF has been criticised for being "out of touch" with local economic conditions, cultures, and environments in the countries they are requiring policy reform.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen_2004,_April,_Issue_48-21">[21]</a> The economic advice the IMF gives might not always take into consideration the difference between what spending means on paper and how it is felt by citizens.<a href="#cite_note-The_End_of_Poverty-155">[155]</a> Countries charge that with excessive conditionality, they do not "own" the programmes and the links are broken between a recipient country's people, its government, and the goals being pursued by the IMF.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> argues that the IMF's "usual prescription is 'budgetary belt tightening to countries who are much too poor to own belts'".<a href="#cite_note-The_End_of_Poverty-155">[155]</a> Sachs wrote that the IMF's role as a generalist institution specialising in macroeconomic issues needs reform. <a href="/wiki/Conditionality" title="Conditionality">Conditionality</a> has also been criticised because a country can pledge collateral of "acceptable assets" to obtain waivers—if one assumes that all countries are able to provide "acceptable collateral".<a href="#cite_note-IMF_Conditionality_and_Country_Ownership_of_Programs-38">[38]</a> One view is that conditionality undermines domestic political institutions.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The recipient governments are sacrificing policy autonomy in exchange for funds, which can lead to public resentment of the local leadership for accepting and enforcing the IMF conditions. Political instability can result from more leadership turnover as political leaders are replaced in electoral backlashes.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen_2004,_April,_Issue_48-21">[21]</a> IMF conditions are often criticised for reducing government services, thus increasing unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-chorev-22">[22]</a> Another criticism is that IMF policies are only designed to address poor governance, excessive government spending, excessive government intervention in markets, and too much state ownership.<a href="#cite_note-The_End_of_Poverty-155">[155]</a> This assumes that this narrow range of issues represents the only possible problems; everything is standardised and differing contexts are ignored.<a href="#cite_note-The_End_of_Poverty-155">[155]</a> A country may also be compelled to accept conditions it would not normally accept had they not been in a financial crisis in need of assistance.<a href="#cite_note-An_Analysis_of_IMF_Conditionality-36">[36]</a> On top of that, regardless of what methodologies and data sets used, it comes to same the conclusion of exacerbating income inequality. With <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a>, it became clear that countries with IMF policies face increased income inequality.<a href="#cite_note-The_distributional_effects_of_IMF_program-158">[158]</a> It is claimed that <a href="/wiki/Conditionalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditionalities">conditionalities</a> hinder social stability and hence inhibit the stated goals of the IMF, while Structural Adjustment Programmes lead to an increase in poverty in recipient countries.<a href="#cite_note-Hertz-159">[159]</a> The IMF sometimes advocates "<a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity programmes</a>", cutting public spending and increasing taxes even when the economy is weak, to bring budgets closer to a balance, thus reducing <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficits</a>. Countries are often advised to lower their corporate tax rate. In <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Globalization and Its Discontents">Globalization and Its Discontents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Stiglitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph E. Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a>, former chief economist and senior vice-president at the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, criticises these policies.<a href="#cite_note-Stiglitz-160">[160]</a> He argues that by converting to a more <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a> approach, the purpose of the fund is no longer valid, as it was designed to provide funds for countries to carry out <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a> reflations, and that the IMF "was not participating in a conspiracy, but it was reflecting the interests and ideology of the Western financial community."<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Stiglitz concludes, "Modern high-tech warfare is designed to remove physical contact: dropping bombs from 50,000 feet ensures that one does not 'feel' what one does. Modern economic management is similar: from one's luxury hotel, one can callously impose policies about which one would think twice if one knew the people whose lives one was destroying."<a href="#cite_note-Stiglitz-160">[160]</a> The researchers <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Toussaint" title="Éric Toussaint">Eric Toussaint</a> and Damien Millet argue that the IMF's policies amount to a new form of colonisation that does not need a military presence: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Following the exigencies of the governments of the richest companies, the IMF, permitted countries in crisis to borrow in order to avoid default on their repayments. Caught in the debt's downward spiral, developing countries soon had no other recourse than to take on new debt in order to repay the old debt. Before providing them with new loans, at higher interest rates, future leaders asked the IMF, to intervene with the guarantee of ulterior reimbursement, asking for a signed agreement with the said countries. The IMF thus agreed to restart the flow of the 'finance pump' on condition that the concerned countries first use this money to reimburse banks and other private lenders, while restructuring their economy at the IMF's discretion: these were the famous conditionalities, detailed in the Structural Adjustment Programmes. The IMF and its ultra-liberal experts took control of the borrowing countries' economic policies. A new form of colonisation was thus instituted. It was not even necessary to establish an administrative or military presence; the debt alone maintained this new form of submission.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></blockquote> International politics play an important role in IMF decision making. The clout of member states is roughly proportional to its contribution to IMF finances. The United States has the greatest number of votes and therefore wields the most influence. Domestic politics often come into play, with politicians in developing countries using conditionality to gain leverage over the opposition to influence policy.<a href="#cite_note-IMF:_Politics_of_Conditional_Lending-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Academic Jeremy Garlick cites IMF loans to South Korea during the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a> as widely perceived by the South Korean public as a debt-trap.<a href="#cite_note-:13-165">[165]</a>: 89  Garlick writes that the public was generally bitter about submitting to the conditions imposed by the IMF, which required South Korea to radically restructure its economy and consult with the IMF before making economic decisions until the debt was repaid.<a href="#cite_note-:13-165">[165]</a>: 89  In 2016, the IMF's research department published a report titled "Neoliberalism: Oversold?" which, while praising some aspects of the "<a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> agenda", claims that the organisation has been "overselling" fiscal <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> policies and financial deregulation, which they claim has exacerbated both financial crises and <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> around the world.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In 2020 and 2021, Oxfam criticized the IMF for forcing tough austerity measures on many low income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite forcing cuts to healthcare spending, would hamper the recipient's response to the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_of_dictatorships">Support of dictatorships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Support of dictatorships">edit</a>]</div> The role of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods institutions</a> has been controversial since the late <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, because of claims that the IMF policy makers supported <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorships</a> friendly to American and European corporations, but also other <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> regimes, such as <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a>. An example of IMF's support for a dictatorship was its ongoing support for <a href="/wiki/Mobutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobutu">Mobutu</a>'s rule in <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>, although its own envoy Erwin Blumenthal provided a sobering report about the entrenched corruption and embezzlement and the inability of the country to pay back any loans.<a href="#cite_note-dvr-171">[171]</a> In 2021 IMF approved a US$1 billion loan to the <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> Uganda despite protests from Ugandans in Washington, London and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Critics also claim that the IMF is generally apathetic or hostile to democracy, human rights, and <a href="/wiki/Labour_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour rights">labour rights</a>. The controversy has helped spark the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a>. Arguments in favour of the IMF supporting dictatorships is the claim that <a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">economic stability</a> is a precursor to democracy. A 2017 study found no evidence of IMF lending programs undermining democracy in borrowing countries,<a href="#cite_note-:0-174">[174]</a> it found "evidence for modest but definitively positive conditional differences in the democracy scores of participating and non-participating countries".<a href="#cite_note-:0-174">[174]</a> A 2020 study found the reverse causality with <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> as a precursor to economic stability.<a href="#cite_note-j902-175">[175]</a> Critics highlight various examples in which democratised countries fell after receiving IMF loans.<a href="#cite_note-cadtm-176">[176]</a> Party-based autocracies and democracies can face similar incentives when considering agreements with IMF, in contrast to personalist and military regimes.