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aria-controls="toc-Chronology_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chronology and history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chronology_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Minoan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Minoan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early Minoan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Minoan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Minoan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Minoan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Minoan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Minoan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Minoan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Minoan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Late Minoan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Minoan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Major settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_Crete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_Crete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Beyond Crete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond_Crete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewelry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewelry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Jewelry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewelry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Metal vessels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Agriculture and cuisine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Agriculture_and_cuisine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Agriculture and cuisine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Status of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Language and writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Burial practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Palaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plumbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plumbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Plumbing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plumbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Columns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Villas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare_and_the_"Minoan_peace"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare_and_the_"Minoan_peace""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Warfare and the "Minoan peace"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Warfare_and_the_"Minoan_peace"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Warfare and the "Minoan peace" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Warfare_and_the_"Minoan_peace"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Genetic and anthropometric studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Minoan civilization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino%C3%AFese_beskawing" title="Minoïese beskawing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Minoïese beskawing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حضارة مينوسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حضارة مينوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n_minoica" title="Civilización minoica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Civilización minoica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մինոասեան քաղաքակրթութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մինոասեան քաղաքակրթութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n_minoica" title="Civilización minoica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Civilización minoica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoy_sivilizasiyas%C4%B1" title="Minoy sivilizasiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Minoy sivilizasiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="মিনোয়ান সভ্যতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিনোয়ান সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minos_b%C3%BBn-b%C3%AAng" title="Minos bûn-bêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Minos bûn-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мінойская цывілізацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мінойская цывілізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мінойская цывілізацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мінойская цывілізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Минойска цивилизация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Минойска цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minojska_civilizacija" title="Minojska civilizacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Minojska civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilitzaci%C3%B3_minoica" title="Civilització minoica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Civilització minoica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADnojsk%C3%A1_civilizace" title="Mínojská civilizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mínojská civilizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwareiddiad_Minoaidd" title="Gwareiddiad Minoaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwareiddiad Minoaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoisk_kultur" title="Minoisk kultur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Minoisk kultur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoische_Kultur" title="Minoische Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minoische Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minose_kultuur" title="Minose kultuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Minose kultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μινωικός πολιτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μινωικός πολιτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n_minoica" title="Civilización minoica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Civilización minoica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoa_civilizo" title="Minoa civilizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Minoa civilizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zibilizazio_minoiko" title="Zibilizazio minoiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zibilizazio minoiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="مینوسی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مینوسی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation_minoenne" title="Civilisation minoenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Civilisation minoenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoyske_beskaving" title="Minoyske beskaving – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Minoyske beskaving" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Mion%C3%B3igh" title="Na Mionóigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Mionóigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n_minoica" title="Civilización minoica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Civilización minoica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85" title="미노스 문명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미노스 문명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մինոյան քաղաքակրթություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մինոյան քաղաքակրթություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="मिनोआई सभ्यता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिनोआई सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minojska_kultura" title="Minojska kultura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Minojska kultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minos-kulturo" title="Minos-kulturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Minos-kulturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peradaban_Minoa" title="Peradaban Minoa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peradaban Minoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation_minoan" title="Civilisation minoan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Civilisation minoan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADn%C3%B3%C3%ADsk_menning" title="Mínóísk menning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mínóísk menning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0_minoica" title="Civiltà minoica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Civiltà minoica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התרבות המינואית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התרבות המינואית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="მინოსის კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინოსის კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Миной өркениеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миной өркениеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Minoa" title="Cultura Minoa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cultura Minoa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABnojie%C5%A1u_civiliz%C4%81cija" title="Mīnojiešu civilizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mīnojiešu civilizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoesch_Kultur" title="Minoesch Kultur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Minoesch Kultur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino_civilizacija" title="Mino civilizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mino civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilia_Minoan" title="Sivilia Minoan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sivilia Minoan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%C3%B3szi_civiliz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Minószi civilizáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Minószi civilizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Минојска цивилизација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минојска цивилизација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilizasiona_min%C3%B4ana" title="Sivilizasiona minôana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sivilizasiona minôana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="حضاره مينونيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حضاره مينونيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamadun_Minos" title="Tamadun Minos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tamadun Minos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="မစ်နိုးယန် ယဉ်ကျေးမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မစ်နိုးယန် ယဉ်ကျေးမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino%C3%AFsche_beschaving" title="Minoïsche beschaving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minoïsche beschaving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="ミノア文明 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミノア文明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoisk_kultur" title="Minoisk kultur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Minoisk kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_minoiske_sivilisasjonen" title="Den minoiske sivilisasjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den minoiske sivilisasjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizacion_mino%C3%AFca" title="Civilizacion minoïca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Civilizacion minoïca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoy_sivilizatsiyasi" title="Minoy sivilizatsiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Minoy sivilizatsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_minojska" title="Kultura minojska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura minojska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Minoica" title="Civilização Minoica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Civilização Minoica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%C8%9Bia_minoic%C4%83" title="Civilizația minoică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Civilizația minoică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Минойская цивилизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минойская цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qytet%C3%ABrimi_minoan" title="Qytetërimi minoan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qytetërimi minoan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Minoan civilization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minojsk%C3%A1_kult%C3%BAra" title="Minojská kultúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Minojská kultúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minojska_doba" title="Minojska doba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Minojska doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Минојска цивилизација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Минојска цивилизација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minojska_civilizacija" title="Minojska civilizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Minojska civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minolainen_kulttuuri" title="Minolainen kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Minolainen kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoiska_kulturen" title="Minoiska kulturen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minoiska kulturen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabihasnang_Minoan" title="Kabihasnang Minoan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabihasnang Minoan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta 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href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilisation&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan civilisation">Minoan civilisation</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bronze Age civilization on Crete and other Aegean Islands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Minoan" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Minoan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Minoan (disambiguation)">Minoan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Minoan civilization</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Minoan_Crete-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_Minoan_Crete-en.svg/220px-Map_Minoan_Crete-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_Minoan_Crete-en.svg/330px-Map_Minoan_Crete-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_Minoan_Crete-en.svg/440px-Map_Minoan_Crete-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, additional settlements around <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major sites</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phaistos" title="Phaistos">Phaistos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada" title="Hagia