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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oppvekst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Oppvekst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oppvekst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darwins_store_sjanse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darwins_store_sjanse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Darwins store sjanse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darwins_store_sjanse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reisen_med_HMS_«Beagle»" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reisen_med_HMS_«Beagle»"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reisen med HMS «Beagle»</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reisen_med_HMS_«Beagle»-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Reisen med HMS «Beagle»</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reisen_med_HMS_«Beagle»-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sykdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sykdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sykdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sykdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolusjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolusjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Evolusjon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolusjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kulturimperialisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulturimperialisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kulturimperialisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulturimperialisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livet_etter_reisen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livet_etter_reisen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Livet etter reisen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livet_etter_reisen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolusjonsteoriens_far" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolusjonsteoriens_far"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolusjonsteoriens far</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolusjonsteoriens_far-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Evolusjonsteoriens far</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolusjonsteoriens_far-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Utvikling_av_teorien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utvikling_av_teorien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Utvikling av teorien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utvikling_av_teorien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wallace_og_utgivelsen_av_«Artenes_oprinnelse»" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wallace_og_utgivelsen_av_«Artenes_oprinnelse»"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Wallace og utgivelsen av «Artenes oprinnelse»</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wallace_og_utgivelsen_av_«Artenes_oprinnelse»-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Striden_om_evolusjonsteorien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Striden_om_evolusjonsteorien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Striden om evolusjonsteorien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Striden_om_evolusjonsteorien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priser_og_utmerkelser_(utvalg)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priser_og_utmerkelser_(utvalg)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Priser og utmerkelser (utvalg)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priser_og_utmerkelser_(utvalg)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populærkultur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populærkultur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Populærkultur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populærkultur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bokutgivelser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bokutgivelser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bokutgivelser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bokutgivelser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Bokutgivelser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bokutgivelser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Darwins_samlede_produksjon_tilgjengelig_på_nett" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darwins_samlede_produksjon_tilgjengelig_på_nett"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Darwins samlede produksjon tilgjengelig på nett</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darwins_samlede_produksjon_tilgjengelig_på_nett-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innholdsfortegnelse" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Darwin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 201 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-201" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">201 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikkel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – færøysk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%95" title="ቻርልስ ዳርዊን – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻርልስ ዳርዊን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – gammelengelsk" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="gammelengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز داروين – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز داروين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Չարլզ Տարուին – vestarmensk" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չարլզ Տարուին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="vestarmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – aromansk" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইন – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arlz_Darvin" title="Çarlz Darvin – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çarlz Darvin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز داروین – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز داروین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="চার্লস ডারউইন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চার্লস ডারউইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – bihari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – burjatisk" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Darwin" title="Charles Robert Darwin – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Robert Darwin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Дарвин Чарльз – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дарвин Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز داروين – marokkansk-arabisk" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشارلز داروين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokkansk-arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κάρολος Δαρβίνος – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος Δαρβίνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – erzia" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – ekstremaduransk" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="ekstremaduransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز داروین – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز داروین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – friuliansk" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friuliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – mansk" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – skotsk-gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk-gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="達爾文 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="達爾文" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="ચાર્લ્સ ડાર્વિન – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાર્લ્સ ડાર્વિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9C%88" title="찰스 다윈 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 다윈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Չարլզ Դարվին – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարլզ Դարվին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Дарвин, Чарльз – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дарвин, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="צ'ארלס דרווין – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס דרווין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಡಾರ್ವಿನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಡಾರ್ವಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ დარვინი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩარლზ დარვინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلس ڈارون – kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چارلس ڈارون" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – franskguyansk kreol" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="franskguyansk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – jødespansk" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="jødespansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Darwin" title="Carolus Darwin – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Darwin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%81rlzs_Darvins" title="Čārlzs Darvins – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čārlzs Darvins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – lesgisk" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – ligurisk" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – livvisk" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="livvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/carl._daruin." title="carl. daruin. – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="carl. daruin." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлс Дарвин – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чарлс Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ചാൾസ് ഡാർവിൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാൾസ് ഡാർവിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ დარვინი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩარლზ დარვინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز داروين – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز داروين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز داروین – mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چارلز داروین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – mirandesisk" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ချားလ်စ် ဒါဝင် – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချားလ်စ် ဒါဝင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – nedersaksisk" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="nedersaksisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="チャールズ・ダーウィン – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・ダーウィン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Дарвин, Чарльз – tsjetsjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дарвин, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ଚାର୍ଲସ ଡାରଉଇନ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚାର୍ଲସ ଡାରଉଇନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਡਾਰਵਿਨ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਡਾਰਵਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلس ڈارون – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چارلس ڈارون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%89%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلس ډاروین – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چارلس ډاروین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – jamaicansk kreolengelsk" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaicansk kreolengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9F_%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93" title="ឆាលែស ដាវីន – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆាលែស ដាវីន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – pikardisk" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arlz_Darvin" title="Çarlz Darvin – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çarlz Darvin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – retoromansk" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="retoromansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Дарвин, Чарлз – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дарвин, Чарлз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cals.talun" title="Cals.talun – sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Cals.talun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="चार्ल्स् डार्विन् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चार्ल्स् डार्विन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱮᱥ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱮᱥ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – sardisk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – nord-sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="nord-sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arls_Darvin" title="Çarls Darvin – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çarls Darvin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="චාල්ස් ඩාවින් – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චාල්ස් ඩාවින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلس ڊارون – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چارلس ڊارون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – schlesisk" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="schlesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارڵز داروین – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چارڵز داروین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлс Дарвин – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чарлс Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சார்லசு டார்வின் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்லசு டார்வின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcarl%E1%BA%93_Darwin" title="Tcarlẓ Darwin – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tcarlẓ Darwin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="చార్లెస్ డార్విన్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చార్లెస్ డార్విన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ชาลส์ ดาร์วิน – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาลส์ ดาร์วิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلس ڈاروین – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چارلس ڈاروین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%86" title="دارۋىن – uigurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دارۋىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – venetiansk" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvin_%C4%8Carl%27z" title="Darvin Čarl'z – vepsisk" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Darvin Čarl'z" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwini_Charles" title="Darwini Charles – sørestisk" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Darwini Charles" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="sørestisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查爾斯·達爾文 – klassisk kinesisk" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="查爾斯·達爾文" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassisk kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – vestflamsk" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="vestflamsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查尔斯·达尔文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="טשארלס דארווין – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשארלס דארווין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查理斯·達爾文 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查理斯·達爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Carlzos_Darv%C4%97ns" title="Čarlzos Darvėns – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čarlzos Darvėns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查尔斯·达尔文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carls_Darvin" title="Carls Darvin – talysj" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Carls Darvin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%A3_%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ – standard marrokansk tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standard marrokansk tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1035#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Charles_Darwin" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> 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Du kan se på kildeteksten [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Vis kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div 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td{text-align:left;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.headercenter{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.hode th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24884810" /><table class="infobox infoboks biografi fastbredde"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Charles Darwin</th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg/250px-Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg/375px-Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg/500px-Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P1477 edit-props-P569 edit-props-P19">Født</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><span><span lang="en">Charles Robert Darwin</span></span></span><br /><span><a href="/wiki/12._februar" title="12. februar">12. feb.</a> <a href="/wiki/1809" title="1809">1809</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-hash-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-80eb31e65ae106610dfa8963895780bf9a52caf6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-80eb31e65ae106610dfa8963895780bf9a52caf6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-e91693b40f7eb2aa2140ee62b5146cea60259048_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e91693b40f7eb2aa2140ee62b5146cea60259048-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035?uselang=nb#P569" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><br />The Mount<sup id="cite_ref-hash-99f54a7e20ec41c991be5c4b14691247b7c28c1d_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-99f54a7e20ec41c991be5c4b14691247b7c28c1d-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-8ecc705a5518cae816ae4e9eaba40a5be4159164_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-8ecc705a5518cae816ae4e9eaba40a5be4159164-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P570 edit-props-P20 edit-props-P509">Død</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><a href="/wiki/19._april" title="19. april">19. apr.</a> <a href="/wiki/1882" title="1882">1882</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-hash-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-234bee6713bf3c8a9de9453ab4b1458b7efcc4b4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-234bee6713bf3c8a9de9453ab4b1458b7efcc4b4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-80eb31e65ae106610dfa8963895780bf9a52caf6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-80eb31e65ae106610dfa8963895780bf9a52caf6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-9f8e95a27eab0be2647d41867169301518935823_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-9f8e95a27eab0be2647d41867169301518935823-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035?uselang=nb#P570" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> (73 år)<br />Down House<sup id="cite_ref-hash-bd5c3d50a9662c095f01ff16d89ee779353f81d7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-bd5c3d50a9662c095f01ff16d89ee779353f81d7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Beskjeftigelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Geolog" title="Geolog">Geolog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oppdagelsesreisende" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppdagelsesreisende">oppdagelsesreisende</a>, reiseforfatter, <a href="/wiki/Etolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Etolog">etolog</a>, naturviter, <a href="/wiki/Filosof" class="mw-redirect" title="Filosof">filosof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skribent_(beskjeftigelse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skribent (beskjeftigelse)">skribent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botaniker" class="mw-redirect" title="Botaniker">botaniker</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035?uselang=nb#P106" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Akademisk grad</th><td colspan="2">Bachelorgrad (<span title="tidspunkt: 1832">1832</span>)<br />Master of Arts (<span title="tidspunkt: 1837">1837</span>)<br />Legum Doctor</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utdannet ved</th><td colspan="2">Christ's College<br />University of Edinburgh Medical School<br />Shrewsbury School (<span title="startdato: 1818">1818</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 1825">1825</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (<span title="startdato: januar 1828">1828</span>–) (studieretning: <a href="/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi">teologi</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-0caaea41758db1eb989b273b198751916cff435f_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-0caaea41758db1eb989b273b198751916cff435f-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> (<span title="startdato: oktober 1825">1825</span>–) (studieretning: <a href="/wiki/Medisin" title="Medisin">medisin</a>)</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Ektefelle</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" title="Emma Darwin">Emma Darwin</a> (<span title="startdato: 29. jan. 1839">1839</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 19. apr. 1882">1882</span>) (avslutningsårsak: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8d" title="Død">død</a>, bryllupssted: Maer Hall)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-717fdebb75d85f67aca0a2da278a286bb2790d5d_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-717fdebb75d85f67aca0a2da278a286bb2790d5d-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Far</th><td colspan="2">Robert Darwin<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Mor</th><td colspan="2">Susannah Wedgwood<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Søsken</th><td