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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definiteness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definiteness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Definiteness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definiteness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-T–V_distinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#T–V_distinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>T–V distinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-T–V_distinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Foreign words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-tonemic_diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-tonemic_diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Non-tonemic diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-tonemic_diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonemic_diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonemic_diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Tonemic diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonemic_diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grammars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Grammars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corpora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corpora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Corpora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corpora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Slovene language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloweens" title="Sloweens – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sloweens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8E%E1%89%AC%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ስሎቬንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስሎቬንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة السلوفينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة السلوفينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_esloveno" title="Idioma esloveno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma esloveno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slov%C3%A8no" title="Slovèno – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Slovèno" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_eslovenu" title="Idioma eslovenu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma eslovenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elove%C3%B1a%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Eloveñañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Eloveñañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloven_dili" title="Sloven dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sloven dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سلوون دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سلوون دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="স্লোভেনীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্লোভেনীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene-g%C3%AD" title="Slovene-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Slovene-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Словен теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Словен теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Славенская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Славенская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Славенская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Славенская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Словенски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Словенски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowenische_Sproch" title="Slowenische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Slowenische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenski_jezik" title="Slovenski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slovenski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveneg" title="Sloveneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sloveneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslov%C3%A8" title="Eslovè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eslovè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Словен чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Словен чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Eslobeno" title="Pinulongang Eslobeno – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Eslobeno" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovin%C5%A1tina" title="Slovinština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slovinština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sluvena" title="Lingua sluvena – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua sluvena" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slofeneg" title="Slofeneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Slofeneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovensk_(sprog)" title="Slovensk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slovensk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenagiella" title="Slovenagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Slovenagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowenische_Sprache" title="Slowenische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Slowenische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owje%C5%84ska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Słowjeńska rěc – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Słowjeńska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveeni_keel" title="Sloveeni keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sloveeni keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σλοβενική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σλοβενική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Словенэнь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Словенэнь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_esloveno" title="Idioma esloveno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma esloveno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovena_lingvo" title="Slovena lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Slovena lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esloveniera" title="Esloveniera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esloveniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان اسلوونیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اسلوونیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Slovenskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Slovenskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slov%C3%A8ne" title="Slovène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Slovène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveensk" title="Sloveensk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sloveensk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_slovene" title="Lenghe slovene – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe slovene" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSl%C3%B3iv%C3%A9inis" title="An tSlóivéinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSlóivéinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveanish" title="Sloveanish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sloveanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloven_dili" title="Sloven dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Sloven dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%B2bhainis" title="Slòbhainis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Slòbhainis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_eslovena" title="Lingua eslovena – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua eslovena" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia-ng%C3%AE" title="Slovenia-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Slovenia-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="슬로베니아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슬로베니아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Սլովեներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սլովեներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्लोवेने भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्लोवेने भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owjen%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Słowjenšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Słowjenšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenski_jezik" title="Slovenski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slovenski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniana_linguo" title="Sloveniana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sloveniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Eslobeno" title="Pagsasao nga Eslobeno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Eslobeno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Slovenia" title="Bahasa Slovenia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Slovenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sloven" title="Lingua sloven – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua sloven" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Словенаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Словенаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%B3venska" title="Slóvenska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Slóvenska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_slovena" title="Lingua slovena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua slovena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סלובנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלובנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Словен тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Словен тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სლოვენური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სლოვენური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Словен тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Словен тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenek" title="Slovenek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Slovenek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislovenia" title="Kislovenia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kislovenia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Словен кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Словен кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniava" title="Sloveniava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sloveniava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_sloven%C3%AE" title="Zimanê slovenî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê slovenî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Словен тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Словен тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Slovena" title="Lingua Slovena – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Slovena" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slov%C4%93%C5%86u_valoda" title="Slovēņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slovēņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloweenesch" title="Sloweenesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sloweenesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slov%C4%97n%C5%B3_kalba" title="Slovėnų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Slovėnų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_sloven-a" title="Lengua sloven-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua sloven-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveens" title="Sloveens – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sloveens" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_(lingua)" title="Slovenian (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Slovenian (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_slovena" title="Lengua slovena – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua slovena" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlov%C3%A9n_nyelv" title="Szlovén nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szlovén nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Словенечки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Словенечки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_sl%C3%B4veniana" title="Fiteny slôveniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny slôveniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्लोव्हेन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्लोव्हेन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სლოვენური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სლოვენური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه سلوڤينى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه سلوڤينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="اسلوونیایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسلوونیایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Slovene" title="Bahasa Slovene – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Slovene" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯚꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯚꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Словени хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Словени хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveens" title="Sloveens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sloveens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्लोभेनियन भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्लोभेनियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%99%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="スロベニア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スロベニア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Словенийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Словенийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloweensk_spriak" title="Sloweensk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sloweensk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowenyan" title="Slowenyan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Slowenyan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovensk" title="Slovensk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slovensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovensk" title="Slovensk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slovensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslov%C3%A8n" title="Eslovèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eslovèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Словен йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Словен йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloven_tili" title="Sloven tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sloven tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="سلوون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلوون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سلووېني ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سلووېني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_sloven-a" title="Lenga sloven-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga sloven-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveensche_Spraak" title="Sloveensche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sloveensche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_s%C5%82owe%C5%84ski" title="Język słoweński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język słoweński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_eslovena" title="Língua eslovena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua eslovena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_sloven%C4%83" title="Limba slovenă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba slovenă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isluwinya_simi" title="Isluwinya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Isluwinya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Словіньскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Словіньскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Словенский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Словенский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagana_Slovene" title="Gagana Slovene – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Gagana Slovene" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_islovena" title="Limba islovena – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba islovena" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenie_leid" title="Slovenie leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Slovenie leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_sllovene" title="Gjuha sllovene – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha sllovene" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Slovene language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovin%C4%8Dina" title="Slovinčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slovinčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloven%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Slovenščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slovenščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%B7%D1%80%D1%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%A3%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Їллѷрїискословѣньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Їллѷрїискословѣньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owy%C5%84sko_godka" title="Słowyńsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Słowyńsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی سلۆڤێنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی سلۆڤێنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Словеначки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Словеначки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenski_jezik" title="Slovenski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slovenski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveeni" title="Sloveeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sloveeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenska" title="Slovenska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slovenska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Eslobeno" title="Wikang Eslobeno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Eslobeno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சுலோவேனிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுலோவேனிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Словен теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Словен теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาสโลวีเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสโลวีเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони словенӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони словенӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovence" title="Slovence – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Slovence" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Словен кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Словен кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Словенська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Словенська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلووین زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلووین زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="سلوۋېن تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سلوۋېن تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_slovena" title="Łéngua slovena – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua slovena" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenijan_kel%27" title="Slovenijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Slovenijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Slovene" title="Tiếng Slovene – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Slovene" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloven" title="Sloven – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sloven" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslovinne_(lingaedje)" title="Eslovinne (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Eslovinne (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslobeno" title="Eslobeno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eslobeno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="斯洛文尼亚语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯洛文尼亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="סלאוועניש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סלאוועניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="斯洛文尼亞文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斯洛文尼亞文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowenki" title="Slowenki – Zazaki" 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searchaux" style="display:none">South Slavic language spoken primarily in Slovenia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Slovenščina" redirects here. For the West Slavic language spoken in Slovakia, see <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Slovene</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Slovenian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">slovenščina</i></span>, <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">slovenski jezik</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">[slɔˈʋèːnʃtʃina]</a></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">[slɔˈʋèːnski<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈjɛ̀ːzik]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vas_County" title="Vas County">Vas County</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2.5 million (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-MLD_2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLD_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western South Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Slovene</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prekmurian dialect">Prekmurje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li>approx. <a href="/wiki/Slovene_dialects" title="Slovene dialects">48 unstandardised dialects</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Braille">Slovene Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <br /><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=sl">sl</a></span></code> Slovenian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=407">slv</a></span></code> Slovenian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/slv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:slv">slv</a></code> Slovenian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/slov1268">slov1268</a></code>  Slovenian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=53-AAA-f">(51 varieties) 53-AAA-f (51 varieties)</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Slovenes_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Slovenes_distribution_map.png/320px-Slovenes_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Slovenes_distribution_map.png/480px-Slovenes_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Slovenes_distribution_map.png/640px-Slovenes_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="701" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Slovene-speaking areas</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a> and dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Western South Slavic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Standard languages</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a>)</div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Serbo-Croatian" title="Dialects of Serbo-Croatian">Dialects</a></b></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Younger_Ikavian_dialect" title="Younger Ikavian dialect">Younger Ikavian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slavonian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavonian dialect">Slavonian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okac_dialect" title="Šokac dialect">Šokac</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_subdialect" title="Dubrovnik subdialect">Dubrovnik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEican_dialect" title="Užican dialect">Užice</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zeta%E2%80%93Ra%C5%A1ka_dialect" title="Zeta–Raška dialect">Zeta–Raška</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Resava_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosovo–Resava dialect (page does not exist)">Kosovo–Resava</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smederevo%E2%80%93Vr%C5%A1ac_dialect" title="Smederevo–Vršac dialect">Smederevo–Vršac</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umadija%E2%80%93Vojvodina_dialect" title="Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect">Šumadija–Vojvodina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93Timok_dialect" title="Prizren–Timok dialect">Prizren–Timok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93South_Morava_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prizren–South Morava dialect">Prizren–South Morava</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gorani</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janjevo%E2%80%93Letnica_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janjevo–Letnica dialect (page does not exist)">Janjevo–Letnica</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Svrljig%E2%80%93Zaplanje_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Svrljig–Zaplanje dialect">Svrljig–Zaplanje</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timok%E2%80%93Lu%C5%BEnica_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Timok–Lužnica dialect">Timok–Lužnica</a>))</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Molise</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93South_Morava_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prizren–South Morava dialect">Prizren–South Morava</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gorani</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janjevo%E2%80%93Letnica_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janjevo–Letnica dialect (page does not exist)">Janjevo–Letnica</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Svrljig%E2%80%93Zaplanje_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Svrljig–Zaplanje dialect">Svrljig–Zaplanje</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timok%E2%80%93Lu%C5%BEnica_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Timok–Lužnica dialect">Timok–Lužnica</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Accents</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekavian">Ekavian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ijekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijekavian">Ijekavian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ikavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikavian">Ikavian</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><i><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_standard_Bosnian,_Croatian,_Montenegrin_and_Serbian" title="Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian">Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian</a></span></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slovene</a></b></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_dialects" title="Slovene dialects">Dialects</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Eastern South Slavic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dialects" title="Bulgarian dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meshterski" title="Meshterski">Meshterski</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></b></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Macedonian" title="Dialects of Macedonian">Dialects</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonian_dialects" title="Western Macedonian dialects">Western</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Macedonian_dialects" title="Southeastern Macedonian dialects">Southeastern</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Macedonian_dialects" title="Northern Macedonian dialects">Northern</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_Macedonian" title="Spoken Macedonian">Spoken Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Macedonian" title="Standard Macedonian">Standard Macedonian</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Transitional dialects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Serbian–Bulgarian–Macedonian</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Bulgarian_dialects" title="Transitional Bulgarian dialects">Transitional Bulgarian dialects</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gorani</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Croatian–Slovenian</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Bulgarian–Macedonian</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Alphabets</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Modern</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj's Latin</a><sup>a</sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language#Alphabet" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><b>Historical</b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">Bohoričica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dajnko_alphabet" title="Dajnko alphabet">Dajnčica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metelko_alphabet" title="Metelko alphabet">Metelčica</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Arebica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>a</sup></span> Includes <a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_language#Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Banat Bulgarian language">Banat Bulgarian alphabet</a>.</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding:0 0.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Slavic_languages_sidebar" title="Template:South Slavic languages sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Slavic_languages_sidebar" title="Template talk:South Slavic languages sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Slavic_languages_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Slavic languages sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Slovene</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9a\/En-us-Slovene.ogg\/En-us-Slovene.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Slovene.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/En-us-Slovene.ogg/En-us-Slovene.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Slovene.ogg" title="File:En-us-Slovene.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SLOH</span>-veen</i></a> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">sloh-<span style="font-size:90%">VEEN</span>, slə-</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or <b>Slovenian</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bd\/En-us-Slovenian.ogg\/En-us-Slovenian.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Slovenian.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-us-Slovenian.ogg/En-us-Slovenian.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Slovenian.ogg" title="File:En-us-Slovenian.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">sloh-<span style="font-size:90%">VEE</span>-nee-ən, slə-</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">slovenščina</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>. Most of its 2.5 million speakers are the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, majority of them ethnic <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>. As Slovenia is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, Slovene is also one of its 24 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">official and working languages</a>. Its syntax is highly <a href="/wiki/Fusional_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusional languages">fusional</a>, and it has a <a href="/wiki/Dual_grammatical_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual grammatical number">dual grammatical number</a>, an archaic feature shared with some other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. Two accentual norms (one characterized by <a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">pitch accent</a>) are used. Its flexible <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> is often adjusted for emphasis or stylistic reasons, although basically it is an <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a> language. It has a <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a>: the use of the V-form demonstrates a respectful attitude towards superiors and the elderly, while it can be sidestepped through the passive form.