Triada">Hagia Triada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malia_(archaeological_site)" title="Malia (archaeological site)">Malia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakros" title="Zakros">Zakros</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Crete">Neolithic Crete</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Greece" title="Category:History of Greece">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of <span class="fn org label">Greece</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Greece,_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli;_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000"><img alt="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/250px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/375px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/500px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9411" data-file-height="6605" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Greek Bronze Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic chronology</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100–1000</span> BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minoan</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100–1100</span> BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750–1050</span> BC)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> <small>(1100 BC–750 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> <small>(800 BC–480 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> <small>(500 BC–323 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a> <small>(323 BC–31 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a> <small>(146 BC–330 AD)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Medieval Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish and Latin states</a> <small>(1204-1579)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian Crete</a> <small>(1205-1667)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian Islands</a> <small>(1363-1797)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> <small>(1371-1912)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> <small>(1800-1807)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <small>(1821-1829)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1822-1832)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> <small>(1832-1924, 1935-1973)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a> <small>(1914/15-1917)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1924-1935)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a> <small>(1936-1941)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Collaborationist regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Political Committee of National Liberation">Free Greece</a>) <small>(1941-1944)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a> <small>(1946-1949)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Military Junta</a> <small>(1967-1974)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1974-)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece#History" title="Church of Greece">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Ethnonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greek music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/16px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/24px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Greece" title="Template talk:History of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Minoan civilization</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> culture which was centered on the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. Known for its monumental architecture and <a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">energetic art</a>, it is often regarded as the first civilization in Europe. The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan palace">Minoan palaces</a> at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phaistos" title="Phaistos">Phaistos</a> are popular tourist attractions. </p><p>The Minoan civilization developed from the local <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Crete">Neolithic</a> culture around 3100<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, with complex urban settlements beginning around 2000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. After <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span class="nowrap"> </span>1450<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, they came under the cultural and perhaps political domination of the mainland <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a>, forming a hybrid culture which lasted until around 1100<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. </p><p>Minoan art included elaborately decorated <a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_seals" title="Minoan seals">seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">figurines</a>, and colorful <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>. Typical subjects include nature and ritual. Minoan art is often described as having a fantastical or ecstatic quality, with figures rendered in a manner suggesting motion. </p><p>Little is known about the structure of Minoan society. Minoan art contains no unambiguous depiction of a monarch, and textual evidence suggests they may have had some other form of governance. Likewise, it is unclear whether there was ever a unified Minoan state. Religious practices included worship at <a href="/wiki/Peak_sanctuaries" title="Peak sanctuaries">peak sanctuaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_caves_of_Crete" title="Sacred caves of Crete">sacred caves</a>, but nothing is certain regarding their <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a>. The Minoans constructed enormous labyrinthine buildings which their initial excavators labeled <a href="/wiki/Minoan_palaces" title="Minoan palaces">Minoan palaces</a>. Subsequent research has shown that they served a variety of religious and economic purposes rather than being royal residences, though their exact role in Minoan society is a matter of continuing debate. </p><p>The Minoans traded extensively, exporting agricultural products and luxury crafts in exchange for raw metals which were difficult to obtain on Crete. Through traders and artisans, their cultural influence reached beyond Crete to the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean. Minoan craftsmen were employed by foreign elites, for instance to paint <a href="/wiki/Minoan_frescoes_from_Tell_el-Daba" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Daba">frescoes at Avaris</a> in Egypt. </p><p>The Minoans developed two <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan hieroglyphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a>. Because neither script has been fully <a href="/wiki/Decipherment" title="Decipherment">deciphered</a>, the identity of the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a> is unknown. Based on what is known, the language is regarded as unlikely to belong to a well-attested <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>. After 1450 BC, a modified version of Linear A known as <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> was used to write <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, which had become the language of administration on Crete. The <a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a> attested in a few post-Bronze Age inscriptions may be a descendant of the Minoan language. </p><p>Largely forgotten after the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>, the Minoan civilization was rediscovered in the early twentieth century through <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological excavation</a>. The term "Minoan" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a>, who excavated at Knossos and recognized it as culturally distinct from the mainland Mycenaean culture. Soon after, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Halbherr" title="Federico Halbherr">Federico Halbherr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pernier" title="Luigi Pernier">Luigi Pernier</a> excavated the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Phaistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Phaistos">Palace of Phaistos</a> and the nearby settlement of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada" title="Hagia Triada">Hagia Triada</a>. A major breakthrough occurred in 1952, when <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ventris" title="Michael Ventris">Michael Ventris</a> deciphered Linear B, drawing on earlier work by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Kober" title="Alice Kober">Alice Kober</a>. This decipherment unlocked a crucial source of information on the economics and social organization in the final year of the palace. Minoan sites continue to be excavated, recent discoveries including the <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Armeni_(archaeological_site)" title="Armeni (archaeological site)">Armeni</a> and the harbour town of <a href="/wiki/Kommos_(Crete)" title="Kommos (Crete)">Kommos</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fresco of an acrobat straddling a bull, with two helpers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_%28cropped%29.jpg/420px-Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_%28cropped%29.jpg/560px-Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3686" data-file-height="1933" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bull-Leaping_Fresco" title="Bull-Leaping Fresco">Bull-Leaping Fresco</a></i> found at Knossos</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern term "Minoan" is derived from the name of the mythical <a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">King Minos</a>, who the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greeks</a> believed to have ruled <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> in the distant past. It was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a>, possibly drawing on an earlier suggestion by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hoeck" title="Karl Hoeck">Karl Hoeck</a>. It is a modern coinage and not used by the Minoans, whose name for themselves is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-NK_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> referred to the Minoans as the <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kftjw#Proper_noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:kftjw">kftjw</a></i></span> (vocalized as "<span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn">Keftiu</i></span>" in modern <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language#Egyptological_pronunciation" title="Egyptian language">Egyptological pronunciation</a>). It is not known whether this was an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> or if it was an <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> originating in the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strange_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strange-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potentially related terms were used by a variety of <a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Eastern">Near Eastern</a> cultures, and the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> term <b>Caphtor</b> has sometimes been identified with Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-Strange_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strange-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology_and_history">Chronology and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chronology and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Minoan_chronology" title="Minoan chronology">Minoan chronology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">Minoan pottery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption#Eruption_dating" title="Minoan eruption">Dating the Thera eruption</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright border: gray solid 1px; text-align: center; background: white;"> <caption>Minoan chronology </caption> <tbody><tr style="background: #ececec;"> <th>Timespan</th> <th colspan="2">Period </th></tr> <tr> <td>3100–2650<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>EM I </td> <td rowspan="4">Prepalatial </td></tr> <tr> <td>2650–2200<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td> <td>EM II </td></tr> <tr> <td>2200–2100<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td> <td>EM III </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100–1925<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td> <td>MM IA </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925–1875<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td> <td>MM IB </td> <td rowspan="2">Protopalatial </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875–1750<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td> <td>MM II </td></tr> <tr> <td>1750–1700<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td> <td>MM III </td> <td rowspan="3">Neopalatial </td></tr> <tr> <td>1700–1625<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td> <td>LM IA </td></tr> <tr> <td>1625–1470<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td> <td>LM IB </td></tr> <tr> <td>1470–1420<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td> <td>LM II </td> <td rowspan="4">Postpalatial </td></tr> <tr> <td>1420–1330<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td> <td>LM IIIA </td></tr> <tr> <td>1330–1200<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td> <td>LM IIIB </td></tr> <tr> <td>1200–1075<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td> <td>LM IIIC </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Two systems of <a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">relative chronology</a> are used for the Minoans. The first, based on <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> styles, divides Minoan history into three major periods: Early Minoan (EM), Middle Minoan (MM) and Late Minoan (LM). These periods can be divided using Roman numerals (e.g. EM I, EM II, EM III), which can be further divided using capital letters (e.g. LM IIIA, LMIIIB, LM IIIC). An alternative system, proposed by Greek archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Platon" title="Nikolaos Platon">Nikolaos Platon</a>, divides Minoan history into four periods termed Prepalatial, Protopalatial, Neopalatial, and Postpalatial. </p><p>Establishing an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">absolute chronology</a> has proved difficult. Archaeologists have attempted to determine calendar dates by synchronizing the periods of Minoan history with those of their