<a href="#cite_note-q511-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_access_to_food">Impact on access to food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Impact on access to food">edit</a>]</div> A number of <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> organisations<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> have criticised the IMF's policies for their impact on access to food, particularly in developing countries. In October 2008, former United States president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> delivered a speech to the United Nations on <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Day" title="World Food Day">World Food Day</a>, criticising the World Bank and IMF for their policies on food and agriculture: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We need the World Bank, the IMF, all the big foundations, and all the governments to admit that, for 30 years, we all blew it, including me when I was president. We were wrong to believe that food was like some other product in international trade, and we all have to go back to a more responsible and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable form of agriculture</a>. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Former U.S. president Bill Clinton, Speech at United Nations World Food Day, October 16, 2008<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=FPIF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FPIF (page does not exist)">FPIF</a> remarked that there is a recurring pattern: "the destabilization of peasant producers by a one-two punch of IMF-<a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> structural adjustment programs that gutted government investment in the countryside followed by the massive influx of subsidized U.S. and European Union agricultural imports after the <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>'s Agreement on Agriculture pried open markets."<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Policy_In_Focus_2008-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_public_health">Impact on public health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Impact on public health">edit</a>]</div> A 2009 study concluded that the strict conditions resulted in thousands of deaths in Eastern Europe by <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> as <a href="/wiki/Public_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Public health care">public health care</a> had to be weakened. In the 21 countries to which the IMF had given loans, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> deaths rose by 16.6%.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> A 2017 systematic review on studies conducted on the impact that <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">Structural adjustment programs</a> have on child and maternal health found that these programs have a detrimental effect on maternal and child health among other adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform">Reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Reform">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Function_and_policies">Function and policies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Function and policies">edit</a>]</div> The IMF is only one of many <a href="/wiki/International_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisations">international organisations</a>, and it is a generalist institution that deals only with macroeconomic issues; its core areas of concern in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> are very narrow. One proposed reform is a movement towards close partnership with other specialist agencies such as <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO), and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> (UNDP).<a href="#cite_note-The_End_of_Poverty-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> argues in <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Poverty" title="The End of Poverty">The End of Poverty</a> that the IMF and the World Bank have "the brightest economists and the lead in advising poor countries on how to break out of poverty, but the problem is development economics".<a href="#cite_note-The_End_of_Poverty-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a> needs the reform, not the IMF. He also notes that IMF loan conditions should be paired with other reforms—e.g., trade reform in <a href="/wiki/Developed_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed nations">developed nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debt_cancellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt cancellation">debt cancellation</a>, and increased financial assistance for investments in <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">basic infrastructure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_End_of_Poverty-155">[155]</a> IMF loan conditions cannot stand alone and produce change; they need to be partnered with other reforms or other conditions as applicable.<a href="#cite_note-Lipscy_2015-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._influence_and_voting_reform">U.S. influence and voting reform</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: U.S. influence and voting reform">edit</a>]</div> The scholarly consensus is that IMF decision-making is not simply technocratic, but also guided by political and economic concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Breen_2013_13-183">[183]</a> The United States is the IMF's most powerful member, and its influence reaches even into decision-making concerning individual loan agreements.<a href="#cite_note-Oatley&Yackee_2004-184">[184]</a> The U.S. has historically been openly opposed to losing what Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Lew">Jacob Lew</a> described in 2015 as its "leadership role" at the IMF, and the U.S.' "ability to shape international norms and practices".<a href="#cite_note-Donnan_Dyer_FT-185">[185]</a> Emerging markets were not well-represented for most of the IMF's history: Despite being the most populous country, China's vote share was the sixth largest; Brazil's vote share was smaller than Belgium's.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Reforms to give more powers to emerging economies were agreed by the <a href="/wiki/G-20_major_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20 major economies">G20</a> in 2010. The reforms could not pass, however, until they were ratified by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-20140325-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters-20140407-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters-20140409-189">[189]</a> since 85% of the Fund's voting power was required for the reforms to take effect,<a href="#cite_note-IMF_2010_acceptance-190">[190]</a> and the Americans held more than 16% of voting power at the time.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_members-2">[2]</a> After repeated criticism,<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bberg_veto-192">[192]</a> the U.S. finally ratified the voting reforms at the end of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries maintained their overwhelming majority of voting share, and the U.S. in particular retained its share at over 16%.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The criticism of the American- and European-dominated IMF has led to what some consider "disenfranchising the world" from the governance of the IMF. <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Prebisch" title="Raúl Prebisch">Raúl Prebisch</a>, the founding secretary-general of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Conference on Trade and Development">UN Conference on Trade and Development</a> (UNCTAD), wrote that one of "the conspicuous deficiencies of the general economic theory, from the point of view of the periphery, is its false sense of universality".<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IMF_and_globalization">IMF and globalization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: IMF and globalization">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> encompasses three institutions: global financial markets and <a href="/wiki/Transnational_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnational companies">transnational companies</a>, national governments linked to each other in economic and military alliances led by the United States, and rising "global governments" such as <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO), IMF, and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-People_Before_Profit-196">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Derber" title="Charles Derber">Charles Derber</a> argues in his book People Before Profit, "These interacting institutions create a new global power system where sovereignty is globalized, taking power and constitutional authority away from nations and giving it to global markets and international bodies".<a href="#cite_note-People_Before_Profit-196">[196]</a> Titus Alexander argues that this system institutionalises global inequality between western countries and the Majority World in a form of <a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">global apartheid</a>, in which the IMF is a key pillar.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The establishment of globalised economic institutions has been both a symptom of and a stimulus for globalisation. The development of the World Bank, the IMF, <a href="/wiki/International_financial_institutions#Regional_development_banks" title="International financial institutions">regional development banks</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (EBRD), and multilateral trade institutions such as the WTO signals a move away from the dominance of the state as the primary actor analysed in international affairs. Globalization has thus been transformative in terms of limiting of <a href="/wiki/State_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="State sovereignty">state sovereignty</a> over the economy.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_central_bank_digital_currency">International central bank digital currency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: International central bank digital currency">edit</a>]</div> In April 2023, the IMF launched their international <a href="/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency" title="Central bank digital currency">central bank digital currency</a> through their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Currency_Monetary_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital Currency Monetary Authority (page does not exist)">Digital Currency Monetary Authority</a>, it will be called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Monetary_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal Monetary Unit (page does not exist)">Universal Monetary Unit</a>, or Units for <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">ANSI</a> character will be <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü</a> and will be used to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">international banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> between countries and <a href="/wiki/Currencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Currencies">currencies</a>. It will help facilitate <a href="/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT">SWIFT</a> transactions on cross border transactions at <a href="/wiki/Wholesale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesale">wholesale</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">FX</a> rates instantaneously with real-time settlements.