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_Slovene">Standard Slovene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Standard Slovene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Slovene_language" title="Special:EditPage/Slovene language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Standard Slovene is the national <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a> that was formed in the 18th and 19th century, based on <a href="/wiki/Upper_Carniolan_dialect_group" title="Upper Carniolan dialect group">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Carniolan_dialect_group" title="Lower Carniolan dialect group">Lower Carniolan dialect groups</a>, more specifically on language of <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> and its adjacent areas. The <a href="/wiki/Lower_Carniolan_dialect_group" title="Lower Carniolan dialect group">Lower Carniolan dialect group</a> was the dialect used in the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Primo%C5%BE_Trubar" title="Primož Trubar">Primož Trubar</a> for his writings, while he also used Slovene as spoken in Ljubljana,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since he lived in the city for more than 20 years. It was the speech of <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> that Trubar took as a foundation of what later became standard Slovene, with small addition of his native speech, that is <a href="/wiki/Lower_Carniolan_dialect" title="Lower Carniolan dialect">Lower Carniolan dialect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Osnove_Trubarjevega_jezika_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osnove_Trubarjevega_jezika-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trubar's choice was later adopted also by other Protestant writers in the 16th century, and ultimately led to the formation of more standard language. The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Carniolan_dialect_group" title="Upper Carniolan dialect group">Upper</a> dialect was also used by most authors during the language revival in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and was also the language spoken by <a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">France Prešeren</a>, who, like most of Slovene writers and poets, lived and worked in Ljubljana, where speech was growing closer to the Upper Carniolan dialect group.<sup id="cite_ref-Osnove_Trubarjevega_jezika_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osnove_Trubarjevega_jezika-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unstandardized dialects are more preserved in regions of the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Lands" title="Slovene Lands">Slovene Lands</a> where compulsory schooling was in languages other than Standard Slovene, as was the case with the <a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a> in Austria, and the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy" title="Slovene minority in Italy">Slovene minority in Italy</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torre_Valley_dialect" title="Torre Valley dialect">Torre</a> (Ter) dialects in the Italian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Udine" title="Province of Udine">Province of Udine</a> differ most from other Slovene dialects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slovene is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a> belonging to the Western subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>. It is close to the <a href="/wiki/Chakavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian dialect">Chakavian</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kajkavian dialect">Kajkavian dialects</a> of Serbo-Croatian, but genealogically more distant from the <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian dialect</a>, the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> standard languages. Slovene in general, and <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a> in particular, shares the highest level of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with transitional Kajkavian dialects of <a href="/wiki/Hrvatsko_Zagorje" title="Hrvatsko Zagorje">Hrvatsko Zagorje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje_County" title="Međimurje County">Međimurje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Slovene shares certain linguistic characteristics with all <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a>, including those of the Eastern subgroup, namely <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a> dialects. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">Mutual intelligibility</a> with varieties of Serbo-Croatian is hindered by differences in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a> being firmly the most <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a>. Slovene has some commonalities with the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Slavic language">West Slavic languages</a> that are not found in other South Slavic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bri%C5%BEinski_spomeniki_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bri%C5%BEinski_spomeniki_3.png/220px-Bri%C5%BEinski_spomeniki_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bri%C5%BEinski_spomeniki_3.png/330px-Bri%C5%BEinski_spomeniki_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bri%C5%BEinski_spomeniki_3.png/440px-Bri%C5%BEinski_spomeniki_3.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Freising_manuscripts" title="Freising manuscripts">Freising manuscripts</a></i>, dating from the late 10th or the early 11th century, are considered the oldest documents in Slovene.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like all <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, Slovene traces its roots to the same proto-Slavic group of languages that produced <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>. The earliest known examples of a distinct, written dialect connected to Slovene are from the <i><a href="/wiki/Freising_manuscripts" title="Freising manuscripts">Freising manuscripts</a></i>, known in Slovene as <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Brižinski spomeniki</i></span>. The consensus estimate of their date of origin is between 972 and 1039 (most likely before 1000). These religious writings are among the oldest surviving manuscripts in any Slavic language. </p><p>The <i>Freising manuscripts</i> are a record of a proto-Slovene that was spoken in a more scattered territory than modern Slovene, which included most of the present-day Austrian states of <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/East_Tyrol" title="East Tyrol">East Tyrol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Val_Pusteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Val Pusteria">Val Pusteria</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, and some areas of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 15th century, most of the northern areas were gradually <a href="/wiki/Germanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanized">Germanized</a>: the northern border of the Slovene-speaking territory stabilized on the line going from north of <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a> to south of <a href="/wiki/Villach" title="Villach">Villach</a> and east of <a href="/wiki/Hermagor-Pressegger_See" title="Hermagor-Pressegger See">Hermagor</a> in Carinthia, while in Styria it was more or less identical with the current Austrian-Slovenian border. </p><p>This linguistic border remained almost unchanged until the late 19th century, when a second process of Germanization took place, mostly in Carinthia. Between the 9th and 12th century, proto-Slovene spread into northern <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> and in the areas around <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>. </p><p>During most of the Middle Ages, Slovene was a vernacular language of the peasantry, although it was also spoken in most of the towns on Slovenian territory, together with German or Italian. Although during this time, German emerged as the spoken language of the nobility, Slovene had some role in the courtly life of the Carinthian, Carniolan and Styrian nobility, as well. This is proved by the survival of certain ritual formulas in Slovene (such as the ritual installation of the Dukes of Carinthia). The words <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Buge waz primi, gralva Venus!</i></span> ('God be With You, Queen Venus!'), with which <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_Spanheim" title="Bernhard von Spanheim">Bernhard von Spanheim</a> greeted the poet <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Liechtenstein" title="Ulrich von Liechtenstein">Ulrich von Liechtenstein</a>, who was travelling around Europe in guise of Venus, upon his arrival in Carinthia in 1227 (or 1238),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is another example of some level of Slovene knowledge among high nobility in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first printed Slovene words, <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">stara pravda</i></span> (meaning 'old justice' or 'old laws'), appeared in 1515 in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in a poem of the German mercenaries who suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_peasant_revolt_of_1515" title="Slovene peasant revolt of 1515">Slovene peasant revolt</a>: the term was presented as the peasants' motto and battle cry.<sup id="cite_ref-Cvirn2000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cvirn2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standard Slovene emerged in the second half of the 16th century, thanks to the works of Slovene Lutheran authors, who were active during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. The most prominent authors from this period are <a href="/wiki/Primo%C5%BE_Trubar" title="Primož Trubar">Primož Trubar</a>, who wrote the first books in Slovene; <a href="/wiki/Adam_Bohori%C4%8D" title="Adam Bohorič">Adam Bohorič</a>, the author of the first Slovene grammar; and <a href="/wiki/Jurij_Dalmatin" title="Jurij Dalmatin">Jurij Dalmatin</a>, who translated the entire <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> into Slovene. </p><p>From the high Middle Ages up to the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> in 1918, in the territory of present-day Slovenia, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> was the language of the elite, and Slovene was the language of the common people. During this period, German had a strong influence on Slovene, and many <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisms</a> are preserved in contemporary colloquial Slovene. Many Slovene <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a> before the 1920s also wrote in foreign languages, mostly German, which was the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of science throughout <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the rise of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a> in the 19th century, the cultural movements of <a href="/wiki/Illyrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrism">Illyrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a> brought words from <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>, specifically Croatian dialects, and <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> into standard Slovene, mostly to replace words previously borrowed from German. Most of these innovations have remained, although some were dropped in later development. In the second half of the 19th century, many nationalist authors made an abundant use of Serbo-Croatian words: among them were <a href="/wiki/Fran_Levstik" title="Fran Levstik">Fran Levstik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josip_Jur%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Josip Jurčič">Josip Jurčič</a>, who wrote the first novel in Slovene in 1866. This tendency was reversed in the <a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">Fin de siècle</a> period by the first generation of modernist Slovene authors (most notably the writer <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Cankar" title="Ivan Cankar">Ivan Cankar</a>), who resorted to a more "pure" and simple language without excessive Serbo-Croatian borrowings. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> in the 1920s and 1930s, the influence of Serbo-Croatian increased again. This was opposed by the younger generations of Slovene authors and intellectuals; among the most fierce opponents of an excessive Serbo-Croatian influence on Slovene were the intellectuals associated with the leftist journal <i><a href="/wiki/Sodobnost" title="Sodobnost">Sodobnost</a></i>, as well as some younger Catholic activists and authors. After 1945, numerous Serbo-Croatian words that had been used in the previous decades were dropped. The result was that a Slovene text from the 1910s is frequently closer to modern Slovene than a text from the 1920s and 1930s. </p><p>Between 1920 and 1941, the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was defined as "Serbo-Croato-Slovene", which was in practice merely Serbo-Croatian. In Slovenia however, Slovene remained in use in education and administration. Many state institutions used only Serbo-Croatian, and a Slovene–Serbo-Croatian bilingualism was applied in many spheres of public life in Slovenia. For example, at the post offices, railways and in administrative offices, Serbo-Croatian was used alongside Slovene. However, state employees were expected to be able to speak Slovene in Slovenia. </p><p>During the same time, western Slovenia (the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Littoral">Slovenian Littoral</a> and the western districts of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniola" title="Inner Carniola">Inner Carniola</a>) was under Italian administration and subjected to a violent policy of <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italianization">Fascist Italianization</a>; the same policy was applied to Slovene speakers in <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Slovenia">Venetian Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>. Between 1923 and 1943, all public use of Slovene in these territories was strictly prohibited, and Slovene-language activists were persecuted by the state. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthian Plebiscite">Carinthian Plebiscite</a> of 1920, a less severe policy of <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a> took place in the Slovene-speaking areas of southern <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a> which remained under Austrian administration. After the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> of 1938, the use of Slovene was strictly forbidden in Carinthia, as well. This accelerated a process of <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> in Carinthia, which continued throughout the second half of the 20th century: according to the Austro-Hungarian census of 1910, around 21% of inhabitants of Carinthia spoke Slovene in their daily communication; by 1951, this figure dropped to less than 10%, and by 2001 to a mere 2.8%. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Slovenia was divided among the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_(1922–1943)" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>. Each of the occupying powers tried to either discourage or entirely suppress Slovene. </p><p>Following World War II, Slovenia became part of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>. Slovene was one of the official languages of the federation. In the territory of Slovenia, it was commonly used in almost all areas of public life. One important exception was the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav army</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a> was used exclusively, even in Slovenia. </p><p>National independence has further fortified the language: since 1991, when Slovenia gained independence, Slovene has been used as an official language in all areas of public life. In 2004 it became one of the official languages of the European Union upon Slovenia's admission. </p><p>Nonetheless, the post-breakup influence of Serbo-Croatian on Slovene continued to a lesser extent, most prominently in <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colloquial_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial language">colloquial language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C5%BEa_Mahni%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joža Mahnič (page does not exist)">Joža Mahnič</a>, a literary historian and president of the publishing house <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl"><a href="/wiki/Slovenska_matica" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenska matica">Slovenska matica</a></i></span>, said in February 2008 that Slovene is a language rich enough to express everything, including the most sophisticated and specialised texts.