better understood contemporaries. For example, Minoan artifacts from the LM IB period have been found in <a href="/wiki/18th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Dynasty">18th Dynasty</a> contexts in Egypt, for which <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian chronology</a> provides calendar dates. However, dates determined in this manner do not always match the results of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">carbon dating</a> and other methods based on <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a>. Much of the controversy concerns the dating of the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption" title="Minoan eruption">eruption of Thera</a>, which is known to have occurred towards the end of the LM IA period. While carbon dating places this event (and thus LM IA) around 1600 BC, synchronism with Egyptian records would place it roughly a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins"><span class="anchor" id="Historical_overview"></span> Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Crete">Neolithic Crete</a></div> <p>Although stone-tool evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominins</a> may have reached Crete as early as 130,000 years ago, evidence for the first anatomically modern human presence dates to 10,000–12,000 <a href="/wiki/YBP" class="mw-redirect" title="YBP">YBP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest evidence of modern human habitation on Crete is pre-ceramic <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> farming-community remains which date to about 7000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comparative study of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroups">haplogroups</a> of modern Cretan men showed that a male founder group, from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, is shared with the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Neolithic population lived in open villages. Fishermen's huts were found on the shores, and the fertile <a href="/wiki/Messara_Plain" title="Messara Plain">Messara Plain</a> was used for agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-bengtson_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bengtson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Minoan">Early Minoan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Minoan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMC_Early_Minoan_bird-shaped_vessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Early Minoan vessel shaped like a bird." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/AMC_Early_Minoan_bird-shaped_vessel.jpg/150px-AMC_Early_Minoan_bird-shaped_vessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/AMC_Early_Minoan_bird-shaped_vessel.jpg/225px-AMC_Early_Minoan_bird-shaped_vessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/AMC_Early_Minoan_bird-shaped_vessel.jpg/300px-AMC_Early_Minoan_bird-shaped_vessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>An Early Minoan bird-shaped vessel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Minoan society developed largely continuously from local Neolithic predecessors, with some cultural influence and perhaps migration from eastern populations. This period saw a gradual shift from localized clan-based villages towards the more urbanized and stratified society of later periods.<sup id="cite_ref-TomkinsSchoepHandbook_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomkinsSchoepHandbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>EM I</b> (c. 3100-2650 BC) is marked by the appearance of the first painted ceramics. Continuing a trend that began during the Neolithic, settlements grew in size and complexity, and spread from fertile plains towards highland sites and islands as the Minoans learned to exploit less hospitable terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-TomkinsSchoepHandbook_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomkinsSchoepHandbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>EM II</b> (c. 2650-2200 BC) has been termed an international era. Trade intensified and Minoan ships began sailing beyond the Aegean to Egypt and Syria, possibly enabled by the invention of masted ships. Minoan material culture shows increased international influence, for instance in the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Minoan_seals" title="Minoan seals">Minoan seals</a> based on the older <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_Eastern_seals_and_sealing_practices" title="Ancient Near Eastern seals and sealing practices">Near Eastern seal</a>. Minoan settlements grew, some doubling in size, and monumental buildings were constructed at sites that would later become palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-TomkinsSchoepHandbook_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomkinsSchoepHandbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>EM III</b> (c. 2200-2100 BC) saw the continuation of these trends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Minoan">Middle Minoan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Minoan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Knossos_Crete_Greece_(44812341684).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="West facade of the Palace at Knossos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Palace_of_Knossos_Crete_Greece_%2844812341684%29.jpg/280px-Palace_of_Knossos_Crete_Greece_%2844812341684%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Palace_of_Knossos_Crete_Greece_%2844812341684%29.jpg/420px-Palace_of_Knossos_Crete_Greece_%2844812341684%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Palace_of_Knossos_Crete_Greece_%2844812341684%29.jpg/560px-Palace_of_Knossos_Crete_Greece_%2844812341684%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The western façade of the Palace at Knossos. Like other palaces, it was built during the Middle Minoan era but continually renovated throughout its existence.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>MM I</b> (c. 2100–1875 BC) saw the emergence of Protopalatial society. During MM IA (c. 2100-1925 BC), populations increased dramatically at sites such as Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia, accompanied by major construction projects. During MM IB (c. 1925-1875 BC), the first palaces were built at these sites, in areas which had been used for communal ceremonies since the Neolithic. Middle Minoan artisans developed new colorful paints and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a> during MM IB, producing wares such as <a href="/wiki/Kamares_ware" title="Kamares ware">Kamares ware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TomkinsSchoepHandbook_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomkinsSchoepHandbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchoepHandbook_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchoepHandbook-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Minoan_Pottery_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minoan_Pottery-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>MM II</b> (c. 1875–1700 BC) saw the development of the Minoan writing systems, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan hieroglyphic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a>. It ended with mass destructions generally attributed to earthquakes, though violent destruction has been considered as an alternative explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-SchoepHandbook_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchoepHandbook-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>MM III</b> (c. 1750–1700 BC) marks the beginning of the Neopalatial period. Most of the palaces were rebuilt with architectural innovations, with the notable exception of Phaistos. Cretan hieroglyphs were abandoned in favor of Linear A, and Minoan cultural influence becomes significant in mainland Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-SchoepHandbook_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchoepHandbook-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-welwei_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welwei-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Minoan">Late Minoan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Minoan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Late Minoan period was an eventful time that saw profound change in Minoan society. Many of the most recognizable Minoan artifacts date from this time, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines" title="Minoan snake goddess figurines">snake goddess figurines</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Parisienne_(fresco)" title="La Parisienne (fresco)">La Parisienne Fresco</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery#Marine_style" title="Minoan pottery">marine style</a> of pottery decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-HallagerHandbook_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallagerHandbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Late Minoan I</b> (c. 1700-1470 BC) was a continuation of the prosperous Neopalatial culture. A notable event from this era was the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption" title="Minoan eruption">eruption of the Thera volcano</a>, which occurred around 1600 BC towards the end of the LM IA subperiod.<sup id="cite_ref-HallagerHandbook_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallagerHandbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the largest volcanic explosions in recorded history, it ejected about 60 to 100 cubic kilometres (14 to 24 cu mi) of material and was measured at 7 on the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">Volcanic Explosivity Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McCoy2002_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCoy2002-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sigurdsson_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigurdsson-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the eruption destroyed <a href="/wiki/Cycladic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycladic">Cycladic</a> settlements such as <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a> and led to the abandonment of some sites in northeast Crete, other Minoan sites such as Knossos continued to prosper. The post-eruption LM IB period (c.1625-1470) saw ambitious new building projects, booming international trade, and artistic developments such as the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery#Marine_style" title="Minoan pottery">marine style</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HallagerHandbook_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallagerHandbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMI_-_Oktopusvase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Minoan vase featuring an octopus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/AMI_-_Oktopusvase.jpg/250px-AMI_-_Oktopusvase.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/AMI_-_Oktopusvase.jpg/375px-AMI_-_Oktopusvase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/AMI_-_Oktopusvase.jpg/500px-AMI_-_Oktopusvase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery#Marine_style" title="Minoan pottery">Marine Style</a> vase from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BC</span> found in Palaikastro, and commonly known as the <i>Octopus Vase</i>; typical of the Late Minoan IB period that followed the eruption of Thera. It is currently in the <a href="/wiki/Heraklion_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraklion Museum">Heraklion Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Late Minoan IB (c. 1625-1470 BC) ended with severe destructions throughout the island, marking the end of Neopalatial society. These destructions are thought to have been deliberate, since they spared certain sites in a manner inconsistent with natural disasters. For instance, the town at Knossos burned while the palace itself did not. The causes of these destructions have been a perennial topic of debate. While some researchers attributed them to Mycenaean conquerors, others have argued that they were the result of internal upheavals. Similarly, while some researchers have attempted to link them to lingering environmental disruption from the Thera eruption, others have argued that the two events are too distant in time for any causal relation.<sup id="cite_ref-HallagerHandbook_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallagerHandbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Late Minoan II</b> (c. 1470-1420 BC) is sparsely represented in the archaeological record, but appears to have been a period of decline.<sup id="cite_ref-HallagerHandbook_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallagerHandbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Late Minoan III</b> (c. 1420-1075 BC) shows profound social and political changes. Among the palaces, only Knossos remained in use, though it too was destroyed by LM IIIB2. The language of administration shifted to <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> and material culture shows increased mainland influence, reflecting the rise of a Greek-speaking elite.