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leaks</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: pipelines leaks"> <meta name="keywords" content="pipelines leaks"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="pipelines leaks"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 236</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: pipelines leaks</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">236</span> Modeling of Leaks Effects on Transient Dispersed Bubbly Flow</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohand%20Kessal">Mohand Kessal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachid%20Boucetta"> Rachid Boucetta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mourad%20Tikobaini"> Mourad Tikobaini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Zamoum"> Mohammed Zamoum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Leakage problem of two-component fluids flow is modeled for a transient one-dimensional homogeneous bubbly flow and developed by taking into account the effect of a leak located at the middle point of the pipeline. The corresponding three conservation equations are numerically resolved by an improved characteristic method. The obtained results are explained and commented in terms of physical impact on the flow parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluid%20transients" title="fluid transients">fluid transients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipelines%20leaks" title=" pipelines leaks"> pipelines leaks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=method%20of%20characteristics" title=" method of characteristics"> method of characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leakage%20problem" title=" leakage problem"> leakage problem</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15034/modeling-of-leaks-effects-on-transient-dispersed-bubbly-flow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15034.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">477</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">235</span> Acid Injection PTFE Internal Lining in Raw Water System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fikri%20Suwaileh">Fikri Suwaileh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment plant, operation was suffering from several leaks on the acid injection point spool and downstream spools, due to insufficient injection monitoring and the coating failure leading to pin holes. The paper will go over the background of the leaks in the acid injection point, the process in the RO plant, the material, and coating used in the existing spools, the impact of these repeated leaks, the type of damage mechanism that occurred in the system due to the manner of acid injection and the heat in the spools, which lead to coating failure, leaks and water release. This paper will also look at the analysis, both the short- and long-term recommendations, and the utilization of Teflon internal lining to stop the leaks. Sharing this case study will enhance the knowledge of the importance of taking all factors that will lead to leaks in the acid injection points, along with the importance of utilizing the appropriate coating material lining to enhance the full system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion" title="corrosion">corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coating" title=" coating"> coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raw%20water" title=" raw water"> raw water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lining" title=" lining"> lining</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191947/acid-injection-ptfe-internal-lining-in-raw-water-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191947.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">19</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">234</span> Gas Transmission Pipeline Integrity Management System Through Corrosion Mitigation and Inspection Strategy: A Case Study of Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline from Wafa Field to Mellitah Gas Plant in Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osama%20Sassi">Osama Sassi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manal%20Eltorki"> Manal Eltorki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iftikhar%20Ahmad"> Iftikhar Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Poor integrity is one of the major causes of leaks and accidents in gas transmission pipelines. To ensure safe operation, it is must to have efficient and effective pipeline integrity management (PIM) system. The corrosion management is one of the important aspects of successful pipeline integrity management program together design, material selection, operations, risk evaluation and communication aspects to maintain pipelines in a fit-for-service condition. The objective of a corrosion management plan is to design corrosion mitigation, monitoring, and inspection strategy, and for maintenance in a timely manner. This paper presents the experience of corrosion management of a gas transmission pipeline from Wafa field to Mellitah gas plant in Libya. The pipeline is 525.5 km long and having 32 inches diameter. It is a buried pipeline. External corrosion on pipeline is controlled with a combination of coatings and cathodic protection while internal corrosion is controlled with a combination of chemical inhibitors, periodic cleaning and process control. The monitoring and inspection techniques provide a way to measure the effectiveness of corrosion control systems and provide an early warning when changing conditions may be causing a corrosion problem. This paper describes corrosion management system used in Mellitah Oil & Gas BV for its gas transmission pipeline based on standard practices of corrosion mitigation and inspection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion%20mitigation%20on%20gas%20transmission%20pipelines" title="corrosion mitigation on gas transmission pipelines">corrosion mitigation on gas transmission pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipeline%20integrity%20management" title=" pipeline integrity management"> pipeline integrity management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion%20management%20of%20gas%20pipelines" title=" corrosion management of gas pipelines"> corrosion management of gas pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevention%20and%20inspection%20of%20corrosion" title=" prevention and inspection of corrosion"> prevention and inspection of corrosion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178928/gas-transmission-pipeline-integrity-management-system-through-corrosion-mitigation-and-inspection-strategy-a-case-study-of-natural-gas-transmission-pipeline-from-wafa-field-to-mellitah-gas-plant-in-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178928.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">233</span> Managing City Pipe Leaks through Community Participation Using a Web and Mobile Application in South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mpai%20Mokoena">Mpai Mokoena</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nsenda%20Lukumwena"> Nsenda Lukumwena</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> South Africa is one of the driest countries in the world and is facing a water crisis. In addition to inadequate infrastructure and poor planning, the country is experiencing high rates of water wastage due to pipe leaks. This study outlines the level of water wastage and develops a smart solution to efficiently manage and reduce the effects of pipe leaks, while monitoring the situation before and after fixing the pipe leaks. To understand the issue in depth, a literature review of journal papers and government reports was conducted. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to the general public. Additionally, the municipality office was contacted from a managerial perspective. The analysis from the study indicated that the majority of the citizens are aware of the water crisis and are willing to participate positively to decrease the level of water wasted. Furthermore, the response from the municipality acknowledged that more practical solutions are needed to reduce water wastage, and resources to attend to pipe leaks swiftly. Therefore, this paper proposes a specific solution for municipalities, local plumbers and citizens to minimize the effects of pipe leaks. The solution provides web and mobile application platforms to report and manage leaks swiftly. The solution is beneficial to the country in achieving water security and would promote a culture of responsibility toward water usage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20distribution%20networks" title="urban distribution networks">urban distribution networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leak%20management" title=" leak management"> leak management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20application" title=" mobile application"> mobile application</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=responsible%20citizens" title=" responsible citizens"> responsible citizens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20crisis" title=" water crisis"> water crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20security" title=" water security "> water security </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105927/managing-city-pipe-leaks-through-community-participation-using-a-web-and-mobile-application-in-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105927.