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2010, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janez_Dular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janez Dular (page does not exist)">Janez Dular</a>, a prominent Slovene linguist, commented that, although Slovene is not an endangered language, its scope has been shrinking, especially in science and higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-Dular_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dular-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language is spoken by about 2.5 million people,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly in Slovenia, but also by <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovene</a> national minorities in <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (around 90,000 in <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Slovenia">Venetian Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resia_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Resia Valley">Resia Valley</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canale_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canale Valley (page does not exist)">Canale Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trieste" title="Province of Trieste">Province of Trieste</a> and in those municipalities of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Gorizia" title="Province of Gorizia">Province of Gorizia</a> bordering with Slovenia), in southern <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, some parts of <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fajon_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fajon-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (25,000) and in the western part of Croatian <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> bordering with Slovenia. It is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> (11,800-13,100), in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (3-5,000), in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (5,000), and by the Slovene diaspora throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the rest of the world (around 300,000), particularly in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (most notably <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, home to an estimated 3,400 speakers),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dialects.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dialects.svg/220px-Dialects.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dialects.svg/330px-Dialects.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dialects.svg/440px-Dialects.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>A schematic map of Slovene dialects, based on the map by <a href="/wiki/Tine_Logar" title="Tine Logar">Tine Logar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Rigler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Rigler (page does not exist)">Jakob Rigler</a> and other sources</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slovene_dialects" title="Slovene dialects">Slovene dialects</a></div> <p>Slovene is sometimes characterized as the most diverse Slavic language in terms of <a href="/wiki/Slovene_dialects" title="Slovene dialects">dialects</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MLD_2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLD_2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with different degrees of mutual intelligibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Vila2012_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vila2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruhlen1991_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruhlen1991-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accounts of the number of dialects range from as few as seven<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dialects, often considered dialect groups or dialect bases that are further subdivided into as many as 50 dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources characterize the number of dialects as nine<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or eight.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Slovene proverb "Every village has its own voice" (<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Vsaka vas ima svoj glas</i></span>) depicts the differences in dialects. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje</a> dialect used to have a written norm of its own at one point.<sup id="cite_ref-Jan2000_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a> dialects have an independent written norm that is used by their regional state institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers of those two dialects have considerable difficulties with being understood by speakers of other varieties of Slovene, needing <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> to Standard Slovene. Other dialects are mutually intelligible when speakers avoid the excessive usage of regionalisms. </p><p>Regionalisms are mostly limited to culinary and agricultural expressions, although there are many exceptions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> have become so deeply rooted in the local language that people have considerable difficulties in finding a standard expression for the dialect term (for instance, <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">kremšnita</i></span> meaning <a href="/wiki/Cremeschnitte" title="Cremeschnitte">a type of custard cake</a> is <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">kremna rezina</i></span> in Standard Slovene, but the latter term is very rarely used in speech being considered inappropriate for non-literary registers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2023)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup>). Southwestern dialects incorporate many <a href="/wiki/Calques" class="mw-redirect" title="Calques">calques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> from Italian, whereas eastern and northwestern dialects are replete with lexemes of German origin. Usage of such words hinders intelligibility between dialects and is greatly discouraged in formal situations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene phonology</a></div> <p>Slovene has a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> set consisting of 21 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and 8 <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slovene has 21 distinctive consonant phonemes. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Slovene consonant phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All voiced <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> are devoiced at the end of words unless immediately followed by a word beginning with a vowel or a <a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a> consonant. In consonant clusters, voicing distinction is neutralized and all consonants assimilate the voicing of the rightmost segment, i.e. the final consonant in the cluster. In this context, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z]</span> may occur as voiced allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span>, respectively (e.g. <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">vŕh drevésa</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋrɣ<span class="wrap"> </span>dreˈʋesa]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> has several <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a> depending on context. </p> <ul><li>Before a vowel, pronunciation is labiodental, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-skp136_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skp136-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also described as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-gr18_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr18-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After a vowel, pronunciation is bilabial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> and forms a diphthong.<sup id="cite_ref-skp136_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skp136-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gr18_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr18-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At the beginning of a syllable, before a consonant (for example in <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">vsi</i></span> "all"), the pronunciation varies more widely by speaker and area. Many speakers convert <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> into a full vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> in this position.<sup id="cite_ref-skp136_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skp136-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gr18_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr18-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those speakers who retain a consonantal pronunciation, it is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> before a voiced consonant and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a>]</span> before a voiceless consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-skp136_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skp136-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gr18_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr18-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">vsi</i></span> may be pronounced as disyllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uˈsi]</span> or monosyllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʍsi]</span>.</li></ul> <p>The sequences <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lj/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nj/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rj/</span> occur only before a vowel. Before a consonant or word-finally, they are reduced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> respectively. This is reflected in the spelling in the case of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rj/</span>, but not for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lj/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nj/</span>. </p><p>Under certain (somewhat unpredictable) circumstances, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> at the end of a syllable may become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>, merging with the allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> in that position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slovenian_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Slovenian_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Slovenian_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Slovenian_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Slovenian_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Slovenian_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Slovenian_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Vowels of Slovene, from <a href="#CITEREFŠuštaršičKomarPetek1999">Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999</a>:137). <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐ/</span> is not shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>Slovene has an eight-vowel<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or, according to Peter Jurgec, nine-vowel)<sup id="cite_ref-jurgec200712_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jurgec200712-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> system, in comparison to the five-vowel system of Serbo-Croatian. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Slovene vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slovene_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene nouns">Slovene nouns</a></div> <p>Slovene nouns retain six of the seven Slavic noun cases: <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>. There is no distinct <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>; the nominative is used in that role. Nouns, adjectives and pronouns have three numbers: singular, dual and plural. </p><p>Nouns in Slovene are either masculine, feminine or neuter gender. In addition, there is a distinction between animate and inanimate nouns. This is only relevant for masculine nouns and only in the singular, at odds with some other Slavic languages, e.g. Russian, for which it is also relevant in the plural for all genders. Animate nouns have an accusative singular form that is identical to the genitive, while for inanimate nouns the accusative singular is the same as the nominative. Animacy is based mostly on semantics and is less rigid than gender. Generally speaking a noun is animate if it refers to something that is generally thought to have free will or the ability to move of its own accord. This includes all nouns for people and animals. All other nouns are inanimate, including plants and other non-moving life forms, and also groups of people or animals. However, there are some nouns for inanimate objects that are generally animate, which mostly include inanimate objects that are named after people or animals. This includes:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Dead people or animals</li> <li>Makes of cars</li> <li>Certain diseases (named after animals)</li> <li>Certain devices (named after animals or people)</li> <li>Works of art (named after their creator)</li> <li>Chess pieces and playing cards (named for the people they represent)</li> <li>Wines and mushrooms (named as <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonyms</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definiteness">Definiteness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Definiteness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite articles</a> as in English (<i>a</i>, <i>an</i>, <i>the</i>) or <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">der, die, das, ein, eine</i></span>). A whole verb or a noun is described without articles and the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> is found from the word's termination. It is enough to say <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">barka</i></span> ('a' or 'the barge'), <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Noetova barka</i></span> ('Noah's ark'). The gender is known in this case to be feminine. In <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declensions</a>, endings are normally changed; see below. If one should like to somehow distinguish between definiteness or indefiniteness of a noun, one would say <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">(prav/natanko/ravno) tista barka</i></span> ('that/precise/exact barge') for 'the barge' and <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">neka/ena barka</i></span> ('some/a barge') for 'a barge'. </p><p>Definiteness of a noun phrase can also be discernible through the ending of the accompanying adjective. One should say <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">rdeči šotor</i></span> ('[exactly that] red tent') or <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">rdeč šotor</i></span> ('[a] red tent'). This difference is observable only for masculine nouns in nominative or accusative case. Because of the lack of article in Slovene and audibly insignificant difference between the masculine adjective forms, most dialects do not distinguish between definite and indefinite variants of the adjective, leading to <a href="/wiki/Hypercorrection" title="Hypercorrection">hypercorrection</a> when speakers try to use Standard Slovene.