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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apomorphy-based_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apomorphy-based_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Apomorphy-based definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apomorphy-based_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown_group_tetrapods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown_group_tetrapods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Crown group tetrapods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crown_group_tetrapods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History of classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palaeozoic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeozoic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Palaeozoic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaeozoic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Devonian_stem-tetrapods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devonian_stem-tetrapods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Devonian stem-tetrapods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devonian_stem-tetrapods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carboniferous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carboniferous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Carboniferous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carboniferous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Permian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesozoic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesozoic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mesozoic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesozoic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cenozoic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cenozoic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cenozoic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cenozoic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phylogeny subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stem_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stem_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Stem group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stem_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Crown group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crown_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_modern_amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_modern_amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Origins of modern amphibians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_modern_amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temnospondyl_hypothesis_(TH)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temnospondyl_hypothesis_(TH)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Temnospondyl hypothesis (TH)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temnospondyl_hypothesis_(TH)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lepospondyl_hypothesis_(LH)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lepospondyl_hypothesis_(LH)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Lepospondyl hypothesis (LH)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lepospondyl_hypothesis_(LH)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyphyly_hypothesis_(PH)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyphyly_hypothesis_(PH)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Polyphyly hypothesis (PH)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyphyly_hypothesis_(PH)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Anatomy and physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy and physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Skull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Neck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dentition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dentition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Dentition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dentition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axial_skeleton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axial_skeleton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Axial skeleton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axial_skeleton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Girdles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Girdles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Girdles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Girdles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Limbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Locomotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Respiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.1</span> <span>Gills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lungs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lungs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.2</span> <span>Lungs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lungs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recoil_aspiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recoil_aspiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.3</span> <span>Recoil aspiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recoil_aspiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cutaneous_respiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cutaneous_respiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.4</span> <span>Cutaneous respiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cutaneous_respiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_dioxide_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.5</span> <span>Carbon dioxide metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>Senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Olfaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olfaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11.1</span> <span>Olfaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olfaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lateral_line_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lateral_line_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11.2</span> <span>Lateral line system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lateral_line_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11.3</span> <span>Vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11.4</span> <span>Balance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11.5</span> <span>Hearing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrapod</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwirbeltiere" title="Landwirbeltiere – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Landwirbeltiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="ذوات الأربع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذوات الأربع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8trapodos" title="Tètrapodos – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tètrapodos" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6rdayaql%C4%B1lar" title="Dördayaqlılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dördayaqlılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%82%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دؤردایاق‌لیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤردایاق‌لیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чатырохногія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чатырохногія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чатырохногія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чатырохногія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Четирикраки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Четирикраки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetr%C3%A0podes" title="Tetràpodes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tetràpodes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%C4%83_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тăватă уралли – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăватă уралли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cty%C5%99no%C5%BEci" title="Čtyřnožci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čtyřnožci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoder" title="Tetrapoder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tetrapoder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="مولات ربعة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مولات ربعة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwirbeltiere" title="Landwirbeltiere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Landwirbeltiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoodid" title="Tetrapoodid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tetrapoodid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Τετράποδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τετράποδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodoj" title="Tetrapodoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tetrapodoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چهاراندامان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چهاراندامان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjouwerpoatigen" title="Fjouwerpoatigen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fjouwerpoatigen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiare-chassagh" title="Kiare-chassagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kiare-chassagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetr%C3%A1podos" title="Tetrápodos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tetrápodos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%B0%9C%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="네발동물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네발동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87" title="चौपाये – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चौपाये" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopneni_kralje%C5%BEnjaci" title="Kopneni kralježnjaci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kopneni kralježnjaci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferf%C3%A6tlingar" title="Ferfætlingar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ferfætlingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2_%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי ארבע רגליים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי ארבע רגליים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಚತುಷ್ಪಾದಿಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚತುಷ್ಪಾದಿಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Төртаяқтылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Төртаяқтылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%B9%D0%BB_%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Нӹл яланвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Нӹл яланвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cetrk%C4%81jai%C5%86i" title="Četrkājaiņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Četrkājaiņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keturkojai" title="Keturkojai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Keturkojai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerveuters" title="Veerveuters – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Veerveuters" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gyl%C3%A1b%C3%BAak" title="Négylábúak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Négylábúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Четириношци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Четириношци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ടെട്രാപോഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെട്രാപോഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="رباعيات الاطراف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رباعيات الاطراف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tetrapod" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="ခြေလေးချောင်း သတ္တဝါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခြေလေးချောင်း သတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viervoeters_(biologie)" title="Viervoeters (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Viervoeters (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%82%A2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="四肢動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="四肢動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunw%C3%A4%C3%A4rlisdiarten" title="Lunwäärlisdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Lunwäärlisdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firbente_virveldyr" title="Firbente virveldyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Firbente virveldyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodar" title="Tetrapodar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tetrapodar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%92" title="چارپیرے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چارپیرے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%85%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DA%9A%DB%90_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" title="څلور پښې لرونکي ژوي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="څلور پښې لرونکي ژوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerf%C3%B6%C3%B6t" title="Veerfööt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Veerfööt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czworonogi" title="Czworonogi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czworonogi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetr%C3%A1podes" title="Tetrápodes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tetrápodes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapode" title="Tetrapode – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tetrapode" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Четвероногие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Четвероногие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tetrapod" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tetrapod" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tvorno%C5%BEce" title="Štvornožce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štvornožce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodi" title="Tetrapodi – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tetrapodi" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodi" title="Tetrapodi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tetrapodi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="நாற்காலி (உயிரியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாற்காலி (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiku%E1%BA%93darin" title="Tikuẓdarin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tikuẓdarin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="เทเทรอพอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทเทรอพอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Чотириногі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чотириногі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92" title="چوپائے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چوپائے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_b%E1%BB%91n_ch%C3%A2n" title="Động vật bốn chân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật bốn chân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viervoeters" title="Viervoeters – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Viervoeters" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tetrapoda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%B1%BB" title="四足类 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="四足类" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%B8%BD%E7%B6%B1" title="四足總綱 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="四足總綱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ehar_pay%C4%B1ni" title="Çehar payıni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çehar payıni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierpo%C3%B4ters" title="Vierpoôters – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Vierpoôters" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B6%B3%E9%A1%9E" title="四足類 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="四足類" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Superclass of the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about four-legged vertebrates. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tetrapod (disambiguation)">Tetrapod (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Quadrupedalism" title="Quadrupedalism">Quadrupedalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Tetrapods<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <br /><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Visean" class="mw-redirect" title="Visean">Visean</a>–<a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-M2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:102.65538461538px; width:117.34461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:102.65538461538px; width:117.34461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:103.65538461538px; width:115.34461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <small>Four-limbed vertebrates (tetrapods <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu#lato" title="Sensu">sensu lato</a></i>) originated in the <a href="/wiki/Eifelian" title="Eifelian">Eifelian</a> stage of the <a href="/wiki/Devonian#Subdivisions" title="Devonian">Middle Devonian</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-NiedźwiedzkiSzrek2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiedźwiedzkiSzrek2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrapoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a collage of six images of tetrapod animals. clockwise from top left: Mercurana myristicapaulstris, a shrub frog; Dermophis mexicanus, a legless amphibian looking like a naked snake; Equus quagga, a plains zebra; Sterna maxima, a tern (seabird); Pseudotrapelus sinaitus, a Sinai agama; Tachyglossus aculeatus, a spiny anteater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tetrapoda.jpg/220px-Tetrapoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tetrapoda.jpg/330px-Tetrapoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tetrapoda.jpg/440px-Tetrapoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Clockwise from top left: <i><a href="/wiki/Mercurana" title="Mercurana">Mercurana</a> myristicapaulstris</i>, a shrub frog; <i><a href="/wiki/Dermophis_mexicanus" title="Dermophis mexicanus">Dermophis mexicanus</a></i>, a legless amphibian; <i><a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">Equus quagga</a></i>, a plains zebra; <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_tern" title="Royal tern">Sterna maxima</a></i>, a tern (seabird); <i><a href="/wiki/Sinai_agama" title="Sinai agama">Pseudotrapelus sinaitus</a></i>, a Sinai agama; <i><a href="/wiki/Short-beaked_echidna" title="Short-beaked echidna">Tachyglossus aculeatus</a></i>, a short-beaked echidna </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tetrapoda" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Eugnathostomata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teleostomi" title="Teleostomi">Teleostomi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superclass: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tetrapoda</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Berthold_Hatschek" title="Berthold Hatschek">Hatschek</a> & Cori, 1896<br />[<i><a href="/wiki/Michel_Laurin" title="Michel Laurin">Laurin</a></i>]<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>"†<a href="/wiki/Ichthyostegalia" title="Ichthyostegalia">Ichthyostegalia</a>"? (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachomorpha" title="Batrachomorpha">Batrachomorpha</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibia</a> <ul><li>various †extinct clades</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Pan-Amniota</a> <ul><li>various †extinct clades</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniota" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniota">Amniota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">Synapsida</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>A <b>tetrapod</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1-#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:τετρα-">τετρα-</a> <i>(tetra-)</i> 'four' and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:πούς">πούς</a> <i>(poús)</i> 'foot') is any four-<a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbed</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">superclass</a> <b>Tetrapoda</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetrapods include all <a href="/wiki/Neontology#Extant_taxa_versus_extinct_taxa" title="Neontology">extant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a>, with the latter in turn <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolving</a> into two major <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">sauropsids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and therefore <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a> (extinct <a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a> and all extant <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">humans</a>). <a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox gene</a> mutations have resulted in some tetrapods becoming <a href="/wiki/Limbless_vertebrate" title="Limbless vertebrate">limbless</a> (<a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legless_lizard" title="Legless lizard">legless lizards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">caecilians</a>) or two-limbed (<a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bipedidae" title="Bipedidae">some lizards</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, these limbless groups still qualify as tetrapods through their ancestry, and some retain a pair of <a href="/wiki/Vestigial" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial">vestigial</a> <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_spur" title="Pelvic spur">spurs</a> that are remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Hindlimb" title="Hindlimb">hindlimbs</a>. </p><p>Tetrapods evolved from a group of primitive <a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">semiaquatic</a> animals known as the <a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a> which, in turn, evolved from ancient <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">lobe-finned fish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">sarcopterygians</a>) around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=390">390</a> million years ago</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Devonian#Subdivisions" title="Devonian">Middle Devonian period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NarkiewiczNarkiewicz2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NarkiewiczNarkiewicz2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetrapodomorphs were transitional between lobe-finned fishes and true four-limbed tetrapods, though most still fit the body plan expected of other lobe-finned fishes. The oldest fossils of four-limbed vertebrates (tetrapods in the broad sense of the word) are <a href="/wiki/Zachelmie_trackways" title="Zachelmie trackways">trackways from the Middle Devonian</a>, and body fossils became common near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Devonian#Subdivisions" title="Devonian">Late Devonian</a>, around 370–360 million years ago. These Devonian species all belonged to the tetrapod <a href="/wiki/Crown_group#Stem_groups" title="Crown group">stem group</a>, meaning that they were not directly related to any modern tetrapod group. Broad anatomical descriptors like "tetrapod" and "amphibian" can approximate some members of the stem group, but a few paleontologists opt for more specific terms such as <a href="/wiki/Stegocephali" title="Stegocephali">Stegocephali</a>. Limbs evolved prior to <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">terrestrial locomotion</a>, but by the start of the Carboniferous Period, 360 million years ago, a few stem-tetrapods were experimenting with a <a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">semiaquatic</a> lifestyle to exploit food and shelter on land. The first <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown</a>-tetrapods (those descended from the <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">last common ancestors</a> of extant tetrapods) appeared by the <a href="/wiki/Visean" class="mw-redirect" title="Visean">Visean</a> age of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Early Carboniferous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-M2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific aquatic ancestors of the tetrapods and the process by which they colonized Earth's land after emerging from water remains unclear. The transition from a <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a> for <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">aquatic respiration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a>-propelled <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_locomotion" title="Aquatic locomotion">aquatic locomotion</a> to one that enables the animal to survive out of water and move around on land is one of the most profound evolutionary changes known.