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">232</span> Aspects of Environmental Sustainability in the Operation of Onshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emil%20Aliyev">Emil Aliyev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main focus of this conference paper is on the aspects of the environmental sustainability of onshore hydrocarbon pipelines. The latter is notorious for being a source of major environmental contamination and a consumer of vast amounts of natural resources such as water, land, steel, etc. Therefore, the environmentally sustainable operation of pipelines is a concern that requires attention and research. The geographical scope of the paper is confined to onshore hydrocarbon pipelines operated in the Middle East region. The research contains elements of originality as it draws on the author’s field experience and practical implementation of environmental and sustainability solutions in a major Middle East-based pipeline organization. The authors describe some of the most common significant environmental aspects of pipeline operations and provide examples of various approaches and technologies that can be successfully utilized to make pipelines more environmentally sustainable. The author concludes that the operation of onshore hydrocarbon pipelines can be made environmentally sustainable. This can be achieved by adopting a systematic framework, focusing limited resources on significant aspects, integrating a circular economy into day-to-day activities, and having strong management support. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipelines" title="pipelines">pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=onshore%20hydrocarbon%20pipelines" title=" onshore hydrocarbon pipelines"> onshore hydrocarbon pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20sustainability" title=" environmental sustainability"> environmental sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=significant%20environmental%20aspects" title=" significant environmental aspects"> significant environmental aspects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160305/aspects-of-environmental-sustainability-in-the-operation-of-onshore-hydrocarbon-pipelines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160305.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">231</span> Development of a Smart System for Measuring Strain Levels of Natural Gas and Petroleum Pipelines on Earthquake Fault Lines in Turkiye</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmet%20Yetik">Ahmet Yetik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyit%20Ali%20Kara"> Seyit Ali Kara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cevat%20%C3%96zarpa"> Cevat Özarpa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Load changes occur on natural gas and oil pipelines due to natural disasters. The displacement of the soil around the natural gas and oil pipes due to situations that may cause erosion, such as earthquakes, landslides, and floods, is the source of this load change. The exposure of natural gas and oil pipes to variable loads causes deformation, cracks, and breaks in these pipes. Cracks and breaks on the pipes cause damage to people and the environment due to reasons such as explosions. Especially with the examinations made after natural disasters, it can be easily understood which of the pipes has more damage in the regions followed. It has been determined that the earthquakes in Turkey caused permanent damage to the pipelines. This project was designed and realized because it was determined that there were cracks and gas leaks in the insulation gaskets placed in the pipelines, especially at the junction points. In this study, A new SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) application has been developed to monitor load changes caused by natural disasters. The newly developed SCADA application monitors the changes in the x, y, and z axes of the stresses occurring in the pipes with the help of strain gauge sensors placed on the pipes. For the developed SCADA system, test setups in accordance with the standards were created during the fieldwork. The test setups created were integrated into the SCADA system, and the system was followed up. Thanks to the SCADA system developed with the field application, the load changes that will occur on the natural gas and oil pipes are instantly monitored, and the accumulations that may create a load on the pipes and their surroundings are immediately intervened, and new risks that may arise are prevented. It has contributed to energy supply security, asset management, pipeline holistic management, and sustainability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake" title="earthquake">earthquake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20gas%20pipes" title=" natural gas pipes"> natural gas pipes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20pipes" title=" oil pipes"> oil pipes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strain%20measurement" title=" strain measurement"> strain measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20measurement" title=" stress measurement"> stress measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landslide" title=" landslide"> landslide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168413/development-of-a-smart-system-for-measuring-strain-levels-of-natural-gas-and-petroleum-pipelines-on-earthquake-fault-lines-in-turkiye" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168413.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">230</span> Studying Roughness Effects on Flow Regimes in Offshore Pipelines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Sadegh%20Narges">Mohammad Sadegh Narges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Ghadampour"> Zahra Ghadampour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the specific condition, offshore pipelines are given careful consideration and care in both design and operation. Most of the offshore pipeline flows are multi-phase. Multi-phase flows construct different pattern or flow regimes (in simultaneous gas-liquid flow, flow regimes like slug flow, wave and …) under different circumstances. One of the influencing factors on the flow regime is the pipeline roughness value. So far, roughness value influences and the sensitivity of the present models to this parameter have not been taken into consideration. Therefore, roughness value influences on the flow regimes in offshore pipelines are discussed in this paper. Results showed that geometry, absolute pipeline roughness value (materials that the pipeline is made of) and flow phases prevailing the system are of the influential parameters on the flow regimes prevailing multi-phase pipelines in a way that a change in any of these parameters results in a change in flow regimes in all or part of the pipeline system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absolute%20roughness" title="absolute roughness">absolute roughness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20regime" title=" flow regime"> flow regime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-phase%20flow" title=" multi-phase flow"> multi-phase flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=offshore%20pipelines" title=" offshore pipelines"> offshore pipelines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63642/studying-roughness-effects-on-flow-regimes-in-offshore-pipelines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63642.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">229</span> Deformation Severity Prediction in Sewer Pipelines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20Kaddoura">Khalid Kaddoura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Assad"> Ahmed Assad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarek%20Zayed"> Tarek Zayed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sewer pipelines are prone to deterioration over-time. In fact, their deterioration does not follow a fixed downward pattern. This is in fact due to the defects that propagate through their service life. Sewer pipeline defects are categorized into distinct groups. However, the main two groups are the structural and operational defects. By definition, the structural defects influence the structural integrity of the sewer pipelines such as deformation, cracks, fractures, holes, etc. However, the operational defects are the ones that affect the flow of the sewer medium in the pipelines such as: roots, debris, attached deposits, infiltration, etc. Yet, the process for each defect to emerge follows a cause and effect relationship. Deformation, which is the change of the sewer pipeline geometry, is one type of an influencing defect that could be found in many sewer pipelines due to many surrounding factors. This defect could lead to collapse if the percentage exceeds 15%. Therefore, it is essential to predict the deformation percentage before confronting such a situation. Accordingly, this study will predict the percentage of the deformation defect in sewer pipelines adopting the multiple regression analysis. Several factors will be considered in establishing the model, which are expected to influence the defamation defect severity. Besides, this study will construct a time-based curve to understand how the defect would evolve overtime. Thus, this study is expected to be an asset for decision-makers as it will provide informative conclusions about the deformation defect severity. As a result, inspections will be minimized and so the budgets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deformation" title="deformation">deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title=" prediction"> prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regression%20analysis" title=" regression analysis"> regression analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sewer%20pipelines" title=" sewer pipelines"> sewer pipelines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84082/deformation-severity-prediction-in-sewer-pipelines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84082.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">228</span> Effect of Leaks in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells Tested for Durability under Co-Electrolysis Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Megha%20Rao">Megha Rao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S%C3%B8ren%20H.%20Jensen"> Søren H. Jensen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiufu%20Sun"> Xiufu Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anke%20Hagen"> Anke Hagen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mogens%20B.