colspan="2">Erasmus Alvey Darwin (familierelasjon: <a href="/wiki/Storebror_(s%C3%B8sken)" class="mw-redirect" title="Storebror (søsken)">eldre bror</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Caroline Darwin (familierelasjon: <a href="/wiki/Stores%C3%B8ster" class="mw-redirect" title="Storesøster">eldre søster</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Marianne Darwin (familierelasjon: <a href="/wiki/Stores%C3%B8ster" class="mw-redirect" title="Storesøster">eldre søster</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Emily Darwin (familierelasjon: <a href="/wiki/Lilles%C3%B8ster" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillesøster">yngre søster</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Susan Darwin (familierelasjon: <a href="/wiki/Stores%C3%B8ster" class="mw-redirect" title="Storesøster">eldre søster</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Barn</th><td colspan="2"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sentrert">10 oppføringer</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content">Anne Darwin<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Francis Darwin<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />William Erasmus Darwin<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Henrietta Darwin<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Leonard Darwin</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Horace Darwin<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Waring_Darwin" title="Charles Waring Darwin">Charles Waring Darwin</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Elizabeth Darwin<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Mary Eleanor Darwin<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Nasjonalitet</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Det_forente_kongerike_Storbritannia_og_Irland" title="Det forente kongerike Storbritannia og Irland">Det forente kongerike Storbritannia og Irland</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Gravlagt</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-06d2e61049cc0b3167184f75ab138edb4ab649e7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-06d2e61049cc0b3167184f75ab138edb4ab649e7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Medlem av</th><td colspan="2"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sentrert">17 oppføringer</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (<span title="startdato: 24. jan. 1839">1839</span>–)<br /><a href="/wiki/Leopoldina" title="Leopoldina">Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina</a> (<span title="startdato: 1857">1857</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-2be5b8e613a1a43326c77696d1f30cc8407c94a2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2be5b8e613a1a43326c77696d1f30cc8407c94a2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Kungliga_Vetenskapsakademien" title="Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien">Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien</a><br />American Philosophical Society (<span title="startdato: 1869">1869</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-fe21bb83d9ad10451815a6a006b1b2692e6d5bd1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-fe21bb83d9ad10451815a6a006b1b2692e6d5bd1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Det ungarske vitenskapsakademiet<br />Schlesische Gesellschaft für vaterländische Kultur<br />American Academy of Arts and Sciences (<span title="startdato: 1874">1874</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-e49e20cbe23380487cc77529738dda87b1977524_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e49e20cbe23380487cc77529738dda87b1977524-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen<br /><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei">Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a> (<span title="startdato: 1839">1839</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-333ebbea0c550c6cfa2b579f9c234221860e8fb0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-333ebbea0c550c6cfa2b579f9c234221860e8fb0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Det_franske_vitenskapsakademiet" title="Det franske vitenskapsakademiet">Det franske vitenskapsakademiet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Det_russiske_vitenskapsakademi" title="Det russiske vitenskapsakademi">Det russiske vitenskapsakademi</a> (<span title="startdato: 1867">1867</span>–) (korresponderende medlem)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-aac8bbce4d4e6ab063ee0e3a1721ed38d8c48fb1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-aac8bbce4d4e6ab063ee0e3a1721ed38d8c48fb1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-e58c6538d454edf506b840a6f07b6e729c0d3695_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e58c6538d454edf506b840a6f07b6e729c0d3695-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Det_pr%C3%B8yssiske_vitenskapsakademiet" title="Det prøyssiske vitenskapsakademiet">Det prøyssiske vitenskapsakademiet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a><br />Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften<br />Accademia delle Scienze di Torino (<span title="startdato: 30. nov. 1873">1873</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Plinian_Society" title="Plinian Society">Plinian Society</a></div> </div> </td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utmerkelser</th><td colspan="2"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sentrert">13 oppføringer</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1853">1853</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen">Copleymedaljen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1864">1864</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Pour le Mérite for vitenskap og kunst (<span title="tidspunkt: 1868">1868</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-faebeda38312dd99089a9040f3eb27889571bce4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-faebeda38312dd99089a9040f3eb27889571bce4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Fellow of the Linnean Society of London<br />Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society<br />Fellow of the Royal Society<br />Baly Medal (<span title="tidspunkt: 1879">1879</span>)<br />Fellow of the Geological Society of London<sup id="cite_ref-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Premio Bressa (<span title="tidspunkt: 1875">1875</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-d50c1ffafef7c1f41a3f1c640452703c855f1223_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-d50c1ffafef7c1f41a3f1c640452703c855f1223-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Æresdoktor Leiden universitet (<span title="tidspunkt: 1875">1875</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-25cb7db8546f0eca8ecd7e3598b50712fc878fe9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-25cb7db8546f0eca8ecd7e3598b50712fc878fe9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Wollastonmedaljen" title="Wollastonmedaljen">Wollastonmedaljen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1859">1859</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-8989ba7406a085b3e471a789b4bcf10dd4aa38f4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-8989ba7406a085b3e471a789b4bcf10dd4aa38f4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi (<span title="startdato: 1871">1871</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-ec29d66115ba98643202713d655fb3358cf5b9e8_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-ec29d66115ba98643202713d655fb3358cf5b9e8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Darwinmedaljen" title="Darwinmedaljen">Darwinmedaljen</a></div> </div> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Arbeidssted</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Fagfelt</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">Biologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naturhistorie" title="Naturhistorie">naturhistorie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi">zoologi</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Kjent for</th><td colspan="2"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sentrert">8 oppføringer</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content">On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection<br /><a href="/wiki/Artenes_opprinnelse" title="Artenes opprinnelse">Artenes opprinnelse</a><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_H._M._S._Beagle" title="The Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle">The Voyage of the Beagle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man" title="The Descent of Man">Menneskets avstamning og parringsvalg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions" title="The Expression of the Emotions">The Expression of the Emotions</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Insectivorous_Plants" title="Insectivorous Plants">Insectivorous Plants</a><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Movement_in_Plants" title="The Power of Movement in Plants">The Power of Movement in Plants</a><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Formation_of_Vegetable_Mould" title="The Formation of Vegetable Mould">The Formation of Vegetable Mould</a></div> </div></td></tr> <tr class="overskrift" valign="top"><td colspan="4">Signatur</td></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Charles Darwins signatur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg/250px-Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg/375px-Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg/500px-Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="85" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="overskrift" valign="top"><td colspan="4">Våpenskjold</td></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Charles_Darwin_Coat_of_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Charles Darwins våpenskjold" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Charles_Darwin_Coat_of_Arms.svg/250px-Charles_Darwin_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Charles_Darwin_Coat_of_Arms.svg/375px-Charles_Darwin_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Charles_Darwin_Coat_of_Arms.svg/500px-Charles_Darwin_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Darwin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Robert Darwin</b> (1809–1882) var en <a href="/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia">britisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturforskning" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturforskning">naturforsker</a>. Han er mest kjent for å ha grunnlagt den moderne <a href="/wiki/Evolusjonsteori" title="Evolusjonsteori">evolusjonsteorien</a> (se også <a href="/wiki/Darwinisme" title="Darwinisme">darwinisme</a>), men bidro også med en rekke andre arbeider innen <a href="/wiki/Biologisk_systematikk" title="Biologisk systematikk">systematikk</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi">økologi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">paleontologi</a>. </p><p>Darwins bidrag til <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologien</a> kan knapt overvurderes. Evolusjonslæren ga endelig den <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné">linneiske systematikken</a> et teoretisk fundament, og gjorde det for første gang mulig med en vitenskapelig teori på dyrs og planters <a href="/wiki/Tilpasning_(%C3%B8kologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilpasning (økologi)">tilpasninger</a> og deres utrolige <a href="/wiki/Biologisk_mangfold" title="Biologisk mangfold">biologiske mangfold</a>. I dag er Darwins lære om <a href="/wiki/Naturlig_utvalg" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturlig utvalg">naturlig utvalg</a> det helt <a href="/wiki/Paradigme" title="Paradigme">grunnleggende fundamentet</a> for all biologisk forskning, og finner stadig nye anvendelsesområder, blant annet innen <a href="/wiki/Medisin" title="Medisin">medisin</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ern%C3%A6ring" title="Ernæring">ernæring</a>. </p><p>Boka <i><a href="/wiki/Artenes_opprinnelse" title="Artenes opprinnelse">Artenes opprinnelse</a></i>, som kom ut i 1859, regnes som hans hovedverk. Boka redegjør meget grundig for <a href="/wiki/Naturlig_seleksjon" title="Naturlig seleksjon">naturlig utvalg</a> med talløse eksempler. Da den kom vakte den stor debatt og til dels forargelse, men Darwin ble anerkjent som sin tids største britiske naturvitenskapsmann, og ble etter sin død gravlagt i <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> ved siden av <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oppvekst">Oppvekst</h2></div> <p>Charles Darwin ble født den 12. februar 1809 i The Mount (hans fars hus i <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>) som det femte av de i alt seks barna til Robert og Susannah Darwin (født Wedgwood). Hans far og farfar (Erasmus) var begge <a href="/wiki/Lege" title="Lege">leger</a>. Hans morfar <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a> var en kjent pottemaker. </p><p>Hans farfar, fritenkeren og agnostikeren <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a> (1731–1802), var <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">naturfilosof</a> og en tidlig representant for <a href="/wiki/Evolusjon" title="Evolusjon">evolusjonstanken</a>. Faktisk foregrep han alle hovedtrekk av det system som Charles senere skulle utvikle, med unntak av hypotesen om naturlig seleksjon. I Erasmus’ forfatterskap finner man også kretsing rundt tanken om at menneskeheten burde legge religionen til side, og heller finne næring i «vitenskapens melk». Han hadde lite til overs for Charles’ andre bestefar, forretningsmannen Josiah Wedgwoods avslappede <a href="/wiki/Unitarisme" title="Unitarisme">unitarisme</a>, som han syrlig kritiserte som «en fjærseng for å ta imot en mislykket kristen». </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg/190px-Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg/285px-Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg/380px-Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>Barndomsportrett av Darwin fra sommeren 1816, ett år før moren hans døde</figcaption></figure> <p>Moren døde da Darwin bare var åtte år gammel, og han tilbrakte mye tid med å følge med sin fars legepraksis i omegnen. Faren Robert Darwin var ikke bare en fremgangsrik lege; han var også en ivrig frimurer og en overbevist ateist. Denne ateismen forhindret ham imidlertid ikke i å foreslå teologistudiet til sønnen, antagelig fordi utsiktene til et trygt utkomme veide tyngre. </p><p>16 år gammel begynte Darwin å studere medisin i <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> (1825–1827), men likte seg dårlig i studiene. Særlig forelesningene i anatomi (som innbefattet disseksjon av mennesker tidlig på morgenen) og de brutale kirurgiske metodene den gangen (dette var før <a href="/wiki/Bed%C3%B8velse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedøvelse">bedøvelse</a> var kommet) mislikte han sterkt. Anatomitimene beskrev han senere i sine memoarer som et mareritt. Han deltok derimot med iver i <a href="/wiki/The_Plinian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Plinian Society">the Plinian Society</a> og studerte livet i fjæra i <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>. </p><p>I 1827 hadde Robert Darwin fått nok av sønnens manglende fremgang i studiene og fikk ham innskrevet ved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christ%27s_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christ's College (ikke skrevet ennå)">Christ's College</a> i <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. Der skulle han studere til en <a href="/wiki/Bachelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor">bachelor</a> i <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a>, noe som ville kvalifisere ham til anglikansk prestetjeneste. Darwin var ingen spesielt ivrig teolog, og fant forelesningene uinspirerende og kjedelige. En skarp naturalistisk filosof ved navn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Grant_(filosof)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Grant (filosof) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Robert Grant</a> hadde en viss formende innflytelse på ham; Grant var en fritenker som holdt fysiske og kjemiske krefter for å være drivkraften for livets opphav og utvikling. </p><p>Så ofte han kunne tok Darwin seg fri fra teologien for å gå på jakt, og oppdrette <a href="/wiki/Duer" title="Duer">duer</a> og <a href="/wiki/Hunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunder">hunder</a>. Han var interessert i natur og friluftsliv, og ved siden av studiene leste han det som den gang het <a href="/wiki/Naturfilosofi" title="Naturfilosofi">naturfilosofi</a> (dvs <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologi</a>) på egen hånd, fulgte forelesninger og deltok på ekskursjoner. Biologi og geologi var det som opptok ham mest i disse studieårene. Han ble begeistret for vitenskapsmenn som <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Whewell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Whewell (ikke skrevet ennå)">William Whewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stevens_Henslow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stevens Henslow (ikke skrevet ennå)">John Stevens Henslow</a>. </p><p>Robert Darwin klaget over at hans sønn var blitt en «uvirksom ung slubbert uten annen interesse enn sport og jakt», og strammet opp sønnen. </p><p>I 1831 avla endelig Darwin en teologieksamen med gode karakterer. Hans livssyn på den tid er blitt karakterisert som en «avslappet protestantisme» som klarte å gå hånd i hånd med en klar materialistisk tendens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Darwins_store_sjanse">Darwins store sjanse</h2></div> <p>Normalt ville en ung mann i Darwins situasjon fått et mindre presteembete på landsbygda, der han kunne leve resten av livet i relativ fred og ro, holde andakter i helgene og ellers dyrke sin naturinteresse. Naturvitenskapen var den gangen i sin spede begynnelse, og ble regnet som en del av teologien (som «naturfilosofi»). Ganske mange prester interesserte seg for naturfilosofi, og publiserte naturvitenskapelige artikler på fritiden. </p><p>Kontaktene og kunnskapen Darwin hadde fått gjennom sine hobbyer førte til at botanikeren og presten <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stevens_Henslow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stevens Henslow (ikke skrevet ennå)">John Stevens Henslow</a> anbefalte ham som ulønnet <i>gentleman companion</i> for den unge marinekapteinen og naturforskeren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_FitzRoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert FitzRoy (ikke skrevet ennå)">Robert FitzRoy</a> ved hans planlagte jordomseiling med <a href="/wiki/HMS_%C2%ABBeagle%C2%BB" title="HMS «Beagle»">HMS «Beagle»</a>. Darwin senior var skeptisk til å slippe sønnen ut på det han anså som enda et ørkesløst foretagende. Darwin beklaget seg til sin onkel, porselensfabrikanten <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood_II" title="Josiah Wedgwood II">Josiah Wedgwood II</a>, som fikk overtalt faren til å la unge Darwin legge ut på sitt store eventyr. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reisen_med_HMS_«Beagle»"><span id="Reisen_med_HMS_.C2.ABBeagle.C2.BB"></span>Reisen med HMS «Beagle»</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg/300px-Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg/450px-Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg/600px-Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption>«Beagles» reiserute</figcaption></figure> <p>Reisen med «Beagle» varte i nærmere fem år, fra desember 1831 til oktober 1836, og 2/3-deler av tiden var Darwin på land. Fra Plymouth gikk turen over <a href="/wiki/Atlanterhavet" title="Atlanterhavet">Atlanterhavet</a> til <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a> via <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Verde" title="Kapp Verde">Kapp Verde</a>-øyene. Deretter nedover langs kysten av <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Amerika" title="Sør-Amerika">Sør-Amerika</a>, hvor dyrelivet i <a href="/wiki/Amazonas" title="Amazonas">Amazonas</a> gjorde sterkt inntrykk på Darwin. I <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> overlevde han et voldsomt <a href="/wiki/Jordskjelv" title="Jordskjelv">jordskjelv</a>. Han foretok en omhyggelig geologisk undersøkelse av <a href="/wiki/Andesfjellene" class="mw-redirect" title="Andesfjellene">Andesfjellene</a>, og kom over kolossale <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossiler</a>, blant annet den fineste <i><a href="/wiki/Megatherium" title="Megatherium">Megatherium</a></i> til dags dato. En stund seilte de på kryss og tvers langs kysten av <a href="/wiki/Ildlandet" title="Ildlandet">Ildlandet</a> for å kartlegge. Her møtte Darwin på <a href="/wiki/Ildlendere" title="Ildlendere">ildlendere</a>. På vei over <a href="/wiki/Stillehavet" title="Stillehavet">Stillehavet</a> gjorde de holdt ved <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos">Galápagos</a> før de ankom <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> og <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Siste del av reisen gikk rundt <a href="/wiki/Kapp_det_gode_h%C3%A5p" title="Kapp det gode håp">Kapp det gode håp</a> med en avstikker innom Sør-Amerika og <a href="/wiki/Azorene" title="Azorene">Azorene</a>, før de la til land i <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> 2. oktober 1836. </p><p>Darwin gjorde de fleste av studiene sine i Sør-Amerika, men var også innom mange andre steder, som <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> og <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos%C3%B8yene" title="Galápagosøyene">Galápagosarkipelet</a>. Han tok nøyaktige notater om forskjellige geologiske fenomener, fossiler og levende organismer. Han samlet prøver av individer fra svært mange arter, mange ennå ukjente for naturvitenskapen. Ved leilighet sendte han prøver til Cambridge sammen med brev som beskrev funnene. Dette bidro til å etablere hans ry som naturforsker lenge før han var tilbake i England. Notatene han skrev er rike på detaljer og viser Darwins talent for teoretisering, ikke minst når det gjelder dannelsen av <a href="/wiki/Korallrev" title="Korallrev">korallrev</a>, og utgjorde basis for etterfølgende arbeider. Dagboken han skrev, opprinnelig til familien, men senere utgitt som <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">The Voyage of the Beagle</a></i>, gir et sammendrag av funnene og innsikt i det sosiale, politiske og <a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">antropologiske</a> liv til menneskene han møtte, både innfødte og kolonister. </p><p>Darwin skulle holde kaptein FitzRoy med selskap ved måltidene, da kapteinens rang hindret ham i å pleie omgang med andre enn gentlemen. FitzRoy valgte den ett år yngre Darwin delvis fordi han mente formen på Darwins nese vitnet om karakter, og delvis fordi Darwin var utdannet teolog. FitzRoys formelle oppdrag var riktignok å kartlegge kysten, men personlig var han mer opptatt av å søke bevis for en bokstavtro tolkning av <a href="/wiki/Bibelen" title="Bibelen">Bibelens</a> skapelsesberetning. Han var humørsyk med utbrudd av rene raserianfall, som ikke ble mildnet av at Darwin stod fundamentalismen fjernt. De to unge mennene kranglet derfor til stadighet, «noen ganger på grensen til det sinnssyke», mintes Darwin. Skipets forrige kaptein hadde skutt seg gjennom hodet; FitzRoys onkel hadde skåret over halsen på seg ti år tidligere; og FitzRoy selv skulle gjøre det samme, heldigvis først mange år senere. Like etter hjemkomsten sjokkerte han Darwin ved å gifte seg med en kvinne han viste seg å være forlovet med; i løpet av reisens fem år hadde han ikke nevnt hennes eksistens en eneste gang.