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon&Long_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon&Long-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetrapods have numerous anatomical and physiological features that are distinct from their aquatic fish ancestors. These include distinct head and neck structures for feeding and movements, <a href="/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton" title="Appendicular skeleton">appendicular skeletons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">shoulder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvic girdles</a> in particular) for <a href="/wiki/Weight_bearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight bearing">weight bearing</a> and locomotion, more versatile <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a> for seeing, <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ears</a> for hearing, and more efficient <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> for oxygen circulation and exchange outside water. </p><p>Stem-tetrapods and "fish-a-pods" were primarily <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Modern amphibians</a>, which evolved from <a href="/wiki/Batrachomorpha" title="Batrachomorpha">earlier groups</a>, are generally <a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">semiaquatic</a>; the first stages of their lives are as waterborne <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a> and fish-like <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a>, and later undergo <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> to grow limbs and become partly terrestrial and partly aquatic. However, most tetrapod species today are <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a>, most of which are <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> tetrapods whose branch evolved from <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">earlier tetrapods</a> early in the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Late Carboniferous</a>. The key innovation in amniotes over amphibians is the <a href="/wiki/Amnion" title="Amnion">amnion</a>, which enables the eggs to retain their aqueous contents on land, rather than needing to stay in water. (Some amniotes later evolved <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a>, although many aquatic species outside the tetrapod tree had evolved such before the tetrapods appeared, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Materpiscis" title="Materpiscis">Materpiscis</a></i>.) Some tetrapods, such as <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">caecilians</a>, have lost some or all of their limbs through further speciation and evolution; some have only concealed <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">vestigial</a> bones as a remnant of the limbs of their distant ancestors. Others returned to being amphibious or otherwise living partially or fully aquatic lives, the first during the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others as recently as the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One fundamental subgroup of amniotes, the <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">sauropsids</a>, diverged into the <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">lepidosaurs</a> (lizards, snakes, and the <a href="/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuatara</a>), <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> are a subset), <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, and various other extinct forms. The remaining group of amniotes, the <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">synapsids</a>, include <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and their extinct relatives. Amniotes include the only tetrapods that further evolved for flight—such as birds from among the dinosaurs, the extinct <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a> from earlier archosaurs, and <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> from among the mammals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The precise definition of "tetrapod" is a subject of strong debate among paleontologists who work with the earliest members of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RCQ03_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCQ03-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apomorphy-based_definitions">Apomorphy-based definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Apomorphy-based definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stegocephali" title="Stegocephali">Stegocephali</a></div> <p>A majority of paleontologists use the term "tetrapod" to refer to all vertebrates with four limbs and distinct <a href="/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)" title="Digit (anatomy)">digits</a> (fingers and toes), as well as legless vertebrates with limbed ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RCQ03_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCQ03-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limbs and digits are major <a href="/wiki/Apomorphies" class="mw-redirect" title="Apomorphies">apomorphies</a> (newly evolved traits) which define tetrapods, though they are far from the only skeletal or biological innovations inherent to the group. The first vertebrates with limbs and digits evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late Devonian</a>-age <i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostega" title="Ichthyostega">Ichthyostega</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Acanthostega" title="Acanthostega">Acanthostega</a></i>, as well as the trackmakers of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle Devonian</a>-age <a href="/wiki/Zachelmie_trackways" title="Zachelmie trackways">Zachelmie trackways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NarkiewiczNarkiewicz2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NarkiewiczNarkiewicz2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defining tetrapods based on one or two apomorphies can present a problem if these apomorphies were acquired by more than one lineage through <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>. To resolve this potential concern, the apomorphy-based definition is often supported by an equivalent <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistic</a> definition. Cladistics is a modern branch of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> which classifies organisms through evolutionary relationships, as reconstructed by <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_analyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic analyses">phylogenetic analyses</a>. A cladistic definition would define a group based on how closely related its constituents are. Tetrapoda is widely considered a <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, a group with all of its component taxa sharing a single common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-RCQ03_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCQ03-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, Tetrapoda can also be defined as the "clade of limbed vertebrates", including all vertebrates descended from the first limbed vertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crown_group_tetrapods">Crown group tetrapods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crown group tetrapods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrapoda_PhyloCode_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tetrapoda_PhyloCode_%28en%29.svg/307px-Tetrapoda_PhyloCode_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="307" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tetrapoda_PhyloCode_%28en%29.svg/461px-Tetrapoda_PhyloCode_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tetrapoda_PhyloCode_%28en%29.svg/614px-Tetrapoda_PhyloCode_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>A simplified cladogram demonstrating differing definitions of Tetrapoda: <br />* Under the <a href="/wiki/Apomorphy_and_synapomorphy" title="Apomorphy and synapomorphy">apomorphy</a>-based definition used by many paleontologists, tetrapods originate at the orange star ("First vertebrates with tetrapod limb") <br />* When restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a>, tetrapods originate at the "last common ancestor of recent tetrapods" </figcaption></figure> <p>A portion of tetrapod workers, led by French paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Laurin" title="Michel Laurin">Michel Laurin</a>, prefer to restrict the definition of tetrapod to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crown group is a subset of a category of animal defined by the most recent common ancestor of living representatives. This cladistic approach defines "tetrapods" as the nearest common ancestor of all living amphibians (the lissamphibians) and all living amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals), along with all of the descendants of that ancestor. In effect, "tetrapod" is a name reserved solely for animals which lie among living tetrapods, so-called crown tetrapods. This is a <a href="/wiki/Node-based_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Node-based taxon">node-based</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, a group with a common ancestry descended from a single "node" (the node being the nearest common ancestor of living species).<sup id="cite_ref-RCQ03_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCQ03-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defining tetrapods based on the crown group would exclude many four-limbed vertebrates which would otherwise be defined as tetrapods. Devonian "tetrapods", such as <i>Ichthyostega</i> and <i>Acanthostega</i>, certainly evolved prior to the split between lissamphibians and amniotes, and thus lie outside the crown group. They would instead lie along the <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">stem group</a>, a subset of animals related to, but not within, the crown group. The stem and crown group together are combined into the <a href="/wiki/Total_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Total group">total group</a>, given the name <a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a>, which refers to all animals closer to living tetrapods than to Dipnoi (<a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfishes</a>), the next closest group of living animals.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many early tetrapodomorphs are clearly fish in ecology and anatomy, but later tetrapodomorphs are much more similar to tetrapods in many regards, such as the presence of limbs and digits. </p><p>Laurin's approach to the definition of tetrapods is rooted in the belief that the term has more relevance for <a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">neontologists</a> (zoologists specializing in living animals) than paleontologists (who primarily use the apomorphy-based definition).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, he re-established the defunct historical term <b><a href="/wiki/Stegocephali" title="Stegocephali">Stegocephali</a></b> to replace the apomorphy-based definition of tetrapod used by many authors.<sup id="cite_ref-LaurinGirondot2000_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaurinGirondot2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other paleontologists use the term <a href="/wiki/Stem-tetrapod" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem-tetrapod">stem-tetrapod</a> to refer to those tetrapod-like vertebrates that are not members of the crown group, including both early limbed "tetrapods" and tetrapodomorph fishes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "fishapod" was popularized after the discovery and 2006 publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik" title="Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a></i>, an advanced tetrapodomorph fish which was closely related to limbed vertebrates and showed many apparently transitional traits. </p><p>The two subclades of crown tetrapods are <a href="/wiki/Batrachomorpha" title="Batrachomorpha">Batrachomorpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a>. Batrachomorphs are all animals sharing a more recent common ancestry with living amphibians than with living amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals). Reptiliomorphs are all animals sharing a more recent common ancestry with living amniotes than with living amphibians.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaffney (1979) provided the name <b>Neotetrapoda</b> to the crown group of tetrapods, though few subsequent authors followed this proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrapoda includes three living classes: amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Overall, the biodiversity of <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lissamphibian">lissamphibians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-M&L08_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M&L08-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as of tetrapods generally,<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has grown exponentially over time; the more than 30,000 species living today are descended from a single amphibian group in the Early to Middle Devonian. However, that diversification process was interrupted at least a few times by major biological crises, such as the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>, which at least affected amniotes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall composition of biodiversity was driven primarily by amphibians in the Palaeozoic, dominated by reptiles in the Mesozoic and expanded by the explosive growth of birds and mammals in the Cenozoic. As biodiversity has grown, so has the number of species and the number of niches that tetrapods have occupied. The first tetrapods were aquatic and fed primarily on fish. Today, the Earth supports a great diversity of tetrapods that live in many habitats and subsist on a variety of diets.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table shows summary estimates for each tetrapod class from the <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN Red List of Threatened Species">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>, 2014.3, for the number of <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxa">extant species</a> that have been described in the literature, as well as the number of <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2023-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> global summary estimates for extant tetrapod species as of 2023<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2023-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tetrapod group </th> <th>Image </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Class</a> </th> <th>Estimated number of<br />described species<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2023-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Number of species <br /> evaluated for Red List<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2023-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Share of described<br />species evaluated<br /> for Red List<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2023-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Threatened species<br />in <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">Red List</a><sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2023-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Best estimate<br />of percent of<br />threatened species<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2023-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Anamniote" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamniote">Anamniotes</a><br /><small>lay eggs in water</small> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/100px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/150px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/200px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibians</a> </td> <td align="center">8,707 </td> <td align="center">8,020 </td> <td align="center">92% </td> <td align="center">2,876 </td> <td align="center">41% </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniotes</a><br /><small>adapted to lay eggs<br />on land</small> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/100px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/150px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/200px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptiles</a> </td> <td align="center">12,060 </td> <td align="center">10,254 </td> <td align="center">85% </td> <td align="center">1,848 </td> <td align="center">21% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg/100px-Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg/150px-Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg/200px-Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="371" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> </td> <td align="center">11,197 </td> <td align="center">11,197 </td> <td align="center">100% </td> <td align="center">1,354 </td> <td align="center">12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squirrel_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2615" data-file-height="1352" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammal</a> </td> <td align="center">6,631 </td> <td align="center">5,980 </td> <td align="center">90% </td> <td align="center">1,339 </td> <td align="center">26% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:#ddf8f8;">Overall </th> <th align="center" style="background:#ddf8f8;">38,595 </th> <th align="center" style="background:#ddf8f8;">35,451 </th> <th align="center" style="background:#ddf8f8;">92% </th> <th align="center" style="background:#ddf8f8;">7,417 </th> <th align="center" style="background:#ddf8f8;"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The estimates for amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals were respectively taken from <a href="/wiki/Amphibian_Species_of_the_World" title="Amphibian Species of the World">Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference</a> (version 6.2, 1 December 2023), the <a href="/wiki/Reptile_Database" title="Reptile Database">Reptile Database</a> (accessed: 0 December 2023), <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Handbook of the Birds of the World">Handbook of the Birds of the World</a> and <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> digital checklist of the birds of the world (version 8; accessed: 11 December 2023) and the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">Mammal Diversity Database</a>] (version 1.11, released 15 April 2023; accessed 01 December 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2023-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chordate_orders" title="List of chordate orders">List of chordate orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tetrapod_families" title="List of tetrapod families">List of tetrapod families</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_(1735).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/310px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/465px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/620px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>'s 1735 classification of animals, with tetrapods occupying the first three classes</figcaption></figure> <p>The classification of tetrapods has a long history. Traditionally, tetrapods are divided into four classes based on gross <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> traits.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">Snakes</a> and other legless reptiles are considered tetrapods because they are sufficiently like other reptiles that have a full complement of limbs. Similar considerations apply to <a href="/wiki/Caecilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Caecilians">caecilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic mammals">aquatic mammals</a>. Newer taxonomy is frequently based on <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a> instead, giving a variable number of major "branches" (<a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>) of the tetrapod <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">family tree</a>. </p><p>As is the case throughout evolutionary biology today, there is debate over how to properly classify the groups within Tetrapoda. Traditional biological classification sometimes fails to recognize evolutionary transitions between older groups and descendant groups with markedly different characteristics. For example, the birds, which evolved from the dinosaurs, are defined as a separate group from them, because they represent a distinct new type of physical form and functionality. In <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">phylogenetic nomenclature</a>, in contrast, the newer group is always included in the old. For this school of taxonomy, dinosaurs and birds are not groups in contrast to each other, but rather birds are a sub-type <i>of</i> dinosaurs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_classification">History of classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History of classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tetrapods, including all large- and medium-sized land animals, have been among the best understood animals since earliest times. By <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s time, the basic division between mammals, birds and egg-laying tetrapods (the "<a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">herptiles</a>") was well known, and the inclusion of the legless snakes into this group was likewise recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the birth of modern <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">biological classification</a> in the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> used the same division, with the tetrapods occupying the first three of his six classes of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn1758_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn1758-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While reptiles and amphibians can be quite similar externally, the French zoologist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">Pierre André Latreille</a> recognized the large physiological differences at the beginning of the 19th century and split the herptiles into two classes, giving the four familiar classes of tetrapods: amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_classification">Modern classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the basic classification of tetrapods settled, a half a century followed where the classification of living and fossil groups was predominantly done by experts working within classes. In the early 1930s, American <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_paleontology" title="Vertebrate paleontology">vertebrate palaeontologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Romer" title="Alfred Romer">Alfred Romer</a> (1894–1973) produced an overview, drawing together taxonomic work from the various subfields to create an orderly taxonomy in his <i><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_Paleontology_(Romer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate Paleontology (Romer)">Vertebrate Paleontology</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This classical scheme with minor variations is still used in works where systematic overview is essential, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Benton" title="Michael Benton">Benton</a> (1998) and Knobill and Neill (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While mostly seen in general works, it is also still used in some specialist works like Fortuny et al. (2011).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The taxonomy down to subclass level shown here is from Hildebrand and Goslow (2001):<sup id="cite_ref-hilde_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilde-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a></b> – four-limbed vertebrates <ul><li><b>Class <a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">Amphibia</a></b> – amphibians <ul><li><b>Subclass</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostegalia" title="Ichthyostegalia">Ichthyostegalia</a></b> – early fish-like amphibians (paraphyletic group outside leading to the crown-clade Neotetrapoda)</li> <li><b>Subclass</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Anthracosauria" title="Anthracosauria">Anthracosauria</a></b> – reptile-like amphibians (often thought to be the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a>)</li> <li><b>Subclass</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">Temnospondyli</a></b> – large-headed Paleozoic and Mesozoic amphibians</li> <li><b>Subclass</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia</a></b> – modern amphibians</li></ul></li> <li><b>Class <a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia</a></b> – reptiles <ul><li><b>Subclass</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Diapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapsida">Diapsida</a></b> – diapsids, including crocodiles, dinosaurs, birds, lizards, snakes and turtles</li> <li><b>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Euryapsida" title="Euryapsida">Euryapsida</a></b> – euryapsids</li> <li><b>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></b> – synapsids, including mammal-like reptiles-now a separate group (often thought to be the ancestors of mammals)</li> <li><b>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Anapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Anapsida">Anapsida</a></b> – anapsids</li></ul></li> <li><b>Class <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a></b> – mammals <ul><li><b>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Prototheria" title="Prototheria">Prototheria</a></b> – egg-laying mammals, including monotremes</li> <li><b>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Allotheria" title="Allotheria">Allotheria</a></b> – multituberculates</li> <li><b>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a></b> – live-bearing mammals, including marsupials and placentals</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>This classification is the one most commonly encountered in school textbooks and popular works. While orderly and easy to use, it has come under critique from <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a>. The earliest tetrapods are grouped under class Amphibia, although several of the groups are more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a> than to <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">modern day amphibians</a>. Traditionally, birds are not considered a type of reptile, but crocodiles are more closely related to birds than they are to other reptiles, such as lizards. Birds themselves are thought to be descendants of <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">theropod dinosaurs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">Basal</a> non-mammalian <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a> ("mammal-like reptiles") traditionally also sort under class Reptilia as a separate subclass,<sup id="cite_ref-Romer_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they are more closely related to mammals than to living reptiles. Considerations like these have led some authors to argue for a new classification based purely on <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a>, disregarding the anatomy and physiology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods" title="Evolution of tetrapods">Evolution of tetrapods</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devonianfishes_ntm_1905_smit_1929.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Devonianfishes_ntm_1905_smit_1929.gif/230px-Devonianfishes_ntm_1905_smit_1929.gif" decoding="async" width="230" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Devonianfishes_ntm_1905_smit_1929.gif/345px-Devonianfishes_ntm_1905_smit_1929.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Devonianfishes_ntm_1905_smit_1929.gif/460px-Devonianfishes_ntm_1905_smit_1929.gif 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Devonian fishes, including an early shark <i><a href="/wiki/Cladoselache" title="Cladoselache">Cladoselache</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eusthenopteron" title="Eusthenopteron">Eusthenopteron</a></i> and other <a href="/wiki/Lobe-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobe-finned fish">lobe-finned fishes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Placoderm" title="Placoderm">placoderm</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bothriolepis" title="Bothriolepis">Bothriolepis</a></i> (Joseph Smit, 1905).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FMC08-24_Tiktaalik_rosae.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/FMC08-24_Tiktaalik_rosae.tif/lossy-page1-230px-FMC08-24_Tiktaalik_rosae.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/FMC08-24_Tiktaalik_rosae.tif/lossy-page1-345px-FMC08-24_Tiktaalik_rosae.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/FMC08-24_Tiktaalik_rosae.tif/lossy-page1-460px-FMC08-24_Tiktaalik_rosae.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2769" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Fossil of <i><a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik" title="Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution of fish</a></div> <p>Tetrapods <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> from early <a href="/wiki/Bony_fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fishes">bony fishes</a> (Osteichthyes), specifically from the tetrapodomorph branch of lobe-finned fishes (<a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a>), living in the early to middle <a href="/wiki/Devonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonian period">Devonian period</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg/230px-Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg/345px-Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg/460px-Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Eusthenopteron" title="Eusthenopteron">Eusthenopteron</a></i>, ≈385 Ma</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiktaalik_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tiktaalik_BW.jpg/230px-Tiktaalik_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tiktaalik_BW.jpg/345px-Tiktaalik_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tiktaalik_BW.jpg/460px-Tiktaalik_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik" title="Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a></i>, ≈375 Ma</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acanthostega_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Acanthostega_BW.jpg/230px-Acanthostega_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Acanthostega_BW.jpg/345px-Acanthostega_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Acanthostega_BW.jpg/460px-Acanthostega_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthostega" title="Acanthostega">Acanthostega</a></i>, ≈365 Ma</figcaption></figure> <p>The first tetrapods probably evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Emsian" title="Emsian">Emsian</a> stage of the Early Devonian from Tetrapodomorph fish living in shallow water environments.