%20Mogensen"> Mogens B. Mogensen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solid oxide electrolysis cells have an immense potential in converting CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O into syngas during co-electrolysis operation. The produced syngas can be further converted into hydrocarbons. This kind of technology is called power-to-gas or power-to-liquid. To produce hydrocarbons via this route, durability of the cells is still a challenge, which needs to be further investigated in order to improve the cells. In this work, various nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia (Ni-YSZ) fuel electrode supported or YSZ electrolyte supported cells, cerium gadolinium oxide (CGO) barrier layer, and an oxygen electrode are investigated for durability under co-electrolysis conditions in both galvanostatic and potentiostatic conditions. While changing the gas on the oxygen electrode, keeping the fuel electrode gas composition constant, a change in the gas concentration arc was observed by impedance spectroscopy. Measurements of open circuit potential revealed the presence of leaks in the setup. It is speculated that the change in concentration impedance may be related to the leaks. Furthermore, the cells were also tested under pressurized conditions to find an inter-play between the leak rate and the pressure. A mathematical modeling together with electrochemical and microscopy analysis is presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-electrolysis" title="co-electrolysis">co-electrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaks" title=" leaks"> leaks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20concentration%20arc" title=" gas concentration arc"> gas concentration arc</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98653/effect-of-leaks-in-solid-oxide-electrolysis-cells-tested-for-durability-under-co-electrolysis-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98653.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">227</span> Risk Analysis of Leaks from a Subsea Oil Facility Based on Fuzzy Logic Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bel%C3%A9n%20Vinaixa%20Kinnear">Belén Vinaixa Kinnear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arturo%20Hidalgo%20L%C3%B3pez"> Arturo Hidalgo López</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernardo%20Elembo%20Wilasi"> Bernardo Elembo Wilasi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pablo%20Fern%C3%A1ndez%20P%C3%A9rez"> Pablo Fernández Pérez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cecilia%20Hern%C3%A1ndez%20Fuentealba"> Cecilia Hernández Fuentealba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The expanded use of risk assessment in legislative and corporate decision-making has increased the role of expert judgement in giving data for security-related decision-making. Expert judgements are required in most steps of risk assessment: danger recognizable proof, hazard estimation, risk evaluation, and examination of choices. This paper presents a fault tree analysis (FTA), which implies a probabilistic failure analysis applied to leakage of oil in a subsea production system. In standard FTA, the failure probabilities of items of a framework are treated as exact values while evaluating the failure probability of the top event. There is continuously insuﬃciency of data for calculating the failure estimation of components within the drilling industry. Therefore, fuzzy hypothesis can be used as a solution to solve the issue. The aim of this paper is to examine the leaks from the Zafiro West subsea oil facility by using fuzzy fault tree analysis (FFTA). As a result, the research has given theoretical and practical contributions to maritime safety and environmental protection. It has been also an effective strategy used traditionally in identifying hazards in nuclear installations and power industries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expert%20judgment" title="expert judgment">expert judgment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probability%20assessment" title=" probability assessment"> probability assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20tree%20analysis" title=" fault tree analysis"> fault tree analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20analysis" title=" risk analysis"> risk analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20%20pipelines" title=" oil pipelines"> oil pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subsea%20production%20system" title=" subsea production system"> subsea production system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drilling" title=" drilling"> drilling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantitative%20risk%20analysis" title=" quantitative risk analysis"> quantitative risk analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leakage%20failure" title=" leakage failure"> leakage failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=top%20event" title=" top event"> top event</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=off-shore%20industry" title=" off-shore industry"> off-shore industry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141591/risk-analysis-of-leaks-from-a-subsea-oil-facility-based-on-fuzzy-logic-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">226</span> Exploring Hydrogen Embrittlement and Fatigue Crack Growth in API 5L X52 Steel Pipeline Under Cyclic Internal Pressure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Bouledroua">Omar Bouledroua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djamel%20Zelmati"> Djamel Zelmati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahreddine%20Hafsi"> Zahreddine Hafsi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milos%20B.%20Djukic"> Milos B. Djukic</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Transporting hydrogen gas through the existing natural gas pipeline network offers an efficient solution for energy storage and conveyance. Hydrogen generated from excess renewable electricity can be conveyed through the API 5L steel-made pipelines that already exist. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for the transportation of hydrogen through existing gas pipelines. Therefore, numerical and experimental tests are required to verify and ensure the mechanical integrity of the API 5L steel pipelines that will be used for pressurized hydrogen transportation. Internal pressure loading is likely to accelerate hydrogen diffusion through the internal pipe wall and consequently accentuate the hydrogen embrittlement of steel pipelines. Furthermore, pre-cracked pipelines are susceptible to quick failure, mainly under a time-dependent cyclic pressure loading that drives fatigue crack propagation. Meanwhile, after several loading cycles, the initial cracks will propagate to a critical size. At this point, the remaining service life of the pipeline can be estimated, and inspection intervals can be determined. This paper focuses on the hydrogen embrittlement of API 5L steel-made pipeline under cyclic pressure loading. Pressurized hydrogen gas is transported through a network of pipelines where demands at consumption nodes vary periodically. The resulting pressure profile over time is considered a cyclic loading on the internal wall of a pre-cracked pipeline made of API 5L steel-grade material. Numerical modeling has allowed the prediction of fatigue crack evolution and estimation of the remaining service life of the pipeline. The developed methodology in this paper is based on the ASME B31.12 standard, which outlines the guidelines for hydrogen pipelines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20embrittlement" title="hydrogen embrittlement">hydrogen embrittlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipelines" title=" pipelines"> pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20flow" title=" transient flow"> transient flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20pressure" title=" cyclic pressure"> cyclic pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20crack%20growth" title=" fatigue crack growth"> fatigue crack growth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178022/exploring-hydrogen-embrittlement-and-fatigue-crack-growth-in-api-5l-x52-steel-pipeline-under-cyclic-internal-pressure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178022.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">225</span> Determination of Safety Distance Around Gas Pipelines Using Numerical Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omid%20Adibi">Omid Adibi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nategheh%20Najafpour"> Nategheh Najafpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bijan%20Farhanieh"> Bijan Farhanieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Afshin"> Hossein Afshin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Energy transmission pipelines are one of the most vital parts of each country which several strict laws have been conducted to enhance the safety of these lines and their vicinity. One of these laws is the safety distance around high pressure gas pipelines. Safety distance refers to the minimum distance from the pipeline where people and equipment do not confront with serious damages. In the present study, safety distance around high pressure gas transmission pipelines were determined by using numerical methods. For this purpose, gas leakages from cracked pipeline and created jet fires were simulated as continuous ignition, three dimensional, unsteady and turbulent cases. Numerical simulations were based on finite volume method and turbulence of flow was considered using k-ω SST model. Also, the combustion of natural gas and air mixture was applied using the eddy dissipation method. The results show that, due to the high pressure difference between pipeline and environment, flow chocks in the cracked area and velocity of the exhausted gas reaches to sound speed. Also, analysis of the incident radiation results shows that safety distances around 42 inches high pressure natural gas pipeline based on 5 and 15 kW/m<sup>2</sup> criteria are 205 and 272 meters, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20pipelines" title="gas pipelines">gas pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incident%20radiation" title=" incident radiation"> incident radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20distance" title=" safety distance"> safety distance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87834/determination-of-safety-distance-around-gas-pipelines-using-numerical-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87834.