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> In June, it announced it was working on a platform for central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) that would enable transctions between nations. IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva said that if central banks did not agree on a common platform, cryptocurrencies would fill the resulting vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scandals">Scandals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Scandals">edit</a>]</div> Managing Director Lagarde (2011–2019) was convicted of giving preferential treatment to businessman-turned-politician <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Tapie" title="Bernard Tapie">Bernard Tapie</a> as he pursued a legal challenge against the French government. At the time, Lagarde was the French economic minister.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Within hours of her conviction, in which she escaped any punishment, the fund's 24-member executive board put to rest any speculation that she might have to resign, praising her "outstanding leadership" and the "wide respect" she commands around the world.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Former IMF Managing Director <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Rato" title="Rodrigo Rato">Rodrigo Rato</a> was arrested in 2015 for alleged <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_16_April_2015-205">[205]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional" title="Audiencia Nacional">Audiencia Nacional</a> found Rato guilty of embezzlement and sentenced him to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4+1⁄2 years' imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> In 2018, the sentence was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Supreme Court of Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Alternatives">edit</a>]</div> In March 2011, the Ministers of Economy and Finance of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> proposed to establish an <a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-African_Monetary_Fund-208">[208]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/6th_BRICS_summit" title="6th BRICS summit">6th BRICS summit</a> in July 2014 the <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) announced the <a href="/wiki/BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement" title="BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement">BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement</a> with an initial size of US$100 billion, a framework to provide liquidity through <a href="/wiki/Currency_swap" title="Currency swap">currency swaps</a> in response to actual or potential short-term balance-of-payments pressures.<a href="#cite_note-BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement-209">[209]</a> In 2014, the China-led <a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a> was established.<a href="#cite_note-Donnan_Dyer_FT-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_media">In the media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: In the media">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Life_and_Debt" title="Life and Debt">Life and Debt</a>, a documentary film, deals with the IMF's policies' influence on Jamaica and its economy from a critical point of view. <a href="/wiki/Debtocracy" title="Debtocracy">Debtocracy</a>, a 2011 independent Greek documentary film, also criticises the IMF. Portuguese musician <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M%C3%A1rio_Branco" title="José Mário Branco">José Mário Branco</a>'s 1982 album <a href="/w/index.php?title=FMI_(album)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FMI (album) (page does not exist)">FMI</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMI_(%C3%A1lbum)" class="extiw" title="pt:FMI (álbum)">pt</a>] is inspired by the IMF's intervention in Portugal through monitored stabilisation programs in 1977–78. In the 2015 film <a href="/wiki/Our_Brand_Is_Crisis_(2015_film)" title="Our Brand Is Crisis (2015 film)">Our Brand Is Crisis</a>, the IMF is mentioned as a point of political contention, where the Bolivian population fears its electoral interference.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Economy">Economy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/21px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/42px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a> – International financial institution owned by central banks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditionality" title="Conditionality">Conditionality</a> – Conditions imposed on international benefits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">Currency crisis</a> – When a country's central bank lacks the foreign reserves to maintain a fixed exchange rate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> – Spread of world views, products, ideas, capital and labor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Ten_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Ten (economics)">Group of Ten</a> – Developed countries that back the IMFPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Thirty" title="Group of Thirty">Group of Thirty</a> – Consultative group on international economic and monetary affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_financial_institutions" title="International financial institutions">International financial institutions</a> – Institutions spanning several countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IMF_people" title="List of IMF people">List of IMF people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a> – Multilateral development bank of the BRICS states</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Agreement" title="Smithsonian Agreement">Smithsonian Agreement</a> – 1971 multinational concord on the convertibility of the US dollar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Swiss_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="The Swiss constituency">The Swiss constituency</a> – International financial institutionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_residual_model" title="World Bank residual model">World Bank residual model</a> – Model to measure illicit financial flows</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <table style="margin-left:13px; line-height:150%"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right" valign="top">a. </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_status">^</a> There is no worldwide consensus on the status of the Republic of Kosovo: it is recognised as independent by 88 countries, while others consider it an autonomous province of Serbia. See: <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">International recognition of Kosovo</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-about-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/about.htm">"About the IMF"</a>. International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016081524/https://www.imf.org/external/about.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=About+the+IMF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF_members-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_members_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_members_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_members_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.aspx#3">"IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMF+Members%27+Quotas+and+Voting+Power%2C+and+IMF+Board+of+Governors&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2020-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fsec%2Fmemdir%2Fmembers.aspx%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boughton_2001_7n5-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Boughton_2001_7n5_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoughton2001">Boughton 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dY8Wm4-8yGYC&pg=PA7">7 n.5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/12/02/pr21354-fdmd-okamoto-to-leave-imf-gita-gopinath-to-be-imfs-new-fdmd">"First Deputy Managing Director Geoffrey Okamoto to Leave IMF, Gita Gopinath to Be IMF's New First Deputy Managing Director"</a>. International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411172033/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/12/02/pr21354-fdmd-okamoto-to-leave-imf-gita-gopinath-to-be-imfs-new-fdmd">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2022. 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International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200908092937/https://www.imf.org/external/about/overview.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2020. 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International Pvt. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81141-07-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81141-07-6"><bdi>978-93-81141-07-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Financial+Management&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=I.+K.+International+Pvt&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-81141-07-6&rft.aulast=Somanath&rft.aufirst=V.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DalysnLedf5oC%26pg%3DPAPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vries86-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vries86_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vries86_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Vries1986" class="citation book cs1">De Vries, Margaret G (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckFzL3xr8kAC&pg=PAPA66">The IMF in a Changing World: 1945–85</a>. pp. 66–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4552-8096-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4552-8096-4"><bdi>978-1-4552-8096-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+IMF+in+a+Changing+World%3A+1945%E2%80%9385&rft.pages=66-68&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-1-4552-8096-4&rft.aulast=De+Vries&rft.aufirst=Margaret+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DckFzL3xr8kAC%26pg%3DPAPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenwoodLougheed2002" class="citation book cs1">Kenwood, George; Lougheed, Alan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLGFgoJ0qHUC&pg=PAPA269">Growth of the International Economy 1820–2000: An Introductory Text</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-19935-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-19935-0"><bdi>978-0-203-19935-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growth+of+the+International+Economy+1820%E2%80%932000%3A+An+Introductory+Text&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-19935-0&rft.aulast=Kenwood&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Lougheed%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLGFgoJ0qHUC%26pg%3DPAPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/history/2012/pdf/c6.pdf">"II The IMF and the Transition from Central Planning"</a> (PDF). International Monetary Fund. p. 255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119174714/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/history/2012/pdf/c6.