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very earliest tetrapods would have been animals similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Acanthostega" title="Acanthostega">Acanthostega</a></i>, with legs and lungs as well as gills, but still primarily aquatic and unsuited to life on land. </p><p>The earliest tetrapods inhabited saltwater, brackish-water, and freshwater environments, as well as environments of highly variable salinity. These traits were shared with many early lobed-finned fishes. As early tetrapods are found on two Devonian continents, Laurussia (<a href="/wiki/Euramerica" title="Euramerica">Euramerica</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, as well as the island of <a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a>, it is widely supposed that early tetrapods were capable of swimming across the shallow (and relatively narrow) continental-shelf seas that separated these landmasses.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the early 20th century, several families of tetrapodomorph fishes have been proposed as the nearest relatives of tetrapods, among them the <a href="/wiki/Rhizodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizodont">rhizodonts</a> (notably <i><a href="/wiki/Sauripterus" title="Sauripterus">Sauripterus</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Osteolepidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteolepidae">osteolepidids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tristichopteridae" title="Tristichopteridae">tristichopterids</a> (notably <i><a href="/wiki/Eusthenopteron" title="Eusthenopteron">Eusthenopteron</a></i>), and more recently the <a href="/wiki/Elpistostegalia" title="Elpistostegalia">elpistostegalians</a> (also known as Panderichthyida) notably the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik" title="Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable feature of <i>Tiktaalik</i> is the absence of bones covering the gills. These bones would otherwise connect the shoulder girdle with skull, making the shoulder girdle part of the skull. With the loss of the gill-covering bones, the shoulder girdle is separated from the skull, connected to the torso by muscle and other soft-tissue connections. The result is the appearance of the neck. This feature appears only in tetrapods and <i>Tiktaalik</i>, not other tetrapodomorph fishes. <i>Tiktaalik</i> also had a pattern of bones in the skull roof (upper half of the skull) that is similar to the end-Devonian tetrapod <i>Ichthyostega</i>. The two also shared a semi-rigid ribcage of overlapping ribs, which may have substituted for a rigid spine. In conjunction with robust forelimbs and shoulder girdle, both <i>Tiktaalik</i> and <i>Ichthyostega</i> may have had the ability to locomote on land in the manner of a seal, with the forward portion of the torso elevated, the hind part dragging behind. Finally, <i>Tiktaalik</i> fin bones are somewhat similar to the limb bones of tetrapods.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there are issues with positing <i>Tiktaalik</i> as a tetrapod ancestor. For example, it had a long spine with far more vertebrae than any known tetrapod or other tetrapodomorph fish. Also the oldest tetrapod trace fossils (tracks and trackways) predate it by a considerable margin. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this date discrepancy: 1) The nearest common ancestor of tetrapods and <i>Tiktaalik</i> dates to the Early Devonian. By this hypothesis, the lineage is the closest to tetrapods, but <i>Tiktaalik</i> itself was a late-surviving relic.<sup id="cite_ref-JanvierClément2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JanvierClément2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2) <i>Tiktaalik</i> represents a case of parallel evolution. 3) Tetrapods evolved more than once.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Euteleostomi" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_carp_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Common_carp_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Common_carp_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Common_carp_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Common_carp_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Common_carp_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Common_carp_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="379" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">(ray‑finned fishes) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Actinistia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinistia">Actinistia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coelacanthiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelacanthiformes">Coelacanthiformes</a> (coelacanths) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coelacanth_flipped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coelacanth_flipped.png/70px-Coelacanth_flipped.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coelacanth_flipped.png/105px-Coelacanth_flipped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coelacanth_flipped.png/140px-Coelacanth_flipped.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="228" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Dipnomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipnomorpha">Dipnomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dipnoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipnoi">Dipnoi</a> (lungfish) <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinle_fish_Arganodus_cropped_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chinle_fish_Arganodus_cropped_cropped.png/70px-Chinle_fish_Arganodus_cropped_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chinle_fish_Arganodus_cropped_cropped.png/105px-Chinle_fish_Arganodus_cropped_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chinle_fish_Arganodus_cropped_cropped.png/140px-Chinle_fish_Arganodus_cropped_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:3px double;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†Tetrapodomorph fishes <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg/70px-Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg/105px-Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg/140px-Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="244" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Tetrapoda</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salamandra_salamandra_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="277" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(fleshy‑limbed vertebrates) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(bony vertebrates) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Palaeozoic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Devonian_stem-tetrapods">Devonian stem-tetrapods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Devonian stem-tetrapods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest evidence for the existence of tetrapods comes from <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">trace fossils</a>: tracks (footprints) and <a href="/wiki/Zachelmie_trackways" title="Zachelmie trackways">trackways</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Zache%C5%82mie,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship" title="Zachełmie, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship">Zachełmie</a>, Poland, dated to the <a href="/wiki/Devonian#Subdivisions" title="Devonian">Eifelian</a> stage of the Middle Devonian, <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=390">390</a> million years ago</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-NarkiewiczNarkiewicz2015_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NarkiewiczNarkiewicz2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although these traces have also been interpreted as the ichnogenus <i><a href="/wiki/Piscichnus" title="Piscichnus">Piscichnus</a></i> (fish nests/feeding traces).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adult tetrapods had an estimated length of 2.5 m (8 feet), and lived in a lagoon with an average depth of 1–2 m, although it is not known at what depth the underwater tracks were made. The lagoon was inhabited by a variety of marine organisms and was apparently salt water. The average water temperature was 30 degrees C (86 F).<sup id="cite_ref-NiedźwiedzkiSzrek2010_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiedźwiedzkiSzrek2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NarkiewiczGrabowski2015_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NarkiewiczGrabowski2015-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second oldest evidence for tetrapods, also tracks and trackways, date from ca. 385 Mya (<a href="/wiki/Valentia_Island" title="Valentia Island">Valentia Island</a>, Ireland).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest partial fossils of tetrapods date from the <a href="/wiki/Frasnian" title="Frasnian">Frasnian</a> beginning ≈380 mya. These include <i><a href="/wiki/Elginerpeton" title="Elginerpeton">Elginerpeton</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Obruchevichthys" title="Obruchevichthys">Obruchevichthys</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some paleontologists dispute their status as true (digit-bearing) tetrapods.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All known forms of Frasnian tetrapods became extinct in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction" title="Late Devonian extinction">Late Devonian extinction</a>, also known as the end-Frasnian extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-McGhee_2013_103–4_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGhee_2013_103–4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the beginning of a gap in the tetrapod fossil record known as the <a href="/wiki/Famennian" title="Famennian">Famennian</a> gap, occupying roughly the first half of the Famennian stage.<sup id="cite_ref-McGhee_2013_103–4_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGhee_2013_103–4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest near-complete tetrapod fossils, <i>Acanthostega</i> and <i>Ichthyostega</i>, date from the second half of the Fammennian.<sup id="cite_ref-CallierClack2009_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CallierClack2009-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although both were essentially four-footed fish, <i>Ichthyostega</i> is the earliest known tetrapod that may have had the ability to pull itself onto land and drag itself forward with its forelimbs. There is no evidence that it did so, only that it may have been anatomically capable of doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PierceClack2012_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PierceClack2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The publication in 2018 of <i><a href="/wiki/Tutusius" title="Tutusius">Tutusius</a> umlambo</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Umzantsia" title="Umzantsia">Umzantsia</a> amazana</i> from high latitude Gondwana setting indicate that the tetrapods enjoyed a global distribution by the end of the Devonian and even extend into the high latitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichthyostega_stensioei.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ichthyostega_stensioei.png/230px-Ichthyostega_stensioei.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ichthyostega_stensioei.png/345px-Ichthyostega_stensioei.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ichthyostega_stensioei.png/460px-Ichthyostega_stensioei.png 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostega" title="Ichthyostega">Ichthyostega</a></i> (a four-limbed stem-tetrapod, Late Devonian)</figcaption></figure> <p>The end-Fammenian marked another extinction, known as the end-Fammenian extinction or the <a href="/wiki/Hangenberg_event" title="Hangenberg event">Hangenberg event</a>, which is followed by another gap in the tetrapod fossil record, <a href="/wiki/Romer%27s_gap" title="Romer's gap">Romer's gap</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Tournaisian" title="Tournaisian">Tournaisian</a> gap.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gap, which was initially 30 million years, but has been gradually reduced over time, currently occupies much of the 13.9-million year Tournaisian, the first stage of the Carboniferous period.<sup id="cite_ref-ClaessensAnderson2015_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClaessensAnderson2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetrapod-like vertebrates first appeared in the Early Devonian period, and species with limbs and digits were around by the Late Devonian.<sup id="cite_ref-McGhee_2013_78_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGhee_2013_78-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early "stem-tetrapods" included animals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostega" title="Ichthyostega">Ichthyostega</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-NiedźwiedzkiSzrek2010_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiedźwiedzkiSzrek2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with legs and lungs as well as gills, but still primarily aquatic and poorly adapted for life on land. The Devonian stem-tetrapods went through two major <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottlenecks</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction" title="Late Devonian extinction">Late Devonian extinctions</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Kellwasser_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellwasser event">end-Frasnian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hangenberg_event" title="Hangenberg event">end-Fammenian</a> extinctions. These extinction events led to the disappearance of stem-tetrapods with fish-like features.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When stem-tetrapods reappear in the fossil record in early <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> deposits, some 10 million years later, the adult forms of some are somewhat adapted to a terrestrial existence.<sup id="cite_ref-ClaessensAnderson2015_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClaessensAnderson2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Why they went to land in the first place is still debated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Carboniferous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Carboniferous_tetrapods" title="List of Carboniferous tetrapods">List of Carboniferous tetrapods</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edops_craigi12DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Edops_craigi12DB.jpg/230px-Edops_craigi12DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Edops_craigi12DB.jpg/345px-Edops_craigi12DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Edops_craigi12DB.jpg/460px-Edops_craigi12DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Edops" title="Edops">Edops</a></i> (an early temnospondyl, Late Carboniferous - Early Permian)</figcaption></figure><p>During the early Carboniferous, the number of digits on <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hands</a> and feet of stem-tetrapods became standardized at no more than five, as lineages with more digits died out (exceptions within crown-group tetrapods arose among some secondarily aquatic members). By mid-Carboniferous times, the stem-tetrapods had radiated into two branches of true ("crown group") tetrapods, one ancestral to modern amphibians and the other ancestral to amniotes. <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Modern amphibians</a> are most likely derived from the <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Temnospondyl">temnospondyls</a>, a particularly diverse and long-lasting group of tetrapods. A less popular proposal draws comparisons to the "<a href="/wiki/Lepospondyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepospondyl">lepospondyls</a>", an eclectic mixture of various small tetrapods, including burrowing, limbless, and other bizarrely-shaped forms. The <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">reptiliomorphs</a> (sometimes known as "<a href="/wiki/Anthracosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthracosaur">anthracosaurs</a>") were the relatives and ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a> (reptiles, mammals, and kin). The first amniotes are known from the early part of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Late Carboniferous</a>. All basal amniotes had a small body size, like many of their contemporaries, though some Carboniferous tetrapods evolved into large crocodile-like predators, informally known as "<a href="/wiki/Labyrinthodontia" title="Labyrinthodontia">labyrinthodonts</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amphibians must return to water to lay eggs; in contrast, amniote eggs have a membrane ensuring gas exchange out of water and can therefore be laid on land. </p><p>Amphibians and amniotes were affected by the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_rainforest_collapse" title="Carboniferous rainforest collapse">Carboniferous rainforest collapse</a> (CRC), an extinction event that occurred around 307 million years ago. The sudden collapse of a vital ecosystem shifted the diversity and abundance of major groups. Amniotes and temnospondyls in particular were more suited to the new conditions. They invaded new ecological niches and began diversifying their diets to include plants and other tetrapods, previously having been limited to insects and fish.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFalconLang2010RainforestCollapse_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFalconLang2010RainforestCollapse-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permian">Permian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Permian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Permian_tetrapods" title="List of Permian tetrapods">List of Permian tetrapods</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadectes1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diadectes1DB.jpg/230px-Diadectes1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diadectes1DB.jpg/345px-Diadectes1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diadectes1DB.jpg/460px-Diadectes1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Diadectes" title="Diadectes">Diadectes</a></i> (a terrestrial diadectomorph, Early Permian)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> period, amniotes became particularly well-established, and two important clades filled in most terrestrial niches: the <a href="/wiki/Sauropsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropsid">sauropsids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a>. The latter were the most important and successful Permian land animals, establishing complex terrestrial ecosystems of predators and prey while acquiring various adaptations retained by their modern descendants, the mammals. Sauropsid diversity was more subdued during the Permian, but they did begin to fracture into several lineages ancestral to modern reptiles. Amniotes were not the only tetrapods to experiment with prolonged life on land. Some temnospondyls, <a href="/wiki/Seymouriamorpha" title="Seymouriamorpha">seymouriamorphs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">diadectomorphs</a> also successfully filled terrestrial niches in the earlier part of the Permian. Non-amniote tetrapods declined in the later part of the Permian. </p><p>The end of the Permian saw a major turnover in fauna during the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>. There was a protracted loss of species, due to multiple extinction pulses.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the once large and diverse groups died out or were greatly reduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mesozoic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">diapsid</a> reptiles (a subgroup of the sauropsids) strongly diversified during the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchia" title="Pseudosuchia">pseudosuchians</a> (crocodilian ancestors), <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lepidosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidosaurs">lepidosaurs</a>, along with many other reptile groups on land and sea. Some of the new Triassic reptiles would not survive into the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, but others would flourish during the Jurassic. <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">Lizards</a>, turtles, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, <a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylomorphs">crocodylomorphs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaur" title="Plesiosaur">plesiosaurs</a> were particular beneficiaries of the Triassic-Jurassic transition. <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a>, a particular subset of <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">theropod</a> dinosaurs capable of flight via feathered wings, evolved in the Late Jurassic. In the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> developed from lizards, <a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">rhynchocephalians</a> (tuataras and kin) declined, and modern birds and crocodilians started to establish themselves. </p><p>Among the characteristic Paleozoic non-amniote tetrapods, few survived into the Mesozoic. <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Temnospondyl">Temnospondyls</a> briefly recovered in the Triassic, spawning the large aquatic <a href="/wiki/Stereospondyli" title="Stereospondyli">stereospondyls</a> and the small terrestrial lissamphibians (the earliest frogs, salamanders, and caecilians). However, stereospondyl diversity would crash at the end of the Triassic. By the Late Cretaceous, the only surviving amphibians were lissamphibians. Many groups of synapsids, such as <a href="/wiki/Anomodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomodont">anomodonts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalians</a>, that once comprised the dominant terrestrial fauna of the Permian, also became extinct during the Triassic. During the Jurassic, one synapsid group (<a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a>) gave rise to the modern <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, which survived through the rest of the Mesozoic to later diversify during the Cenozoic. The <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous-Paleogene_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event</a> at the end of the Mesozoic killed off many organisms, including all the non-avian dinosaurs and nearly all marine reptiles. Birds survived and diversified during the Cenozoic, similar to mammals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cenozoic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the great extinction event at the end of the Mesozoic, representatives of seven major groups of tetrapods persisted into the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> era. One of them, a group of semiaquatic reptiles known as the <a href="/wiki/Choristodera" title="Choristodera">Choristodera</a>, became extinct 11 million years ago for unclear reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seven Cenozoic tetrapods groups are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">caecilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placental" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental">placentals</a>,and †<a href="/wiki/Multituberculates" class="mw-redirect" title="Multituberculates">multituberculates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuataras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Amphisbaenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphisbaenian">amphisbaenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudines">Testudines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">alligators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caimans" class="mw-redirect" title="Caimans">caimans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">gharials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Choristodera" title="Choristodera">Choristodera</a> (extinct)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stem_group">Stem group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stem group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stem_tetrapoda" title="Stem tetrapoda">Stem tetrapods</a> are all animals more closely related to tetrapods than to lungfish, but excluding the tetrapod crown group. The cladogram below illustrates the relationships of stem-tetrapods. All these lineages are extinct except for Dipnomorpha and Tetrapoda; from Swartz, 2012:<sup id="cite_ref-SB12_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB12-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dipnomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipnomorpha">Dipnomorpha</a> (lungfishes and relatives) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protopterus_dolloi_Boulenger2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Protopterus_dolloi_Boulenger2.jpg/70px-Protopterus_dolloi_Boulenger2.