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">224</span> Comparison of Rumen Microbial Analysis Pipelines Based on 16s rRNA Gene Sequencing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoxing%20Ye">Xiaoxing Ye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To investigate complex rumen microbial communities, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing is widely used. Here, we evaluated the impact of bioinformatics pipelines on the observation of OTUs and taxonomic classification of 750 cattle rumen microbial samples by comparing three commonly used pipelines (LotuS, UPARSE, and QIIME) with Usearch. In LotuS-based analyses, 189 archaeal and 3894 bacterial OTUs were observed. The observed OTUs for the Usearch analysis were significantly larger than the LotuS results. We discovered 1495 OTUs for archaea and 92665 OTUs for bacteria using Usearch analysis. In addition, taxonomic assignments were made for the rumen microbial samples. All pipelines had consistent taxonomic annotations from the phylum to the genus level. A difference in relative abundance was calculated for all microbial levels, including Bacteroidetes (QIIME: 72.2%, Usearch: 74.09%), Firmicutes (QIIME: 18.3%, Usearch: 20.20%) for the bacterial phylum, Methanobacteriales (QIIME: 64.2%, Usearch: 45.7%) for the archaeal class, Methanobacteriaceae (QIIME: 35%, Usearch: 45.7%) and Methanomassiliicoccaceae (QIIME: 35%, Usearch: 31.13%) for archaeal family. However, the most prevalent archaeal class varied between these two annotation pipelines. The Thermoplasmata was the top class according to the QIIME annotation, whereas Methanobacteria was the top class according to Usearch. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cattle%20rumen" title="cattle rumen">cattle rumen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rumen%20microbial" title=" rumen microbial"> rumen microbial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=16S%20rRNA%20gene%20sequencing" title=" 16S rRNA gene sequencing"> 16S rRNA gene sequencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioinformatics%20pipeline" title=" bioinformatics pipeline"> bioinformatics pipeline</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171247/comparison-of-rumen-microbial-analysis-pipelines-based-on-16s-rrna-gene-sequencing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171247.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">223</span> Physics-Informed Neural Network for Predicting Strain Demand in Inelastic Pipes under Ground Movement with Geometric and Soil Resistance Nonlinearities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pouya%20Taraghi">Pouya Taraghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong%20Li"> Yong Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nader%20Yoosef-Ghodsi"> Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muntaseer%20Kainat"> Muntaseer Kainat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samer%20Adeeb"> Samer Adeeb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Buried pipelines play a crucial role in the transportation of energy products such as oil, gas, and various chemical fluids, ensuring their efficient and safe distribution. However, these pipelines are often susceptible to ground movements caused by geohazards like landslides, fault movements, lateral spreading, and more. Such ground movements can lead to strain-induced failures in pipes, resulting in leaks or explosions, leading to fires, financial losses, environmental contamination, and even loss of human life. Therefore, it is essential to study how buried pipelines respond when traversing geohazard-prone areas to assess the potential impact of ground movement on pipeline design. As such, this study introduces an approach called the Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) to predict the strain demand in inelastic pipes subjected to permanent ground displacement (PGD). This method uses a deep learning framework that does not require training data and makes it feasible to consider more realistic assumptions regarding existing nonlinearities. It leverages the underlying physics described by differential equations to approximate the solution. The study analyzes various scenarios involving different geohazard types, PGD values, and crossing angles, comparing the predictions with results obtained from finite element methods. The findings demonstrate a good agreement between the results of the proposed method and the finite element method, highlighting its potential as a simulation-free, data-free, and meshless alternative. This study paves the way for further advancements, such as the simulation-free reliability assessment of pipes subjected to PGD, as part of ongoing research that leverages the proposed method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strain%20demand" title="strain demand">strain demand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inelastic%20pipe" title=" inelastic pipe"> inelastic pipe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permanent%20ground%20displacement" title=" permanent ground displacement"> permanent ground displacement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physics-informed%20neural%20network" title=" physics-informed neural network"> physics-informed neural network</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177759/physics-informed-neural-network-for-predicting-strain-demand-in-inelastic-pipes-under-ground-movement-with-geometric-and-soil-resistance-nonlinearities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177759.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">61</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">222</span> Non-Destructive Visual-Statistical Approach to Detect Leaks in Water Mains</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alaa%20Al%20Hawari">Alaa Al Hawari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Khader"> Mohammad Khader</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarek%20Zayed"> Tarek Zayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osama%20Moselhi"> Osama Moselhi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, an effective non-destructive, non-invasive approach for leak detection was proposed. The process relies on analyzing thermal images collected by an IR viewer device that captures thermo-grams. In this study a statistical analysis of the collected thermal images of the ground surface along the expected leak location followed by a visual inspection of the thermo-grams was performed in order to locate the leak. In order to verify the applicability of the proposed approach the predicted leak location from the developed approach was compared with the real leak location. The results showed that the expected leak location was successfully identified with an accuracy of more than 95%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermography" title="thermography">thermography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leakage" title=" leakage"> leakage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20pipelines" title=" water pipelines"> water pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermograms" title=" thermograms"> thermograms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26442/non-destructive-visual-statistical-approach-to-detect-leaks-in-water-mains" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">221</span> Developing an Advanced Algorithm Capable of Classifying News, Articles and Other Textual Documents Using Text Mining Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20B.%20Knudsen">R. B. Knudsen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20T.%20Rasmussen"> O. T. Rasmussen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20A.%20Alphinas"> R. A. Alphinas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reason for conducting this research is to develop an algorithm that is capable of classifying news articles from the automobile industry, according to the competitive actions that they entail, with the use of Text Mining (TM) methods. It is needed to test how to properly preprocess the data for this research by preparing pipelines which fits each algorithm the best. The pipelines are tested along with nine different classification algorithms in the realm of regression, support vector machines, and neural networks. Preliminary testing for identifying the optimal pipelines and algorithms resulted in the selection of two algorithms with two different pipelines. The two algorithms are Logistic Regression (LR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). These algorithms are optimized further, where several parameters of each algorithm are tested. The best result is achieved with the ANN. The final model yields an accuracy of 0.79, a precision of 0.80, a recall of 0.78, and an F1 score of 0.76. By removing three of the classes that created noise, the final algorithm is capable of reaching an accuracy of 94%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Artificial%20Neural%20network" title="Artificial Neural network">Artificial Neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Competitive%20dynamics" title=" Competitive dynamics"> Competitive dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Logistic%20Regression" title=" Logistic Regression"> Logistic Regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Text%20classification" title=" Text classification"> Text classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Text%20mining" title=" Text mining"> Text mining</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127954/developing-an-advanced-algorithm-capable-of-classifying-news-articles-and-other-textual-documents-using-text-mining-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127954.