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sykdom">Sykdom</h3></div> <p>Ombord på skipet led Darwin mye av sjøsyke. I oktober 1833 i <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> fikk han feber, og på vei tilbake fra <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> til <a href="/wiki/Valparaiso" class="mw-redirect" title="Valparaiso">Valparaiso</a> i juli 1834 ble han syk og lå til sengs en måned. Sykdom skulle komme til å plage Darwin resten av livet. Legene fant aldri ut hva som feilte ham, og det har vært foreslått at det skyldtes tilbakefall etter sykdommen han pådro seg i Argentina. Moderne forskere har foreslått ulike sykdommer han kan ha lidd av, bl.a. <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> og <a href="/wiki/Chagas_sykdom" title="Chagas sykdom">Chagas sykdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geologi">Geologi</h3></div> <p>Før de reiste ut fikk Darwin råd fra <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stevens_Henslow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stevens Henslow (ikke skrevet ennå)">Henslow</a> om å lese første bind av <i>Principles of Geology</i> av <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>, men «ikke bry deg om annet enn faktaene, for teorien hans er helt vill.» Lyell var en gradualist, og beskrev kontinenter og landskapformasjoner som resultatet av de samme prosessene som hersker på jorda i dag, gradvise prosesser over lang tid. </p><p>På den første turen i land på <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Jago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Jago (ikke skrevet ennå)">St Jago</a> fant Darwin ut at et hvitt lag høyt oppe i vulkanske klipper bestod av bakte <a href="/wiki/Korall" class="mw-redirect" title="Korall">korallfragmenter</a> og skjell. Dette passet med Lyells mening om at land steg eller falt sakte, og gav Darwin ny innsikt i den geologiske historien til øya og satte han på tanken på å skrive en bok om geologi. Han fortsatte med å gjøre flere oppdagelser, noen av dem svært dramatiske. Han så trinnvise sletter av shingel og skjell fra havet i <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> som strender som hadde steget, og etter et jordskjelv i <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> så han muslingfelt strandet over høyvannsmerket, bevis på at landet haddet steget. Høyt i Andes observerte han flere fossile trær som hadde vokst på en sandstrand og nærliggende skjell fra havet. Han teoriserte at korallatoller ble til på synkende vulkanske fjell, og fikk styrket teorien da «Beagle» undersøkte <a href="/wiki/Kokos%C3%B8yene" title="Kokosøyene">Kokosøyene</a>. </p><p>I Sør-Amerika grov Darwin ut sjeldne fossiler av utdødde store pattedyr i et lag bestående av moderne sjøskjell, en indikasjon på nylig ekstinksjon, og ingen klimaforandring eller tegn til katastrofe. Han identifiserte et individ rett som en <i><a href="/wiki/Megatherium" title="Megatherium">Megatherium</a></i> (en utdødd gruppe kjempedovendyr) og biter av skall som lignet på en lokal art av <a href="/wiki/Beltedyr" title="Beltedyr">beltedyr</a> og gjorde antagelsen at funnene var beslektet med afrikanske eller europeiske arter. Etter reisen viste <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> at de var nært beslektet med levende arter som bare eksisterer på det amerikanske kontinent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolusjon">Evolusjon</h3></div> <p>I Lyell sitt andre bind, som ble sendt ut til Darwin, ble det argumentert mot evolusjonisme, og artsmangfold og -distribusjon ble beskrevet som et resultat av «sentra for skapelse». Han funderte på det han observerte og ideene hans gikk ut over teoriene til Lyell. I Argentina oppdaget han to variasjoner av <a href="/wiki/Nanduer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanduer">nanduer</a> som hadde separate, men overlappende, territorier. På <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos%C3%B8yene" title="Galápagosøyene">Galápagosarkipelet</a> samlet han <a href="/wiki/Mimus" title="Mimus">spottefugler</a> og la merke til at de var forskjellige avhengig av hvilken øy de kom fra. Guvernøren på <a href="/wiki/Floreana" title="Floreana">Floreana</a> fortalte at han kunne si hvilken øy skilpadder kom fra utfra utseende, men trodde at dyrene var importert av <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneers</a>. I <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> tenkte Darwin at to så forskjellige skapninger som <a href="/wiki/Pungdyr" title="Pungdyr">pungdyret</a> <a href="/wiki/Rottekenguruer" title="Rottekenguruer">rottekenguruer</a> og <a href="/wiki/Nebbdyr" title="Nebbdyr">nebbdyr</a> måtte hatt to adskilte Skapere. </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> møtte Darwin og kaptein FitzRoy <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> som nylig hadde skrevet til Lyell om «mysterienes mysterie», artenes opprinnelse. Mens Darwin organiserte notatene sine på reisen tilbake skrev han at dersom hans gryende mistanke om spottefuglene og skilpaddene var riktig, «slike fakta underminere artenes stabilitet», for så å legge til «kunne» før «underminere». Han skrev senere at slike fakta «virket for meg til å belyse artenes opprinnelse». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kulturimperialisme">Kulturimperialisme</h3></div> <p>Tre innfødte som hadde blitt ført bort fra <a href="/wiki/Ildlandet" title="Ildlandet">ildlandet</a> på «Beagles» forrige reise hadde blitt trent som misjonærer og ført tilbake. De hadde blitt <i>sivilisert</i> i England over de siste to år, men slekten deres virket på Darwin til å være «elendige degraderte villmenn». Ett år senere var «misjonsvirksomheten» oppgitt og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemmy_Button&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jemmy Button (ikke skrevet ennå)">Jemmy Button</a>, som var den eneste villig til å snakke med dem, sa at han foretrakk sitt tidligere harde liv og ville ikke være med tilbake til England. Ut fra denne erfaringen kom Darwin til å tenke at mennesker ikke var så fjernt beslektet fra dyr som det hans venner og kolleger mente. Han så på forskjellene som kulturelle fremskritt mot sivilisasjon heller enn raseforskjeller. Han avskydde <a href="/wiki/Slaveriet" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaveriet">slaveriet</a> han observerte andre steder i Sør-Amerika og så med tristhet på påvirkningen europeisk innflytting hadde på <a href="/wiki/Aboriginer" title="Aboriginer">aboriginer</a> i Australia og <a href="/wiki/Maoriene" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoriene">maoriene</a> i <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Livet_etter_reisen">Livet etter reisen</h2></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#e0e0ee; color:black; width:32em; max-width:50%" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Darwin 1842 med sin eldste sønn, William Erasmus Darwin"><img alt="Darwin 1842 med sin eldste sønn, William Erasmus Darwin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg/180px-Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg/270px-Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Darwin 1842 med sin eldste sønn, William Erasmus Darwin</figcaption></figure> <p>Darwin med sin eldste sønn William Erasmus Darwin i 1842. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Darwins barn </th></tr> <tr> <td>William Erasmus Darwin</td> <td>(27. desember 1839 – 1914) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anne Elizabeth Darwin</td> <td>(2. mars 1841 – 22. april 1851) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mary Eleanor Darwin</td> <td>(23. september 1842 – 16. oktober 1842) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henrietta Emma «Etty» Darwin</td> <td>(25. september 1843 – 1929) </td></tr> <tr> <td>George Howard Darwin</td> <td>(9. juli 1845 – 7. desember 1912) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth «Bessy» Darwin</td> <td>(8. juli 1847 – 1926) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Francis Darwin</td> <td>(16. august 1848 – 19. september 1925) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leonard Darwin</td> <td>(15. januar 1850 – 26. mars 1943) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Horace Darwin</td> <td>(13. mai 1851 – 29. september 1928) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charles Waring Darwin</td> <td>(6. desember 1856 – 28. juni 1858) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Darwin skrev en populærvitenskapelig beretning om reisen (best kjent som <i>The Voyage of the Beagle</i>), som ble svært populær. Han var dessuten redaktør for et flerbindsverk om jordomseilingens vitenskapelige observasjoner. Det som bragte ham stor vitenskapelig anerkjennelse – og grunnla hans ry som forsker – var hans geologiske publikasjoner: Darwin hadde bl.a. forstått at <a href="/wiki/Korallrev" title="Korallrev">korallrev</a> blir dannet som følge av havbunnens senkning og <a href="/wiki/Korall" class="mw-redirect" title="Korall">korallenes</a> vekst. Etter disse publikasjonene holdt han i flere år på med <a href="/wiki/Biologisk_systematikk" title="Biologisk systematikk">systematiske</a> undersøkelser av <a href="/wiki/Rankef%C3%B8ttinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankeføttinger">rankeføttinger</a>. Han foreslo et helt nytt <a href="/wiki/System_(biologi)" title="System (biologi)">system</a> for denne <a href="/wiki/Gruppe_(biologi)" title="Gruppe (biologi)">gruppen</a>, som allerede antydet de evolusjonære tankene han ruget på. </p><p>I 1839 giftet Darwin seg med sin kusine <a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" title="Emma Darwin">Emma Wedgwood</a>, og sammen flyttet de fra <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> til <a href="/wiki/Downe" title="Downe">Downe</a>. Samme år ble deres første sønn <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Darwin (ikke skrevet ennå)">William Erasmus</a> født. Mellom 1841 og 1856 fikk ekteparet ytterligere ni barn (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Darwin (ikke skrevet ennå)">Anne Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Darwin (ikke skrevet ennå)">Mary Eleanor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henrietta Darwin (ikke skrevet ennå)">Henrietta Emma</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Howard</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Darwin (ikke skrevet ennå)">Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Darwin (ikke skrevet ennå)">Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Leonard</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Darwin (ikke skrevet ennå)">Horace</a> og <a href="/wiki/Charles_Waring_Darwin" title="Charles Waring Darwin">Charles Waring</a>). Charles var en hengiven pappa og uvanlig oppmerksom overfor sine barn.