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=II+The+IMF+and+the+Transition+from+Central+Planning&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fhistory%2F2012%2Fpdf%2Fc6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/memdate.htm">List of members by date</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074955/https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/memdate.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IMF </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1996" class="citation book cs1">James, Harold (1996). International monetary cooperation since Bretton Woods. 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American Journal of Sociology. 124 (6): 1720–1762. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F702900">10.1086/702900</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195571195">195571195</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408201149/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/702900">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Neoliberal+Globalization%3A+Norm+Substitution+and+the+Politics+of+Clandestine+Institutional+Change&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1720-1762&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195571195%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F702900&rft.aulast=Kentikelenis&rft.aufirst=Alexander+E.&rft.au=Babb%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F702900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChwieroth2009" class="citation book cs1">Chwieroth, Jeffrey M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-DgDKWbm6yIC">Capital Ideas: The IMF and the Rise of Financial Liberalization</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 105–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3382-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3382-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3382-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523024327/https://books.google.com/books?id=-DgDKWbm6yIC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2023. 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Journal of Economic Perspectives. 30 (1): 3–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.30.1.3">10.1257/jep.30.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F128382">10419/128382</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0895-3309">0895-3309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+International+Monetary+Fund%3A+70+Years+of+Reinvention&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-28&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F128382&rft.issn=0895-3309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.30.1.3&rft.aulast=Reinhart&rft.aufirst=Carmen+M.&rft.au=Trebesch%2C+Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Fjep.30.1.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr10187">"Press Release: IMF Executive Board Approves €30 Billion Stand-By Arrangement for Greece"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508150757/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr10187">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2023. 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The Press Project. 3 February 2014. 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El País. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2014/01/31/actualidad/1391203282_052648.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2014. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210101061150/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/cypriot-banks-to-reopen-amid-criticism-of-bailout/2013/03/27/dd56757c-96e1-11e2-b68f-dc5c4b47e519_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Cypriot+banks+to+reopen+amid+criticism+of+bailout&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft.aulast=Ehrenfreund&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fcypriot-banks-to-reopen-amid-criticism-of-bailout%2F2013%2F03%2F27%2Fdd56757c-96e1-11e2-b68f-dc5c4b47e519_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/03/26/cyprus-disaster-shines-light-on-global-tax-haven-industry/#discussions">"Cyprus disaster shines light on global tax haven industry no"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyprus+disaster+shines+light+on+global+tax+haven+industry+no&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftv.msnbc.com%2F2013%2F03%2F26%2Fcyprus-disaster-shines-light-on-global-tax-haven-industry%2F%23discussions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReutersNewdeal-59"><a href="#cite_ref-ReutersNewdeal_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_StrupczewskiAnnika_Breidthardt2013" class="citation news cs1">Jan Strupczewski; Annika Breidthardt (25 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-parliament-idUSBRE92G03I20130325">"Last-minute Cyprus deal to close bank, force losses"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130325042059/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/25/us-cyprus-parliament-idUSBRE92G03I20130325">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Last-minute+Cyprus+deal+to+close+bank%2C+force+losses&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft.au=Jan+Strupczewski&rft.au=Annika+Breidthardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-cyprus-parliament-idUSBRE92G03I20130325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekathimerini-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Ekathimerini_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_25/03/2013_489702">"Eurogroup signs off on bailout agreement reached by Cyprus and troika"</a>. Ekathimerini. Greece. 25 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326124216/http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_25/03/2013_489702">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ekathimerini&rft.atitle=Eurogroup+signs+off+on+bailout+agreement+reached+by+Cyprus+and+troika&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekathimerini.com%2F4dcgi%2F_w_articles_wsite1_1_25%2F03%2F2013_489702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf.org-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2013/042613.pdf">"Sovereign Debt Restructuring – Recent Developments and Implications for the Fund's Legal and Policy Framework"</a> (PDF). imf.org. 26 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612121339/https://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2013/042613.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Debt+Restructuring+%E2%80%93+Recent+Developments+and+Implications+for+the+Fund%27s+Legal+and+Policy+Framework&rft.pub=imf.org&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fpp%2Feng%2F2013%2F042613.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2013/pn1361.htm">"IMF Executive Board Discusses Sovereign Debt Restructuring – Recent Developments and Implications for the Fund's Legal and Policy Framework"</a>. IMF Public Information Notice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422013253/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2013/pn1361.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMF+Executive+Board+Discusses+Sovereign+Debt+Restructuring+%E2%80%93+Recent+Developments+and+Implications+for+the+Fund%27s+Legal+and+Policy+Framework&rft.pub=IMF+Public+Information+Notice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fsec%2Fpn%2F2013%2Fpn1361.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFonline" class="citation web cs1">online, IMF Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sopol052313a">"IMF Survey: IMF Launches Discussion of Sovereign Debt Restructuring"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801205618/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sopol052313a">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=IMF+Survey%3A+IMF+Launches+Discussion+of+Sovereign+Debt+Restructuring&rft.aulast=online&rft.aufirst=IMF+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FNews%2FArticles%2F2015%2F09%2F28%2F04%2F53%2Fsopol052313a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blogs.wsj.com-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blogs.wsj.com_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blogs.wsj.com_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevis2013" class="citation news cs1">Stevis, Matina (24 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/brussels/2013/05/24/imf-searches-soul-blames-europe/">"IMF Searches Soul, Blames Europe"</a>. 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BBC News. 15 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130171251/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50047929">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IMF+warns+world+growth+slowest+since+financial+crisis&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-50047929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-70"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55006982">"IMF: Economy 'losing momentum' amid virus second wave"</a>. BBC News. 19 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121202830/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55006982">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2020. 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CNBC. 16 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329125513/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/16/imf-says-its-ready-to-mobilize-its-1-trillion-lending-capacity-to-fight-coronavirus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2020. 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BBC. 5 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328155423/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51732459">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IMF+provides+%2450bn+to+fight+coronavirus+outbreak&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-51732459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coralj-73"><a href="#cite_ref-coralj_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/iran-asks-imf-5bn-emergency-funding-fight-coronavirus-200312124121692.html">"Iran asks IMF for $5bn emergency funding to fight coronavirus"</a>. Al Jazeera Media Network. 12 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200330001811/https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/iran-asks-imf-5bn-emergency-funding-fight-coronavirus-200312124121692.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+asks+IMF+for+%245bn+emergency+funding+to+fight+coronavirus&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fajimpact%2Firan-asks-imf-5bn-emergency-funding-fight-coronavirus-200312124121692.