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">220</span> Designing Offshore Pipelines Facing the Geohazard of Active Seismic Faults</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Trimintziou">Maria Trimintziou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Sakellariou"> Michael Sakellariou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prodromos%20Psarropoulos"> Prodromos Psarropoulos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, the exploitation of hydrocarbons reserves in deep seas and oceans, in combination with the need to transport hydrocarbons among countries, has made the design, construction and operation of offshore pipelines very significant. Under this perspective, it is evident that many more offshore pipelines are expected to be constructed in the near future. Since offshore pipelines are usually crossing extended areas, they may face a variety of geohazards that impose substantial permanent ground deformations (PGDs) to the pipeline and potentially threaten its integrity. In case of a geohazard area, there exist three options to proceed. The first option is to avoid the problematic area through rerouting, which is usually regarded as an unfavorable solution due to its high cost. The second is to apply (if possible) mitigation/protection measures in order to eliminate the geohazard itself. Finally, the last appealing option is to allow the pipeline crossing through the geohazard area, provided that the pipeline will have been verified against the expected PGDs. In areas with moderate or high seismicity the design of an offshore pipeline is more demanding due to the earthquake-related geohazards, such as landslides, soil liquefaction phenomena, and active faults. It is worthy to mention that although worldwide there is a great experience in offshore geotechnics and pipeline design, the experience in seismic design of offshore pipelines is rather limited due to the fact that most of the pipelines have been constructed in non-seismic regions (e.g. North Sea, West Australia, Gulf of Mexico, etc.). The current study focuses on the seismic design of offshore pipelines against active faults. After an extensive literature review of the provisions of the seismic norms worldwide and of the available analytical methods, the study simulates numerically (through finite-element modeling and strain-based criteria) the distress of offshore pipelines subjected to PGDs induced by active seismic faults at the seabed. Factors, such as the geometrical properties of the fault, the mechanical properties of the ruptured soil formations, and the pipeline characteristics, are examined. After some interesting conclusions regarding the seismic vulnerability of offshore pipelines, potential cost-effective mitigation measures are proposed taking into account constructability issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=offhore%20pipelines" title="offhore pipelines">offhore pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20design" title=" seismic design"> seismic design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20faults" title=" active faults"> active faults</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permanent%20ground%20deformations%20%28PGDs%29" title=" permanent ground deformations (PGDs)"> permanent ground deformations (PGDs)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21541/designing-offshore-pipelines-facing-the-geohazard-of-active-seismic-faults" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21541.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">588</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">219</span> Automated Feature Extraction and Object-Based Detection from High-Resolution Aerial Photos Based on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Al%20Sulaimani">Mohammed Al Sulaimani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamad%20Al%20Manhi"> Hamad Al Manhi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the development of Remote Sensing technology, the resolution of optical Remote Sensing images has greatly improved, and images have become largely available. Numerous detectors have been developed for detecting different types of objects. In the past few years, Remote Sensing has benefited a lot from deep learning, particularly Deep Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs). Deep learning holds great promise to fulfill the challenging needs of Remote Sensing and solving various problems within different fields and applications. The use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in acquiring Aerial Photos has become highly used and preferred by most organizations to support their activities because of their high resolution and accuracy, which make the identification and detection of very small features much easier than Satellite Images. And this has opened an extreme era of Deep Learning in different applications not only in feature extraction and prediction but also in analysis. This work addresses the capacity of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in detecting and extracting Oil Leaks from Flowlines (Onshore) using High-Resolution Aerial Photos which have been acquired by UAS fixed with RGB Sensor to support early detection of these leaks and prevent the company from the leak’s losses and the most important thing environmental damage. Here, there are two different approaches and different methods of DL have been demonstrated. The first approach focuses on detecting the Oil Leaks from the RAW Aerial Photos (not processed) using a Deep Learning called Single Shoot Detector (SSD). The model draws bounding boxes around the leaks, and the results were extremely good. The second approach focuses on detecting the Oil Leaks from the Ortho-mosaiced Images (Georeferenced Images) by developing three Deep Learning Models using (MaskRCNN, U-Net and PSP-Net Classifier). Then, post-processing is performed to combine the results of these three Deep Learning Models to achieve a better detection result and improved accuracy. Although there is a relatively small amount of datasets available for training purposes, the Trained DL Models have shown good results in extracting the extent of the Oil Leaks and obtaining excellent and accurate detection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title="GIS">GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20leak%20detection" title=" oil leak detection"> oil leak detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerial%20photos" title=" aerial photos"> aerial photos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unmanned%20aerial%20systems" title=" unmanned aerial systems"> unmanned aerial systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187331/automated-feature-extraction-and-object-based-detection-from-high-resolution-aerial-photos-based-on-machine-learning-and-artificial-intelligence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187331.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">33</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">218</span> A Comparative Study of Global Power Grids and Global Fossil Energy Pipelines Using GIS Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenhao%20Wang">Wenhao Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xinzhi%20Xu"> Xinzhi Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Limin%20Feng"> Limin Feng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei%20Cong"> Wei Cong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper comprehensively investigates current development status of global power grids and fossil energy pipelines (oil and natural gas), proposes a standard visual platform of global power and fossil energy based on Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. In this visual platform, a series of systematic visual models is proposed with global spatial data, systematic energy and power parameters. Under this visual platform, the current Global Power Grids Map and Global Fossil Energy Pipelines Map are plotted within more than 140 countries and regions across the world. Using the multi-scale fusion data processing and modeling methods, the world’s global fossil energy pipelines and power grids information system basic database is established, which provides important data supporting global fossil energy and electricity research. Finally, through the systematic and comparative study of global fossil energy pipelines and global power grids, the general status of global fossil energy and electricity development are reviewed, and energy transition in key areas are evaluated and analyzed. Through the comparison analysis of fossil energy and clean energy, the direction of relevant research is pointed out for clean development and energy transition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20transition" title="energy transition">energy transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geographic%20information%20system" title=" geographic information system"> geographic information system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fossil%20energy" title=" fossil energy"> fossil energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20systems" title=" power systems"> power systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120933/a-comparative-study-of-global-power-grids-and-global-fossil-energy-pipelines-using-gis-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120933.