<sup id="cite_ref-whowas_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowas-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Når barna ble syke fryktet han at de hadde arvet svakheter som skyldtes <a href="/wiki/Innavl" title="Innavl">innavl</a> på grunn av det nære slektskapet han hadde med sin hustru og kusin Emma. Han undersøkte dette spørsmålet i sine skrifter.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tre av barna døde i ung alder, men til tross for hans redsel hadde de fleste av de overlevende barnene senere fremgangsrike karrierer som fremstående medlemmer av den prominente familien Darwin-Wedgwood.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I mange år av sitt liv slet Darwin med helsen. Han var plaget av magesmerter, kvalme og andre uklare symptomer. Sykdommen, som legene aldri klarte å diagnostisere eller helbrede, gjorde over lange perioder et vanlig liv umulig for ham. Etter at han døde, førte berømmelsen og anerkjennelsen til at han ble gravlagt ved siden av Isaac Newton i Westmintster Abbey, til tross for at han selv ønsket å bli begravet i sin egen landsby Downe.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Trenger_referanse" title="Hjelp:Trenger referanse"><span title="Foregående påstand trenger referanse">trenger referanse</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolusjonsteoriens_far">Evolusjonsteoriens far</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utvikling_av_teorien">Utvikling av teorien</h3></div> <p>Under hele reisen med HMS «Beagle» trodde Darwin fremdeles på <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">artenes</a> uforanderlighet. Først etter jordomseilingen satte Darwin sine observasjoner i sammenheng og begynte å vurdere muligheten for <a href="/wiki/Evolusjon" title="Evolusjon">evolusjon</a>. Det var først og fremst hans <a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">biogeografiske</a> oppdagelser som gjorde ham oppmerksom på denne muligheten. Forskjellene mellom <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">faunaen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Flora_(botanikk)" title="Flora (botanikk)">floraen</a> i geografisk atskilte landområder, spesielt mellom øyer og fastlandet, lot seg vanskelig forene med at arter var uforanderlige. Kombinert med nyere geologisk kunnskap, dvs. at jorden var eldre enn tidligere antatt, resulterte dette i at Darwin mente at arter kunne bli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilpasning_(evolusjon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tilpasning (evolusjon) (ikke skrevet ennå)">tilpasset</a> til de landområdene de oppholdt seg i. </p><p>Gjennombruddet skjedde i september 1838, mens han leste <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>’ <i><a href="/wiki/Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" class="mw-redirect" title="Essay on the Principle of Population">Essay on the Principle of Population</a></i>. Han skjønte da at <a href="/wiki/Individ" title="Individ">individene</a> i enhver <a href="/wiki/Populasjon" title="Populasjon">populasjon</a> måtte <a href="/wiki/Konkurranse_(%C3%B8kologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkurranse (økologi)">konkurrere</a> om knappe ressurser, og at denne prosessen – sammen med <a href="/wiki/Variabilitet" title="Variabilitet">variabilitet</a> og <a href="/wiki/Arv_(biologi)" title="Arv (biologi)">arv</a> – kunne lede til evolusjonære endringer. Denne prosessen ligner meget på dyre- eller plante<a href="/wiki/Avl" title="Avl">avl</a>, også omtalt som <i>kunstig seleksjon</i>, bare at den foregår over veldig store tidsperioder. Darwin valgte derfor å kalle prosessen <i><a href="/wiki/Naturlig_seleksjon" title="Naturlig seleksjon">naturlig seleksjon</a></i>. Det skulle likevel gå over tjue år før Darwin hadde samlet sammen nok underbyggende dokumentasjon til at han turde å publisere teorien sin. Den overveiende negative reaksjonen som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Chambers_(forlegger,_f%C3%B8dt_1802)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Chambers (forlegger, født 1802) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Robert Chambers’</a> «Vestiges of the natural History of Creation» (1844) fikk blant datidens ledense naturvitere overbeviste ham om at en teori som brøt med tesen om arters uforanderlighet måtte være ekstremt godt underbygget og lagt frem av en anerkjent forsker.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wallace_og_utgivelsen_av_«Artenes_oprinnelse»"><span id="Wallace_og_utgivelsen_av_.C2.ABArtenes_oprinnelse.C2.BB"></span>Wallace og utgivelsen av «Artenes oprinnelse»</h3></div> <p>Darwin så for seg et mangebinds verk hvor han nøye gikk gjennom eksempler på evolusjon og tilpassninger hos en rekke organismer, både dyr og planter. Det var imidlertid flere enn Darwin som arbeidet med variasjon, og som hadde lest Malthus’ bok. I 1858 fikk en ung samler på <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ternate_(%C3%B8y)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ternate (øy) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ternate</a> i <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> ved navn <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> samme ideen som Darwin. Han kjente Darwin gjennom korrespondanse (han hadde samlet rur for Darwin i en årrekke), og Wallace sendte sin teori til Darwin med spørsmål om han syntes det var noe å vise geologen <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>. Lyell var kjent med Darwins teori, og fikk en tidlig skisse av hans teori lest opp sammen med Wallaces brev for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnean_Society_of_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linnean Society of London (ikke skrevet ennå)">Linnean Society of London</a>. Læren om evolusjon ved naturlig utvalg er derfor formelt er kreditert Darwin og Wallace.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin skrev etterpå et sammendrag av det store verket han hadde planlagt. Boken, som kom ut i 1859 og het <i>Artenes opprinnelse</i>, revolusjonerte ikke bare biologien, men hele det moderne verdensbildet. (Se artiklene om <i><a href="/wiki/Artenes_opprinnelse" title="Artenes opprinnelse">Artenes opprinnelse</a></i> og <a href="/wiki/Darwinisme" title="Darwinisme">darwinisme</a> for flere detaljer.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Striden_om_evolusjonsteorien">Striden om evolusjonsteorien</h3></div> <p>Motstanden mot ideen on evolusjon ved naturlig utvalg kom fra to kilder: en vitenskapelig motstand anført av paleontologen <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a>, og religiøs motstand anført av biskopen av Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a>. Darwin var ikke spesielt glad i åpne konfrontasjoner. Debattene med motstanderne av teorien sin overlot han derfor stort sett til vennene sine, fremfor alt til <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huxley" title="Thomas Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a>, som ble kjent som «Darwins vaktbikkje». Han ble også støttet av Chalrles Lyell, som i utgangspunktet hadde vært motstander av teorien, botanikeren <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> og av Wallace.<sup id="cite_ref-thomson_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv fortsatte Darwin å publisere banebrytende bøker, blant annet om <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samevolusjon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samevolusjon (ikke skrevet ennå)">samevolusjon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunstig_seleksjon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunstig seleksjon">kunstig</a> og <a href="/wiki/Seksuell_seleksjon" title="Seksuell seleksjon">seksuell seleksjon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atferdsbiologi" title="Atferdsbiologi">komparativ etologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymorfisme" title="Polymorfisme">polymorfisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fysiologi" title="Fysiologi">fysiologi</a> og <a href="/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi">økologi</a>. </p><p>Etter hans død stod <a href="/wiki/Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelist">evangelisten</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Reid_(evangelist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Reid (evangelist) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Elizabeth Reid</a>, som kalte seg selv <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lady_Hope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lady Hope (ikke skrevet ennå)">lady Hope</a>, frem og hevdet at Darwin på sitt dødsleie hadde gått bort fra evolusjonstanken, og anerkjent <a href="/wiki/Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> som sin frelser. Dette blir imidlertid tilbakevist av Darwins familie og senere historikere.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Priser_og_utmerkelser_(utvalg)"><span id="Priser_og_utmerkelser_.28utvalg.29"></span>Priser og utmerkelser (utvalg)</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1864" title="Vitenskapsåret 1864">1864</a> – <a href="/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen">Copleymedaljen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Populærkultur"><span id="Popul.C3.A6rkultur"></span>Populærkultur</h2></div> <p>Darwins liv ble skildret i den britiske miniserien <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Voyage_of_Charles_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Voyage of Charles Darwin (ikke skrevet ennå)"><i>The Voyage of Charles Darwin</i></a> fra 1982. Serien la hovedvekten på hans reise på HMS «Beagle».