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corimf-74"><a href="#cite_ref-corimf_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/03/11/pr2084-united-kingdom-boosts-imfs-catastrophe-relief-fund-with-gbp150-million">"United Kingdom Boosts IMF's Catastrophe Relief Fund with £150 million"</a>. No. Press release 20/84. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. 11 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329130506/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/03/11/pr2084-united-kingdom-boosts-imfs-catastrophe-relief-fund-with-gbp150-million">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom+Boosts+IMF%27s+Catastrophe+Relief+Fund+with+%C2%A3150+million&rft.issue=Press+release+20%2F84&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FNews%2FArticles%2F2020%2F03%2F11%2Fpr2084-united-kingdom-boosts-imfs-catastrophe-relief-fund-with-gbp150-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cortg-75"><a href="#cite_ref-cortg_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/27/dozens-poorer-nations-seek-imf-help-coronavirus-crisis">"Dozens of poorer nations seek IMF help amid coronavirus crisis"</a>. The Guardian. 27 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dozens+of+poorer+nations+seek+IMF+help+amid+coronavirus+crisis&rft.date=2020-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fmar%2F27%2Fdozens-poorer-nations-seek-imf-help-coronavirus-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnmc-76"><a href="#cite_ref-gnmc_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/14/global-covid-19-cases-near-2-million-as-putin-warns-russia-faces-extraordinary-crisis">"Global Covid-19 cases near 2 million as Putin warns Russia faces 'extraordinary' crisis"</a>. The Guardian. 14 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Global+Covid-19+cases+near+2+million+as+Putin+warns+Russia+faces+%27extraordinary%27+crisis&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fapr%2F14%2Fglobal-covid-19-cases-near-2-million-as-putin-warns-russia-faces-extraordinary-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aa/aa08.htm">Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, Article VIII – General Obligations of Members</a> Section 2: Avoidance of restrictions on current payments; Section 3: Avoidance of discriminatory currency practices; Section 4: Convertibility of foreign-held balances. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Countries">"IMF Country Information"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920202727/http://www.imf.org/external/country/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=IMF+Country+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FCountries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imfkos-79"><a href="#cite_ref-imfkos_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090702140822/http://www.kosovotimes.net/flash-news/676-republic-of-kosovo-is-now-officially-a-member-of-the-imf-and-the-world-bank.html">"Republic of Kosovo is now officially a member of the IMF and the World Bank"</a>. The Kosovo Times. 29 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosovotimes.net/flash-news/676-republic-of-kosovo-is-now-officially-a-member-of-the-imf-and-the-world-bank.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2009. <q>Kosovo signed the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) on behalf of Kosovo at the State Department in Washington.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kosovo+Times&rft.atitle=Republic+of+Kosovo+is+now+officially+a+member+of+the+IMF+and+the+World+Bank&rft.date=2009-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosovotimes.net%2Fflash-news%2F676-republic-of-kosovo-is-now-officially-a-member-of-the-imf-and-the-world-bank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imfkospr-80"><a href="#cite_ref-imfkospr_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2009/pr09240.htm">"Kosovo Becomes the International Monetary Fund's 186th Member"</a> (Press release). International Monetary Fund. 29 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705094550/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2009/pr09240.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Becomes+the+International+Monetary+Fund%27s+186th+Member&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2009-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fsec%2Fpr%2F2009%2Fpr09240.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members">"Member Countries"</a>. World Bank IBRD IDA. The World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815221613/https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+IBRD+IDA&rft.atitle=Member+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fleadership%2Fmembers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cuba-82"><a href="#cite_ref-cuba_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cuba/cuba.php?news_id=15996&start=0&category_id=5">"Brazil calls for Cuba to be allowed into IMF"</a>. Caribbean Net News. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2009. <q>Cuba was a member of the IMF until 1964, when it left under revolutionary leader Fidel Castro following his confrontation with the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Net+News&rft.atitle=Brazil+calls+for+Cuba+to+be+allowed+into+IMF&rft.date=2009-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeannetnews.com%2Fcuba%2Fcuba.php%3Fnews_id%3D15996%26start%3D0%26category_id%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212624/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/history/2001/ch19.pdf">"Toward Universal Membership"</a> (PDF). 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The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109231723/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124154560907188151">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2009. <q>Taiwan was booted out of the IMF in 1980 when China was admitted, and it hasn't applied to return since.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Kosovo+Wins+Acceptance+to+IMF&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Bob+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB124154560907188151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/co.htm">"World Economic Outlook Database for April 2012 – Country information"</a>. Imf.org. 17 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013131555/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/co.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database+for+April+2012+%E2%80%93+Country+information&rft.pub=Imf.org&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2012%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fco.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/history/2012/pdf/c6.pdf">"II The IMF and the Transition from Central Planning"</a> (PDF). International Monetary Fund. p. 255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119174714/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/history/2012/pdf/c6.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2023. 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Telegraph. 12 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926075954/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/8443610/What-is-the-IMF.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=What+is+the+IMF%3F&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Feconomics%2F8443610%2FWhat-is-the-IMF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/center/mm/eng/mm_bnfts.htm">"Obligations and Benefits of IMF Membership"</a>. 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About the IMF: Governance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625110735/https://www.imf.org/external/about/govstruct.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2023. 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Member Quotas Shares, Governors, and Voting Power. International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123154435/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/eds.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2011. 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IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508150756/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr10418">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Press+Release%3A+IMF+Executive+Board+Approves+Major+Overhaul+of+Quotas+and+Governance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FNews%2FArticles%2F2015%2F09%2F14%2F01%2F49%2Fpr10418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopelovitchRickard2021" class="citation journal cs1">Copelovitch, Mark; Rickard, Stephanie (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisagsq%2Fksab021">"Partisan Technocrats: How Leaders Matter in International Organizations"</a>. 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Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208023742/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67885/sebastian-mallaby/can-the-brics-take-the-imf">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2015. 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International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717163155/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2011/pr11187.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2011. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814075617/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/10/us/edward-bernstein-economics-expert-is-dead-at-91.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020. 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IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913001202/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/archive/pdf/ar1985.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=IMF+Annual+Report+1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Far%2Farchive%2Fpdf%2Far1985.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/archive/pdf/ar1980.pdf">"IMF Annual Report 1980"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912231504/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/archive/pdf/ar1980.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMF+Annual+Report+1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Far%2Farchive%2Fpdf%2Far1980.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/030717/rajan.shtml">"Economist Rajan joins IMF"</a>. chronicle.uchicago.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126140639/http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/030717/rajan.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chronicle.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Economist+Rajan+joins+IMF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.uchicago.edu%2F030717%2Frajan.