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">217</span> Criticality Assessment Model for Water Pipelines Using Fuzzy Analytical Network Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Assad">A. Assad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Zayed"> T. Zayed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water networks (WNs) are responsible of providing adequate amounts of safe, high quality, water to the public. As other critical infrastructure systems, WNs are subjected to deterioration which increases the number of breaks and leaks and lower water quality. In Canada, 35% of water assets require critical attention and there is a significant gap between the needed and the implemented investments. Thus, the need for efficient rehabilitation programs is becoming more urgent given the paradigm of aging infrastructure and tight budget. The first step towards developing such programs is to formulate a Performance Index that reflects the current condition of water assets along with its criticality. While numerous studies in the literature have focused on various aspects of condition assessment and reliability, limited efforts have investigated the criticality of such components. Critical water mains are those whose failure cause significant economic, environmental or social impacts on a community. Inclusion of criticality in computing the performance index will serve as a prioritizing tool for the optimum allocating of the available resources and budget. In this study, several social, economic, and environmental factors that dictate the criticality of a water pipelines have been elicited from analyzing the literature. Expert opinions were sought to provide pairwise comparisons of the importance of such factors. Subsequently, Fuzzy Logic along with Analytical Network Process (ANP) was utilized to calculate the weights of several criteria factors. Multi Attribute Utility Theories (MAUT) was then employed to integrate the aforementioned weights with the attribute values of several pipelines in Montreal WN. The result is a criticality index, 0-1, that quantifies the severity of the consequence of failure of each pipeline. A novel contribution of this approach is that it accounts for both the interdependency between criteria factors as well as the inherited uncertainties in calculating the criticality. The practical value of the current study is represented by the automated tool, Excel-MATLAB, which can be used by the utility managers and decision makers in planning for future maintenance and rehabilitation activities where high-level efficiency in use of materials and time resources is required. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20networks" title="water networks">water networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criticality%20assessment" title=" criticality assessment"> criticality assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asset%20management" title=" asset management"> asset management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20analytical%20network%20process" title=" fuzzy analytical network process"> fuzzy analytical network process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83213/criticality-assessment-model-for-water-pipelines-using-fuzzy-analytical-network-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83213.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">216</span> Flow Measurement Using Magnetic Meters in Large Underground Cooling Water Pipelines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Humanyun%20Zahir">Humanyun Zahir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irtsam%20Ghazi"> Irtsam Ghazi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This report outlines the basic installation and operation of magnetic inductive flow velocity sensors on large underground cooling water pipelines. Research on the effects of cathodic protection as well as into other factors that might influence the overall performance of the meter are presented in this paper. The experiments were carried out on an immersion type magnetic meter specially used for flow measurement of cooling water pipeline. An attempt has been made in this paper to outline guidelines that can ensure accurate measurement related to immersion type magnetic meters on underground pipelines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20induction" title="magnetic induction">magnetic induction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20meter" title=" flow meter"> flow meter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faraday%27s%20law" title=" Faraday's law"> Faraday's law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immersion" title=" immersion"> immersion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cathodic%20protection" title=" cathodic protection"> cathodic protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anode" title=" anode"> anode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cathode" title=" cathode"> cathode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flange" title=" flange"> flange</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grounding" title=" grounding"> grounding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20information%20management%20system" title=" plant information management system"> plant information management system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrodes" title=" electrodes"> electrodes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23671/flow-measurement-using-magnetic-meters-in-large-underground-cooling-water-pipelines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23671.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">418</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">215</span> Study the Effect of Liquefaction on Buried Pipelines during Earthquakes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Hababalahi">Mohsen Hababalahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morteza%20Bastami"> Morteza Bastami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Buried pipeline damage correlations are critical part of loss estimation procedures applied to lifelines for future earthquakes. The vulnerability of buried pipelines against earthquake and liquefaction has been observed during some of previous earthquakes and there are a lot of comprehensive reports about this event. One of the main reasons for impairment of buried pipelines during earthquake is liquefaction. Necessary conditions for this phenomenon are loose sandy soil, saturation of soil layer and earthquake intensity. Because of this fact that pipelines structure are very different from other structures (being long and having light mass) by paying attention to the results of previous earthquakes and compare them with other structures, it is obvious that the danger of liquefaction for buried pipelines is not high risked, unless effective parameters like earthquake intensity and non-dense soil and other factors be high. Recent liquefaction researches for buried pipeline include experimental and theoretical ones as well as damage investigations during actual earthquakes. The damage investigations have revealed that a damage ratio of pipelines (Number/km ) has much larger values in liquefied grounds compared with one in shaking grounds without liquefaction according to damage statistics during past severe earthquakes, and that damages of joints and pipelines connected with manholes were remarkable. The purpose of this research is numerical study of buried pipelines under the effect of liquefaction by case study of the 2013 Dashti (Iran) earthquake. Water supply and electrical distribution systems of this township interrupted during earthquake and water transmission pipelines were damaged severely due to occurrence of liquefaction. The model consists of a polyethylene pipeline with 100 meters length and 0.8 meter diameter which is covered by light sandy soil and the depth of burial is 2.5 meters from surface. Since finite element method is used relatively successfully in order to solve geotechnical problems, we used this method for numerical analysis. For evaluating this case, some information like geotechnical information, classification of earthquakes levels, determining the effective parameters in probability of liquefaction, three dimensional numerical finite element modeling of interaction between soil and pipelines are necessary. The results of this study on buried pipelines indicate that the effect of liquefaction is function of pipe diameter, type of soil, and peak ground acceleration. There is a clear increase in percentage of damage with increasing the liquefaction severity. The results indicate that although in this form of the analysis, the damage is always associated to a certain pipe material, but the nominally defined “failures” include by failures of particular components (joints, connections, fire hydrant details, crossovers, laterals) rather than material failures. At the end, there are some retrofit suggestions in order to decrease the risk of liquefaction on buried pipelines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquefaction" title="liquefaction">liquefaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buried%20pipelines" title=" buried pipelines"> buried pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lifelines" title=" lifelines"> lifelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake" title=" earthquake"> earthquake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method "> finite element method </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22950/study-the-effect-of-liquefaction-on-buried-pipelines-during-earthquakes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22950.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">513</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">214</span> Subway Stray Current Effects on Gas Pipelines in the City of Tehran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Derakhshani">Mohammad Derakhshani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Reza%20Allahkarama"> Saeed Reza Allahkarama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Isakhani-Zakaria"> Michael Isakhani-Zakaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Samadian"> Masoud Samadian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hojjat%20Sharifi%20Rasaey"> Hojjat Sharifi Rasaey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to investigate the effects of stray current from DC traction systems (subway) on cathodically protected gas pipelines, the subway and the gas network maps in the city of Tehran were superimposed and a comprehensive map was prepared. 