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Protopterus_dolloi_Boulenger2.jpg/105px-Protopterus_dolloi_Boulenger2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Protopterus_dolloi_Boulenger2.jpg/140px-Protopterus_dolloi_Boulenger2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2923" data-file-height="909" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kenichthys" title="Kenichthys">Kenichthys</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhizodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizodontidae">Rhizodontidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg/70px-Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg/105px-Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg/140px-Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3272" data-file-height="1905" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Canowindridae" title="Canowindridae">Canowindridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Marsdenichthys" title="Marsdenichthys">Marsdenichthys</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Canowindra_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canowindra (fish)">Canowindra</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Koharalepis" title="Koharalepis">Koharalepis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Beelarongia" title="Beelarongia">Beelarongia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Megalichthyiformes" title="Megalichthyiformes">Megalichthyiformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gogonasus" title="Gogonasus">Gogonasus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gogonasus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gogonasus_BW.jpg/70px-Gogonasus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gogonasus_BW.jpg/105px-Gogonasus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gogonasus_BW.jpg/140px-Gogonasus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="359" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gyroptychius" title="Gyroptychius">Gyroptychius</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Osteolepis" title="Osteolepis">Osteolepis</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osteolepis_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Osteolepis_BW.jpg/70px-Osteolepis_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Osteolepis_BW.jpg/105px-Osteolepis_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Osteolepis_BW.jpg/140px-Osteolepis_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="286" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medoevia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medoevia (page does not exist)">Medoevia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Megalichthyidae" title="Megalichthyidae">Megalichthyidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eotetrapodiformes" title="Eotetrapodiformes">Eotetrapodiformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Tristichopteridae" title="Tristichopteridae">Tristichopteridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spodichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spodichthys (page does not exist)">Spodichthys</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tristichopterus" title="Tristichopterus">Tristichopterus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eusthenopteron" title="Eusthenopteron">Eusthenopteron</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg/70px-Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg/105px-Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg/140px-Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jarvikina" title="Jarvikina">Jarvikina</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabbonichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabbonichthys (page does not exist)">Cabbonichthys</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mandageria" title="Mandageria">Mandageria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eusthenodon" title="Eusthenodon">Eusthenodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tinirau_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinirau (fish)">Tinirau</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Platycephalichthys" title="Platycephalichthys">Platycephalichthys</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Elpistostegalia" title="Elpistostegalia">Elpistostegalia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Panderichthys" title="Panderichthys">Panderichthys</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panderichthys_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Panderichthys_BW.jpg/70px-Panderichthys_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Panderichthys_BW.jpg/105px-Panderichthys_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Panderichthys_BW.jpg/140px-Panderichthys_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="274" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Stegocephalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegocephalia">Stegocephalia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik" title="Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiktaalik_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tiktaalik_BW.jpg/70px-Tiktaalik_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tiktaalik_BW.jpg/105px-Tiktaalik_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tiktaalik_BW.jpg/140px-Tiktaalik_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="244" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Elpistostege" title="Elpistostege">Elpistostege</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Elginerpeton" title="Elginerpeton">Elginerpeton</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elginerpeton_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Elginerpeton_BW.jpg/70px-Elginerpeton_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Elginerpeton_BW.jpg/105px-Elginerpeton_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Elginerpeton_BW.jpg/140px-Elginerpeton_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="340" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ventastega" title="Ventastega">Ventastega</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthostega" title="Acanthostega">Acanthostega</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acanthostega_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Acanthostega_BW.jpg/70px-Acanthostega_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Acanthostega_BW.jpg/105px-Acanthostega_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Acanthostega_BW.jpg/140px-Acanthostega_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="302" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostega" title="Ichthyostega">Ichthyostega</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichthyostega_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ichthyostega_BW.jpg/70px-Ichthyostega_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ichthyostega_BW.jpg/105px-Ichthyostega_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ichthyostega_BW.jpg/140px-Ichthyostega_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="305" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Whatcheeriidae" title="Whatcheeriidae">Whatcheeriidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pederpes22small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pederpes22small.jpg/70px-Pederpes22small.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pederpes22small.jpg/105px-Pederpes22small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pederpes22small.jpg/140px-Pederpes22small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="325" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Colosteidae" title="Colosteidae">Colosteidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greererpeton_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Greererpeton_BW.jpg/70px-Greererpeton_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Greererpeton_BW.jpg/105px-Greererpeton_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Greererpeton_BW.jpg/140px-Greererpeton_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="322" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Crassigyrinus" title="Crassigyrinus">Crassigyrinus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg/70px-Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg/105px-Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg/140px-Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="383" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Baphetidae" title="Baphetidae">Baphetidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Tetrapoda <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seymouria_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seymouria_BW.jpg/70px-Seymouria_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seymouria_BW.jpg/105px-Seymouria_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seymouria_BW.jpg/140px-Seymouria_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="351" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crown_group">Crown group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Crown group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crown tetrapods are defined as the nearest common ancestor of all living tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) along with all of the descendants of that ancestor. </p><p>The inclusion of certain extinct groups in the crown Tetrapoda depends on the relationships of modern amphibians, or <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">lissamphibians</a>. There are currently three major hypotheses on the origins of lissamphibians. In the temnospondyl hypothesis (TH), lissamphibians are most closely related to dissorophoid <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Temnospondyl">temnospondyls</a>, which would make temnospondyls tetrapods. In the lepospondyl hypothesis (LH), lissamphibians are the sister taxon of lysorophian <a href="/wiki/Lepospondyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepospondyl">lepospondyls</a>, making lepospondyls tetrapods and temnospondyls stem-tetrapods. In the polyphyletic hypothesis (PH), frogs and salamanders evolved from dissorophoid temnospondyls while caecilians come out of microsaur lepospondyls, making both lepospondyls and temnospondyls true tetrapods.<sup id="cite_ref-SigurdsenGreen2011_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SigurdsenGreen2011-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benton2014_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton2014-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_modern_amphibians">Origins of modern amphibians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Origins of modern amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temnospondyl_hypothesis_(TH)"><span id="Temnospondyl_hypothesis_.28TH.29"></span>Temnospondyl hypothesis (TH)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Temnospondyl hypothesis (TH)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This hypothesis comes in a number of variants, most of which have lissamphibians coming out of the dissorophoid temnospondyls, usually with the focus on amphibamids and branchiosaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-NarinsFeng2006_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NarinsFeng2006-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temnospondyl hypothesis is the currently favored or majority view, supported by Ruta <i>et al</i> (2003a,b), Ruta and Coates (2007), Coates <i>et al</i> (2008), Sigurdsen and Green (2011), and Schoch (2013, 2014).<sup id="cite_ref-Benton2014_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton2014-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HedgesKumar2009_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HedgesKumar2009-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a> modified after Coates, Ruta and Friedman (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-CoatesRuta2008_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoatesRuta2008-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap">Crown-group Tetrapoda</span></b> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">Temnospondyli</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:2px solid green;border-top:0;"> <div style="border-top: 2px solid green; padding: 0.1em;"><b>Crown group <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia</a></b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_(Page_194)_(Pelobates_fuscus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg/53px-The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="53" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg/79px-The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg/105px-The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-bar" style="">total group Lissamphibia </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px none;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkred;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid darkred;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Embolomeri" title="Embolomeri">Embolomeri</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archeria_BW_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg/74px-Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg/111px-Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg/147px-Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="297" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkred;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Gephyrostegidae" title="Gephyrostegidae">Gephyrostegidae</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gefyrostegus22DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gefyrostegus22DB.jpg/53px-Gefyrostegus22DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="53" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gefyrostegus22DB.jpg/80px-Gefyrostegus22DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gefyrostegus22DB.jpg/107px-Gefyrostegus22DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1127" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkred;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Seymouriamorpha" title="Seymouriamorpha">Seymouriamorpha</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg/77px-Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg/115px-Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg/153px-Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="667" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkred;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Microsauria" title="Microsauria">Microsauria</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyloplesion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hyloplesion.jpg/67px-Hyloplesion.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hyloplesion.jpg/100px-Hyloplesion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hyloplesion.jpg/133px-Hyloplesion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="985" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkred;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Lysorophia" title="Lysorophia">Lysorophia</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysorophus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lysorophus.jpg/50px-Lysorophus.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lysorophus.jpg/76px-Lysorophus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lysorophus.jpg/101px-Lysorophus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3181" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkred;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Adelospondyli" title="Adelospondyli">Adelospondyli</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkred;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Aistopoda" title="Aistopoda">Aistopoda</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkred;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nectridea" title="Nectridea">Nectridea</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplocaulus_Underside_(Updated).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diplocaulus_Underside_%28Updated%29.png/75px-Diplocaulus_Underside_%28Updated%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diplocaulus_Underside_%28Updated%29.png/112px-Diplocaulus_Underside_%28Updated%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diplocaulus_Underside_%28Updated%29.png/150px-Diplocaulus_Underside_%28Updated%29.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="378" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkred;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">Diadectomorpha</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadectes1DB_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg/67px-Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg/102px-Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg/134px-Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkred;border-bottom:2px solid darkred;border-top:0;"> <p><b>Crown-group <a href="/wiki/Amniota" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniota">Amniota</a></b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_reptiles,_amphibians,_and_fresh-water_fishes_(1920)_(Lacerta_agilis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/98px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/147px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/195px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="644" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-bar" style="vertical-align:middle;">total group Amniota </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lepospondyl_hypothesis_(LH)"><span id="Lepospondyl_hypothesis_.28LH.29"></span>Lepospondyl hypothesis (LH)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lepospondyl hypothesis (LH)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a> modified after Laurin, <i>How Vertebrates Left the Water</i> (2010).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="width:auto;font-size:90%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <b>Stegocephalia</b>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid green;"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <i><a href="/wiki/Acanthostega" title="Acanthostega">Acanthostega</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acanthostega_BW_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Acanthostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg/70px-Acanthostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Acanthostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg/105px-Acanthostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Acanthostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Acanthostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="233" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostega" title="Ichthyostega">Ichthyostega</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichthyostega_BW_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ichthyostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg/70px-Ichthyostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ichthyostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg/105px-Ichthyostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ichthyostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Ichthyostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="244" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">Temnospondyli</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eryops1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Eryops1DB.jpg/70px-Eryops1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Eryops1DB.jpg/105px-Eryops1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Eryops1DB.jpg/140px-Eryops1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="982" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Embolomeri" title="Embolomeri">Embolomeri</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archeria_BW_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="297" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:2px solid green;border-top:0;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Seymouriamorpha" title="Seymouriamorpha">Seymouriamorpha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg/70px-Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg/105px-Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg/140px-Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="667" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px none;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">Amphibia</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid midnightblue;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid midnightblue;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Adelogyrinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelogyrinidae">Adelogyrinidae</a>   </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid midnightblue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Aistopoda" title="Aistopoda">Aistopoda</a>   </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid midnightblue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nectridea" title="Nectridea">Nectridea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplocaulus_Underside_(Updated).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diplocaulus_Underside_%28Updated%29.png/70px-Diplocaulus_Underside_%28Updated%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diplocaulus_Underside_%28Updated%29.png/105px-Diplocaulus_Underside_%28Updated%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diplocaulus_Underside_%28Updated%29.png/140px-Diplocaulus_Underside_%28Updated%29.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="378" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid midnightblue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Lysorophia" title="Lysorophia">Lysorophia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysorophus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lysorophus.jpg/70px-Lysorophus.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lysorophus.jpg/105px-Lysorophus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lysorophus.jpg/140px-Lysorophus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3181" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid midnightblue;border-bottom:2px solid midnightblue;border-top:0;"> <p>  <b><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia</a></b>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_(Page_194)_(Pelobates_fuscus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg/50px-The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg/75px-The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg/100px-The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="450" /></a></span>       </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px none;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkred;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid darkred;"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">Diadectomorpha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadectes1DB_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg/70px-Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg/105px-Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkred;border-bottom:2px solid darkred;border-top:0;"> <p>  <b><a href="/wiki/Amniota" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniota">Amniota</a></b>     <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_reptiles,_amphibians,_and_fresh-water_fishes_(1920)_(Lacerta_agilis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/70px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/105px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/140px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="644" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-bar" style=""><div><div style="position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;top:18%;"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> stem tetrapods</div><div style="position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;top:61%;">total group Lissamphibia</div><div style="position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;top:92%;">total group Amniota</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">("Tetrapoda") </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polyphyly_hypothesis_(PH)"><span id="Polyphyly_hypothesis_.28PH.29"></span>Polyphyly hypothesis (PH)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Polyphyly hypothesis (PH)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This hypothesis has batrachians (frogs and salamanders) coming out of dissorophoid temnospondyls, with caecilians out of microsaur lepospondyls. There are two variants, one developed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carroll" title="Robert L. Carroll">Carroll</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll2007_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll2007-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the other by Anderson.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2008_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2008-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a> modified after Schoch, Frobisch, (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-FrobischSchoch2009_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrobischSchoch2009-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <b>Tetrapoda</b>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:3px double;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  stem tetrapods   </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">Temnospondyli</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:3px double;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  basal temnospondyls   </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Dissorophoidea" title="Dissorophoidea">Dissorophoidea</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Amphibamidae" title="Amphibamidae">Amphibamidae</a>   </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <b><a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">Frogs</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_(Page_194)_(Pelobates_fuscus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg/45px-The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg/68px-The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg/90px-The_tailless_batrachians_of_Europe_%28Page_194%29_%28Pelobates_fuscus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Branchiosauridae" title="Branchiosauridae">Branchiosauridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Branchiosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Branchiosaurus_BW.jpg/70px-Branchiosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Branchiosaurus_BW.jpg/105px-Branchiosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Branchiosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Branchiosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <b><a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">Salamanders</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salamandra_salamandra_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="277" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <a href="/wiki/Lepospondyli" title="Lepospondyli">Lepospondyli</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Lysorophia" title="Lysorophia">Lysorophia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysorophus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lysorophus.jpg/70px-Lysorophus.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lysorophus.jpg/105px-Lysorophus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lysorophus.jpg/140px-Lysorophus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3181" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Microsauria" title="Microsauria">Microsauria</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyloplesion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hyloplesion.jpg/70px-Hyloplesion.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hyloplesion.jpg/105px-Hyloplesion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hyloplesion.jpg/140px-Hyloplesion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="985" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <b><a href="/wiki/Caecilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Caecilians">Caecilians</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syphonops_annulatus_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Syphonops_annulatus_cropped.jpg/70px-Syphonops_annulatus_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Syphonops_annulatus_cropped.jpg/105px-Syphonops_annulatus_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Syphonops_annulatus_cropped.jpg/140px-Syphonops_annulatus_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="244" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Seymouriamorpha" title="Seymouriamorpha">Seymouriamorpha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg/70px-Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg/105px-Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg/140px-Karpinskiosaurus1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="667" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">Diadectomorpha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadectes1DB_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg/70px-Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg/105px-Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <b><a href="/wiki/Amniota" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniota">Amniota</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_reptiles,_amphibians,_and_fresh-water_fishes_(1920)_(Lacerta_agilis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/70px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/105px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/140px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="644" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Anatomy and physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tetrapod" title="Special:EditPage/Tetrapod">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The tetrapod's ancestral fish, tetrapodomorph, possessed similar traits to those inherited by the early tetrapods, including internal nostrils and a large fleshy <a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">fin</a> built on bones that could give rise to the tetrapod limb. To propagate in the terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>, animals had to overcome certain challenges. Their bodies needed additional support, because <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> was no longer a factor. Water retention was now important, since it was no longer the living <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(biology)" title="Matrix (biology)">matrix</a>, and could be lost easily to the environment. Finally, animals needed new sensory input systems to have any ability to function reasonably on land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brain only filled half of the skull in the early tetrapods. The rest was filled with fatty tissue or fluid, which gave the brain space for growth as they adapted to a life on land.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palatal</a> and jaw structures of tetramorphs were similar to those of early tetrapods, and their <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">dentition</a> was similar too, with labyrinthine teeth fitting in a pit-and-tooth arrangement on the palate. A major difference between early tetrapodomorph fishes and early tetrapods was in the relative development of the front and back <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> portions; the snout is much less developed than in most early tetrapods and the post-orbital skull is exceptionally longer than an amphibian's. A notable characteristic that make a tetrapod's skull different from a fish's are the relative frontal and rear portion lengths. The fish had a long rear portion while the front was short; the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbital vacuities</a> were thus located towards the anterior end. In the tetrapod, the front of the skull lengthened, positioning the orbits farther back on the skull. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neck">Neck</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Neck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In tetrapodomorph fishes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Eusthenopteron" title="Eusthenopteron">Eusthenopteron</a></i>, the part of the body that would later become the neck was covered by a number of gill-covering bones known as the <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">opercular series</a>. These bones functioned as part of pump mechanism for forcing water through the mouth and past the gills. When the mouth opened to take in water, the gill flaps closed (including the gill-covering bones), thus ensuring that water entered only through the mouth. When the mouth closed, the gill flaps opened and water was forced through the gills. </p><p>In <i>Acanthostega</i>, a basal tetrapod, the gill-covering bones have disappeared, although the underlying gill arches are still present. Besides the opercular series, <i>Acanthostega</i> also lost the throat-covering bones (gular series). The opercular series and gular series combined are sometimes known as the operculo-gular or operculogular series. Other bones in the neck region lost in <i>Acanthostega</i> (and later tetrapods) include the extrascapular series and the supracleithral series. Both sets of bones connect the shoulder girdle to the skull. With the loss of these bones, tetrapods acquired a neck, allowing the head to rotate somewhat independently of the torso. This, in turn, required stronger soft-tissue connections between head and torso, including muscles and ligaments connecting the skull with the spine and shoulder girdle. Bones and groups of bones were also consolidated and strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Carboniferous tetrapods, the neck joint (occiput) provided a pivot point for the spine against the back of the skull. In tetrapodomorph fishes such as <i>Eusthenopteron</i>, no such neck joint existed. Instead, the <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a> (a rod made of proto-cartilage) entered a hole in the back of the braincase and continued to the middle of the braincase. <i>Acanthostega</i> had the same arrangement as <i>Eusthenopteron</i>, and thus no neck joint. The neck joint evolved independently in different lineages of early tetrapods.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All tetrapods appear to hold their necks at the maximum possible vertical extension when in a normal, alert posture.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor14_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor14-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dentition">Dentition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dentition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labyrinthodon_Mivart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labyrinthodon_Mivart.png/230px-Labyrinthodon_Mivart.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labyrinthodon_Mivart.png/345px-Labyrinthodon_Mivart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labyrinthodon_Mivart.png/460px-Labyrinthodon_Mivart.png 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of a labyrinthodont tooth</figcaption></figure> <p>Tetrapods had a tooth structure known as "plicidentine" characterized by infolding of the enamel as seen in cross-section. The more extreme version found in early tetrapods is known as "labyrinthodont" or "labyrinthodont plicidentine". This type of tooth structure has evolved independently in several types of bony fishes, both ray-finned and lobe finned, some modern lizards, and in a number of tetrapodomorph fishes. The infolding appears to evolve when a fang or large tooth grows in a small jaw, erupting when it is still weak and immature. The infolding provides added strength to the young tooth, but offers little advantage when the tooth is mature. Such teeth are associated with feeding on soft prey in juveniles.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt-KittlerVogel2012_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-KittlerVogel2012-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axial_skeleton">Axial skeleton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Axial skeleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the move from water to land, the spine had to resist the bending caused by body weight and had to provide mobility where needed. Previously, it could bend along its entire length. Likewise, the paired appendages had not been formerly connected to the spine, but the slowly strengthening limbs now transmitted their support to the axis of the body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Girdles">Girdles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Girdles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shoulder girdle was disconnected from the skull, resulting in improved terrestrial locomotion. The early sarcopterygians' <a href="/wiki/Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">cleithrum</a> was retained as the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Interclavicle" title="Interclavicle">interclavicle</a> was well-developed, lying on the underside of the chest. In primitive forms, the two clavicles and the interclavical could have grown ventrally in such a way as to form a broad chest plate. The upper portion of the girdle had a flat, <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapular blade (shoulder bone)</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Glenoid_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenoid cavity">glenoid cavity</a> situated below performing as the <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">articulation</a> surface for the humerus, while ventrally there was a large, flat coracoid plate turning in toward the midline. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvic</a> girdle also was much larger than the simple plate found in fishes, accommodating more muscles. It extended far dorsally and was joined to the backbone by one or more specialized sacral <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>. The hind legs were somewhat specialized in that they not only supported weight, but also provided propulsion. The dorsal extension of the pelvis was the <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a>, while the broad ventral plate was composed of the <a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">pubis</a> in front and the <a href="/wiki/Ischium" title="Ischium">ischium</a> in behind. The three bones met at a single point in the center of the pelvic triangle called the <a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">acetabulum</a>, providing a surface of articulation for the femur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limbs">Limbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Limbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fleshy lobe-fins supported on bones seem to have been an ancestral trait of all bony fishes (<a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a>). The ancestors of the ray-finned fishes (<a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a>) evolved their fins in a different direction. The <a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapodomorph">tetrapodomorph</a> ancestors of the tetrapods further developed their lobe fins. The paired fins had bones distinctly <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> in the fore-fins and to the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a> in the pelvic fins.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The paired fins of the early sarcopterygians were smaller than tetrapod limbs, but the skeletal structure was very similar in that the early sarcopterygians had a single proximal bone (analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>), two bones in the next segment (forearm or lower leg), and an irregular subdivision of the fin, roughly comparable to the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">phalanges</a> of a hand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Locomotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In typical early tetrapod posture, the upper arm and upper leg extended nearly straight horizontal from its body, and the forearm and the lower leg extended downward from the upper segment at a near <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">right angle</a>. The body weight was not centered over the limbs, but was rather transferred 90 degrees outward and down through the lower limbs, which touched the ground. Most of the animal's <a href="/wiki/Physical_strength" title="Physical strength">strength</a> was used to just lift its body off the ground for walking, which was probably slow and difficult. With this sort of posture, it could only make short broad strides. This has been confirmed by fossilized footprints found in Carboniferous <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early tetrapods had a wide gaping jaw with weak muscles to open and close it. In the jaw were moderate-sized palatal and vomerine (upper) and coronoid (lower) fangs, as well rows of smaller teeth. This was in contrast to the larger fangs and small marginal teeth of earlier tetrapodomorph fishes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Eusthenopteron" title="Eusthenopteron">Eusthenopteron</a></i>. Although this indicates a change in feeding habits, the exact nature of the change in unknown. Some scholars have suggested a change to bottom-feeding or feeding in shallower waters (Ahlberg and Milner 1994). Others have suggesting a mode of feeding comparable to that of the Japanese giant salamander, which uses both suction feeding and direct biting to eat small crustaceans and fish. A study of these jaws shows that they were used for feeding underwater, not on land.<sup id="cite_ref-NeenanRuta2014_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NeenanRuta2014-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later terrestrial tetrapods, two methods of jaw closure emerge: static and kinetic inertial (also known as snapping). In the static system, the jaw muscles are arranged in such a way that the jaws have maximum force when shut or nearly shut. In the kinetic inertial system, maximum force is applied when the jaws are wide open, resulting in the jaws snapping shut with great velocity and momentum. Although the kinetic inertial system is occasionally found in fish, it requires special adaptations (such as very narrow jaws) to deal with the high viscosity and density of water, which would otherwise impede rapid jaw closure. </p><p>The tetrapod <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> is built from muscles that once controlled gill openings. The tongue is anchored to the <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid bone</a>, which was once the lower half of a pair of gill bars (the second pair after the ones that evolved into jaws).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ButlerHodos2005_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ButlerHodos2005-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cloudsley-Thompson2012_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cloudsley-Thompson2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tongue did not evolve until the gills began to disappear. <i>Acanthostega</i> still had gills, so this would have been a later development. In an aquatically feeding animals, the food is supported by water and can literally float (or get sucked in) to the mouth. On land, the tongue becomes important. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiration">Respiration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Respiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolution of early tetrapod respiration was influenced by an event known as the "charcoal gap", a period of more than 20 million years, in the middle and late Devonian, when atmospheric oxygen levels were too low to sustain wildfires.<sup id="cite_ref-Clack2007_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clack2007-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, fish inhabiting <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic waters</a> (very low in oxygen) would have been under evolutionary pressure to develop their air-breathing ability.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScottGlasspool2006_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottGlasspool2006-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early tetrapods probably relied on four methods of <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a>: with <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Gills" class="mw-redirect" title="Gills">gills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration" title="Cutaneous respiration">cutaneous respiration</a> (skin breathing), and breathing through the lining of the digestive tract, especially the mouth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gills">Gills</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Gills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early tetrapod <i>Acanthostega</i> had at least three and probably four pairs of gill bars, each containing deep grooves in the place where one would expect to find the afferent branchial artery. This strongly suggests that functional gills were present.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some aquatic temnospondyls retained internal gills at least into the early Jurassic.<sup id="cite_ref-SuesFraser2013_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuesFraser2013-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of clear fish-like internal gills is present in <i><a href="/wiki/Archegosaurus" title="Archegosaurus">Archegosaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lungs">Lungs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Lungs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lungs originated as an extra pair of pouches in the throat, behind the gill pouches.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were probably present in the last common ancestor of bony fishes. In some fishes they evolved into swim bladders for maintaining <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lungs and swim bladders are homologous (descended from a common ancestral form) as is the case for the pulmonary artery (which delivers de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs) and the arteries that supply swim bladders.<sup id="cite_ref-WebsterWebster2013_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebsterWebster2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air was introduced into the lungs by a process known as <a href="/wiki/Buccal_pumping" title="Buccal pumping">buccal pumping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the earliest tetrapods, exhalation was probably accomplished with the aid of the muscles of the torso (the thoracoabdominal region). Inhaling with the ribs was either primitive for amniotes, or evolved independently in at least two different lineages of amniotes. It is not found in amphibians.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BrainerdOwerkowicz2006_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrainerdOwerkowicz2006-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The muscularized diaphragm is unique to mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-MerrellKardon2013_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerrellKardon2013-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recoil_aspiration">Recoil aspiration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Recoil aspiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although tetrapods are widely thought to have inhaled through buccal pumping (mouth pumping), according to an alternative hypothesis, aspiration (inhalation) occurred through passive recoil of the <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> in a manner similar to the contemporary primitive ray-finned fish <i><a href="/wiki/Polypterus" title="Polypterus">Polypterus</a></i>. This fish inhales through its <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(vertebrates)" title="Spiracle (vertebrates)">spiracle</a> (blowhole), an anatomical feature present in early tetrapods. Exhalation is powered by muscles in the torso. During exhalation, the bony scales in the upper chest region become indented. When the muscles are relaxed, the bony scales spring back into position, generating considerable negative pressure within the torso, resulting in a very rapid intake of air through the spiracle. <sup id="cite_ref-EvansClaiborne2005_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvansClaiborne2005-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-GrahamWegner2014_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrahamWegner2014-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-VickaryousSire2009_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VickaryousSire2009-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cutaneous_respiration">Cutaneous respiration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cutaneous respiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skin breathing, known as <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration" title="Cutaneous respiration">cutaneous respiration</a>, is common in fish and amphibians, and occur both in and out of water. In some animals waterproof barriers impede the exchange of gases through the skin. For example, keratin in human skin, the scales of reptiles, and modern proteinaceous fish scales impede the exchange of gases. However, early tetrapods had scales made of highly vascularized bone covered with skin. For this reason, it is thought that early tetrapods could engage some significant amount of skin breathing.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon_dioxide_metabolism">Carbon dioxide metabolism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Carbon dioxide metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although air-breathing fish can absorb oxygen through their lungs, the lungs tend to be ineffective for discharging carbon dioxide. In tetrapods, the ability of lungs to discharge CO<sub>2</sub> came about gradually, and was not fully attained until the evolution of amniotes. The same limitation applies to gut air breathing (GUT), i.e., breathing with the lining of the digestive tract.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2014_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2014-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetrapod skin would have been effective for both absorbing oxygen and discharging CO<sub>2</sub>, but only up to a point. For this reason, early tetrapods may have experienced chronic <a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">hypercapnia</a> (high levels of blood CO<sub>2</sub>). This is not uncommon in fish that inhabit waters high in CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one hypothesis, the "sculpted" or "ornamented" dermal skull roof bones found in early tetrapods may have been related to a mechanism for relieving <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_acidosis" title="Respiratory acidosis">respiratory acidosis</a> (acidic blood caused by excess CO<sub>2</sub>) through compensatory <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_alkalosis" title="Metabolic alkalosis">metabolic alkalosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JanisDevlin2012_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JanisDevlin2012-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulation">Circulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early tetrapods probably had a three-chambered <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, as do modern amphibians and lepidosaurian and chelonian reptiles, in which oxygenated blood from the lungs and de-oxygenated blood from the respiring tissues enters by separate atria, and is directed via a spiral valve to the appropriate vessel — aorta for oxygenated blood and pulmonary vein for deoxygenated blood. The spiral valve is essential to keeping the mixing of the two types of blood to a minimum, enabling the animal to have higher metabolic rates, and be more active than otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Olfaction">Olfaction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Olfaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The difference in <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> between air and water causes <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">smells</a> (certain chemical compounds detectable by <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a>) to behave differently. An animal first venturing out onto land would have difficulty in locating such chemical signals if its sensory apparatus had evolved in the context of aquatic detection. The <a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ" title="Vomeronasal organ">vomeronasal organ</a> also evolved in the nasal cavity for the first time, for detecting pheromones from biological substrates on land, though it was subsequently lost or reduced to vestigial in some lineages, like <a href="/wiki/Archosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosaurs">archosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catarrhines" class="mw-redirect" title="Catarrhines">catarrhines</a>, but expanded in others like <a href="/wiki/Lepidosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidosaurs">lepidosaurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lateral_line_system">Lateral line system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Lateral line system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fish have a <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a> system that detects <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> fluctuations in the water. Such pressure is non-detectable in air, but grooves for the lateral line sense organs were found on the skull of early tetrapods, suggesting either an aquatic or largely aquatic <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a>. Modern amphibians, which are semi-aquatic, exhibit this feature whereas it has been retired by the <a href="/wiki/Higher_vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher vertebrates">higher vertebrates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vision">Vision</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changes in the eye came about because the behavior of light at the surface of the eye differs between an air and water environment due to the difference in <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a>, so the <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens</a> altered to function in air. The <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> was now exposed to a relatively dry environment rather than being bathed by water, so <a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">eyelids</a> developed and <a href="/wiki/Tear_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Tear duct">tear ducts</a> evolved to produce a liquid to moisten the eyeball. </p><p>Early tetrapods inherited a set of five <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone</a> opsins known as the vertebrate <a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">opsins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HuntHankins2014_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuntHankins2014-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StavengaGrip2000_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StavengaGrip2000-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LazarevaShimizu2012_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LazarevaShimizu2012-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four cone opsins were present in the first vertebrate, inherited from invertebrate ancestors: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">LWS</a>/<a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">MWS</a> (long—to—medium—wave sensitive) - green, yellow, or red</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">SWS1</a> (short—wave sensitive) - ultraviolet or violet - lost in monotremes (platypus, echidna)</li> <li>SWS2 (short—wave sensitive) - violet or blue - lost in therians (placental mammals and marsupials)</li> <li>RH2 (rhodopsin—like cone opsin) - green - lost separately in amphibians and mammals, retained in reptiles and birds</li></ul> <p>A single rod opsin, rhodopsin, was present in the first jawed vertebrate, inherited from a jawless vertebrate ancestor: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">RH1</a> (rhodopsin) - blue-green - used night vision and color correction in low-light environments</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balance">Balance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrapods retained the balancing function of the inner ear from fish ancestry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hearing">Hearing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Hearing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">vibrations</a> could not set up <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(signal_processing)" title="Pulse (signal processing)">pulsations</a> through the skull as in a proper auditory <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(vertebrates)" title="Spiracle (vertebrates)">spiracle</a> was retained as the <a href="/wiki/Otic_notch" title="Otic notch">otic notch</a>, eventually closed in by the <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympanum</a>, a thin, tight <a href="/wiki/Biological_membrane" title="Biological membrane">membrane</a> of connective tissue also called the eardrum (however this and the otic notch were lost in the ancestral <a href="/wiki/Amniotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniotes">amniotes</a>, and later eardrums were obtained independently). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hyomandibula" title="Hyomandibula">hyomandibula</a> of fish migrated upwards from its jaw supporting position, and was reduced in size to form the <a href="/wiki/Columella_(auditory_system)" title="Columella (auditory system)">columella</a>. Situated between the tympanum and braincase in an air-filled cavity, the columella was now capable of transmitting vibrations from the exterior of the head to the interior. Thus the columella became an important element in an <a href="/wiki/Impedance_matching#Acoustics" title="Impedance matching">impedance matching</a> system, coupling airborne sound waves to the receptor system of the inner ear. This system had evolved independently within several different amphibian <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineages</a>. </p><p>The impedance matching ear had to meet certain conditions to work. The columella had to be perpendicular to the tympanum, small and light enough to reduce its <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertia</a>, and suspended in an air-filled cavity. In modern species that are sensitive to over 1 kHz <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a>, the footplate of the columella is 1/20th the area of the tympanum. However, in early amphibians the columella was too large, making the footplate area oversized, preventing the hearing of high frequencies. So it appears they could only hear high intensity, low frequency sounds—and the columella more probably just supported the brain case against the cheek. </p><p>Only in the early Triassic, about a hundred million years after they conquered land, did the tympanic <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> evolve (independently) in all the tetrapod lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About fifty million years later (late Triassic), in mammals, the columella was reduced even further to become the <a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">stapes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Body form">Body form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_timescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic timescale">Geologic timescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_tetrapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine tetrapods">Marine tetrapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopod">Octopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric life">Prehistoric life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrupedalism#Quadrupeds_vs._tetrapods" title="Quadrupedalism">Quadrupedalism § Quadrupeds vs. tetrapods</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-M2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarjanović2021" class="citation journal cs1">Marjanović, D. 