<sup id="cite_ref-HallagerHandbook_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallagerHandbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Late Minoan IIIC (c. 1200-1075 BC), coinciding with the wider <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>, coastal settlements were abandoned in favor of defensible locations on higher ground. These small villages, some of which grew out of earlier mountain shrines, continued aspects of recognizably Minoan culture until the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Early Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HallagerHandbook_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallagerHandbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Minoan Civilization was centered on the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, with additional settlements around the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. Crete is located in the south of the Aegean, situated along maritime trade routes that connect <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Because it straddles the Mediterranean and African climate zones, with land at a variety of elevations, it provides a diverse array of natural resources. However, it is notably poor in metals, a fact believed to have spurred the Minoans' interest in international trade. The island is seismically active, with signs of earthquake damage at many Minoan sites. The majority of Minoan sites are found in central and eastern Crete, with few in the western part of the island, especially to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_settlements">Major settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Major settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg/250px-Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg/375px-Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg/500px-Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Palace of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, the largest Minoan palace</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> – the largest<sup id="cite_ref-Thera_and_the_Aegean_World_III_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thera_and_the_Aegean_World_III-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete. Knossos had an estimated population of 1,300 to 2,000 in 2500<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, 18,000 in 2000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, 20,000 to 100,000 in 1600<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC and 30,000 in 1360<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaistos" title="Phaistos">Phaistos</a> – the second-largest<sup id="cite_ref-Thera_and_the_Aegean_World_III_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thera_and_the_Aegean_World_III-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> palatial building on the island, excavated by the Italian school shortly after Knossos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada" title="Hagia Triada">Hagia Triada</a> – town and administrative center near Phaistos which has yielded the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> tablets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommos_(Crete)" title="Kommos (Crete)">Kommos</a> – harbour town serving Phaistos and Hagia Triada, with civic buildings mirroring palatial architecture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malia_(archaeological_site)" title="Malia (archaeological site)">Malia</a> – the subject of French excavations, a palatial center which provides a look into the proto-palatial period</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kato_Zakros" class="mw-redirect" title="Kato Zakros">Kato Zakros</a> – sea-side palatial site excavated by Greek archaeologists in the far east of the island, also known as "Zakro" in archaeological literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatas_Palace" title="Galatas Palace">Galatas</a> – confirmed as a palatial site during the early 1990s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydonia" title="Kydonia">Kydonia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a>), the only palatial site in West Crete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gournia" title="Gournia">Gournia</a> – town site excavated in the first quarter of the 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtos_Pyrgos" title="Myrtos Pyrgos">Pyrgos</a> – early Minoan site in southern Crete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasiliki,_Lasithi" title="Vasiliki, Lasithi">Vasiliki</a> – early eastern Minoan site which gives its name to distinctive ceramic ware</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fournou_Korifi" title="Fournou Korifi">Fournou Korfi</a> – southern site</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseira" title="Pseira">Pseira</a> – island town with ritual sites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Juktas" title="Mount Juktas">Mount Juktas</a> – the greatest Minoan peak sanctuary, associated with the palace of Knossos<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkalochori" title="Arkalochori">Arkalochori</a> – site of the <a href="/wiki/Arkalochori_Axe" title="Arkalochori Axe">Arkalochori Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karfi" title="Karfi">Karfi</a> – refuge site, one of the last Minoan sites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a> – settlement on the island of <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a> (Thera), near the site of the <a href="/wiki/Thera_Eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera Eruption">Thera Eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zominthos" title="Zominthos">Zominthos</a> – mountainous city in the northern foothills of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Mount Ida</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minoan_fresco,_showing_a_fleet_and_settlement_Akrotiri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colorful, detailed fresco with people and animals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Minoan_fresco%2C_showing_a_fleet_and_settlement_Akrotiri.jpg/250px-Minoan_fresco%2C_showing_a_fleet_and_settlement_Akrotiri.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Minoan_fresco%2C_showing_a_fleet_and_settlement_Akrotiri.jpg/375px-Minoan_fresco%2C_showing_a_fleet_and_settlement_Akrotiri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Minoan_fresco%2C_showing_a_fleet_and_settlement_Akrotiri.jpg/500px-Minoan_fresco%2C_showing_a_fleet_and_settlement_Akrotiri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Detail of <a href="/wiki/Minoan_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan painting">Minoan painting</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a>, the <i>Ship Procession</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beyond_Crete"><span class="anchor" id="Minoans_beyond_Crete"></span>Beyond Crete</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beyond Crete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros,_Crete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rectangular copper, oxidized green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/250px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/375px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/500px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Minoan <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Minoans were traders, and their cultural contacts reached <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> and the Levantine coast and Anatolia. Minoan-style frescoes have been found at elite residences in <a href="/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris">Avaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Kabri" title="Tel Kabri">Tel Kabri</a>. Minoan techniques and ceramic styles had varying degrees of influence on <a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic Greece</a>. Along with Santorini, Minoan settlements are found<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Kastri,_Kythera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastri, Kythera">Kastri, Kythera</a>, an island near the Greek mainland influenced by the Minoans from the mid-third millennium<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC (EMII) to its Mycenaean occupation in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minoan strata replaced a mainland-derived early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> culture, the earliest Minoan settlement outside Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cyclades were in the Minoan cultural orbit and, closer to Crete, the islands of <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saria_Island" title="Saria Island">Saria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a> also contained middle-Bronze Age (MMI-II) Minoan colonies or settlements of Minoan traders. Most were abandoned in LMI, but Karpathos recovered and continued its Minoan culture until the end of the Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other supposed Minoan colonies, such as that hypothesized by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Adolf Furtwängler">Adolf Furtwängler</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>, were later dismissed by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was a Minoan colony at <a href="/wiki/Ialysos" title="Ialysos">Ialysos</a> on <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cretans_Bringing_Gifts,_Tomb_of_Rekhmire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cretans_Bringing_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire.jpg/220px-Cretans_Bringing_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cretans_Bringing_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire.jpg/330px-Cretans_Bringing_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cretans_Bringing_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire.jpg/440px-Cretans_Bringing_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3160" data-file-height="3705" /></a><figcaption>Cretans (<span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn">kftjw</i></span>) bringing gifts to Egypt, in the <a href="/wiki/TT100" title="TT100">Tomb of Rekhmire</a>, under Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Thutmosis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Thutmosis III">Thutmosis III</a> (c. 1479-1425<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>Minoan cultural influence indicates an orbit extending through the Cyclades to Egypt and Cyprus. Fifteenth-century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC paintings in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes, Egypt</a> depict Minoan-appearing individuals bearing gifts. Inscriptions describing them as coming from <i>keftiu</i> ("islands in the middle of the sea") may refer to gift-bringing merchants or officials from Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some locations on Crete indicate that the Minoans were an "outward-looking" society.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neo-palatial site of <a href="/wiki/Kato_Zakros" class="mw-redirect" title="Kato Zakros">Kato Zakros</a> is located within 100 meters of the modern shoreline in a bay. Its large number of workshops and wealth of site materials indicate a possible <i><a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a></i> for trade. Such activities are seen in artistic representations of the sea, including the <i>Ship Procession</i> or "Flotilla" fresco in room five of the West House at <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, archaeologists discovered a Minoan bronze dagger with silver rivets in an ancient shipwreck at <a href="/wiki/Kumluca" title="Kumluca">Kumluca</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya Province</a>. According to the researchers, the discovery highlights the cultural and commercial exchanges in the Mediterranean during the bronze age.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art"><span class="anchor" id="Painting"></span>Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan art</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_of_cult_procession_from_Knossos_(Corridor_of_Procession)_-_Heraklion_AM_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wall_painting_of_cult_procession_from_Knossos_%28Corridor_of_Procession%29_-_Heraklion_AM_-_01.jpg/500px-Wall_painting_of_cult_procession_from_Knossos_%28Corridor_of_Procession%29_-_Heraklion_AM_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wall_painting_of_cult_procession_from_Knossos_%28Corridor_of_Procession%29_-_Heraklion_AM_-_01.jpg/750px-Wall_painting_of_cult_procession_from_Knossos_%28Corridor_of_Procession%29_-_Heraklion_AM_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wall_painting_of_cult_procession_from_Knossos_%28Corridor_of_Procession%29_-_Heraklion_AM_-_01.jpg/1000px-Wall_painting_of_cult_procession_from_Knossos_%28Corridor_of_Procession%29_-_Heraklion_AM_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4917" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Procession fresco from Knossos; of the 23 figures, most feet are original, but only the head at extreme right</figcaption></figure> <p>Minoan art is marked by imaginative images and exceptional workmanship. <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Hood" title="Sinclair Hood">Sinclair Hood</a> described an "essential quality of the finest Minoan art, the ability to create an atmosphere of movement and life although following a set of highly formal conventions".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It forms part of the wider grouping of <a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean art</a>, and in later periods came for a time to have a dominant influence over <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic art</a>. Wood and textiles have decomposed, so most surviving examples of Minoan art are <a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">pottery</a>, intricately-carved <a href="/wiki/Minoan_seals" title="Minoan seals">Minoan seals</a>, palace <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a> which include landscapes (but are often mostly "reconstructed"), small sculptures in various materials, jewellery, and metalwork. </p><p>The relationship of Minoan art to that of other contemporary cultures and later <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a> has been much discussed. It clearly dominated <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean art">Mycenaean art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic art</a> of the same periods,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even after Crete was occupied by the Mycenaeans, but only some aspects of the tradition survived the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_fresco_from_Akrotiri,_NAMA_BE_1974.29,_191198.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Spring_fresco_from_Akrotiri%2C_NAMA_BE_1974.29%2C_191198.jpg/220px-Spring_fresco_from_Akrotiri%2C_NAMA_BE_1974.29%2C_191198.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Spring_fresco_from_Akrotiri%2C_NAMA_BE_1974.29%2C_191198.jpg/330px-Spring_fresco_from_Akrotiri%2C_NAMA_BE_1974.29%2C_191198.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Spring_fresco_from_Akrotiri%2C_NAMA_BE_1974.29%2C_191198.jpg/440px-Spring_fresco_from_Akrotiri%2C_NAMA_BE_1974.29%2C_191198.