213 intersections and about 100150 meters of parallel sections of gas pipelines were found with respect to the railway right of way which was specified for field measurements. The potential measurements data were logged for one hour in each test point. 24-hour potential monitoring was carried out in selected test points as well. Results showed that dynamic stray current from subway on pipeline potential appears as fluctuations in its static potential that is visible in the diagrams during night periods. These fluctuations can cause the pipeline potential to exit the safe zone and lead to corrosion or overprotection. In this study, a maximum potential shift of 100 mv in the pipe-to-soil potential was considered as a criterion for dynamic stray current effective presence. Results showed that a potential fluctuation range between 100 mV to 3 V exists in measured points on pipelines which exceeds the proposed criterion and needs to be investigated. Corrosion rates influenced by stray currents were calculated using coupons. Results showed that coupon linked to the pipeline in one of the locations at region 1 of the city of Tehran has a corrosion rate of 4.2 mpy (with cathodic protection and under influence of stray currents) which is about 1.5 times more than free corrosion rate of 2.6 mpy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stray%20current" title="stray current">stray current</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DC%20traction" title=" DC traction"> DC traction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subway" title=" subway"> subway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buried%20Pipelines" title=" buried Pipelines"> buried Pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cathodic%20protection%20list" title=" cathodic protection list"> cathodic protection list</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31850/subway-stray-current-effects-on-gas-pipelines-in-the-city-of-tehran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31850.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">822</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">213</span> Numerical Simulation of Natural Gas Dispersion from Low Pressure Pipelines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omid%20Adibi">Omid Adibi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nategheh%20Najafpour"> Nategheh Najafpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bijan%20Farhanieh"> Bijan Farhanieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Afshin"> Hossein Afshin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gas release from the pipelines is one of the main factors in the gas industry accidents. Released gas ejects from the pipeline as a free jet and in the growth process, the fuel gets mixed with the ambient air. Accordingly, an accidental spark will release the chemical energy of the mixture with an explosion. Gas explosion damages the equipment and endangers the life of staffs. So due to importance of safety in gas industries, prevision of accident can reduce the number of the casualties. In this paper, natural gas leakages from the low pressure pipelines are studied in two steps: 1) the simulation of mixing process and identification of flammable zones and 2) the simulation of wind effects on the mixing process. The numerical simulations were performed by using the finite volume method and the pressure-based algorithm. Also, for the grid generation the structured method was used. The results show that, in just 6.4 s after accident, released natural gas could penetrate to 40 m in vertical and 20 m in horizontal direction. Moreover, the results show that the wind speed is a key factor in dispersion process. In fact, the wind transports the flammable zones into the downstream. Hence, to improve the safety of the people and human property, it is preferable to construct gas facilities and buildings in the opposite side of prevailing wind direction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flammable%20zones" title="flammable zones">flammable zones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20pipelines" title=" gas pipelines"> gas pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wind%20effects" title=" wind effects"> wind effects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88347/numerical-simulation-of-natural-gas-dispersion-from-low-pressure-pipelines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88347.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">212</span> Stress Analysis of Buried Pipes from Soil and Traffic Loads</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mohamed">A. Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20El-Hamalawi"> A. El-Hamalawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Frost"> M. Frost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Connell"> A. Connell</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Often design standards do not provide guidance or formulae for the calculation of stresses on buried pipelines caused by external loads. Frequently engineers rely on other methods and published sources of information to calculate such imposed stresses and a variety of methods can be used. This paper reviews three current approaches to soil pipeline interaction modelling to predict stresses on buried pipelines subjected to soil overburden and traffic loading. The traditional approach to use empirical stress formulas to calculate circumferential bending stresses on pipelines. The alternative approaches considered are the use of a finite element package to compute an estimate of circumferential bending stress and a proprietary stress analysis system (SURFLOAD) to estimate the circumferential bending stress. The results from analysis using the methods are presented and compared to experimental results in terms of predicted and measured circumferential stresses. This study shows that the approach used to assess externally generated stress is important and can lead to an over-conservative analysis. Using FE analysis either through SURFLOAD or a general FE package to predict circumferential stress is the most accurate way to undertake stress analysis due to traffic and soil loads. Although conservative, classical empirical methods will continue to be applied to the analysis of buried pipelines, an opportunity exists, therefore, in many circumstances, to use applied numerical techniques, made possible by advances in finite element analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buried%20pipelines" title="buried pipelines">buried pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circumferential%20bending%20stress" title=" circumferential bending stress"> circumferential bending stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20overburden" title=" soil overburden"> soil overburden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20pipeline%20interaction%20analysis%20%28SPIA%29" title=" soil pipeline interaction analysis (SPIA)"> soil pipeline interaction analysis (SPIA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20loadings" title=" traffic loadings"> traffic loadings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80777/stress-analysis-of-buried-pipes-from-soil-and-traffic-loads" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80777.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">441</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">211</span> Inhibition of Pipelines Corrosion Using Natural Extracts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eman%20Alzahrani">Eman Alzahrani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hala%20M.%20Abo-Dief"> Hala M. Abo-Dief</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashraf%20T.%20Mohamed"> Ashraf T. Mohamed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work is aimed at examining carbon steel oil pipelines corrosion using three natural extracts (Eruca Sativa, Rosell and Mango peels) that are used as inhibitors of different concentrations ranging from 0.05-0.1wt. %. Two sulphur compounds are used as corrosion mediums. Weight loss method was used for measuring the corrosion rate of the carbon steel specimens immersed in technical white oil at 100ºC at various time intervals in absence and presence of the two sulphur compounds. The corroded specimens are examined using the chemical wear test, scratch test and hardness test. The scratch test is carried out using scratch loads from 0.5 Kg to 2.0 Kg. The scratch width is obtained at various scratch load and test conditions. The Brinell hardness test is carried out and investigated for both corroded and inhibited specimens. The results showed that three natural extracts can be used as environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhibition" title="inhibition">inhibition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20extract" title=" natural extract"> natural extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20pipelines%20corrosion" title=" oil pipelines corrosion"> oil pipelines corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sulphur%20compounds" title=" sulphur compounds "> sulphur compounds </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33851/inhibition-of-pipelines-corrosion-using-natural-extracts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33851.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">507</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">210</span> The Interaction of Adjacent Defects and the Effect on the Failure Pressure of the Corroded Pipeline</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Wang">W. Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Zhang"> Y. Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Shuai"> J. Shuai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Lv"> Z. Lv</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The interaction between defects has an essential influence on the bearing capacity of pipelines. This work developed the finite element model of pipelines containing adjacent defects, which includes longitudinally aligned, circumferentially aligned, and diagonally aligned defects. The relationships between spacing and geometries of defects and the failure pressure of pipelines, and the interaction between defects are investigated. The results show that the orientation of defects is an influential factor in the failure pressure of the pipeline. The influence of defect spacing on the failure pressure of the pipeline is non-linear, and the relationship presents different trends depending on the orientation of defects. The increase of defect geometry will weaken the failure pressure of the pipeline, and for the interaction between defects, the increase of defect depth will enhance it, and the increase of defect length will weaken it. According to the research on the interaction rule between defects with different orientations, the interacting coefficients under different orientations of defects are compared. It is determined that the diagonally aligned defects with the overlap of longitudinal projections are the most obvious arrangement of interaction between defects, and the limited distance of interaction between defects is proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipeline" title="pipeline">pipeline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adjacent%20defects" title=" adjacent defects"> adjacent defects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interaction%20between%20defects" title=" interaction between defects"> interaction between defects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure%20pressure" title=" failure pressure"> failure pressure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155026/the-interaction-of-adjacent-defects-and-the-effect-on-the-failure-pressure-of-the-corroded-pipeline" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155026.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">221</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">209</span> Self-Propelled Intelligent Robotic Vehicle Based on Octahedral Dodekapod to Move in Active Branched Pipelines with Variable Cross-Sections</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergey%20N.%20Sayapin">Sergey N. Sayapin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anatoly%20P.%20Karpenko"> Anatoly P. Karpenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suan%20H.%20Dang"> Suan H. Dang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Comparative analysis of robotic vehicles for pipe inspection is presented in this paper. The promising concept of self-propelled intelligent robotic vehicle (SPIRV) based on octahedral dodekapod for inspection and operation in active branched pipelines with variable cross-sections is reasoned. SPIRV is able to move in pipeline, regardless of its spatial orientation. SPIRV can also be used to move along the outside of the pipelines as well as in space between surfaces of annular tubes. Every one of faces of the octahedral dodekapod can clamp/unclamp a thing with a closed loop surface of various forms as well as put pressure on environmental surface of contact. These properties open new possibilities for its applications in SPIRV. We examine design principles of octahedral dodekapod as future intelligent building blocks for various robotic vehicles that can self-move and self-reconfigure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Modular%20robot" title="Modular robot">Modular robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=octahedral%20dodekapod" title=" octahedral dodekapod"> octahedral dodekapod</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipe%20inspection%20robot" title=" pipe inspection robot"> pipe inspection robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20parallel%20structure" title=" spatial parallel structure"> spatial parallel structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32718/self-propelled-intelligent-robotic-vehicle-based-on-octahedral-dodekapod-to-move-in-active-branched-pipelines-with-variable-cross-sections" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32718.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">501</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">208</span> Metaphorical Devices in Political Cartoons with Reference to Political Confrontation in Pakistan after Panama Leaks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayesha%20Ashfaq">Ayesha Ashfaq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ajmal%20Ashfaq"> Muhammad Ajmal Ashfaq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It has been assumed that metaphorical and symbolic contests are waged with metaphors, captions, and signs in political cartoons that play a significant role in image construction of political actors, situations or events in the political arena. This paper is an effort to explore the metaphorical devices in political cartoons related to the political confrontation in Pakistan between the ruling party Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PMLN) and opposition parties especially after Panama leaks. For this purpose, political cartoons sketched by five renowned political cartoonists on the basis of their belongings to the most highly circulated mainstream English newspapers of Pakistan and their professional experiences in their genre, were selected. The cartoons were analyzed through the Barthes’s model of Semiotics under the umbrella of the first level of agenda setting theory ‘framing’. It was observed that metaphorical devices in political cartoons are one of the key weapons of cartoonists’ armory. These devices are used to attack the candidates and contribute to the image and character building. It was found that all the selected political cartoonists used different forms of metaphors including situational metaphors and embodying metaphors. Not only the physical stature but also the debates and their activities were depicted metaphorically in the cartoons that create the scenario of comparison between the cartoons and their real political confrontation. It was examined that both forms of metaphors shed light on cartoonist’s perception and newspaper’s policy about political candidates, political parties and particular events. In addition, it was found that zoomorphic metaphors and metaphors of diminishments were also predominantly used to depict the conflict between two said political actors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metaphor" title="metaphor">metaphor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panama%20leaks" title=" Panama leaks"> Panama leaks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20cartoons" title=" political cartoons"> political cartoons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20communication" title=" political communication"> political communication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55867/metaphorical-devices-in-political-cartoons-with-reference-to-political-confrontation-in-pakistan-after-panama-leaks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55867.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">207</span> A Finite Elements Model for the Study of Buried Pipelines Affected by Strike-Slip Fault</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Akbari">Reza Akbari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jalal%20MontazeriFashtali"> Jalal MontazeriFashtali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PeymanMomeni%20Taromsari"> PeymanMomeni Taromsari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pipeline systems, play an important role as a vital element in reducing or increasing the risk of earthquake damage and vulnerability. Pipelines are suitable, cheap, fast, and safe routes for transporting oil, gas, water, sewage, etc. The sepipelines must pass from a wide geographical area; hence they will structurally face different environmental and underground factors of earthquake forces’ effect. Therefore, structural engineering analysis and design for this type of lines requires the understanding of relevant parameters behavior and lack of familiarity with them can cause irreparable damages and risks to design and execution, especially in the face of earthquakes. Today, buried pipelines play an important role in human life cycle, thus, studying the vulnerability of pipeline systems is of particular importance. This study examines the behavior of buried pipelines affected by strike-slip fault. Studied fault is perpendicular to the tube axis and causes stress and deformation in the tube by sliding horizontally. In this study, the pipe-soil interaction is accurately simulated, so that one can examine the large displacements and strains, nonlinear material behavior and contact and friction conditions of soil and pipe. The results can be used for designing buried pipes and determining the amount of fault displacement that causes the failure of the buried pipes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipe%20lines" title="pipe lines ">pipe lines </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake" title=" earthquake "> earthquake </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault" title=" fault "> fault </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil-fault%20interaction" title=" soil-fault interaction"> soil-fault interaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27664/a-finite-elements-model-for-the-study-of-buried-pipelines-affected-by-strike-slip-fault" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27664.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">451</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipelines%20leaks&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipelines%20leaks&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipelines%20leaks&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipelines%20leaks&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipelines%20leaks&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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