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Biochem. Zool</i>. <b>77</b> (5): 700–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F425183">10.1086/425183</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15547790">15547790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1260442">1260442</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412011447/http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?PBZ040012">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42447-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42447-2"><bdi>978-0-375-42447-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Inner+Fish%3A+A+Journey+Into+the+3.5-Billion-Year+History+of+the+Human+Body&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-375-42447-2&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyourinnerfishjou00shub_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaurin2010">Laurin 2010</a>, pp. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanovilleLaurin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Canoville, Aurore; Laurin, Michel (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2010.01431.x">"Evolution of humeral microanatomy and lifestyle in amniotes, and some comments on paleobiological inferences"</a>. <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>100</b> (2): 384–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2010.01431.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01431.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+humeral+microanatomy+and+lifestyle+in+amniotes%2C+and+some+comments+on+paleobiological+inferences&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=384-406&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2010.01431.x&rft.aulast=Canoville&rft.aufirst=Aurore&rft.au=Laurin%2C+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8312.2010.01431.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurinCanovilleQuilhac2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Laurin" title="Michel Laurin">Laurin, Michel</a>; Canoville, Aurore; Quilhac, Alexandra (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2740958">"Use of paleontological and molecular data in supertrees for comparative studies: the example of lissamphibian femoral microanatomy"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>215</b> (2): 110–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2009.01104.x">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01104.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2740958">2740958</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19508493">19508493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.atitle=Use+of+paleontological+and+molecular+data+in+supertrees+for+comparative+studies%3A+the+example+of+lissamphibian+femoral+microanatomy&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-123&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2740958%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19508493&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2009.01104.x&rft.aulast=Laurin&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Canoville%2C+Aurore&rft.au=Quilhac%2C+Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2740958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Laurin, Michel (2002-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10635150252899815">"Tetrapod Phylogeny, Amphibian Origins, and the Definition of the Name Tetrapoda"</a>. <i>Systematic Biology</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 364–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150252899815">10.1080/10635150252899815</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-836X">1076-836X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12028737">12028737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Tetrapod+Phylogeny%2C+Amphibian+Origins%2C+and+the+Definition+of+the+Name+Tetrapoda&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=364-369&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft.issn=1076-836X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12028737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10635150252899815&rft.aulast=Laurin&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F10635150252899815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Jason S. (2002-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150290102447">"Use of Well-Known Names in Phylogenetic Nomenclature: A Reply to Laurin"</a>. <i>Systematic Biology</i>. <b>51</b> (5): 822–827. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150290102447">10.1080/10635150290102447</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-836X">1076-836X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396594">12396594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Use+of+Well-Known+Names+in+Phylogenetic+Nomenclature%3A+A+Reply+to+Laurin&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=822-827&rft.date=2002-09-01&rft.issn=1076-836X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12396594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10635150290102447&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jason+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10635150290102447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCQ03-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RCQ03_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RCQ03_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RCQ03_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RCQ03_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutaCoates,_M.I.Quicke,_D.L.J.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ruta, M.; Coates, M.I.; Quicke, D.L.J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphibiatree.org/sites/amphibiatree.org/files/RutaETAL2003Tetrapod.pdf">"Early tetrapod relationships revisited"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biological Reviews</i>. <b>78</b> (2): 251–345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1464793102006103">10.1017/S1464793102006103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12803423">12803423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31298396">31298396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Early+tetrapod+relationships+revisited&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-345&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31298396%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12803423&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1464793102006103&rft.aulast=Ruta&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Coates%2C+M.I.&rft.au=Quicke%2C+D.L.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphibiatree.org%2Fsites%2Famphibiatree.org%2Ffiles%2FRutaETAL2003Tetrapod.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurinAnderson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Laurin, Michel; Anderson, Jason S. (2004-02-01). Simon, Chris (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150490264716">"Meaning of the Name Tetrapoda in the Scientific Literature: An Exchange"</a>. <i>Systematic Biology</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 68–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150490264716">10.1080/10635150490264716</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-836X">1076-836X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14965901">14965901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15922260">15922260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+the+Name+Tetrapoda+in+the+Scientific+Literature%3A+An+Exchange&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-80&rft.date=2004-02-01&rft.issn=1076-836X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15922260%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14965901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10635150490264716&rft.aulast=Laurin&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Jason+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10635150490264716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueirozCantinoGauthier2020" class="citation book cs1">Queiroz, Kevin de; Cantino, Philip D.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2020). "Stegocephali E. D. Cope 1868 [M. Laurin], converted clade name". In De Queiroz, Kevin; Cantino, Philip; Gauthier, Jacques (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9780429446276/phylonyms-kevin-de-queiroz-philip-cantino-jacques-gauthier"><i>Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode</i></a> (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9780429446276">10.1201/9780429446276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429446276" title="Special:BookSources/9780429446276"><bdi>9780429446276</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242704712">242704712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stegocephali+E.+D.+Cope+1868+%5BM.+Laurin%5D%2C+converted+clade+name&rft.btitle=Phylonyms%3A+A+Companion+to+the+PhyloCode&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242704712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2F9780429446276&rft.isbn=9780429446276&rft.aulast=Queiroz&rft.aufirst=Kevin+de&rft.au=Cantino%2C+Philip+D.&rft.au=Gauthier%2C+Jacques+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.1201%2F9780429446276%2Fphylonyms-kevin-de-queiroz-philip-cantino-jacques-gauthier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClack2012">Clack 2012</a>, pp. 87–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaurinGirondot2000-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaurinGirondot2000_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurinGirondotde_Ricqlès2000" class="citation journal cs1">Laurin, Michel; Girondot, Marc; de Ricqlès, Armand (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722083254/http://max2.ese.u-psud.fr/epc/conservation/Publi/abstracta/AE_TREE2000.pdf">"Early tetrapod evolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trends in Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 118–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-5347%2899%2901780-2">10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01780-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-5347">0169-5347</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10675932">10675932</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://max2.ese.u-psud.fr/epc/conservation/Publi/abstracta/AE_TREE2000.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Early+tetrapod+evolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=118-123&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0169-5347&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10675932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0169-5347%2899%2901780-2&rft.aulast=Laurin&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Girondot%2C+Marc&rft.au=de+Ricql%C3%A8s%2C+Armand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmax2.ese.u-psud.fr%2Fepc%2Fconservation%2FPubli%2Fabstracta%2FAE_TREE2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaurin2010">Laurin 2010</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2009">Benton 2009</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M&L08-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M&L08_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarjanovićLaurin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Marjanović D, Laurin M (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app53/app53-413.pdf">"Assessing confidence intervals for stratigraphic ranges of higher taxa: the case of Lissamphibia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 413–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2008.0305">10.4202/app.2008.0305</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53592421">53592421</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190341/http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app53/app53-413.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936204">"Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 544–547. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.1024">10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936204">2936204</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20106856">20106856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Links+between+global+taxonomic+diversity%2C+ecological+diversity+and+the+expansion+of+vertebrates+on+land&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=544-547&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936204%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20106856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.1024&rft.aulast=Sahney&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Ferry%2C+P.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardBothaBuickKock2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, P.D.; Botha, J.; Buick, R.; Kock, M.O.; Erwin, D.H.; Garrisson, G.H.; Kirschvink, J.L.; Smith, R. (4 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813061414/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/users/jkirschvink/pdfs/WardKarooScienceFinal.pdf">"Abrupt and gradual extinction among late Permian land vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>307</b> (5710): 709–714. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...307..709W">2005Sci...307..709W</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.503.2065">10.1.1.503.2065</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1107068">10.1126/science.1107068</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15661973">15661973</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46198018">46198018</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/users/jkirschvink/pdfs/WardKarooScienceFinal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Abrupt+and+gradual+extinction+among+late+Permian+land+vertebrates+in+the+Karoo+Basin%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=5710&rft.pages=709-714&rft.date=2005-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46198018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...307..709W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.503.2065%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15661973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1107068&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=P.D.&rft.au=Botha%2C+J.&rft.au=Buick%2C+R.&rft.au=Kock%2C+M.O.&rft.au=Erwin%2C+D.H.&rft.au=Garrisson%2C+G.H.&rft.au=Kirschvink%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Smith%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gps.caltech.edu%2Fusers%2Fjkirschvink%2Fpdfs%2FWardKarooScienceFinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN2023-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN2023_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/summary-statistics">"Summary Statistics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN Red List of Threatened Species">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. 2023.1<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+project%3A+The+Mid-Palaeozoic+biotic+crisis%3A+Setting+the+trajectory+of+Tetrapod+evolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.ac.uk%2Foes%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fthe_mid_palaeozoic_biotic_crisis.page%23overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_r._Mcghee2013" class="citation book cs1">George r. Mcghee, Jr (12 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=68urAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Like+the+basal+batrachomorphs%2C+the+basal+reptiliomorphs+were+surprisingly+small%22&pg=PA231"><i>When the Invasion of Land Failed: The Legacy of the Devonian Extinctions</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231160568" title="Special:BookSources/9780231160568"><bdi>9780231160568</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808121720/https://books.google.no/books?id=68urAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231&dq=%22Like+the+basal+batrachomorphs,+the+basal+reptiliomorphs+were+surprisingly+small%22&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD1vvpiIPpAhUNuIsKHVoPCngQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22Like%20the%20basal%20batrachomorphs%2C%20the%20basal%20reptiliomorphs%20were%20surprisingly%20small%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Invasion+of+Land+Failed%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+Devonian+Extinctions&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.isbn=9780231160568&rft.aulast=George+r.+Mcghee&rft.aufirst=Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D68urAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Like%2Bthe%2Bbasal%2Bbatrachomorphs%252C%2Bthe%2Bbasal%2Breptiliomorphs%2Bwere%2Bsurprisingly%2Bsmall%2522%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2008" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Brian K. (15 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0YWn5F9sWkC&q=%22As+in+the+oldest+known+amniotes%2C+it+is+both+very+small+and+highly+ossified%22&pg=PA209"><i>Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226313405" title="Special:BookSources/9780226313405"><bdi>9780226313405</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809023449/https://books.google.no/books?id=Z0YWn5F9sWkC&pg=PA209&dq=%22As+in+the+oldest+known+amniotes,+it+is+both+very+small+and+highly+ossified%22&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh9ZXcjoPpAhVlpIsKHQAlDCQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22As%20in%20the%20oldest%20known%20amniotes%2C%20it%20is%20both%20very%20small%20and%20highly%20ossified%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fins+into+Limbs%3A+Evolution%2C+Development%2C+and+Transformation&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft.isbn=9780226313405&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Brian+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0YWn5F9sWkC%26q%3D%2522As%2Bin%2Bthe%2Boldest%2Bknown%2Bamniotes%252C%2Bit%2Bis%2Bboth%2Bvery%2Bsmall%2Band%2Bhighly%2Bossified%2522%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SahneyBentonFalconLang2010RainforestCollapse-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SahneyBentonFalconLang2010RainforestCollapse_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahney,_S.,_Benton,_M.J._&_Falcon-Lang,_H.J.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. 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C.; Glasspool, I. J. (18 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1544139">"The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>103</b> (29): 10861–10865. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10310861S">2006PNAS..10310861S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0604090103">10.1073/pnas.0604090103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1544139">1544139</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16832054">16832054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+diversification+of+Paleozoic+fire+systems+and+fluctuations+in+atmospheric+oxygen+concentration&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=10861-10865&rft.date=2006-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1544139%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..10310861S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16832054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0604090103&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft.au=Glasspool%2C+I.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1544139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClack2012">Clack 2012</a>, pp. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClack2012">Clack 2012</a>, pp. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SuesFraser2013-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SuesFraser2013_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuesFraser2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dieter_Sues" title="Hans-Dieter Sues">Sues, Hans-Dieter</a>; Fraser, Nicholas C. (13 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVtxqddQKgwC&pg=PA85"><i>Triassic Life on Land: The Great Transition</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50941-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50941-1"><bdi>978-0-231-50941-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820014809/https://books.google.com/books?id=wVtxqddQKgwC&pg=PA85">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triassic+Life+on+Land%3A+The+Great+Transition&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50941-1&rft.aulast=Sues&rft.aufirst=Hans-Dieter&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Nicholas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwVtxqddQKgwC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzmannBrainerd2017" class="citation journal cs1">Witzmann, Florian; Brainerd, Elizabeth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Ffr-20-105-2017">"Modeling the physiology of the aquatic temnospondyl <i>Archegosaurus decheni</i> from the early Permian of Germany"</a>. <i>Fossil Record</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 105–127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017FossR..20..105W">2017FossR..20..105W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Ffr-20-105-2017">10.5194/fr-20-105-2017</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fossil+Record&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+physiology+of+the+aquatic+temnospondyl+Archegosaurus+decheni+from+the+early+Permian+of+Germany&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-127&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Ffr-20-105-2017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017FossR..20..105W&rft.aulast=Witzmann&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.au=Brainerd%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Ffr-20-105-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClack2012">Clack 2012</a>, pp. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaurin2010">Laurin 2010</a>, pp. 36–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGhee2013">McGhee 2013</a>, pp. 68–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WebsterWebster2013-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WebsterWebster2013_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterWebster2013" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Douglas; Webster, Molly (22 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l7HfBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA372"><i>Comparative Vertebrate Morphology</i></a>. Elsevier Science. pp. 372–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-7259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-7259-7"><bdi>978-1-4832-7259-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819141052/https://books.google.com/books?id=l7HfBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA372">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Vertebrate+Morphology&rft.pages=372-5&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4832-7259-7&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Webster%2C+Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl7HfBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2009">Benton 2009</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClack2012">Clack 2012</a>, pp. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClack2012">Clack 2012</a>, pp. 73–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrainerdOwerkowicz2006-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrainerdOwerkowicz2006_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrainerdOwerkowicz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brainerd, Elizabeth L.; Owerkowicz, Tomasz (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6925157">"Functional morphology and evolution of aspiration breathing in tetrapods"</a>. <i>Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology</i>. <b>154</b> (1–2): 73–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resp.2006.06.003">10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-9048">1569-9048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16861059">16861059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16841094">16841094</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904221941/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6925157_Functional_morphology_and_evolution_of_aspiration_breathing_in_tetrapods">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Physiology+%26+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Functional+morphology+and+evolution+of+aspiration+breathing+in+tetrapods&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=73-88&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1569-9048&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16841094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16861059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resp.2006.06.003&rft.aulast=Brainerd&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+L.&rft.au=Owerkowicz%2C+Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F6925157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MerrellKardon2013-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MerrellKardon2013_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrellKardon2013" class="citation journal cs1">Merrell, Allyson J.; Kardon, Gabrielle (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3879042">"Development of the diaphragm - a skeletal muscle essential for mammalian respiration"</a>. <i>FEBS Journal</i>. <b>280</b> (17): 4026–4035. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ffebs.12274">10.1111/febs.12274</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-464X">1742-464X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3879042">3879042</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23586979">23586979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Journal&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+diaphragm+-+a+skeletal+muscle+essential+for+mammalian+respiration&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=4026-4035&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3879042%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1742-464X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23586979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Ffebs.12274&rft.aulast=Merrell&rft.aufirst=Allyson+J.&rft.au=Kardon%2C+Gabrielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3879042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EvansClaiborne2005-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EvansClaiborne2005_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansClaiborne2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans, David H.; Claiborne, James B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Spiracular+air+breathing+in+polypterid+fishes+and+its+implications+for+aerial+respiration+in+stem+tetrapods&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=3022&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms4022&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24451680&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatCo...5.3022G&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+B.&rft.au=Wegner%2C+Nicholas+C.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Lauren+A.&rft.au=Jew%2C+Corey+J.&rft.au=Lai%2C+N+Chin&rft.au=Berquist%2C+Rachel+M.&rft.au=Frank%2C+Lawrence+R.&rft.au=Long%2C+John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F259875906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VickaryousSire2009-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VickaryousSire2009_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickaryousSire2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vickaryous, Matthew K.; Sire, Jean-Yves (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736118">"The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>214</b> (4): 441–464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2008.01043.x">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8782">0021-8782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736118">2736118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19422424">19422424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.atitle=The+integumentary+skeleton+of+tetrapods%3A+origin%2C+evolution%2C+and+development&rft.volume=214&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=441-464&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2736118%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0021-8782&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19422424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2008.01043.x&rft.aulast=Vickaryous&rft.aufirst=Matthew+K.