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5439" data-file-height="3626" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Spring Fresco</i> from Akrotiri, Thera, dated to c. 16th century BC. It is currently in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Greece">National Archaeological Museum of Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Minoan art has a variety of subject-matter, much of it appearing across different media, although only some styles of pottery include figurative scenes. <a href="/wiki/Bull-leaping#Minoan_Crete" title="Bull-leaping">Bull-leaping</a> appears in painting and several types of sculpture, and is thought to have had a religious significance; bull's heads are also a popular subject in terracotta and other sculptural materials. There are no figures that appear to be portraits of individuals, or are clearly royal, and the identities of religious figures is often tentative,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with scholars uncertain whether they are deities, clergy or devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equally, whether painted rooms were "shrines" or secular is far from clear; one room in Akrotiri has been argued to be a bedroom, with remains of a bed, or a shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals, including an unusual variety of marine fauna, are often depicted; the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Style">Marine Style</a> is a type of painted palace pottery from MM III and LM IA that paints sea creatures including <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a> spreading all over the vessel, and probably originated from similar frescoed scenes;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes these appear in other media. Scenes of hunting and warfare, and horses and riders, are mostly found in later periods, in works perhaps made by Cretans for a Mycenaean market, or Mycenaean overlords of Crete. </p><p>While Minoan figures, whether human or animal, have a great sense of life and movement, they are often not very accurate, and the species is sometimes impossible to identify; by comparison with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">Ancient Egyptian art</a> they are often more vivid, but less naturalistic.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison with the art of other ancient cultures there is a high proportion of female figures, though the idea that Minoans had only goddesses and no gods is now discounted. Most human figures are in profile or in a version of the Egyptian convention with the head and legs in profile, and the torso seen frontally; but the Minoan figures exaggerate features such as slim male waists and large female breasts.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL.jpg/600px-AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL.jpg/900px-AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL.jpg/1200px-AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5195" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>"Ship Procession" fresco, from Akrotiri</figcaption></figure> <p>What is called <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painting</a> is found in both frescos and on painted pots, and sometimes in other media, but most of the time this consists of plants shown fringing a scene, or dotted around within it. There is a particular visual convention where the surroundings of the main subject are laid out as though seen from above, though individual specimens are shown in profile. This accounts for the rocks being shown all round a scene, with flowers apparently growing down from the top.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seascapes surrounding some scenes of fish and of boats, and in the <i>Ship Procession</i> miniature fresco from <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a>, land with a settlement as well, give a wider landscape than is usual.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest and best collection of Minoan art is in the <a href="/wiki/Heraklion_Archaeological_Museum" title="Heraklion Archaeological Museum">Heraklion Archaeological Museum</a> ("AMH") near <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, on the northern coast of Crete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery">Pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">Minoan pottery</a></div> <p>Many different styles of potted wares and techniques of production are observable throughout the history of Crete. Early Minoan ceramics were characterized by patterns of <a href="/wiki/Spiral" title="Spiral">spirals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangles</a>, curved lines, <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">crosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_bone" title="Fish bone">fish bones</a>, and beak-spouts. However, while many of the artistic motifs are similar in the Early Minoan period, there are many differences that appear in the reproduction of these techniques throughout the island which represent a variety of shifts in taste as well as in power structures.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also many small <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> figurines. </p><p>During the Middle Minoan period, naturalistic designs (such as fish, squid, birds and lilies) were common. In the Late Minoan period, flowers and animals were still characteristic but more variety existed. However, in contrast to later <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_vase_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek vase painting">Ancient Greek vase painting</a>, paintings of human figures are extremely rare,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those of land mammals not common until late periods. Shapes and ornament were often borrowed from metal tableware that has largely not survived, while painted decoration probably mostly derives from frescos.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewelry">Jewelry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jewelry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minoan jewellery has mostly been recovered from graves, and until the later periods much of it consists of <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadems</a> and ornaments for women's hair, though there are also the universal types of rings, bracelets, armlets and necklaces, and many thin pieces that were sewn onto clothing. In the earlier periods gold was the main material, typically hammered very thin.<sup id="cite_ref-Hood_1978,_188-190_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hood_1978,_188-190-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later it seemed to become scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Minoans created elaborate metalwork with imported gold and copper. Bead necklaces, bracelets and hair ornaments appear in the frescoes,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many <a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">labrys</a> pins survive. The Minoans mastered <a href="/wiki/Granulation_(jewellery)" title="Granulation (jewellery)">granulation</a>, as indicated by the <a href="/wiki/Malia_Pendant" title="Malia Pendant">Malia Pendant</a>, a gold pendant featuring bees on a honeycomb.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was overlooked by the 19th-century looters of a royal burial site they called the "Gold Hole".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons">Weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronzedolch_Malia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bronzedolch_Malia_01.jpg/220px-Bronzedolch_Malia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bronzedolch_Malia_01.jpg/330px-Bronzedolch_Malia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bronzedolch_Malia_01.jpg/440px-Bronzedolch_Malia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4403" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption>Dagger with gold hilt and bronze blade, MM, AMH</figcaption></figure> <p>Fine decorated bronze weapons have been found in Crete, especially from LM periods, but they are far less prominent than in the remains of warrior-ruled Mycenae, where the famous shaft-grave burials contain many very richly decorated swords and <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">daggers</a>. In contrast spears and "slashing-knives" tend to be "severely functional".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the decorated weapons were probably made either in Crete, or by Cretans working on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daggers are often the most lavishly decorated, with gold hilts that may be set with jewels, and the middle of the blade decorated with a variety of techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oreficeria_funebre_micenea,_XVI_sec._ac.,_fodero_di_pugnale_con_decorazioni_in_oro_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Oreficeria_funebre_micenea%2C_XVI_sec._ac.%2C_fodero_di_pugnale_con_decorazioni_in_oro_02.JPG/220px-Oreficeria_funebre_micenea%2C_XVI_sec._ac.%2C_fodero_di_pugnale_con_decorazioni_in_oro_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Oreficeria_funebre_micenea%2C_XVI_sec._ac.%2C_fodero_di_pugnale_con_decorazioni_in_oro_02.JPG/330px-Oreficeria_funebre_micenea%2C_XVI_sec._ac.%2C_fodero_di_pugnale_con_decorazioni_in_oro_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Oreficeria_funebre_micenea%2C_XVI_sec._ac.%2C_fodero_di_pugnale_con_decorazioni_in_oro_02.JPG/440px-Oreficeria_funebre_micenea%2C_XVI_sec._ac.%2C_fodero_di_pugnale_con_decorazioni_in_oro_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Blade of the "Lion Hunt Dagger", <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most famous of these are a few inlaid with elaborate scenes in gold and silver set against a black (or now black) "<a href="/wiki/Niello" title="Niello">niello</a>" background, whose actual material and technique have been much discussed. These have long thin scenes running along the centre of the blade, which show the violence typical of the art of Mycenaean Greece, as well as a sophistication in both technique and figurative imagery that is startlingly original in a Greek context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_vessels">Metal vessels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Metal vessels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_cup_from_Vafio_1500_to_1450_BC,_NAMA_1759_080874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Golden_cup_from_Vafio_1500_to_1450_BC%2C_NAMA_1759_080874.jpg/250px-Golden_cup_from_Vafio_1500_to_1450_BC%2C_NAMA_1759_080874.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Golden_cup_from_Vafio_1500_to_1450_BC%2C_NAMA_1759_080874.jpg/375px-Golden_cup_from_Vafio_1500_to_1450_BC%2C_NAMA_1759_080874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Golden_cup_from_Vafio_1500_to_1450_BC%2C_NAMA_1759_080874.jpg/500px-Golden_cup_from_Vafio_1500_to_1450_BC%2C_NAMA_1759_080874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3471" data-file-height="2311" /></a><figcaption>Golden cup from a LH IIA Mycenaean grave at Vapheio, one of a pair known as the "<a href="/wiki/Vaphio" title="Vaphio">Vapheio Cups</a>". This cup is believed to be of Minoan manufacture while its twin is thought to be Mycenaean. <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Metal vessels were produced in Crete from at least as early as EM II (c. 2500<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC) in the Prepalatial period through to LM IA (c. 1450<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC) in the Postpalatial period and perhaps as late as LM IIIB/C (c. 1200<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC),<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is likely that many of the vessels from these later periods were heirlooms from earlier periods.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest were probably made exclusively from <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>, but from the Protopalatial period (MM IB – MM IIA) they were also produced in <a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">arsenical bronze</a> and, subsequently, tin <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_record" title="Archaeological record">archaeological record</a> suggests that mostly cup-type forms were created in precious metals,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the corpus of bronze vessels was diverse, including cauldrons, pans, <a href="/wiki/Hydria" title="Hydria">hydrias</a>, bowls, pitchers, basins, cups, ladles and lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minoan metal vessel tradition influenced that of the Mycenaean culture on <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Greece">mainland Greece</a>, and they are often regarded as the same tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many precious metal vessels found on mainland Greece exhibit Minoan characteristics, and it is thought that these were either imported from Crete or made on the mainland by Minoan metalsmiths working for Mycenaean <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patrons</a> or by Mycenaean smiths who had trained under Minoan masters.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture_and_cuisine"><span class="anchor" id="Agriculture_and_subsistence"></span>Agriculture and cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agriculture and cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan cuisine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campstool_fresco_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Campstool_fresco_1.jpg/250px-Campstool_fresco_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Campstool_fresco_1.jpg/375px-Campstool_fresco_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Campstool_fresco_1.jpg/500px-Campstool_fresco_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>The mostly reconstructed "Campstool <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Fresco</a>" from Knossos</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg/200px-Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg/300px-Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg/400px-Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4592" /></a><figcaption>Bull <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kato_Zakros" class="mw-redirect" title="Kato Zakros">Kato Zakros</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Minoans raised <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">pigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, and grew <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vetch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetch">vetch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>. They also <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">cultivated grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, grew <a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">poppies</a> for <a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">seed</a> and perhaps opium. The Minoans also <a href="/wiki/Apiculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Apiculture">domesticated bees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair_Hood_1971_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_Hood_1971-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vegetables, including <a href="/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, grew wild on Crete. <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a>, and olive trees were also native. <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a> trees and cats (for hunting) were imported from Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minoans adopted <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a> from the Near East, but not <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>. </p><p>They may have practiced <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polyculture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their varied, healthy diet resulted in a population increase. Polyculture theoretically maintains soil fertility and protects against losses due to crop failure. Linear B tablets indicate the importance of orchards (<a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, olives and grapes) in processing crops for "secondary products".