<sup id="cite_ref-suss_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suss-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="T–V_distinction"><span id="T.E2.80.93V_distinction"></span>T–V distinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: T–V distinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jozef_Nahtigal_tombstone_in_Dobrova_Slovenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jozef_Nahtigal_tombstone_in_Dobrova_Slovenia.jpg/220px-Jozef_Nahtigal_tombstone_in_Dobrova_Slovenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jozef_Nahtigal_tombstone_in_Dobrova_Slovenia.jpg/330px-Jozef_Nahtigal_tombstone_in_Dobrova_Slovenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jozef_Nahtigal_tombstone_in_Dobrova_Slovenia.jpg/440px-Jozef_Nahtigal_tombstone_in_Dobrova_Slovenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Tombstone of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C5%BEef_Nahtigal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jožef Nahtigal (page does not exist)">Jožef Nahtigal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dobrova,_Dobrova%E2%80%93Polhov_Gradec" title="Dobrova, Dobrova–Polhov Gradec">Dobrova</a> with archaic Slovene <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">onikanje</i></span> in indirect reference. Literal translation "Here lie [<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">počivajo</i></span>] the honorable Jožef Nahtigal ... they were born [<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">rojeni</i></span>] ... they died [<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">umerli</i></span>] ... God grant them [<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">jim</i></span>] eternal peace and rest."</figcaption></figure> <p>Slovene, like most other European languages, has a <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a>, or two forms of 'you' for formal and informal situations. Although informal address using the 2nd person singular <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">ti</i></span> form (known as <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">tikanje</i></span>) is officially limited to friends and family, talk among children, and addressing animals, it is increasingly used among the middle generation to signal a relaxed attitude or lifestyle instead of its polite or formal counterpart using the 2nd person plural <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">vi</i></span> form (known as <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">vikanje</i></span>). </p><p>An additional nonstandard but widespread use of a singular participle combined with a plural auxiliary verb (known as <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">polvikanje</i></span>) signals a somewhat more friendly and less formal attitude while maintaining politeness: </p> <ul><li><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Vi ga niste videli.</i></span> ('You did not see him': both the auxiliary verb <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">niste</i></span> and the participle <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">videli</i></span> are plural masculine. Standard usage.)</li> <li><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Vi ga niste videl/videla.</i></span> ('You did not see him': the auxiliary verb <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">niste</i></span> is plural but the participle <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">videl/videla</i></span> is singular masculine/feminine. Nonstandard usage.)</li></ul> <p>The use of nonstandard forms (<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">polvikanje</i></span>) might be frowned upon by many people and would not likely be used in a formal setting. </p><p>The use of the 3rd person plural <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">oni</i></span> ('they') form (known as <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">onikanje</i></span> in both direct address and indirect reference; this is similar to using <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Sie</i></span> in German) as an ultra-polite form is now archaic or dialectal. It is associated with servant-master relationships in older literature, the child-parent relationship in certain conservative rural communities, and parishioner-priest relationships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slovene_numerals" title="Slovene numerals">Slovene numerals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_words">Foreign words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foreign words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign words used in Slovene are of various types depending on the assimilation they have undergone. The types are: </p> <ul><li><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">sposojenka</i></span> (loanword) – fully assimilated; e.g. <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">pica</i></span> ('pizza').</li> <li><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">tujka</i></span> (foreign word) – partly assimilated, either in writing and syntax or in pronunciation; e.g. <i>jazz</i>, <i>wiki</i>.</li> <li><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">polcitatna beseda ali besedna zveza</i></span> (half-quoted word or phrase) – partly assimilated, either in writing and syntax or in pronunciation; e.g. <i>Shakespeare</i>, but <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Shakespearja</i></span> in genitive case.</li> <li><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">citatna beseda ali besedna zveza</i></span> (quoted word or phrase) – kept as in original, although pronunciation may be altered to fit into speech flow; e.g. <i>first lady</i> in all cases.</li></ul> <p>The loanwords are mostly from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, while the more recently borrowed and less assimilated words are typically from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene braille">Slovene braille</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">Bohorič alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metelko_alphabet" title="Metelko alphabet">Metelko alphabet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dajnko_alphabet" title="Dajnko alphabet">Dajnko alphabet</a></div> <p>This alphabet (<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">abeceda</i></span>) was derived in the mid-1840s from <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaj's Latin Alphabet">the system</a> created by the <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croatian</a> linguist <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj" title="Ljudevit Gaj">Ljudevit Gaj</a>. Intended for the <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian language</a> (in all its varieties), it was patterned on the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> alphabet of the 1830s. Before that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> was, for example, written as <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C6%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʃ">ʃ</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ʃʃ⟩</span> or <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s"><span class="nowrap">⟨ſ⟩</span></a>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> as <span class="nowrap">⟨tʃch⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨cz⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨tʃcz⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨tcz⟩</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> sometimes as <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> as a relic from the now modern Russian <a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">yery character <span class="nowrap">⟨ы⟩</span></a>, which is itself usually transliterated as <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> as <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> as <span class="nowrap">⟨ll⟩</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> as <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span> as <span class="nowrap">⟨ʃ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ʃʃ⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨ʃz⟩</span>. </p><p>The standard Slovene orthography, used in almost all situations, uses only the letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a> plus <span class="nowrap">⟨č⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨š⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ž⟩</span>. The letters <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> are not included: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>letter</th> <th>phoneme</th> <th>example word</th> <th>word pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>A a</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dan#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:dan">dan</a></i> "day"<br /><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abeceda#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:abeceda">abeceda</a></i> "alphabet"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈdáːn/</span>, dȃn<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/abɛˈtséːda/</span>, abecẹ̑da </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>B b</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beseda#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:beseda">beseda</a></i> "word"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɛˈséːda/</span>, besẹ̑da </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>C c</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cvet#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:cvet">cvet</a></i> "bloom"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtsʋéːt/</span>, cvẹ̑t </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Č č</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C4%8Dasopis#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:časopis">časopis</a></i> "newspaper"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃasɔˈpíːs/</span>, časopı̑s </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>D d</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/danes#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:danes">danes</a></i> "today"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈdàːnəs/</span>, dánəs </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>E e</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sedem#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:sedem">sedem</a></i> "seven"<br /><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/re%C4%8Di#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:reči">reči</a></i> "to say"<br /><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/medved#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:medved">medved</a></i> "bear"<br /><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sem#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:sem">sem</a></i> "I am"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsèːdəm/</span>, sẹ́dəm<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈrɛ̀ːtʃi/</span>, réči<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmɛ̀ːdʋɛt/</span>, médved<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsə́m/</span>, sə̏m </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>F f</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fant#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:fant">fant</a></i> "boy"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfánt/</span>, fȁnt </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>G g</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grad#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:grad">grad</a></i> "castle"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɡráːt/</span>, grȃd </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>H h</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hi%C5%A1a#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:hiša">hiša</a></i> "house"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈxìːʃa/</span>, híša </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>I i</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biti#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:biti">biti</a></i> "to be"<br /><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imeti#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:imeti">imeti</a></i> "to have"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbìːti/</span>, bíti<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iˈmèːti/</span>, imẹ́ti </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>J j</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jabolko#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:jabolko">jabolko</a></i> "apple"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈjàːbɔwkɔ/</span>, jábołko </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>K k</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kmet#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:kmet">kmet</a></i> "peasant"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkmɛ́t/</span>, kmȅt </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>L l</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uʷ/</span> </p> </td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/letalo#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:letalo">letalo</a></i> "airplane"<br /><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zrel#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:zrel">zrel</a></i> "mature"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɛˈtàːlɔ/</span>, letálo<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈzrɛ́uʷ/</span>, zrȅł </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>M m</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/misliti#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:misliti">misliti</a></i> "to think"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmìːsliti/</span>, mísliti </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>N n</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/novice#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:novice">novice</a></i> "news"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nɔˈʋìːtsɛ/</span>, novíce </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>O o</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/opica#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:opica">opica</a></i> "monkey"<br /><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/okno#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:okno">okno</a></i> "window"<br />'<i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gospa#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:gospa">gospa</a></i> "lady"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈóːpitsa/</span>, ọ̑pica<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɔ̀ːknɔ/</span>, ókno<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡɔˈspàː/</span>, gospá </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>P p</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pomo%C4%8D#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:pomoč">pomoč</a></i> "help"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɔˈmóːtʃ/</span>, pomọ̑č </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>R r</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ər/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ri%C5%BE#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:riž">riž</a></i> "rice"<br /><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trg#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:trg">trg</a></i> "square"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈríːʃ/</span>, rȋž<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtə́rk/</span>, tȓg </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>S s</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/svet#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:svet">svet</a></i> "world"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsʋéːt/</span>, svẹ̑t </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Š š</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%A1ola#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:šola">šola</a></i> "school"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈʃóːla/</span>, šọ̑la </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>T t</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tip#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:tip">tip</a></i> "type"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtíːp/</span>, tȋp </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>U u</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulica#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:ulica">ulica</a></i> "street"<br /><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mamut#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:mamut">mamut</a></i> "mammoth"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈùːlitsa/</span>, úlica<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmáːmut/</span>, mȃmut </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>V v</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʍ/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uʷ/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voda#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:voda">voda</a></i> "water"<br /><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vsebina#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:vsebina">vsebina</a></i> "content"<br /><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vzeti#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:vzeti">vzeti</a></i> "take"<br /><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lev#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:lev">lev</a></i> "lion"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈʋɔ̀ːda/</span>, vóda<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʍsɛˈbiːna/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈwzéːti/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈlɛ́uʷ/</span>, lȅv </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Z z</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zima#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:zima">zima</a></i> "winter"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈzìːma/</span>, zíma </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ž ž</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span></td> <td><i lang="sl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%BEivljenje#Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikt:življenje">življenje</a></i> "life"</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒiwˈljɛ̀ːnjɛ/</span>, življénje </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The orthography thus underdifferentiates several phonemic distinctions: </p> <ul><li>Stress, vowel length and tone are not distinguished, except with optional diacritics when it is necessary to distinguish between similar words with a different meaning.