&rft.au=Sire%2C+Jean-Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2736118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClack2012">Clack 2012</a>, pp. 233–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson2014-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson2014_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, J. 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Springer. pp. 165–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-4355-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-4355-1"><bdi>978-1-4614-4355-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818220721/https://books.google.com/books?id=APWwBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Animals+See+the+World%3A+Comparative+Behavior%2C+Biology%2C+and+Evolution+of+Vision&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012-04-19&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533465-4&rft.aulast=Lazareva&rft.aufirst=Olga+F.&rft.au=Shimizu%2C+Toru&rft.au=Edward+A.+Wasserman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKOv6cHWdjG8C%26pg%3DPA459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensenLauridsenChristensen-DalsgaardPedersen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Christensen, Christian Bech; Lauridsen, Henrik; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jakob; Pedersen, Michael; Madsen, Peter Teglberg (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1802/20141943">"Better than fish on land? Hearing across metamorphosis in salamanders"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>282</b> (1802). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2014.1943">10.1098/rspb.2014.1943</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4344139">4344139</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25652830">25652830</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422173533/http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1802/20141943">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Better+than+fish+on+land%3F+Hearing+across+metamorphosis+in+salamanders&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=1802&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4344139%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25652830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2014.1943&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Christian+Bech&rft.au=Lauridsen%2C+Henrik&rft.au=Christensen-Dalsgaard%2C+Jakob&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Michael&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Peter+Teglberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frspb.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2F282%2F1802%2F20141943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tetrapoda" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Benton" title="Michael Benton">Benton, Michael</a> (5 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VThUUUtM8A4C&pg=PA1"><i>Vertebrate Palaeontology</i></a> (3 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4449-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4449-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-4449-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Palaeontology&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4449-0&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVThUUUtM8A4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClack2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Clack" title="Jenny Clack">Clack, J.A.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ztrhm8uLQ0C&pg=PA1"><i>Gaining ground: the origin and evolution of tetrapods</i></a> (2nd ed.). Bloomington, Indiana, US.: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253356758" title="Special:BookSources/9780253356758"><bdi>9780253356758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaining+ground%3A+the+origin+and+evolution+of+tetrapods&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana%2C+US.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780253356758&rft.aulast=Clack&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Ztrhm8uLQ0C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Laurin" title="Michel Laurin">Laurin, Michel</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fa6gOvRdl9sC&pg=PA163"><i>How Vertebrates Left the Water</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26647-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26647-6"><bdi>978-0-520-26647-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Vertebrates+Left+the+Water&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26647-6&rft.aulast=Laurin&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfa6gOvRdl9sC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGhee2013" class="citation book cs1">McGhee, George R. Jr. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wFqrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92"><i>When the Invasion of Land Failed: The Legacy of the Devonian Extinctions</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-16057-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-16057-5"><bdi>978-0-231-16057-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Invasion+of+Land+Failed%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+Devonian+Extinctions&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-16057-5&rft.aulast=McGhee&rft.aufirst=George+R.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwFqrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteyer2012" class="citation book cs1">Steyer, Sebastien (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cjTW7FVBXgC&pg=PA59"><i>Earth Before the Dinosaurs</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22380-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22380-7"><bdi>978-0-253-22380-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+Before+the+Dinosaurs&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22380-7&rft.aulast=Steyer&rft.aufirst=Sebastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9cjTW7FVBXgC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClack2009" class="citation journal cs1">Clack, Jennifer A. (2009). "The Fin to Limb Transition: New Data, Interpretations, and Hypotheses from Paleontology and Developmental Biology". <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 163–179. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AREPS..37..163C">2009AREPS..37..163C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.36.031207.124146">10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Fin+to+Limb+Transition%3A+New+Data%2C+Interpretations%2C+and+Hypotheses+from+Paleontology+and+Developmental+Biology&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-179&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.36.031207.124146&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009AREPS..37..163C&rft.aulast=Clack&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2007" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Brian K., ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0YWn5F9sWkC"><i>Fins Into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31340-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31340-5"><bdi>978-0-226-31340-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fins+Into+Limbs%3A+Evolution%2C+Development%2C+and+Transformation&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31340-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0YWn5F9sWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongYoungHollandSenden2006" class="citation journal cs1">Long JA, Young GC, Holland T, Senden TJ, Fitzgerald EM (November 2006). "An exceptional Devonian fish from Australia sheds light on tetrapod origins". <i>Nature</i>. <b>444</b> (7116): 199–202. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.444..199L">2006Natur.444..199L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05243">10.1038/nature05243</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17051154">17051154</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2412640">2412640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=An+exceptional+Devonian+fish+from+Australia+sheds+light+on+tetrapod+origins&rft.volume=444&rft.issue=7116&rft.pages=199-202&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2412640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17051154&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.444..199L&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Young%2C+GC&rft.au=Holland%2C+T&rft.au=Senden%2C+TJ&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+EM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Benton" title="Michael Benton">Benton, Michael</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_Palaeontology_(Benton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate Palaeontology (Benton)"><i>Vertebrate Palaeontology</i></a> (3rd ed.). Blackwell Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Palaeontology&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_chordate_classes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chordata" title="Template:Chordata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chordata" title="Template talk:Chordata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chordata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chordata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_chordate_classes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordate</a> classes</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></li> <li>Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cephalochordata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Cephalochordata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">Leptocardii (lancelets)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactores</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicata<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Urochordata)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larvacean" title="Larvacean">Appendicularia (larvaceans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acopa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stolidobranchia" title="Stolidobranchia">Stolidobranchia</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaliacea" title="Thaliacea">Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enterogona" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterogona">Enterogona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phlebobranchia" title="Phlebobranchia">Phlebobranchia</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplousobranchia" title="Aplousobranchia">Aplousobranchia</a>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cyclostomata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">Myxini (hagfish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia (lampreys)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-37px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(jawed vertebrates)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:left;"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euteleostomi" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bony vertebrates)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(lobe-finned fish)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinistia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinistia">Actinistia (coelacanths)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">Dipnoi (lungfish)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tetrapoda</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-25px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia (mammals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-19px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">Sauria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards)</a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Testudines (turtles)</a>³</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia (crocodilians)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves (birds)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹orders of class <i><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea" title="Ascidiacea">Ascidiacea (sea squirts)</a></i></li> <li>²subclasses of class <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)</a></li> <li>³orders of class <i><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia (reptiles)</a></i></li> <li><i>italics</i> denote paraphyletic groups</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tetrapodomorpha_(Pan-Tetrapoda)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tetrapodomorpha" title="Template:Tetrapodomorpha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tetrapodomorpha" title="Template talk:Tetrapodomorpha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tetrapodomorpha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tetrapodomorpha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tetrapodomorpha_(Pan-Tetrapoda)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(</span>Pan-Tetrapoda<span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Osteichthyes_*_Clade:_Sarcopterygii_*_Clade:_Rhipidistia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gnathostomata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Gnathostomata" title="Template:Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Tetrapodomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetrapodomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bogdanovia" title="Bogdanovia">Bogdanovia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Chrysolepis_orlensis" title="Chrysolepis orlensis">Chrysolepis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geptolepis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geptolepis (page does not exist)">Geptolepis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Glyptopomus" title="Glyptopomus">Glyptopomus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Gogonasus" title="Gogonasus">Gogonasus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greiserolepis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greiserolepis (page does not exist)">Greiserolepis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Gyroptychius" title="Gyroptychius">Gyroptychius</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Harajicadectes" title="Harajicadectes">Harajicadectes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kenichthys" title="Kenichthys">Kenichthys</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Litoptychus" title="Litoptychus">Litoptychus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprotolepis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamprotolepis (page does not exist)">Lamprotolepis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Latvius" title="Latvius">Latvius</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medoevia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medoevia (page does not exist)">Medoevia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Megadonichthys" title="Megadonichthys">Megadonichthys</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Muranjilepis" title="Muranjilepis">Muranjilepis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Osteolepis" title="Osteolepis">Osteolepis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peregrina_krasnovi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peregrina krasnovi (page does not exist)">Peregrina</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platyethmoidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platyethmoidia (page does not exist)">Platyethmoidia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirolepis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirolepis (page does not exist)">Shirolepis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumatolepis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thaumatolepis (page does not exist)">Thaumatolepis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Thursius" title="Thursius">Thursius</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tungsenia" title="Tungsenia">Tungsenia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viluichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viluichthys (page does not exist)">Viluichthys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Rhizodontida" title="Rhizodontida">Rhizodontida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archichthys" title="Archichthys">Archichthys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aztecia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aztecia (page does not exist)">Aztecia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barameda" title="Barameda">Barameda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gooloogongia" title="Gooloogongia">Gooloogongia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hongyu" title="Hongyu">Hongyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letognathus" title="Letognathus">Letognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propycnoctenion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propycnoctenion (page does not exist)">Propycnoctenion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pycnoctenion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pycnoctenion (page does not exist)">Pycnoctenion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizodus" title="Rhizodus">Rhizodus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rossichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rossichthys (page does not exist)">Rossichthys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauripterus" title="Sauripterus">Sauripterus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Screbinodus" title="Screbinodus">Screbinodus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strepsodus" title="Strepsodus">Strepsodus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thysanolepis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thysanolepis (page does not exist)">Thysanolepis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorobjevaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorobjevaia (page does not exist)">Vorobjevaia</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Canowindridae" title="Canowindridae">Canowindridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beelarongia" title="Beelarongia">Beelarongia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canowindra_grossi" title="Canowindra grossi">Canowindra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koharalepis" title="Koharalepis">Koharalepis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marsdenichthys" title="Marsdenichthys">Marsdenichthys</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Owensia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owensia (page does not exist)">Owensia</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Megalichthyidae" title="Megalichthyidae">Megalichthyidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Askerichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Askerichthys (page does not exist)">Askerichthys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cladarosymblema" title="Cladarosymblema">Cladarosymblema</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptolepis_grossi" title="Cryptolepis grossi">Cryptolepis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ectosteorhachis" title="Ectosteorhachis">Ectosteorhachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lohsania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lohsania (page does not exist)">Lohsania</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahalalepis" title="Mahalalepis">Mahalalepis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalichthys" title="Megalichthys">Megalichthys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapomus" title="Megapomus">Megapomus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megistolepis" title="Megistolepis">Megistolepis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palatinichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palatinichthys (page does not exist)">Palatinichthys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhizodopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhizodopsis (page does not exist)">Rhizodopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sengoerichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sengoerichthys (page does not exist)">Sengoerichthys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterropterygion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterropterygion (page does not exist)">Sterropterygion</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eotetrapodiformes" title="Eotetrapodiformes">Eotetrapodiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeospondylus" title="Palaeospondylus">Palaeospondylus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Tristichopteridae" title="Tristichopteridae">Tristichopteridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruehnopteron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruehnopteron (page does not exist)">Bruehnopteron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cabonnichthys" title="Cabonnichthys">Cabonnichthys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callistipterus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Callistipterus (page does not exist)">Callistipterus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canningius" class="mw-redirect" title="Canningius">Canningius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devonosteus" title="Devonosteus">Devonosteus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edenopteron" title="Edenopteron">Edenopteron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eusthenodon" title="Eusthenodon">Eusthenodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eusthenopteron" title="Eusthenopteron">Eusthenopteron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heddleichthys" title="Heddleichthys">Heddleichthys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyneria" title="Hyneria">Hyneria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jarvikina" title="Jarvikina">Jarvikina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Langlieria" title="Langlieria">Langlieria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Litoptychus" title="Litoptychus">Litoptychus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandageria" title="Mandageria">Mandageria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marsdenichthys" title="Marsdenichthys">Marsdenichthys</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notorhizodon" title="Notorhizodon">Notorhizodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platycephalichthys" title="Platycephalichthys">Platycephalichthys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spodichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spodichthys (page does not exist)">Spodichthys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinirau_clackae" title="Tinirau clackae">Tinirau</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristichopterus" title="Tristichopterus">Tristichopterus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elpistostegalia" title="Elpistostegalia">Elpistostegalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howittichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howittichthys (page does not exist)">Howittichthys</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Livoniana" title="Livoniana">Livoniana</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Panderichthys" title="Panderichthys">Panderichthys</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapanderichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapanderichthys (page does not exist)">Parapanderichthys</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Qikiqtania" title="Qikiqtania">Qikiqtania</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubrognathus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubrognathus (page does not exist)">Rubrognathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik" title="Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stegocephali" title="Stegocephali">Stegocephali</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(</span><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>sensu lato</i>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhizodus_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhizodus sp."