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a> in Cretan or <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a> is comparable to butter in northern European cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of fermenting wine from grapes was probably a factor of the "Palace" economies; wine would have been a trade commodity and an item of domestic consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers used wooden <a href="/wiki/Plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Plow">plows</a>, bound with leather to wooden handles and pulled by pairs of <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a>. </p><p>Seafood was also important in Cretan cuisine. The prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Mollusca#Uses_by_humans" title="Mollusca">edible molluscs</a> in site material<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and artistic representations of marine fish and animals (including the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Marine_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Style">Marine Style</a> pottery, such as the LM IIIC "Octopus" <a href="/wiki/Stirrup_jar" title="Stirrup jar">stirrup jar</a>), indicate appreciation and occasional use of fish by the economy. However, scholars believe that these resources were not as significant as grain, olives and animal produce. "Fishing was one of the major activities...but there is as yet no evidence for the way in which they organized their fishing."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An intensification of agricultural activity is indicated by the construction of terraces and dams at Pseira in the Late Minoan period. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1010596_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P1010596_crop.jpg/220px-P1010596_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P1010596_crop.jpg/330px-P1010596_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P1010596_crop.jpg/440px-P1010596_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2214" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>The (incomplete) <i><a href="/wiki/Harvester_Vase" title="Harvester Vase">Harvester Vase</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a>, LM I.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cretan cuisine included wild game: Cretans ate wild deer, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> and meat from livestock. Wild game is now extinct on Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A matter of controversy is whether Minoans made use of the indigenous Cretan megafauna, which are typically thought to have been extinct considerably earlier at 10,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. This is in part due to the possible presence of <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elephant" title="Dwarf elephant">dwarf elephants</a> in contemporary Egyptian art.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all plants and flora were purely functional, and arts depict scenes of lily-gathering in green spaces. The fresco known as the <i>Sacred Grove</i> at Knossos depicts women facing left, flanked by trees. Some scholars have suggested that it is a harvest festival or ceremony to honor the fertility of the soil. Artistic depictions of farming scenes also appear on the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvester_Vase" title="Harvester Vase">Harvester Vase</a></i> (an egg-shaped <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a>), which depicts 27 men led by another carrying bunches of sticks to beat ripe olives from the trees.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discovery of storage areas in the palace compounds has prompted debate. At the second "palace" at Phaistos, rooms on the west side of the structure have been identified as a storage area. Jars, jugs and vessels have been recovered in the area, indicating the complex's possible role as a re-distribution center for agricultural produce. At larger sites such as Knossos, there is evidence of craft specialization (workshops). The palace at Kato Zakro indicates that workshops were integrated into palace structure. The Minoan palatial system may have developed through economic intensification, where an agricultural surplus could support a population of administrators, craftsmen and religious practitioners. The number of sleeping rooms in the palaces indicates that they could have supported a sizable population which was removed from manual labor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools"><span class="anchor" id="Evolution_of_agricultural_tools_in_Minoan_Crete"></span>Tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tools, originally made of wood or bone, were bound to handles with leather straps. During the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, they were made of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> with wooden handles. Due to its round hole, the tool head would spin on the handle. The Minoans developed oval-shaped holes in their tools to fit oval-shaped handles, which prevented spinning.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair_Hood_1971_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_Hood_1971-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tools included double <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a>, double- and single-bladed <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axes</a>, axe-adzes, <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisels</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dauphins_de_knossos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dauphins_de_knossos.jpg/220px-Dauphins_de_knossos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dauphins_de_knossos.jpg/330px-Dauphins_de_knossos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dauphins_de_knossos.jpg/440px-Dauphins_de_knossos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>The Dolphin fresco from Knossos</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from the abundant local agriculture, the Minoans were also a <a href="/wiki/Mercantile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercantile">mercantile</a> people who engaged significantly in overseas trade, and at their peak may well have had a dominant position in international trade over much of the Mediterranean. After 1700<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, their culture indicates a high degree of organization. Minoan-manufactured goods suggest a network of trade with mainland <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and westward as far as the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a> apparently focused on female deities, with women officiants.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While historians and archaeologists have long been skeptical of an outright <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchy</a>, the predominance of female figures in authoritative roles over male ones seems to indicate that Minoan society was matriarchal, and among the most well-supported examples known.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Palace_economy" title="Palace economy">palace economy</a> first gained popularity among Minoan researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now used as a general term for ancient pre-monetary cultures where much of the economy revolved around the collection of crops and other goods by centralized government or religious institutions (the two tending to go together) for redistribution to the population. This is still accepted as an important part of the Minoan economy; all the palaces have very large amounts of space that seems to have been used for storage of agricultural produce, some remains of which have been excavated after they were buried by disasters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> What role, if any, the palaces played in Minoan international trade is unknown, or how this was organized in other ways. The decipherment of Linear A would possibly shed light on this.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saffron_gatherers_detail_Thera_Santorini.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Saffron_gatherers_detail_Thera_Santorini.png/220px-Saffron_gatherers_detail_Thera_Santorini.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Saffron_gatherers_detail_Thera_Santorini.png 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>-gatherer" fresco, from the Minoan site of <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a> on <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Very little is known about the forms of Minoan government, particularly since the Minoan language has not yet been deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used to be believed that the Minoans had a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> supported by a <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This might initially have been a number of monarchies, corresponding with the "palaces" around Crete, but later all taken over by Knossos,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was itself later occupied by Mycenaean overlords. But, in notable contrast to contemporary Egyptian and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> civilizations, "Minoan <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> contains no pictures of recognizable kings",<sup id="cite_ref-:6_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 175">: 175 </span></sup> and in recent decades it has come to be thought that before the presumed Mycenaean invasion around 1450<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, a group of elite families, presumably living in the "villas" and the palaces, controlled both government and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rejecting both a monarchy and an aristocracy, <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Wengrow" title="David Wengrow">David Wengrow</a> recently concluded: "Pretty much all the available evidence from Minoan Crete suggests a system of female political rule – effectively a theocracy of some sort, governed by a college of priestesses."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_of_women">Status of women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Status of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knossos_women_fresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Knossos_women_fresco.jpg/220px-Knossos_women_fresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Knossos_women_fresco.jpg/330px-Knossos_women_fresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Knossos_women_fresco.jpg/440px-Knossos_women_fresco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6064" data-file-height="3779" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of elite Minoan women</figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> Minoan writing has not been deciphered yet, most information available about Minoan women is from various art forms and <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> tablets,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scholarship about Minoan women remains limited.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minoan society was a divided society separating men from women in art illustration, clothing, and societal duties.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, documents written in Linear B have been found documenting Minoan families, wherein spouses and children are not all listed together.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one section, fathers were listed with their sons, while mothers were listed with their daughters in a completely different section apart from the men who lived in the same household, signifying the vast gender divide present in Minoan society.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artistically, women were portrayed very differently from men. Men were often artistically represented with dark skin while women were represented with lighter skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2000_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2000-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minoan dress representation also clearly marks the difference between men and women. Minoan men were often depicted clad in little clothing while women's bodies, specifically later on, were more covered up. While there is evidence that the structure of women's clothing originated as a mirror to the clothing that men wore, fresco art illustrates how women's clothing evolved to be increasingly elaborate throughout the Minoan era.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the evolution of women's clothing, a strong emphasis was placed on the women's sexual characteristics, particularly the breasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2000_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2000-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female clothing throughout the Minoan era emphasized the breasts by exposing cleavage or even the entire breast. Both Minoan women and men were portrayed with "wasp" waists, similar to the modern bodice women continue to wear today.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_of_two_ladies_and_papyrus_plants_from_Akrotiri_(house_of_the_ladies)_-_Thera_MPT_-_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wall_painting_of_two_ladies_and_papyrus_plants_from_Akrotiri_%28house_of_the_ladies%29_-_Thera_MPT_-_04.jpg/180px-Wall_painting_of_two_ladies_and_papyrus_plants_from_Akrotiri_%28house_of_the_ladies%29_-_Thera_MPT_-_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wall_painting_of_two_ladies_and_papyrus_plants_from_Akrotiri_%28house_of_the_ladies%29_-_Thera_MPT_-_04.jpg/270px-Wall_painting_of_two_ladies_and_papyrus_plants_from_Akrotiri_%28house_of_the_ladies%29_-_Thera_MPT_-_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wall_painting_of_two_ladies_and_papyrus_plants_from_Akrotiri_%28house_of_the_ladies%29_-_Thera_MPT_-_04.jpg/360px-Wall_painting_of_two_ladies_and_papyrus_plants_from_Akrotiri_%28house_of_the_ladies%29_-_Thera_MPT_-_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Wall painting from <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Fresco</a> paintings portray three class levels of women; elite women, women of the masses, and servants.