</li> <li>The two distinct mid-vowels are also not distinguished, both written as simply <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>.</li> <li>The schwa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> is also written as <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>. However, the combination <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ər/</span> is written as simply <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> between consonants and is thus distinguishable.</li> <li>Vocalised <i>l</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uʷ/</span> is written also as <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span>, but cannot be predictably distinguished from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> in that position.</li></ul> <p>In the tonemic varieties of Slovene, the ambiguity is even greater: <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> in a final syllable can stand for any of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/éː/<span class="wrap"> </span>/èː/<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɛ́ː/<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɛ̀ː/<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɛ/<span class="wrap"> </span>/ə/</span> (although <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̀ː/</span> is rare; and Slovene, except in some dialects, does not distinguished tonemic accentuation). </p><p>The reader is expected to gather the interpretation of the word from the context, as in these examples: </p> <ul><li><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">gol</i></span>: <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɡɔ́w/</span> gȍł "naked"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɡóːl/</span> gọ̑l "goal"</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">jesen</i></span>: <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈjɛ̀ːsɛn/</span> jésen "ash tree"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛˈséːn/</span> jesẹ̑n "autumn"</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">kot</i></span> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkòːt/</span> kọ́t "angle"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɔt/</span> kot "as"</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">med</i></span> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɛt/</span> med "between"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈméːt/</span> mẹ̑d "honey"</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">pol</i></span> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈpóːl/</span> pọ̑l "pole"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈpóːw/</span> pọ̑ł "half"</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">precej</i></span> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈprɛ́tsɛj/</span> prȅcej "at once" (archaic)</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prɛˈtséːj/</span> precẹ̑j or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prɛˈtsɛ́j/</span> precȅj "a great deal (of)"</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To compensate for the shortcomings of the standard orthography, Slovene also uses standardized <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> or accent marks to denote <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">pitch accent</a>, much like the closely related <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>. However, as in Serbo-Croatian, use of such accent marks is restricted to dictionaries, language textbooks and linguistic publications. In normal writing, the diacritics are almost never used, except in a few minimal pairs where real ambiguity could arise. </p><p>Two different and mutually incompatible systems of diacritics are used. The first is the simpler non-tonemic system, which can be applied to all Slovene dialects. It is more widely used and is the standard representation in dictionaries such as SSKJ. The tonemic system also includes tone as part of the representation. However, neither system reliably distinguishes schwa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> from the front mid-vowels, nor vocalised l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> from regular l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>. Some sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Maks_Pleter%C5%A1nik" title="Maks Pleteršnik">Maks Pleteršnik</a>'s 1894/95 dictionary, write these as <i>ə</i> and <i>ł</i>, respectively, but this is not as common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-tonemic_diacritics">Non-tonemic diacritics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Non-tonemic diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the non-tonemic system, the distinction between the two mid-vowels is indicated, as well as the placement of stress and length of vowels: </p> <ul><li>Long stressed vowels are notated with an acute diacritic: <span class="nowrap">⟨á é í ó ú ŕ⟩</span> (IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː<span class="wrap"> </span>eː<span class="wrap"> </span>iː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː<span class="wrap"> </span>uː<span class="wrap"> </span>ər/</span>).</li> <li>However, the rarer long stressed low-mid vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span> are notated with a circumflex: <span class="nowrap">⟨ê ô⟩</span>.</li> <li>Short stressed vowels are notated with a grave: <span class="nowrap">⟨à è ì ò ù⟩</span> (IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>). Some systems may also include <span class="nowrap">⟨ə̀⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tonemic_diacritics">Tonemic diacritics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tonemic diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tonemic system uses the diacritics somewhat differently from the non-tonemic system. The high-mid vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> are written <span class="nowrap">⟨ẹ ọ⟩</span> with a subscript dot, while the low-mid vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span> are written as plain <span class="nowrap">⟨e o⟩</span>. </p><p>Pitch accent and length is indicated by four diacritical marks: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a> ( ´ ) indicates <b>long and low</b> pitch: <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="wrap">á é ẹ́ í ó ọ́ ú ŕ</span>⟩</span> (IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/àː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̀ː<span class="wrap"> </span>èː<span class="wrap"> </span>ìː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̀ː<span class="wrap"> </span>òː<span class="wrap"> </span>ùː<span class="wrap"> </span>ə̀r/</span>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a> (  ̑ ) indicates <b>long and high</b> pitch: <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="wrap">ȃ ȇ ẹ̑ ȋ ȏ ọ̑ ȗ ȓ</span>⟩</span> (IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/áː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ́ː<span class="wrap"> </span>éː<span class="wrap"> </span>íː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ́ː<span class="wrap"> </span>óː<span class="wrap"> </span>úː<span class="wrap"> </span>ə́r/</span>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a> ( ` ) indicates <b>short and low</b> pitch. This occurs only on <span class="nowrap">⟨è⟩</span> (IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə̀/</span>), optionally written as <span class="nowrap">⟨ə̀⟩</span>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Double_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Double grave">double grave</a> (  ̏ ) indicates <b>short and high</b> pitch: <span class="nowrap">⟨ȁ ȅ ȉ ȍ ȕ⟩</span> (IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">á<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ́<span class="wrap"> </span>í<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ́<span class="wrap"> </span>ú</span>). <span class="nowrap">⟨ȅ⟩</span> is also used for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə́/</span>, optionally written as <span class="nowrap">⟨ə̏⟩</span>.</li></ul> <p>The schwa vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> is written ambiguously as <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>, but its accentuation will sometimes distinguish it: a long vowel mark can never appear on a schwa, while a grave accent can appear only on a schwa. Thus, only <span class="nowrap">⟨ȅ⟩</span> and unstressed <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> are truly ambiguous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard Slovene spelling and grammar are defined by the Orthographic Committee and the Fran Ramovš Institute of the Slovene Language, which are both part of the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> (<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti</i></span>, SAZU). The newest reference book of standard Slovene spelling (and to some extent also grammar) is the <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Slovenski pravopis</i></span> (<i>SP2001</i>; Slovene Normative Guide). The latest printed edition was published in 2001 (reprinted in 2003 with some corrections) and contains more than 130,000 dictionary entries. In 2003, an electronic version was published. </p><p>The official dictionary of modern Slovene, which was also prepared by SAZU, is <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika</i></span> (<i>SSKJ</i>; Standard Slovene Dictionary). It was published in five volumes by Državna Založba Slovenije between 1970 and 1991 and contains more than 100,000 entries and subentries with accentuation, part-of-speech labels, common collocations, and various qualifiers. In the 1990s, an electronic version of the dictionary was published and is available online.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Portal_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portal-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SAZU considers SP2001 to be the normative source on Slovene. When dictionary entries in SP2001 and SSKJ differ, the SP2001 entry takes precedence. SP2001 is called a Spelling Dictionary by the European Network of e-Lexicography.<sup id="cite_ref-Portal_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portal-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></i> in Slovene.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Vsi ljudje se rodijo svobodni ter imajo enako dostojanstvo in pravice. Dana sta jim razum in vest, in bi morali drug z drugim ravnati v duhu bratstva.</i></span></dd></dl> <p>Article 1 of the <i>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i> in English:<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=sloven%C5%A1%C4%8Dina&hs=1">"Slovenski pravopis 2001: slovenščina"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slovenski+pravopis+2001%3A+sloven%C5%A1%C4%8Dina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbos.zrc-sazu.si%2Fc%2FSP%2Fneva.exe%3Fname%3Dsp%26expression%3Dsloven%25C5%25A1%25C4%258Dina%26hs%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=slovenski&hs=1">"Slovenski pravopis 2001: slovenski"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slovenski+pravopis+2001%3A+slovenski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbos.zrc-sazu.si%2Fc%2FSP%2Fneva.exe%3Fname%3Dsp%26expression%3Dslovenski%26hs%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=jezik&hs=1">"Slovenski pravopis 2001: jezik"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slovenski+pravopis+2001%3A+jezik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbos.zrc-sazu.si%2Fc%2FSP%2Fneva.exe%3Fname%3Dsp%26expression%3Djezik%26hs%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLD_2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MLD_2010_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113170007/http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2957">"International Mother Language Day 2010"</a>. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 19 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2957">the original</a> on 13 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International+Mother+Language+Day+2010&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.si%2Feng%2Fnovica_prikazi.aspx%3Fid%3D2957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10000265">"Österreichischer Staatsvertrag"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%96sterreichischer+Staatsvertrag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ris.bka.gv.at%2FGeltendeFassung.wxe%3FAbfrage%3DBundesnormen%26Gesetzesnummer%3D10000265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/hungary/population-demographic-situation-languages-and-religions">"Hungary: demographic situation, languages and religions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungary%3A+demographic+situation%2C+languages+and+religions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu%2Fnational-education-systems%2Fhungary%2Fpopulation-demographic-situation-languages-and-religions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm">"Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche"</a> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norme+in+materia+di+tutela+delle+minoranze+linguistiche+storiche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlamento.it%2Fparlam%2Fleggi%2F99482l.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), <i>English Pronouncing Dictionary</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2"><bdi>3-12-539683-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-12-539683-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <i>Slovenia</i> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), <i>English Pronouncing Dictionary</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2"><bdi>3-12-539683-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-12-539683-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Slovenian">"Slovenian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Slovenian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FSlovenian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/jezikovni-spletovalec/jezikovni-spletovalec-tikanje-vikanje-na-polvikanje-in-onikanje/411038">"TIkanje, VIkanje, (na) polVIkanje in ONIkanje"</a> (in Slovenian). MMC RTV Slovenia. 