<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hash-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></span></span>, besøkt 9. april 2014<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-80eb31e65ae106610dfa8963895780bf9a52caf6-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-80eb31e65ae106610dfa8963895780bf9a52caf6_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-80eb31e65ae106610dfa8963895780bf9a52caf6_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Biographical Database of Southern African Science</span></span>, oppført som <span><span>Charles Robert Darwin</span></span>, S2A3 Biographical Database ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=657">657</a></span></span>, besøkt 9. oktober 2017<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-e91693b40f7eb2aa2140ee62b5146cea60259048-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-e91693b40f7eb2aa2140ee62b5146cea60259048_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Archive of Fine Arts</span></span>, abART person-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cs.isabart.org/person/14351">14351</a></span></span>, besøkt 1. april 2021<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1-4"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1_4-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1_4-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1_4-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-19aa44b7d76b7fa2fec1279a8cc6484f4beb81e1_4-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>www.accademiadellescienze.it</span></span>, Accademia delle Scienze di Torino ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accademiadellescienze.it/accademia/soci/charles-robert-darwin">charles-robert-darwin</a></span></span>, besøkt 1. desember 2020<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-99f54a7e20ec41c991be5c4b14691247b7c28c1d-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-99f54a7e20ec41c991be5c4b14691247b7c28c1d_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-4020-5818-9_7.pdf">link.springer.com</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-8ecc705a5518cae816ae4e9eaba40a5be4159164-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-8ecc705a5518cae816ae4e9eaba40a5be4159164_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Archivio Storico Ricordi</span></span>, Archivio Storico Ricordi person-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalarchivioricordi.com/it/people/display/13743">13743</a></span></span>, besøkt 3. desember 2020<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-234bee6713bf3c8a9de9453ab4b1458b7efcc4b4-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-234bee6713bf3c8a9de9453ab4b1458b7efcc4b4_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>annuaire prosopographique: la France savante</span></span>, «<span><span><span lang="fr">Charles Robert Darwin</span></span></span>», CTHS person-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cths.fr/an/savant.php?id=107704">107704</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-9f8e95a27eab0be2647d41867169301518935823-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-9f8e95a27eab0be2647d41867169301518935823_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Base biographique</span></span>, BIU Santé person ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histoire/biographies/index.php?cle=5185">5185</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-bd5c3d50a9662c095f01ff16d89ee779353f81d7-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-bd5c3d50a9662c095f01ff16d89ee779353f81d7_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>TheGuardian.com</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jun/29/bedroom-where-charles-darwin-died-to-be-opened-to-the-public">«<span><span><span lang="en-gb">Bedroom where Charles Darwin died to be opened to the public</span></span></span>»</a>, arkiveringsdato 15. august 2016, arkiv-URL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815035441/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jun/29/bedroom-where-charles-darwin-died-to-be-opened-to-the-public">web.archive.org</a>, verkets språk <span><span><a href="/wiki/Britisk-engelsk" title="Britisk-engelsk">britisk-engelsk</a></span></span>, utgitt 28. juni 2016, besøkt 25. januar 2017<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05-10"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05_10-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05_10-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05_10-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05_10-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</span></span>, Oxford Biography Index Number <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7176">7176</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-0caaea41758db1eb989b273b198751916cff435f-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-0caaea41758db1eb989b273b198751916cff435f_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Cambridge Alumni Database</span></span>, Cambridge Alumni Database ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=DRWN827CR&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=5">DRWN827CR</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-12"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-7"><sup>h</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-8"><sup>i</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-9"><sup>j</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-10"><sup>k</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-11"><sup>l</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-12"><sup>m</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-13"><sup>n</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-14"><sup>o</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-15"><sup>p</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-16"><sup>q</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf_12-17"><sup>r</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Kindred Britain</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-717fdebb75d85f67aca0a2da278a286bb2790d5d-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-717fdebb75d85f67aca0a2da278a286bb2790d5d_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> The Peerage person ID <span><span><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4638&url_prefix=https://www.thepeerage.com/&id=p13260.htm%23i132591">p13260.htm#i132591</a></span></span>, besøkt 7. august 2020<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-06d2e61049cc0b3167184f75ab138edb4ab649e7-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-06d2e61049cc0b3167184f75ab138edb4ab649e7_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/royaume-uni/stephen-hawking-sera-enterre-au-cote-de-newton-et-darwin-a-l-abbaye-de-westminster_2666542.html">www.francetvinfo.fr</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-2be5b8e613a1a43326c77696d1f30cc8407c94a2-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-2be5b8e613a1a43326c77696d1f30cc8407c94a2_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Leopoldina member ID (new) <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/charles-darwin/">charles-darwin</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-fe21bb83d9ad10451815a6a006b1b2692e6d5bd1-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-fe21bb83d9ad10451815a6a006b1b2692e6d5bd1_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=darwin;smode=advanced;f1-date=1869">search.amphilsoc.org</a>, besøkt 12. mars 2022<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-e49e20cbe23380487cc77529738dda87b1977524-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-e49e20cbe23380487cc77529738dda87b1977524_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> filside <span><span>5</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/academy/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/electionIndex1850-1899.pdf">www.amacad.org</a>, besøkt 12. mars 2022<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-333ebbea0c550c6cfa2b579f9c234221860e8fb0-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-333ebbea0c550c6cfa2b579f9c234221860e8fb0_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zsl.org/blogs/artefact-of-the-month/charles-darwin-zsl-london-zoo">www.zsl.org</a>, besøkt 12. mars 2022<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-aac8bbce4d4e6ab063ee0e3a1721ed38d8c48fb1-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-aac8bbce4d4e6ab063ee0e3a1721ed38d8c48fb1_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Awards Named for the Academician Karl von Baer: A History of Their Foundation and Significance</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-e58c6538d454edf506b840a6f07b6e729c0d3695-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-e58c6538d454edf506b840a6f07b6e729c0d3695_20-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ras.ru/news/shownews.aspx?id=6904027a-321e-40ae-9387-6a5cfa28bf4c#content">www.ras.ru</a>, besøkt 12. mars 2022<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4/pubhtml?gid=1336391689&single=true">«<span><span><span lang="en">Award winners : Copley Medal</span></span></span>»</a>, verkets språk <span><span><a href="/wiki/Engelsk" title="Engelsk">engelsk</a></span></span>, besøkt 30. desember 2018<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-faebeda38312dd99089a9040f3eb27889571bce4-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-faebeda38312dd99089a9040f3eb27889571bce4_22-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/mitglieder/charles-robert-darwin?m=4&u=2">www.orden-pourlemerite.de</a>, besøkt 6. september 2023<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-d50c1ffafef7c1f41a3f1c640452703c855f1223-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-d50c1ffafef7c1f41a3f1c640452703c855f1223_23-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Premio Bressa</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accademiadellescienze.it/attivita/premi-e-borse/premi-del-passato/premio-bressa">www.accademiadellescienze.it</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-25cb7db8546f0eca8ecd7e3598b50712fc878fe9-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-25cb7db8546f0eca8ecd7e3598b50712fc878fe9_24-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/about-us/facts-and-figures/laureates">www.universiteitleiden.nl</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-8989ba7406a085b3e471a789b4bcf10dd4aa38f4-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-8989ba7406a085b3e471a789b4bcf10dd4aa38f4_25-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/About/Awards-Grants-and-Bursaries/Society-Awards/Wollaston-Medal">www.geolsoc.org.uk</a>, besøkt 21. desember 2020<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-ec29d66115ba98643202713d655fb3358cf5b9e8-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-ec29d66115ba98643202713d655fb3358cf5b9e8_26-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/who-we-are/our-people/our-fellows/all-honorary-fellows/">www.royalsociety.org.nz</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bill Bryson: <i>En kort historie om nesten alt</i>, forlaget Gyldendal, Oslo 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8205333912" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 82-05-33391-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whowas-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whowas_28-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151024043728/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/whowas.html">«About Charles Darwin»</a> (på engelsk). aboutdarwin.com. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/WhoWas.html">originalen</a> 24. oktober 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 8. april 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin&rft.btitle=About+Charles+Darwin&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=aboutdarwin.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutdarwin.com%2Fdarwin%2FWhoWas.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (1991). <i>Darwin</i>. London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-7181-3430-3" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-7181-3430-3">0-7181-3430-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin&rft.btitle=Darwin&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7181-3430-3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph%2C+Penguin+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207054114/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/Children.html">«The Children of Charles & Emma Darwin.»</a> (på engelsk). aboutdarwin.com. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/Children.html">originalen</a> 7. desember 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 15. desember 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin&rft.btitle=The+Children+of+Charles+%26+Emma+Darwin.&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=aboutdarwin.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutdarwin.com%2Fdarwin%2FChildren.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Secord, J.A. (2000). <i>Victorian sensation : the extraordinary publication, reception, and secret authorship of Vestiges of the natural history of creation</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. s. 506-511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780226744100" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/9780226744100">9780226744100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin&rft.au=Secord%2C+J.A.&rft.btitle=Victorian+sensation+%3A+the+extraordinary+publication%2C+reception%2C+and+secret+authorship+of+Vestiges+of+the+natural+history+of+creation&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780226744100&rft.pages=506-511&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209003103/http://wallacefund.info/content/1858-darwin-wallace-paper">«The 1858 Darwin-Wallace paper»</a>. The Alfred Russel Wallace Website. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wallacefund.info/content/1858-darwin-wallace-paper">originalen</a> 9. februar 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 8. februar 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin&rft.btitle=The+1858+Darwin-Wallace+paper&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Alfred+Russel+Wallace+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwallacefund.info%2Fcontent%2F1858-darwin-wallace-paper&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomson-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thomson_33-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, Keith Stewart (2000). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/huxley-wilberforce-and-the-oxford-museum">Huxley, Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum</a>", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Scientist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Scientist (ikke skrevet ennå)">American Scientist</a></i>, May–June 2000. Retrieved on 7 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Erik Tunstad (12. februar 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518012158/http://www.forskning.no/artikler/2005/februar/1108046095.5">«En angrende synder?»</a>. Forskning.no. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forskning.no/artikler/2005/februar/1108046095.5">originalen</a> 18. mai 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 7. mai 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin&rft.au=Erik+Tunstad&rft.btitle=En+angrende+synder%3F&rft.date=2005-02-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Forskning.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forskning.no%2Fartikler%2F2005%2Ffebruar%2F1108046095.5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0216517/">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0216517/</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0216517%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Manglende eller tom <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|tittel=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hjelp:CS1-feil#citation_missing_title" title="Hjelp:CS1-feil">hjelp</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bokutgivelser">Bokutgivelser</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Zoology_of_the_Voyage_of_H.M.S._Beagle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (ikke skrevet ennå)">The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</a></i> (redaktør, 1838–1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_H._M._S._Beagle" title="The Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle">Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle, under the Command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N., from 1832 to 1836</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_the_Volcanic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands">Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, Visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</a></i> (1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological Observations on South America">Geological Observations on South America</a></i> (1846)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Monograph_on_the_Sub-class_Cirripedia,_with_Figures_of_All_the_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of All the Species">A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of All the Species</a></i> (1851–1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artenes_opprinnelse" title="Artenes opprinnelse">On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Various_Contrivances_by_which_Orchids_Are_Fertilised_by_Insects" title="The Various Contrivances by which Orchids Are Fertilised by Insects">The Various Contrivancies by which British and Foreign Orchids Are Fertilised by Insects, and on the Good Effects of Intercrossing</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Variation_of_Animals_and_Plants_under_Domestication" title="The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication">The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication</a></i> (1868)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" class="mw-redirect" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Insectivorous_Plants" title="Insectivorous Plants">Insectivorous Plants</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Effects_of_Cross_and_Self_Fertilisation_in_the_Vegetable_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom">The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Different_Forms_of_Flowers_on_Plants_of_the_Same_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species">The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Movement_in_Plants" title="The Power of Movement in Plants">The Power of Movement in Plants</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Formation_of_Vegetable_Mould,_through_the_Action_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms">The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with Observations on Their Habits</a></i> (1881)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darwins_samlede_produksjon_tilgjengelig_på_nett"><span id="Darwins_samlede_produksjon_tilgjengelig_p.C3.A5_nett"></span>Darwins samlede produksjon tilgjengelig på nett</h3></div> <p>I oktober 2006 kunngjorde <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> at de vil legge ut Darwins samlede skrifter for gratis nedlasting. Til sammen blir 50 000 sider og 40 000 bilder lagt ut på nettet. Det er også utgaver på tysk, dansk og russisk. Nettstedet inneholder nå om lag halvparten av materialet som skal være klart til tohundreårsjubileet for Darwins fødsel i 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2></div> <ul><li> <span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Darwin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p373"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035?uselang=nb#P373" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" class="extiw" title="commons:Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> – galleri av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p935"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035?uselang=nb#P935" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk">Darwin Online</a></li> <li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="norsk">(no)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060320120501/http://www.forskning.no/temaer/1016718670.79">Charles Darwin – temaside fra Forskning.no</a></li> <li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="norsk">(no)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211154800/http://modkraft.dk/spip.php?article5342">Kampen om Darwin</a>. Artikler om Darwins teorier, samtid og om kritikken. Appendix: Marx and Darwin & Om «Arternes Oprindelse»</li> <li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060714161050/http://www.darwinadventure.com/galapagos-charles-darwin.htm">Charles Darwin og Galapagos</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24994932">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Mottakere_av_copleymedaljen_for_1851–1900" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24994932" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24561741">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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4em">Mottakere av <a href="/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen">copleymedaljen</a> for 1851–1900</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove (ikke skrevet ennå)">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Peter Müller (ikke skrevet ennå)">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bernard_L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Jean Bernard Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul (ikke skrevet ennå)">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen" title="Robert Wilhelm Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham">Thomas Graham</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_von_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius von Mayer (ikke skrevet ennå)">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Bernard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Bernard (ikke skrevet ennå)">Claude Bernard</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault (ikke skrevet ennå)">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joseph_Sylvester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Joseph Sylvester (ikke skrevet ennå)">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (ikke skrevet ennå)">Charles-Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Cayley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" 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