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/29/18/03/nb0125">"News Brief: Mussa To Step Down as IMF Economic Counsellor"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508150755/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/29/18/03/nb0125">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=News+Brief%3A+Mussa+To+Step+Down+as+IMF+Economic+Counsellor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FNews%2FArticles%2F2015%2F09%2F29%2F18%2F03%2Fnb0125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr0127">"Press Release: IMF Managing Director Köhler Proposes Stanford University's Krueger As First Deputy And Names Three Department Heads"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508150758/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr0127">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Press+Release%3A+IMF+Managing+Director+K%C3%B6hler+Proposes+Stanford+University%27s+Krueger+As+First+Deputy+And+Names+Three+Department+Heads&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FNews%2FArticles%2F2015%2F09%2F14%2F01%2F49%2Fpr0127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr03100">"Press Release: IMF Managing Director Köhler Proposes Raghuram Rajan as Economic Counsellor and Director of the IMF's Research Department"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413174951/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr03100">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Press+Release%3A+IMF+Managing+Director+K%C3%B6hler+Proposes+Raghuram+Rajan+as+Economic+Counsellor+and+Director+of+the+IMF%27s+Research+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FNews%2FArticles%2F2015%2F09%2F14%2F01%2F49%2Fpr03100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr0734">"Press Release: IMF Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato Proposes Simon Johnson as Economic Counsellor and Director of the IMF's Research Department"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508150754/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr0734">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Press+Release%3A+IMF+Managing+Director+Rodrigo+de+Rato+Proposes+Simon+Johnson+as+Economic+Counsellor+and+Director+of+the+IMF%27s+Research+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FNews%2FArticles%2F2015%2F09%2F14%2F01%2F49%2Fpr0734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr08122">"Press Release: IMF Managing Director Dominique Strauss-Kahn Announces Department Director Appointments"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508150756/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr08122">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Press+Release%3A+IMF+Managing+Director+Dominique+Strauss-Kahn+Announces+Department+Director+Appointments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FNews%2FArticles%2F2015%2F09%2F14%2F01%2F49%2Fpr08122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr15343">"Press Release: IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Appoints Maurice Obstfeld as Economic Counsellor and Director of the IMF's Research Department"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508150801/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr15343">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Press+Release%3A+IMF+Managing+Director+Christine+Lagarde+Appoints+Maurice+Obstfeld+as+Economic+Counsellor+and+Director+of+the+IMF%27s+Research+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FNews%2FArticles%2F2015%2F09%2F14%2F01%2F49%2Fpr15343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2018/10/01/pr18386-christine-lagarde-appoints-gita-gopinath-as-imf-chief-economist">"Christine Lagarde Appoints Gita Gopinath as IMF Chief Economist"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329172659/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2018/10/01/pr18386-christine-lagarde-appoints-gita-gopinath-as-imf-chief-economist">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Christine+Lagarde+Appoints+Gita+Gopinath+as+IMF+Chief+Economist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FNews%2FArticles%2F2018%2F10%2F01%2Fpr18386-christine-lagarde-appoints-gita-gopinath-as-imf-chief-economist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2022/01/10/pr2201-imf-managing-director-names-pierre-olivier-gourinchas-economic-counsellor-head-research-dept">"IMF Managing Director Names Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas as IMF Economic Counsellor and Head of Research Department"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411172033/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2022/01/10/pr2201-imf-managing-director-names-pierre-olivier-gourinchas-economic-counsellor-head-research-dept">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=IMF+Managing+Director+Names+Pierre-Olivier+Gourinchas+as+IMF+Economic+Counsellor+and+Head+of+Research+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FNews%2FArticles%2F2022%2F01%2F10%2Fpr2201-imf-managing-director-names-pierre-olivier-gourinchas-economic-counsellor-head-research-dept&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChwieroth2009" class="citation book cs1">Chwieroth, Jeffrey M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-DgDKWbm6yIC">Capital Ideas: The IMF and the Rise of Financial Liberalization</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3382-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3382-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3382-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523024327/https://books.google.com/books?id=-DgDKWbm6yIC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Ideas%3A+The+IMF+and+the+Rise+of+Financial+Liberalization&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3382-5&rft.aulast=Chwieroth&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-DgDKWbm6yIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChwieroth2009" class="citation book cs1">Chwieroth, Jeffrey M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-DgDKWbm6yIC">Capital Ideas: The IMF and the Rise of Financial Liberalization</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3382-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3382-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3382-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523024327/https://books.google.com/books?id=-DgDKWbm6yIC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Ideas%3A+The+IMF+and+the+Rise+of+Financial+Liberalization&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3382-5&rft.aulast=Chwieroth&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-DgDKWbm6yIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_123-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_123-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChwieroth2009" class="citation book cs1">Chwieroth, Jeffrey M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-DgDKWbm6yIC">Capital Ideas: The IMF and the Rise of Financial Liberalization</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3382-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3382-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3382-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523024327/https://books.google.com/books?id=-DgDKWbm6yIC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Ideas%3A+The+IMF+and+the+Rise+of+Financial+Liberalization&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3382-5&rft.aulast=Chwieroth&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-DgDKWbm6yIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/about/members.htm#function">"Membership"</a>. About the IMF. International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905073131/http://www.imf.org/external/about/members.htm#function">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+the+IMF&rft.atitle=Membership&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fabout%2Fmembers.htm%23function&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting_125-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting_125-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Economy_of_IMF_voting_125-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlombergBroz2006">Blomberg & Broz 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> IMF <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2015/pr15573.htm">IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Welcomes U.S. Congressional Approval of the 2010 Quota and Governance Reforms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608185639/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2015/pr15573.htm">Archived</a> 8 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Press release No. 15/573, 18 December 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiglitz_and_Members_of_a_UN_Commission_on_Financial_Experts2010" class="citation book cs1">Stiglitz and Members of a UN Commission on Financial Experts, Joseph E. (2010). The Stiglitz Report: Reforming the International Monetary and Financial Systems in the Wake of the Global Crisis. New York: The New Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stiglitz+Report%3A+Reforming+the+International+Monetary+and+Financial+Systems+in+the+Wake+of+the+Global+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stiglitz+and+Members+of+a+UN+Commission+on+Financial+Experts&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/quotas.htm">"Factsheet: IMF Quotas"</a>. About the IMF. The International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430152628/http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/quotas.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+the+IMF&rft.atitle=Factsheet%3A+IMF+Quotas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fexr%2Ffacts%2Fquotas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafka1991" class="citation web cs1">Kafka, Alejandre (September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF071/03699-9781557751966/03699-9781557751966/ch05.xml">"Some IMF Problems after the Committee of Twenty"</a>. International Financial Policy: Essays in honour of Jaques J. Polack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203062835/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF071/03699-9781557751966/03699-9781557751966/ch05.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2018. 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Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RBI%27s+Raghuram+Rajan+urges+IMF+to+act+against+%27extreme%27+policies&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstoday.in%2Fmoney%2Fbanking%2Frbi-governor-raghuram-rajan-urges-imf-to-act-against-extreme-policies%2Fstory%2F225016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/zambias-looming-debt-crisis-is-a-warning-for-the-rest-of-africa">"Zambia's looming debt crisis is a warning for the rest of Africa"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sixth+BRICS+Summit+%E2%80%93+Fortaleza+Declaration&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrics6.itamaraty.gov.br%2Fmedia2%2Fpress-releases%2F214-sixth-brics-summit-fortaleza-declaration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhunjhunwala2016" class="citation web cs1">Jhunjhunwala, Udita (8 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/2v85MVbTU5JzpYWExiHdhO/Film-review-Our-Brand-is-Crisis.html">"Film review: Our Brand is Crisis"</a>. livemint.