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=TIkanje%2C+VIkanje%2C+%28na%29+polVIkanje+in+ONIkanje&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtvslo.si%2Fkultura%2Fjezikovni-spletovalec%2Fjezikovni-spletovalec-tikanje-vikanje-na-polvikanje-in-onikanje%2F411038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrubar" class="citation cs2">Trubar, Primož, <i>Slovenski Biografski Leksikon</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovenski+Biografski+Leksikon&rft.aulast=Trubar&rft.aufirst=Primo%C5%BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osnove_Trubarjevega_jezika-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osnove_Trubarjevega_jezika_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osnove_Trubarjevega_jezika_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigler1965" class="citation journal cs1">Rigler, Jakob (1965). "Osnove Trubarjevega jezika". <i>Jezik in slovstvo</i>. <b>10</b> (6–7).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jezik+in+slovstvo&rft.atitle=Osnove+Trubarjevega+jezika&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Rigler&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigler1965" class="citation journal cs1">Rigler, Jakob (1965). "Nekdanja ljubljanščina kot osnova Trubarjevega jezika". <i>Začetki Slovenskega Knjižnega Jezika</i>: 100–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Za%C4%8Detki+Slovenskega+Knji%C5%BEnega+Jezika&rft.atitle=Nekdanja+ljubljan%C5%A1%C4%8Dina+kot+osnova+Trubarjevega+jezika&rft.pages=100-110&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Rigler&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenberg-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenberg, Marc L., <i>A Short Reference Grammar of Slovene,</i> (<i>LINCOM Studies in Slavic Linguistics</i> 30). Munich: LINCOM, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-965-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-965-1">3-89586-965-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372202077">"Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Motoki_Nomachi" title="Motoki Nomachi">Nomachi, Motoki</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella" title="Tomasz Kamusella">Kamusella, Tomasz</a> (eds.). <i>Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires</i>. Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 167–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003034025-11">10.4324/9781003034025-11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-47191-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-47191-0"><bdi>978-0-367-47191-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1390118985">1390118985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259576119">259576119</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4680766">4680766</a></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/COBISS.SR" class="mw-redirect" title="COBISS.SR">COBISS.SR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/sr/sr/bib/search?q=125229577&db=cobib&mat=allmaterials">125229577</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/COBISS_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="COBISS (identifier)">COBISS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/bib/171014403">171014403</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kordic-ideology-against-language">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2024</span>. p. 174: <q>In the Slavic area, there is one instance of a significant asymmetric intelligibility: Slovenians understand Croats better (79.4%) than Croats understand Slovenians (43.7%).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ideology+Against+Language%3A+The+Current+Situation+in+South+Slavic+Countries&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Nationalism+Instead+of+Empires&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Histories+of+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=167-179&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259576119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003034025-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1390118985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4680766%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-0-367-47191-0&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F372202077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDular2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janez_Dular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janez Dular (page does not exist)">Dular, Janez</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235417/http://www.vlada.si/si/o_sloveniji/slovenscina/jezikovni_polozaj/">"Jezikovni položaj"</a> [Language Situation] (in Slovenian). Government of the Republic of Slovenia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlada.si/si/o_sloveniji/slovenscina/jezikovni_polozaj/">the original</a> on 28 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jezikovni+polo%C5%BEaj&rft.pub=Government+of+the+Republic+of+Slovenia&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Dular&rft.aufirst=Janez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlada.si%2Fsi%2Fo_sloveniji%2Fslovenscina%2Fjezikovni_polozaj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=slv">"Similar languages to Slovenian"</a>. EZ Glot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Similar+languages+to+Slovenian&rft.pub=EZ+Glot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezglot.com%2Fmost-similar-languages.php%3Fl%3Dslv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bogo Grafenauer, <i>Karantanija: izbrane razprave in članki</i> (Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatičetov1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matičetov, Milko (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061107072740/http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/publikacije/jis/lat1/038/55c01.htm">"Od koroskega gralva 1238 do rezijanskega krajaua 1986"</a>. <i>Jezik in slovstvo [Language and Literature]</i> (in Slovenian) (5). Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/publikacije/jis/lat1/038/55c01.htm">the original</a> on 7 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jezik+in+slovstvo+%5BLanguage+and+Literature%5D&rft.atitle=Od+koroskega+gralva+1238+do+rezijanskega+krajaua+1986&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Mati%C4%8Detov&rft.aufirst=Milko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ff.uni-lj.si%2Fpublikacije%2Fjis%2Flat1%2F038%2F55c01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalin_Golob,_MonikaKomac,_NatašaLogar,_Nataša2007" class="citation book cs1">Kalin Golob, Monika; Komac, Nataša; Logar, Nataša (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011115406/http://www.vlada.si/fileadmin/dokumenti/Slovenija_doc/O_slovenskem_jeziku_novo.pdf">"Sounds and letters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Žnidarko, Mito (ed.). <i>On Slovene Language</i>. European Parliament Information Office for Slovenia, Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia, Government Office for European Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-823-2350-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-823-2350-2"><bdi>978-92-823-2350-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlada.si/fileadmin/dokumenti/Slovenija_doc/O_slovenskem_jeziku_novo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sounds+and+letters&rft.btitle=On+Slovene+Language&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=European+Parliament+Information+Office+for+Slovenia%2C+Ministry+of+Culture+of+the+Republic+of+Slovenia%2C+Government+Office+for+European+Affairs+of+the+Republic+of+Slovenia&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-823-2350-2&rft.au=Kalin+Golob%2C+Monika&rft.au=Komac%2C+Nata%C5%A1a&rft.au=Logar%2C+Nata%C5%A1a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlada.si%2Ffileadmin%2Fdokumenti%2FSlovenija_doc%2FO_slovenskem_jeziku_novo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cvirn2000-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cvirn2000_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠtih2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Štih, Peter (2000). "Slovenski kmečki upor" [The Slovene Peasant Revolt]. In Vidic, Marko (ed.). <i>Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev</i> [<i>The Illustrated History of the Slovenes</i>] (in Slovenian). Mladinska knjiga. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-11-15664-1" title="Special:BookSources/86-11-15664-1"><bdi>86-11-15664-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slovenski+kme%C4%8Dki+upor&rft.btitle=Ilustrirana+zgodovina+Slovencev&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Mladinska+knjiga&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=86-11-15664-1&rft.aulast=%C5%A0tih&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTörnquist-Plewa2002" class="citation book cs1">Törnquist-Plewa, Barbara (2002). Resic, Sanimir (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YuBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199"><i>The Balkans in Focus: Cultural Boundaries in Europe</i></a>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sławski, Franciszek. 1962. Zarys dialektologii południowosłowiańskiej. Warsaw: PAN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestly1993" class="citation journal cs1">Priestly, Tom M. S. (1993). "On 'Drift' in Indo-European Gender Systems.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>11</b>: 339–363.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=On+%27Drift%27+in+Indo-European+Gender+Systems.%27&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=339-363&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Priestly&rft.aufirst=Tom+M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jan2000-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jan2000_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoltan_Jan2000" class="citation book cs1">Zoltan Jan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbPlAAAAMAAJ"><i>Slovensko jezikoslovje danes in jutri</i></a>. Zavod Republike Slovenije za Šolstvo. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-961-234-246-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-961-234-246-3"><bdi>978-961-234-246-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovensko+jezikoslovje+danes+in+jutri&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Zavod+Republike+Slovenije+za+%C5%A0olstvo&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-961-234-246-3&rft.au=Zoltan+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmbPlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDapit" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dapit, Roberto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/bitstream/10077/2393/1/13.pdf">"IDENTITÀ RESIANA FRA "MITO" E IDEOLOGIA: GLI EFFETTI SULLA LINGUA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian and Slovenian). p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IDENTIT%C3%80+RESIANA+FRA+%22MITO%22+E+IDEOLOGIA%3A+GLI+EFFETTI+SULLA+LINGUA&rft.pages=19&rft.aulast=Dapit&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openstarts.units.it%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10077%2F2393%2F1%2F13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrity2000">Herrity (2000</a>:6ff.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrity2000">Herrity (2000</a>:15–16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrity2000">Herrity (2000</a>:16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skp136-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skp136_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skp136_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skp136_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skp136_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠuštaršičKomarPetek1999">Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999</a>:136)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gr18-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gr18_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr18_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr18_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr18_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg (2006</a>:18)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠuštaršičKomarPetek1999">Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999</a>:136–137)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToporišič2001">Toporišič (2001</a>:69)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jurgec200712-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jurgec200712_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJurgec2007">Jurgec (2007</a>:1–2). He transcribes it as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span>, but the vowel chart on page 2 shows that the phonetically correct symbol is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐ/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJurgec2005">Jurgec (2005</a>:9 and 12)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFJurgec2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrity2000">Herrity (2000</a>:34–35)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suss-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suss_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.arnes.si/~lmarus/suss/arhiv/suss-arhiv-000346.html">"Kako uporabljati določne pridevnike"</a>. ŠUSS. 2 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kako+uporabljati+dolo%C4%8Dne+pridevnike&rft.date=2005-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.arnes.si%2F~lmarus%2Fsuss%2Farhiv%2Fsuss-arhiv-000346.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/sskj_en.html">"Searching the Dictionary of Standard Slovenian"</a>. Fran Ramovš Institute of Slovenian Language, ZRC SAZU. 10 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Searching+the+Dictionary+of+Standard+Slovenian&rft.pub=Fran+Ramov%C5%A1+Institute+of+Slovenian+Language%2C+ZRC+SAZU&rft.date=2008-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbos.zrc-sazu.si%2Fsskj_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portal-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Portal_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portal_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryportal.eu/en/ctlg/?objLang=sl">"European Dictionary Portal: Slovene"</a>. European Network of e-Lexicography<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Dictionary+Portal%3A+Slovene&rft.pub=European+Network+of+e-Lexicography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionaryportal.eu%2Fen%2Fctlg%2F%3FobjLang%3Dsl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/slv.pdf">"Official Slovene Translation (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia – International Treaties, No. 3/18)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Office of the High Commissioner, United Nations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315024754/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/slv.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+High+Commissioner%2C+United+Nations&rft.atitle=Official+Slovene+Translation+%28Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+Slovenia+%E2%80%93+International+Treaties%2C+No.+3%2F18%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FDocuments%2FUDHR_Translations%2Fslv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>un.