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_98-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fourth, smaller class of women are also included among some paintings; women who participated in religious and sacred tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_98-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elite women were depicted in paintings as having a stature twice the size of women in lower classes, as this was a way of emphasizing the important difference between the elite wealthy women and the rest of the female population within society.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_98-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Childcare was a central job for women within Minoan society.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other roles outside the household that have been identified as women's duties are food gathering, food preparation, and household care-taking.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, it has been found that women were represented in the artisan world as ceramic and textile craftswomen.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As women got older it can be assumed that their job of taking care of children ended and they transitioned towards household management and job mentoring, teaching younger women the jobs that they themselves participated in.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_98-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While women were often portrayed in paintings as caretakers of children, pregnant women were rarely shown in frescoes. Pregnant women were instead represented in the form of sculpted pots with the rounded base of the pots representing the pregnant belly.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_98-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, no Minoan art forms portray women giving birth, breast feeding, or procreating.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_98-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of such actions leads historians to believe that these actions would have been recognized by Minoan society to be either sacred or inappropriate, and kept private within society.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_98-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Childbirth was a dangerous process within Minoan society. Archeological sources have found numerous bones of pregnant women, identified by the fetus bones within their skeleton found in the abdomen area, providing strong evidence that death during pregnancy and childbirth were common features within society.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_98-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_on_limestone_sarcophagus_of_religious_rituals_from_Hagia_Triada_-_Heraklion_AM_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Painting_on_limestone_sarcophagus_of_religious_rituals_from_Hagia_Triada_-_Heraklion_AM_-_02.jpg/220px-Painting_on_limestone_sarcophagus_of_religious_rituals_from_Hagia_Triada_-_Heraklion_AM_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Painting_on_limestone_sarcophagus_of_religious_rituals_from_Hagia_Triada_-_Heraklion_AM_-_02.jpg/330px-Painting_on_limestone_sarcophagus_of_religious_rituals_from_Hagia_Triada_-_Heraklion_AM_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Painting_on_limestone_sarcophagus_of_religious_rituals_from_Hagia_Triada_-_Heraklion_AM_-_02.jpg/440px-Painting_on_limestone_sarcophagus_of_religious_rituals_from_Hagia_Triada_-_Heraklion_AM_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Figures from the <a href="/wiki/Agia_Triada_Sarcophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Agia Triada Sarcophagus">Agia Triada Sarcophagus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sheep <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> was the main fibre used in textiles, and perhaps a significant export commodity. <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> was probably much less common, and possibly imported from Egypt, or grown locally. There is no evidence of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, but some use is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As seen in <a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan art</a>, Minoan men wore <a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">loincloths</a> (if poor) or robes or <a href="/wiki/Kilt" title="Kilt">kilts</a> that were often long. Women wore long dresses with short sleeves and layered, flounced skirts.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With both sexes, there was a great emphasis in art in a small wasp waist, often taken to improbable extremes. Both sexes are often shown with rather thick belts or girdles at the waist. Women could also wear a strapless, fitted <a href="/wiki/Bodice" title="Bodice">bodice</a>, and clothing patterns had <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetrical</a>, geometric designs. Men are shown as clean-shaven, and male hair was short, in styles that would be common today, except for some long thin tresses at the back, perhaps for young elite males. Female hair is typically shown with long tresses falling at the back, as in the fresco fragment known as <i><a href="/wiki/La_Parisienne_(fresco)" title="La Parisienne (fresco)">La Parisienne</a></i>. This got its name because when it was found in the early 20th century, a French art historian thought it resembled Parisian women of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children are shown in art with shaved heads (often blue in art) except for a few very long locks; the rest of the hair is allowed to grow as they approach puberty;<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_Boxer_Fresco" title="Akrotiri Boxer Fresco">Akrotiri Boxer Fresco</a>. </p><p>Two famous <a href="/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines" title="Minoan snake goddess figurines">Minoan snake goddess figurines</a> from Knossos (one illustrated below) show bodices that circle their breasts, but do not cover them at all. These striking figures have dominated the popular image of Minoan clothing, and have been copied in some "reconstructions" of largely destroyed frescos, but few images unambiguously show this costume, and the status of the figures—goddesses, priestesses, or devotees—is not at all clear. What is clear, from pieces like the <a href="/wiki/Agia_Triada_Sarcophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Agia Triada Sarcophagus">Agia Triada Sarcophagus</a>, is that Minoan women normally covered their breasts; priestesses in religious contexts may have been an exception.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shows a funeral sacrifice, and some figures of both sexes are wearing aprons or skirts of animal hide, apparently left with the hair on.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was probably the costume worn by both sexes by those engaged in rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Minoan_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan jewellery">Minoan jewellery</a> included many gold ornaments for women's hair and also thin gold plaques to sew onto clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-Hood_1978,_188-190_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hood_1978,_188-190-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flowers were also often worn in the hair, as by the <a href="/wiki/Poppy_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Poppy Goddess">Poppy Goddess</a> terracotta figurine and other figures. Frescos also show what are presumably woven or embroidered figures, human and animal, spaced out on clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_writing">Language and writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Language and writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_A_-_6380_-_crop1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_A_-_6380_-_crop1.jpg/220px-Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_A_-_6380_-_crop1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_A_-_6380_-_crop1.jpg/330px-Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_A_-_6380_-_crop1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_A_-_6380_-_crop1.jpg/440px-Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_A_-_6380_-_crop1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3298" data-file-height="3106" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_B_-_6381_-_crop1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_B_-_6381_-_crop1.jpg/220px-Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_B_-_6381_-_crop1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_B_-_6381_-_crop1.jpg/330px-Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_B_-_6381_-_crop1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_B_-_6381_-_crop1.jpg/440px-Phaistos_Disc_-_Side_B_-_6381_-_crop1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3298" data-file-height="3106" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Phaistos_Disc" title="Phaistos Disc">Phaistos Disc</a>, side A (top), side B (bottom)</div></div></div></div> <p>The Minoans used a number of different scripts. During the Palatial period, the primary scripts were <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan hieroglyphs</a>, the latter falling out of use in MM III. The origins of these scripts is unknown. Although Cretan hieroglyphic is often assumed to have been inspired by <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, Anatolian and Mesopotamian writing systems have also been considered as models.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither script has been deciphered, despite numerous attempts. For instance, when the values of the symbols in Linear B are used in Linear A, they produce mostly unrecognizable words. The language encoded by these scripts is tentatively dubbed "Minoan", though it is not certain that it was a single language. Decipherment attempts have attempted to read the language as <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages#Aegean_language_family" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian languages</a>, but none have resulted in an accepted decipherment. The post-Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a> has been considered as a potential descendant of Minoan. However, this language is only known from five inscriptions in eastern Crete and is thus itself poorly understood.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFacchettiNegri2003_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFacchettiNegri2003-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatsemirsky2011_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatsemirsky2011-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1985p._289_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1985p._289-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> became the primary Cretan script after LM II. This script was adapted from the earlier Linear A in order to write <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, which had become the language of administration. Linear B was deciphered in 1952, unlocking a major source of textual evidence about the economics and social organization of the final year at the palace of Knossos.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick2014_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick2014-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A handful of Minoan inscriptions use other unknown writing systems. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Phaistos_Disc" title="Phaistos Disc">Phaistos Disc</a> features a pictorial script whose only close comparison is found on the <a href="/wiki/Arkalochori_Axe" title="Arkalochori Axe">Arkalochori Axe</a>. Because so few instances of these scripts have been found, they remain undeciphered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%AC_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%8C%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD_6393_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small statue of a woman holding a snake in each hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%AC_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%8C%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD_6393_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%AC_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%8C%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD_6393_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%AC_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%8C%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD_6393_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%AC_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%8C%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD_6393_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%AC_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%8C%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD_6393_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%AC_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%8C%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD_6393_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2815" data-file-height="3820" /></a><figcaption>The smaller of two <a href="/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines" title="Minoan snake goddess figurines">Minoan snake goddess figurines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Arthur Evans thought the Minoans worshipped, more or less exclusively, a <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a>, which heavily influenced views for decades. Recent scholarly opinion sees a much more diverse religious landscape although the absence of texts, or even readable relevant inscriptions, leaves the picture very cloudy. We have no names of deities until after the Mycenaean era. Much Minoan art is given a religious significance of some sort, but this tends to be vague, not least because Minoan government is now often seen as a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>, so politics and religion have a considerable overlap. The Minoan pantheon featured many deities, among which a young, spear-wielding male god is also prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston2004_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston2004-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars see in the Minoan Goddess a female divine solar figure.