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173959/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/2v85MVbTU5JzpYWExiHdhO/Film-review-Our-Brand-is-Crisis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livemint.com&rft.atitle=Film+review%3A+Our+Brand+is+Crisis&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.aulast=Jhunjhunwala&rft.aufirst=Udita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FLeisure%2F2v85MVbTU5JzpYWExiHdhO%2FFilm-review-Our-Brand-is-Crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipscy2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lipscy, Phillip (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20190412041131/https://www.stanford.edu/~plipscy/AJPS-Lipscy-2015.pdf">"Explaining Institutional Change: Policy Areas, Outside Options, and the BrettonWoods Institutions"</a> (PDF). American Journal of Political Science. 59 (2): 341–356. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.595.6890">10.1.1.595.6890</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajps.12130">10.1111/ajps.12130</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stanford.edu/~plipscy/AJPS-Lipscy-2015.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Explaining+Institutional+Change%3A+Policy+Areas%2C+Outside+Options%2C+and+the+BrettonWoods+Institutions&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=341-356&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.595.6890%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fajps.12130&rft.aulast=Lipscy&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2F~plipscy%2FAJPS-Lipscy-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlombergBroz2006" class="citation conference cs1">Blomberg, Brock; Broz, J. Lawrence (17 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710215927/http://www.princeton.edu/~pcglobal/conferences/IPES/papers/broz_blomberg_F1030_1.pdf">The Political Economy of IMF Voting Power</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~pcglobal/conferences/IPES/finalprogram.html">2006 International Political Economy Society Meeting (IPES)</a>. Niehaus Center for Globalization & Governance, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs">Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~pcglobal/conferences/IPES/papers/broz_blomberg_F1030_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+IMF+Voting+Power&rft.place=Niehaus+Center+for+Globalization+%26+Governance%2C+Woodrow+Wilson+School+of+Public+and+International+Affairs&rft.date=2006-11-17&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Brock&rft.au=Broz%2C+J.+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~pcglobal%2Fconferences%2FIPES%2Fpapers%2Fbroz_blomberg_F1030_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoughton2001" class="citation book cs1">Boughton, James M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/history/2001/">Silent Revolution: The International Monetary Fund 1979–1989</a>. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55775-971-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55775-971-9"><bdi>978-1-55775-971-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523033613/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/history/2001/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Revolution%3A+The+International+Monetary+Fund+1979%E2%80%931989&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55775-971-9&rft.aulast=Boughton&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fhistory%2F2001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">——— (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/history/2012/index.htm">Tearing Down Walls: The International Monetary Fund, 1990–1999</a>. Washington, DC: IMF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61635-084-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61635-084-0"><bdi>978-1-61635-084-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217175811/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/history/2012/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tearing+Down+Walls%3A+The+International+Monetary+Fund%2C+1990%E2%80%931999&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=IMF&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61635-084-0&rft.aulast=Boughton&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fhistory%2F2012%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2013" class="citation book cs1">Breen, Michael (2013). The Politics of IMF Lending. International Political Economy Series. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26380-3"><bdi>978-1-137-26380-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+IMF+Lending&rft.place=Basingstoke+and+New+York&rft.series=International+Political+Economy+Series&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-26380-3&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Broz, J. Lawrence; Hawes Brewster, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.ucsd.edu/~jlbroz/pdf_folder/Broz_Hawes_CUP.pdf">"US domestic politics and International Monetary Fund policy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Darren_G._Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Darren G. Hawkins">In Darren G. Hawkins et al. (eds.), Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, pp. 77–106</a>. Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86209-7"><bdi>978-0-521-86209-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710132124/http://pages.ucsd.edu/~jlbroz/pdf_folder/Broz_Hawes_CUP.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=US+domestic+politics+and+International+Monetary+Fund+policy&rft.btitle=In+Darren+G.+Hawkins+et+al.+%28eds.%29%2C+Delegation+and+Agency+in+International+Organizations%2C+pp.+77%E2%80%93106&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.series=Political+Economy+of+Institutions+and+Decisions&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86209-7&rft.aulast=Broz&rft.aufirst=J.+Lawrence&rft.au=Hawes+Brewster%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.ucsd.edu%2F~jlbroz%2Fpdf_folder%2FBroz_Hawes_CUP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Henke, Holger (2000). Between Self-determination and Dependency: Jamaica's Foreign Relations 1972–1989. Kingston, Jamaica: The United States of the West Indies Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Self-determination+and+Dependency%3A+Jamaica%27s+Foreign+Relations+1972%E2%80%931989&rft.place=Kingston%2C+Jamaica&rft.pub=The+United+States+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Henke&rft.aufirst=Holger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOatleyYackee2004" class="citation journal cs1">Oatley, Thomas; Yackee, Jason (2004). "American Interests and IMF Lending". International Politics. 41 (3): 415–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.ip.8800085">10.1057/palgrave.ip.8800085</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6934460">6934460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Politics&rft.atitle=American+Interests+and+IMF+Lending&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=415-429&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.ip.8800085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6934460%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oatley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Yackee%2C+Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ngaire_Woods" title="Ngaire Woods">Woods, Ngaire</a> (2003). "The United States and the International Financial Institutions: Power and Influence Within the World Bank and the IMF". In Rosemary Foot, S. Neil MacFarlane, and Michael Mastanduno, eds., 'US Hegemony and International Organizations'. Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 92–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926142-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926142-0"><bdi>978-0-19-926142-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+the+International+Financial+Institutions%3A+Power+and+Influence+Within+the+World+Bank+and+the+IMF&rft.btitle=In+Rosemary+Foot%2C+S.+Neil+MacFarlane%2C+and+Michael+Mastanduno%2C+eds.%2C+%27US+Hegemony+and+International+Organizations%27&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=92-114&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926142-0&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Ngaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about International Monetary Fund <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=International+Monetary+Fund">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=International+Monetary+Fund&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bordo, M.D. (1993). Bordo, M.D.; Eichengreen, Barry (eds.). "The Bretton Woods International Monetary System: A Historical Overview". A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System. London. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226066905.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/9780226066905.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226065878" title="Special:BookSources/9780226065878"><bdi>9780226065878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Retrospective+on+the+Bretton+Woods+System&rft.atitle=The+Bretton+Woods+International+Monetary+System%3A+A+Historical+Overview&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226066905.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780226065878&rft.aulast=Bordo&rft.aufirst=M.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Monetary+Fund" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Copelovitch, Mark. 2010. <a href="//doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511712029" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/CBO9780511712029">The International Monetary Fund in the Global Economy: Banks, Bonds, and Bailouts</a>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>deVries, Margaret Garritsen. The IMF in a Changing World, 1945–85, International Monetary Fund, 1986.</li> <li>James, H. International Monetary Cooperation since Bretton Woods, Oxford, 1996.</li> <li>Joicey, N. and Pickford, S. "The International Monetary Fund and Global Economic Cooperation" in Nicholas Bayne and Stephen Woolcock, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114082311/http://www.ashgate.com/default.aspx?page=637&title_id=10989&edition_id=14221&calcTitle=1">The New Economic Diplomacy: Decision-Making and Negotiation in International Relations</a>, (Ashgate Publishing, 2011).</li> <li>Keynes, J.M. The Collected Writings, Vol. XXVI. Activities 1941–1946: Shaping the Post-War World: Bretton Woods and Reparations, Cambridge, 1980.</li> <li>Moschella, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100503052836/http://us.macmillan.com/governingrisk">Governing Risk: The IMF and Global Financial Crises</a> (Palgrave Macmillan; 2010).</li> <li>Skidelsky, R. John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain, London, 2000.