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2006" class="citation cs2">Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=8"><i>A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene</i></a>, Kansas: University of Kansas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Reference+Grammar+of+Standard+Slovene&rft.place=Kansas&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Mark+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seelrc.org%3A8080%2Fgrammar%2Fmainframe.jsp%3FnLanguageID%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrity2000" class="citation cs2">Herrity, Peter (2000), <i>Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23148-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23148-5"><bdi>0-415-23148-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovene%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-23148-5&rft.aulast=Herrity&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurgec2007" class="citation cs2">Jurgec, Peter (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228776561">"Schwa in Slovenian is Epenthetic"</a>, <i>ResearchGate</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Schwa+in+Slovenian+is+Epenthetic&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jurgec&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F228776561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠolar1950" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Šolar, Jakob (1950), <i>Slovenski pravopis</i> (in Slovenian), Ljubljana: Državna založba Slovenije</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovenski+pravopis&rft.place=Ljubljana&rft.pub=Dr%C5%BEavna+zalo%C5%BEba+Slovenije&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=%C5%A0olar&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠuštaršičKomarPetek1999" class="citation cs2">Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_slv_phon-2">"Slovene"</a>, <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874">10.1017/S0025100300004874</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7"><bdi>0-521-65236-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249404451">249404451</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slovene&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=135-139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249404451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004874&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.aulast=%C5%A0u%C5%A1tar%C5%A1i%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Rastislav&rft.au=Komar%2C+Smiljana&rft.au=Petek%2C+Bojan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Frosettaproject_slv_phon-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToporišič2001" class="citation cs2">Toporišič, Jože (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/sp2001.html"><i>Slovenski pravopis</i></a>, Ljubljana: SAZU</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovenski+pravopis&rft.place=Ljubljana&rft.pub=SAZU&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Topori%C5%A1i%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Jo%C5%BEe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbos.zrc-sazu.si%2Fsp2001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovene+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sl:"> Slovenian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/sl:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:sl:Main Page">Slovenian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>, the free library</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Slovenian_phrasebook#Q9063" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Slovenian phrasebook">Slovenian</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Slovene" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Slovene">Slovene</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slovene_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Slovene language">Slovene language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217232608/http://www.centerslo.net/index.asp?LANG=eng">Centre for Slovene as a Second/Foreign Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.x-sandra.com/valencic/SlovenianPhonology.pdf">Slovenian Phonology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammars">Grammars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Grammars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn101.org/slovene.php">Slovene Grammar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corpora">Corpora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Corpora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_National_Corpus" title="Slovenian National Corpus">Slovenian National Corpus</a> 600 M words corpus of Slovenian FidaPLUS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/a_beseda.html">200 M words corpus of Slovenian Nova beseda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Slovene)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/sskj.html">Standard Slovene Dictionary (SSKJ)</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Slovene)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evroterm.gov.si/slovar/">Comprehensive list of the Slovene dictionaries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209132842/http://evroterm.gov.si/slovar/">Archived</a> 9 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Slovene)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4ezi.com/ezisoftware/projects/slovar/">Spletni Slovar (Multilingual Dictionary)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Slovenia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Template:Languages of Slovenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Template talk:Languages of Slovenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Slovenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Slovenia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">Languages of Slovenia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slovene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_dialect_group" title="Carinthian dialect group">Carinthian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kranjska_Gora_subdialect" title="Kranjska Gora subdialect">Kranjska Gora</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaun_Valley_dialect" title="Jaun Valley dialect">Jaun Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C5%BEica_dialect" title="Mežica dialect">Mežica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pohorje%E2%80%93Rem%C5%A1nik_dialect" title="North Pohorje–Remšnik dialect">North Pohorje–Remšnik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Littoral_dialect_group" title="Littoral dialect group">Littoral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/So%C4%8Da_dialect" title="Soča dialect">Soča</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Valley_dialect" title="Torre Valley dialect">Torre Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natisone_Valley_dialect" title="Natisone Valley dialect">Natisone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_dialect" title="Karst dialect">Karst</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Banj%C5%A1ice_subdialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjšice subdialect">Banjšice</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brda_dialect" title="Brda dialect">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniolan_dialect" title="Inner Carniolan dialect">Inner Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_dialect" title="Istrian dialect">Istrian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ri%C5%BEana_subdialect" title="Rižana subdialect">Rižana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0avrin_Hills_subdialect" title="Šavrin Hills subdialect">Šavrin Hills</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rovte_dialect_group" title="Rovte dialect group">Rovte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolmin_dialect" title="Tolmin dialect">Tolmin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Da_subdialect" title="Bača subdialect">Bača</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerkno_dialect" title="Cerkno dialect">Cerkno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Crni_Vrh_dialect" title="Črni Vrh dialect">Črni Vrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horjul_dialect" title="Horjul dialect">Horjul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poljane_dialect" title="Poljane dialect">Poljane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kofja_Loka_dialect" title="Škofja Loka dialect">Škofja Loka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Carniolan_dialect_group" title="Upper Carniolan dialect group">Upper Carniolan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Carniolan_dialect" title="Upper Carniolan dialect">Upper Carniolan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Upper_Carniolan_subdialect" title="Eastern Upper Carniolan subdialect">Eastern Upper Carniolan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selca_dialect" title="Selca dialect">Selca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Carniolan_dialect_group" title="Lower Carniolan dialect group">Lower Carniolan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Carniolan_dialect" title="Lower Carniolan dialect">Lower Carniolan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lower_Carniolan_subdialect" title="Eastern Lower Carniolan subdialect">Eastern Lower Carniolan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cabranka_dialect" title="Čabranka dialect">Čabranka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostel_dialect" title="Kostel dialect">Kostel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Ko%C4%8Devje_subdialects" title="Mixed Kočevje subdialects">Kočevje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_White_Carniolan_dialect" title="North White Carniolan dialect">North White Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_White_Carniolan_dialect" title="South White Carniolan dialect">South White Carniolan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Styrian_dialect_group" title="Styrian dialect group">Styrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Savinja_dialect" title="Central Savinja dialect">Central Savinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Savinja_dialect" title="Upper Savinja dialect">Upper Savinja</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sol%C4%8Dava_subdialect" title="Solčava subdialect">Solčava</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Styrian_dialect" title="Central Styrian dialect">Central Styrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pohorje_dialect" title="South Pohorje dialect">South Pohorje</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kozjak_subdialect" title="Kozjak subdialect">Kozjak</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozje-Bizeljsko_dialect" title="Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect">Kozje-Bizeljsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sava_Valley_dialect" title="Lower Sava Valley dialect">Lower Sava Valley</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/La%C5%A1ko_subdialect" title="Laško subdialect">Laško</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zagorje-Trbovlje_subdialect" title="Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect">Zagorje-Trbovlje</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sevnica-Kr%C5%A1ko_subdialect" title="Sevnica-Krško subdialect">Sevnica-Krško</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_dialect_group" title="Pannonian dialect group">Pannonian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Hills_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Hills dialect">Slovenian Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prlekija_dialect" title="Prlekija dialect">Prlekija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloze_dialect" title="Haloze dialect">Haloze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Chakavian" title="Central Chakavian">Central</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C4%8Darija_dialect" title="Čičarija dialect">Čičarija</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Chakavian" title="Southern Chakavian">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="German" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Historical_language_minorities" title="Languages of Italy">Historical linguistic minorities</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Franco-Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchigiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchigiano dialect">Marchigiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_dialect" title="Marino dialect">Marinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Beneventano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Cosentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central-Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Italo-Dalmatian<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sardinian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellese (page does not exist)">Cellese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö dialects</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco and Legnanese</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco-Lecchese dialects</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern Lombard</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spasell" title="Spasell">Spasell</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian–Romagnol linguistic group">Emilian–Romagnol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Gallo-Italic<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Venetian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhaeto-Romance" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arbëresh_language" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Vaccarizzo Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brda_dialect" title="Brda dialect">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniolan_dialect" title="Inner Carniolan dialect">Inner Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_dialect" title="Istrian dialect">Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_dialect" title="Karst dialect">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natisone_Valley_dialect" title="Natisone Valley dialect">Natisone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Valley_dialect" title="Torre Valley dialect">Torre Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy#Triestine_Serbs" title="Serbs in Italy">Triestine Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italiot_Greek" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other German dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian Hebrew</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_languages" title="Template talk:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">Up to Proto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">Accent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Modern languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Transitional_South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carantanians#Language" title="Carantanians">Alpine Slavic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech-Slovak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Czech_language" title="Biblical Czech language">Biblical Czech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">White Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese_Slovak" title="Camaldolese Slovak">Camaldolese Slovak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>East Lechitic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Polish language">Middle Polish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lechitic_dialects" title="West Lechitic dialects">West Lechitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcho-Magdeburgian_dialect" title="Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect">Marcho-Magdeburgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_dialect" title="Rani dialect">Rani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleifer_dialect" title="Schleifer dialect">Schleifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> <br />and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><i>20th century <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponaschemu" title="Ponaschemu">Ponaschemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Quelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Slavic" title="Army Slavic">Army Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic" title="Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybo%27s_law" title="Dybo's law">Dybo's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirt%27s_law" title="Hirt's law">Hirt's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illi%C4%8D-Svity%C4%8D%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Illič-Svityč's law">Illič-Svityč's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87%27s_law" title="Ivšić's law">Ivšić's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meillet%27s_law" title="Meillet's law">Meillet's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedersen%27s_law" title="Pedersen's law">Pedersen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijk%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wijk's law">Van Wijk's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter%27s_law" title="Winter's law">Winter's law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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