><img alt="Rhizodus sp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rhizodus_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Rhizodus_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rhizodus_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-Rhizodus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rhizodus_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Rhizodus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osteolepis_BW_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osteolepis macrolepidotus"><img alt="Osteolepis macrolepidotus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Osteolepis_BW_1.jpg/140px-Osteolepis_BW_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Osteolepis_BW_1.jpg/210px-Osteolepis_BW_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Osteolepis_BW_1.jpg/280px-Osteolepis_BW_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eusthenopteron foordi"><img alt="Eusthenopteron foordi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg/140px-Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg/210px-Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg/280px-Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiktaalik_BW_flopped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiktaalik rosae"><img alt="Tiktaalik rosae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tiktaalik_BW_flopped.jpg/140px-Tiktaalik_BW_flopped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tiktaalik_BW_flopped.jpg/210px-Tiktaalik_BW_flopped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tiktaalik_BW_flopped.jpg/280px-Tiktaalik_BW_flopped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="244" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Stegocephali_(Tetrapoda_sensu_lato)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stegocephali" title="Stegocephali">Stegocephali</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(</span><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>sensu lato</i>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">taxa</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthostega" title="Acanthostega">Acanthostega</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Brittagnathus" title="Brittagnathus">Brittagnathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Densignathus" title="Densignathus">Densignathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Elpistostege" title="Elpistostege">Elpistostege</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hynerpeton" title="Hynerpeton">Hynerpeton</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostega" title="Ichthyostega">Ichthyostega</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Jakubsonia" title="Jakubsonia">Jakubsonia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Metaxygnathus" title="Metaxygnathus">Metaxygnathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Parmastega" title="Parmastega">Parmastega</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sinostega" title="Sinostega">Sinostega</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik" title="Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tulerpeton" title="Tulerpeton">Tulerpeton</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tutusius" title="Tutusius">Tutusius</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Umzantsia" title="Umzantsia">Umzantsia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ventastega" title="Ventastega">Ventastega</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ymeria" title="Ymeria">Ymeria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Elginerpetontidae" title="Elginerpetontidae">Elginerpetontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elginerpeton" title="Elginerpeton">Elginerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obruchevichthys" title="Obruchevichthys">Obruchevichthys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webererpeton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Webererpeton (page does not exist)">Webererpeton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">Post-</span><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">taxa</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Antlerpeton" title="Antlerpeton">Antlerpeton</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Aytonerpeton" title="Aytonerpeton">Aytonerpeton</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Crassigyrinus" title="Crassigyrinus">Crassigyrinus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Diploradus" title="Diploradus">Diploradus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Doragnathus" title="Doragnathus">Doragnathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Gaiasia" title="Gaiasia">Gaiasia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyerpeton" title="Ichthyerpeton">Ichthyerpeton</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Koilops" title="Koilops">Koilops</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mesanerpeton" title="Mesanerpeton">Mesanerpeton</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Occidens_portlocki" title="Occidens portlocki">Occidens</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ossirarus" title="Ossirarus">Ossirarus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Perittodus" title="Perittodus">Perittodus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sigournea" title="Sigournea">Sigournea</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tantallognathus" title="Tantallognathus">Tantallognathus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Aistopoda" title="Aistopoda">Aistopoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andersonerpeton" title="Andersonerpeton">Andersonerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lethiscus" title="Lethiscus">Lethiscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophiderpeton" title="Ophiderpeton">Ophiderpeton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oestocephalidae" title="Oestocephalidae">Oestocephalidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coloraderpeton" title="Coloraderpeton">Coloraderpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oestocephalus" title="Oestocephalus">Oestocephalus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phlegethontioidea" title="Phlegethontioidea">Phlegethontioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudophlegethontia" title="Pseudophlegethontia">Pseudophlegethontia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phlegethontiidae" title="Phlegethontiidae">Phlegethontiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phlegethontia" title="Phlegethontia">Phlegethontia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sillerpeton" title="Sillerpeton">Sillerpeton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Whatcheeriidae" title="Whatcheeriidae">Whatcheeriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ossinodus" title="Ossinodus">Ossinodus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pederpes" title="Pederpes">Pederpes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whatcheeria" title="Whatcheeria">Whatcheeria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Colosteidae" title="Colosteidae">Colosteidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Colosteus" title="Colosteus">Colosteus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltaherpeton" title="Deltaherpeton">Deltaherpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greererpeton" title="Greererpeton">Greererpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pholidogaster" title="Pholidogaster">Pholidogaster</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Adelospondyli" title="Adelospondyli">Adelospondyli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acherontiscus" title="Acherontiscus">Acherontiscus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adelospondyli" title="Adelospondyli">Adelogyrinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adelogyrinus" title="Adelogyrinus">Adelogyrinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adelospondylus" title="Adelospondylus">Adelospondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichopareias" title="Dolichopareias">Dolichopareias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeomolgophis" title="Palaeomolgophis">Palaeomolgophis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<a href="/wiki/Nectridea" title="Nectridea">Nectridea</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Nectridea" title="Template:Nectridea">Nectridea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Baphetoidea" title="Baphetoidea">Baphetoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucritta" title="Eucritta">Eucritta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spathicephalus" title="Spathicephalus">Spathicephalus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baphetidae" title="Baphetidae">Baphetidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baphetes" title="Baphetes">Baphetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyrinion" title="Kyrinion">Kyrinion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loxomma" title="Loxomma">Loxomma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalocephalus" title="Megalocephalus">Megalocephalus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Embolomeri" title="Embolomeri">Embolomeri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthracosaurus" title="Anthracosaurus">Anthracosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archeria_(animal)" title="Archeria (animal)">Archeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aversor" title="Aversor">Aversor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calligenethlon" title="Calligenethlon">Calligenethlon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carbonoherpeton" title="Carbonoherpeton">Carbonoherpeton</a></i></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Cricotus" title="Cricotus">Cricotus</a></i>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplovertebron" title="Diplovertebron">Diplovertebron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eobaphetes" title="Eobaphetes">Eobaphetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoherpeton" title="Eoherpeton">Eoherpeton</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptophractus" title="Leptophractus">Leptophractus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neopteroplax" title="Neopteroplax">Neopteroplax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoherpeton" title="Palaeoherpeton">Palaeoherpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papposaurus" title="Papposaurus">Papposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pholiderpeton" title="Pholiderpeton">Pholiderpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proterogyrinus" title="Proterogyrinus">Proterogyrinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pteroplax" title="Pteroplax">Pteroplax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seroherpeton" title="Seroherpeton">Seroherpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spondylerpeton" title="Spondylerpeton">Spondylerpeton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Gephyrostegidae" title="Gephyrostegidae">Gephyrostegidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bruktererpeton" title="Bruktererpeton">Bruktererpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eusauropleura" title="Eusauropleura">Eusauropleura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gephyrostegus" title="Gephyrostegus">Gephyrostegus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">Other</span> "<a href="/wiki/Anthracosauria" title="Anthracosauria">anthracosaurs</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caerorhachis" title="Caerorhachis">Caerorhachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casineria" title="Casineria">Casineria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldeceeon" title="Eldeceeon">Eldeceeon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoherpeton" title="Eoherpeton">Eoherpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silvanerpeton" title="Silvanerpeton">Silvanerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Termonerpeton" title="Termonerpeton">Termonerpeton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">Crown group</span><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tetrapoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">Temnospondyli</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(</span><a href="/wiki/Batrachomorpha" title="Batrachomorpha">Batrachomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Temnospondyli" title="Template:Temnospondyli">Temnospondyli</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(</span>Pan-Amniota<span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Reptiliomorpha" title="Template:Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Amniota" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniota">Amniota</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phlegethontia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phlegethontia longissima"><img alt="Phlegethontia longissima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Phlegethontia.jpg/140px-Phlegethontia.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Phlegethontia.jpg/210px-Phlegethontia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Phlegethontia.jpg/280px-Phlegethontia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acanthostega_gunnari.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Acanthostega gunnari"><img alt="Acanthostega gunnari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Acanthostega_gunnari.png/140px-Acanthostega_gunnari.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Acanthostega_gunnari.png/210px-Acanthostega_gunnari.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Acanthostega_gunnari.png/280px-Acanthostega_gunnari.png 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="756" /></a></span></span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crassigyrinus scoticus"><img alt="Crassigyrinus scoticus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg/140px-Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg/210px-Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg/280px-Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eucritta1DB_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eucritta melanolimnetes"><img alt="Eucritta melanolimnetes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eucritta1DB_white_background.jpg/140px-Eucritta1DB_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eucritta1DB_white_background.jpg/210px-Eucritta1DB_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eucritta1DB_white_background.jpg/280px-Eucritta1DB_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archeria_BW_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archeria crassidisca"><img alt="Archeria crassidisca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg/210px-Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg/280px-Archeria_BW_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="297" /></a></span></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruktererpeton_SW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bruktererpeton fiebigi"><img alt="Bruktererpeton fiebigi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bruktererpeton_SW.png/140px-Bruktererpeton_SW.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bruktererpeton_SW.png/210px-Bruktererpeton_SW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bruktererpeton_SW.png/280px-Bruktererpeton_SW.png 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">Paraphyletic</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">Polyphyletic</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stem_tetrapoda" title="Stem tetrapoda">Stem tetrapoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteolepiformes" title="Osteolepiformes">Osteolepiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteolepididae" title="Osteolepididae">Osteolepididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalichthyiformes" title="Megalichthyiformes">Megalichthyiformes</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristichopteridae" title="Tristichopteridae">Tristichopteridae</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthodontia" title="Labyrinthodontia">Labyrinthodontia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachitomi" title="Rachitomi">Rachitomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostegalia" title="Ichthyostegalia">Ichthyostegalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepospondyli" title="Lepospondyli">Lepospondyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holospondyli" title="Holospondyli">Holospondyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllospondyli" title="Phyllospondyli">Phyllospondyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracosauria" title="Anthracosauria">Anthracosauria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods" title="Evolution of tetrapods">Evolution of tetrapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydactyly_in_stem-tetrapods" title="Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods">Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romer%27s_gap" title="Romer's gap">Romer's gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_fish_evolution#Fish_to_tetrapods" title="Timeline of fish evolution">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachelmie_trackways" title="Zachelmie trackways">Zachelmie trackways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tetrapodomorphs" title="Category:Tetrapodomorphs">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolution" title="Template:Evolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolution" title="Template talk:Evolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" title="Reciprocal altruism">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">Evolutionary arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">Evolutionary pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">Homology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonadaptive_radiation" title="Nonadaptive radiation">Non-adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">Handicap principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene-centered view of evolution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population<br />genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Artificial selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness" title="Inclusive fitness">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_flowering_plants" title="Sexual selection in flowering plants">Flowering plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_fungi" title="Sexual selection in fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)" title="Canalisation (genetics)">Canalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_assimilation" title="Genetic assimilation">Genetic assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Inversion (evolutionary biology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">Modularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">Phenotypic plasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bacteria" title="Evolution of bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_brachiopods" title="Evolution of brachiopods">Brachiopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_molluscs" title="Evolution of molluscs">Molluscs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cephalopods" title="Evolution of cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur#Evolutionary_history" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_insects" title="Evolution of insects">Insects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_butterflies" title="Evolution of butterflies">butterflies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_gap" title="Cat gap">cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canidae#Evolution" title="Canidae">canids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf" title="Evolution of the wolf">wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyena#Evolution" title="Hyena">hyenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">dolphins and whales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Macropodidae" title="Evolution of Macropodidae">Kangaroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_primates" title="Evolution of primates">primates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_lemurs" title="Evolution of lemurs">lemurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sirenians" title="Evolution of sirenians">sea cows</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator-mediated_selection" title="Pollinator-mediated selection">pollinator-mediated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_reptiles" title="Evolution of reptiles">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_spiders" title="Evolution of spiders">Spiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods" title="Evolution of tetrapods">Tetrapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_evolution" title="Viral evolution">Viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cells" title="Evolution of cells">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_DNA_evolution" title="Models of DNA evolution">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_flagella" title="Evolution of flagella">Flagella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote#Origin_of_eukaryotes" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">symbiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome#Eukaryotes" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomembrane_system#Evolution" title="Endomembrane system">endomembrane system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion#Origin_and_evolution" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus#Evolution" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid#Origin" title="Plastid">plastids</a></li></ul></li> <li>In animals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair#Evolution" title="Hair">hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles" title="Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles">auditory ossicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">brain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_ageing" title="Evolution of ageing">Aging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death#Evolution_of_aging_and_mortality" title="Death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death#Evolutionary_origin_of_mitochondrial_apoptosis" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Avian flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_biological_complexity" title="Evolution of biological complexity">Biological complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Color vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">in primates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy#Evolution_across_species" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_eusociality" title="Evolution of eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system#Evolution_and_other_mechanisms" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism#Evolution" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_evolution" title="Mosaic evolution">Mosaic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism#Evolutionary_history" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy#Evolution" title="Anisogamy">Gamete differentiation/sexes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">Life cycles/nuclear phases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">Mating types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_and_function_of_meiosis" title="Origin and function of meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system#Evolution" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_snake_venom" title="Evolution of snake venom">Snake venom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempo_and_Mode_in_Evolution" title="Tempo and Mode in Evolution">Tempo and modes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyletic_gradualism" title="Phyletic gradualism">Gradualism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_mutation" title="Point mutation">Micromutation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutationism#Later_mutationist_theories" title="Mutationism">Macromutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">Allopatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">Anagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catagenesis_(biology)" title="Catagenesis (biology)">Catagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">Cladogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cospeciation" title="Cospeciation">Cospeciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_speciation" title="Ecological speciation">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonecological_speciation" title="Nonecological speciation">Non-ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" title="Parapatric speciation">Parapatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">Peripatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_(speciation)" title="Reinforcement (speciation)">Reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" title="Sympatric speciation">Sympatric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Transmutation of species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blending_inheritance" title="Blending inheritance">Blending inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">The eclipse of Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">History of molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" title="Extended evolutionary synthesis">Extended evolutionary synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">Mutationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" title="Structuralism (biology)">Structuralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">Spandrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology in biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fins,_limbs_and_wings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fins,_limbs_and_wings" title="Template:Fins, limbs and wings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fins,_limbs_and_wings" title="Template talk:Fins, limbs and wings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fins,_limbs_and_wings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fins, limbs and wings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fins,_limbs_and_wings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">Fins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">Fins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_locomotion" title="Aquatic locomotion">Aquatic locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_fin" title="Cephalopod fin">Cephalopod fin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Fish locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fin_and_flipper_locomotion" title="Fin and flipper locomotion">Fin and flipper locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">Caudal fin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">Dorsal fin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fin" title="Fish fin">Fish fin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flipper_(anatomy)" title="Flipper (anatomy)">Flipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Lobe-finned fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Ray-finned fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fins">Pectoral fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_fin" title="Pelvic fin">Pelvic fin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fin and limb"><img alt="Fin and limb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg/140px-Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg/210px-Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg/280px-Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="957" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limb_development" title="Limb development">Limb development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_foot_morphology" title="Comparative foot morphology">Limb morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digitigrade" title="Digitigrade">digitigrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantigrade" title="Plantigrade">plantigrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unguligrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Unguligrade">unguligrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniped" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniped">uniped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">biped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facultative_biped" class="mw-redirect" title="Facultative biped">facultative biped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripedal">triped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrupedalism" title="Quadrupedalism">quadruped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">Arthropod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_limb" title="Cephalopod limb">Cephalopod</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Limbs">Tetrapod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dactyly" title="Dactyly">dactyly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)" title="Digit (anatomy)">Digit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webbed_foot" title="Webbed foot">Webbed foot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">Wings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals" title="Flying and gliding animals">Flying and gliding animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_wing_development" title="Bat wing development">Bat wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_wing" title="Bird wing">Bird wing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keel_(bird_anatomy)" title="Keel (bird anatomy)">keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Skeletal_system" title="Bird anatomy">skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_feather" title="Flight feather">feathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">Insect wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterosaur#Wings" title="Pterosaur">Pterosaur wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">Wingspan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods" title="Evolution of tetrapods">Evolution of tetrapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Evolution of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Origin of avian flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">Evolution of cetaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">Comparative anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergent evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogy (biology)">Analogous structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">Homologous structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">Animal locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">Gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Robot locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_(fruit)" title="Samara (fruit)">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">Terrestrial locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water" title="Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water">Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_locomotion_in_living_systems" title="Rotating locomotion in living systems">Rotating locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Tetrapoda</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19159" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q19159">Q19159</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tetrapoda/">Tetrapoda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id16226">16226</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46557930">46557930</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=914181">914181</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=32523">32523</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=137279">137279</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1831">1831</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19159#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4188276-3">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&oldid=1260407406">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&oldid=1260407406</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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