</li> <li>Truman, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222222103/http://www.iie.com/publications/pb/pb10-29.pdf">Strengthening IMF Surveillance: A Comprehensive Proposal</a>, Policy Brief 10–29, <a href="/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics" title="Peterson Institute for International Economics">Peterson Institute for International Economics</a>, 2010.</li> <li>Weiss, Martin A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42019.pdf">The International Monetary Fund.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301060221/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42019.pdf">Archived</a> 1 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, 24 May 2018).</li> <li>Woods, N. The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers, Ithaca, 2006</li> <li>Woods, Ngaire and Lombardi, Domenico. (2006). Uneven Patterns of Governance: How Developing Countries are Represented in the IMF. Review of International Political Economy. Volume 13, Number 3: 480–515.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_advantage" title="Absolute advantage">Absolute advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">Balance of payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">Balance of trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_account" title="Capital account">Capital account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">Comparative advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)">Current account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">Export-oriented industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">Import substitution industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_capital_outflow" title="Net capital outflow">Net capital outflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">Tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_justice" title="Trade justice">Trade justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">Trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">Trading nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UN Conference on Trade and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_investment_treaty" title="Bilateral investment treaty">Bilateral investment treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">Incoterms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATA_Carnet" title="ATA Carnet">ATA Carnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">Trade agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">Trade barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">Trade bloc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_the_Corn_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal of the Corn Laws">Repeal of the Corn Laws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Autarky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedollarisation" title="Dedollarisation">Dedollarisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia-Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_Belarus,_Kazakhstan,_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia">Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East and North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Customs_Union" title="Arab Customs Union">Arab Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsaharan Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_top_exporting_countries_by_product_category" title="List of top exporting countries by product category">Exports by product</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aircraft_and_spacecraft_exports" title="List of countries by aircraft and spacecraft exports">Aircraft & Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aircraft_component_exports" title="List of countries by aircraft component exports">Aircraft parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aluminium_exports" title="List of countries by aluminium exports">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_automotive_component_exports" title="List of countries by automotive component exports">Car parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal#Major_exporters" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_exports" title="List of countries by coffee exports">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_computer_exports" title="List of countries by computer exports">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_copper_exports" title="List of countries by copper exports">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maize_exports" title="List of countries by maize exports">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cotton_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by cotton exports">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_diamond_exports" title="List of countries by diamond exports">Diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by electricity exports">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electronics_exports" title="List of countries by electronics exports">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_engine_exports" title="List of countries by engine exports">Engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gas_turbine_exports" title="List of countries by gas turbine exports">Gas turbines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gold_exports" title="List of countries by gold exports">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_integrated_circuit_exports" title="List of countries by integrated circuit exports">Integrated circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-ore_exports_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-ore exports by country">Iron ore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_live_animal_exports" title="List of countries by live animal exports">Live animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_refined_petroleum_exports" title="List of countries by refined petroleum exports">Petrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pharmaceutical_exports" title="List of countries by pharmaceutical exports">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_photovoltaics_exports" title="List of countries by photovoltaics exports">Photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ship_exports" title="List of countries by ship exports">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production#Exports" title="List of countries by steel production">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_telecommunications_equipment_exports" title="List of countries by telecommunications equipment exports">Telecommunications equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_telephone_exports" title="List of countries by telephone exports">Telephones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_textile_exports" title="List of countries by textile exports">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_truck_exports" title="List of countries by truck exports">Trucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicle_exports" title="List of countries by vehicle exports">Vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine#Exporting_countries" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:International_trade" title="Category:International trade">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:International_trade" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:International trade">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_banks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks" title="Template:Central banks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_banks" title="Template talk:Central banks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_banks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central banks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_banks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central banks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Board" title="Financial Stability Board">Financial Stability Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">Capital requirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Contractionary monetary policy">Contractionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionary monetary policy">Expansionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_control" title="Capital control">Capital control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_market_operation" title="Open market operation">Open market operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">Sovereign wealth fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes">International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks" title="List of central banks">List of central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banks and currencies of Africa">Central banks and currencies of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Asia-Pacific" title="Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific">Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean" title="Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean">Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe" title="Central banks and currencies of Europe">Central banks and currencies of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Central banks and currencies of the Americas">Central banks and currencies of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_organizations_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_organizations" title="Template:International organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_organizations" title="Template talk:International organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_organizations_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">International organizations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:International_organizations" title="Category:International organizations">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_intergovernmental_organizations" title="List of intergovernmental organizations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cultural <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">IGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural IGOs (<a href="/wiki/Category:International_cultural_organizations" title="Category:International cultural organizations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics" title="Template:Economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics" title="Template talk:Economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Theoretical_research" title="Economics">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Price theory">Price theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">Complexity economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_in_economics" title="Pluralism in economics">Pluralism in economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Empirical_research" title="Economics">Empirical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">history</a>) </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a 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title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a 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