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is very often difficult to distinguish between images of worshipers, priests and priestesses, rulers and deities; indeed the priestly and royal roles may have often been the same, as leading rituals is often seen as the essence of rulership. Possibly as aspects of the main, probably dominant, nature/mother goddess, archaeologists have identified a mountain goddess, worshipped at <a href="/wiki/Peak_sanctuaries" title="Peak sanctuaries">peak sanctuaries</a>, a dove goddess, a snake goddess perhaps protectress of the household, the <a href="/wiki/Potnia_Theron" title="Potnia Theron">Potnia Theron</a> goddess of animals, and a goddess of childbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late Minoan <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> votive figures like the <a href="/wiki/Poppy_goddess" title="Poppy goddess">poppy goddess</a> (perhaps a worshipper) carry attributes, often birds, in their <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadems</a>. The mythical creature called the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_Genius" title="Minoan Genius">Minoan Genius</a> is somewhat threatening but perhaps a protective figure, possibly of children; it seems to largely derive from <a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a> the Egyptian hybrid crocodile and hippopotamus goddess. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_MET_DP110335_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Seal_MET_DP110335_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Seal_MET_DP110335_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Seal_MET_DP110335_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Seal_MET_DP110335_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Seal_MET_DP110335_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Seal_MET_DP110335_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>Impression of <a href="/wiki/Minoan_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan seal">Minoan seal</a>; designs like this are thought to represent rustic shrines</figcaption></figure> <p>Men with a special role as priests or priest-kings are identifiable by diagonal bands on their long robes, and carrying over their shoulder a ritual "axe-sceptre" with a rounded blade.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more conventionally-shaped <a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">labrys</a> or double-headed axe, is a very common <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offering</a>, probably for a male god, and large examples of the <a href="/wiki/Horns_of_Consecration" title="Horns of Consecration">Horns of Consecration</a> symbol, probably representing bull's horns, are shown on seals decorating buildings, with a few large actual survivals. <a href="/wiki/Bull-leaping" title="Bull-leaping">Bull-leaping</a>, very much centred on Knossos, is agreed to have a religious significance, perhaps to do with selecting the elite. The position of the bull in it is unclear; the funeral ceremonies on the (very late) <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada_sarcophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagia Triada sarcophagus">Hagia Triada sarcophagus</a> include a bull sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The saffron may have had a religious significance.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nanno_Marinatos" title="Nanno Marinatos">Nanno Marinatos</a>, "The hierarchy and relationship of gods within the pantheon is difficult to decode from the images alone." Marinatos disagrees with earlier descriptions of Minoan religion as primitive, saying that it "was the religion of a sophisticated and urbanized palatial culture with a complex social hierarchy. It was not dominated by fertility any more than any religion of the past or present has been, and it addressed gender identity, rites of passage, and death. It is reasonable to assume that both the organization and the rituals, even the mythology, resembled the religions of Near Eastern palatial civilizations."<sup id="cite_ref-Marinatos_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marinatos-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It even seems that the later Greek pantheon would synthesize the Minoan female deity and Hittite goddess from the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minoan horn-topped altars, which <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> called <a href="/wiki/Horns_of_Consecration" title="Horns of Consecration">Horns of Consecration</a>, are represented in seal impressions and have been found as far afield as Cyprus. Minoan sacred symbols include the <a href="/wiki/Bull_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (mythology)">bull</a> (and its horns of consecration), the <a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">labrys</a> (double-headed axe), the <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">pillar</a>, the serpent, the sun-disc, the <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a>, and even the <a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ivory figurine of a man in a diving position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg/220px-The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg/330px-The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg/440px-The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption><i>The Bull Leaper</i>, from Knossos (<a href="/wiki/Heraklion_Archaeological_Museum" title="Heraklion Archaeological Museum">Heraklion Archaeological Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Haralampos V. Harissis and Anastasios V. Harissis posit a different interpretation of these symbols, saying that they were based on <a href="/wiki/Apiculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Apiculture">apiculture</a> rather than religion.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major festival was exemplified in <a href="/wiki/Bull-leaping" title="Bull-leaping">bull-leaping</a>, represented in the frescoes of Knossos<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inscribed in <a href="/wiki/Minoan_seals" title="Minoan seals">miniature seals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_practices"><span class="anchor" id="Sacrifice"></span>Burial practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Burial practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to other Bronze Age archaeological finds, burial remains constitute much of the material and archaeological evidence for the period. By the end of the Second Palace Period, Minoan burial was dominated by two forms: circular tombs (<i>tholoi</i>) in southern Crete and house tombs in the north and the east. However, much Minoan mortuary practice does not conform to this pattern. <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> was more popular than <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual burial was the rule, except for the Chrysolakkos complex in Malia. Here, a number of buildings form a complex in the center of Mallia's burial area and may have been the focus for burial rituals or a crypt for a notable family.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Evidence of possible <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a> by the Minoans has been found at three sites: at <a href="/wiki/Anemospilia" title="Anemospilia">Anemospilia</a>, in a MMII building near Mt. Juktas considered a temple; an EMII sanctuary complex at <a href="/wiki/Fournou_Korifi" title="Fournou Korifi">Fournou Korifi</a> in south-central Crete, and in an LMIB building known as the North House in <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clay_house_model_from_Archanes,_1700_BC,_AMH,_19410,_145004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Clay_house_model_from_Archanes%2C_1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_19410%2C_145004.jpg/220px-Clay_house_model_from_Archanes%2C_1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_19410%2C_145004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Clay_house_model_from_Archanes%2C_1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_19410%2C_145004.jpg/330px-Clay_house_model_from_Archanes%2C_1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_19410%2C_145004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Clay_house_model_from_Archanes%2C_1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_19410%2C_145004.jpg/440px-Clay_house_model_from_Archanes%2C_1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_19410%2C_145004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4430" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption>Restored model of a Minoan house found in Archanes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knossos_Fresko_Dreigliedriger_Schrein_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Knossos_Fresko_Dreigliedriger_Schrein_01.jpg/220px-Knossos_Fresko_Dreigliedriger_Schrein_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Knossos_Fresko_Dreigliedriger_Schrein_01.jpg/330px-Knossos_Fresko_Dreigliedriger_Schrein_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Knossos_Fresko_Dreigliedriger_Schrein_01.jpg/440px-Knossos_Fresko_Dreigliedriger_Schrein_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4283" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>Fresco from the temple of the Palace of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing Minoan architecture</figcaption></figure> <p>Minoan cities were connected by narrow roads paved with blocks cut with bronze saws. Streets were drained, and water and <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewage</a> facilities were available to the upper class through <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minoan buildings often had flat, tiled roofs; <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, wood or <a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">flagstone</a> floors, and stood two to three stories high. Lower <a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">walls</a> were typically constructed of stone and <a href="/wiki/Rubble" title="Rubble">rubble</a>, and the upper walls of <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a>. Ceiling timbers held up the roofs. </p><p>Construction materials for villas and palaces varied, and included sandstone, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> and limestone. Building techniques also varied, with some palaces using <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> masonry and others roughly-hewn, megalithic blocks. </p><p>In north-central Crete <a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">blue</a>-<a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">greenschist</a> was used to pave floors of streets and <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyards</a> between 1650 and 1600<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. These rocks were likely quarried in <a href="/wiki/Agia_Pelagia" title="Agia Pelagia">Agia Pelagia</a> on the north coast of central Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaces">Palaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Palaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pithoi_storage_jars_at_Knossos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three large, clay storage jars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pithoi_storage_jars_at_Knossos.jpg/220px-Pithoi_storage_jars_at_Knossos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pithoi_storage_jars_at_Knossos.jpg/330px-Pithoi_storage_jars_at_Knossos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pithoi_storage_jars_at_Knossos.jpg/440px-Pithoi_storage_jars_at_Knossos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Storage jars (pithoi, πίθοι) at Knossos</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruccio_Knossos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reconstruccio_Knossos.jpg/220px-Reconstruccio_Knossos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reconstruccio_Knossos.jpg/330px-Reconstruccio_Knossos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reconstruccio_Knossos.jpg/440px-Reconstruccio_Knossos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the Palace of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knossos_sewers_PA067399.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Knossos_sewers_PA067399.JPG/220px-Knossos_sewers_PA067399.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Knossos_sewers_PA067399.JPG/330px-Knossos_sewers_PA067399.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Knossos_sewers_PA067399.JPG/440px-Knossos_sewers_PA067399.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Sewers of the Palace of Knossos</figcaption></figure> <p>The Minoans famously built large complexes referred to as palaces. However, despite their name, it is generally agreed that they did not primarily serve as royal residences. The best known of them are at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phaistos" title="Phaistos">Phaistos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakros" title="Zakros">Zakros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malia_(archaeological_site)" title="Malia (archaeological site)">Malia</a>. </p><p>Minoan palaces consist of wings arranged around an open rectangular court. The wings are often multi-story, with interior and exterior <a href="/wiki/Staircase" title="Staircase">staircases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightwell" title="Lightwell">lightwells</a>, massive <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a>, and large storage chambers. The various palaces have a fairly uniform style, though each has unique features. They are typically aligned with their surrounding topography, in particular with nearby sacred mountains. For instance, the palace at Phaistos appears to align with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Mount Ida</a> and Knossos is aligned with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Juktas" title="Mount Juktas">Mount Juktas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both on a north–south axis. </p><p>The first palaces are generally dated to the MM IB period. However, they were not a spontaneous development but rather the culmination of a longer architectural tradition. The palace style has precedents in Early Minoan construction styles and earlier buildings were sometimes incorporated in the later palaces. The palace at Malia is sometimes regarded as having achieved palacehood at the end of the Early Minoan period.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moore2015_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2015-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palaces were continually renovated and altered, with their style changing over time. For instance, early palaces had a square-within-a-square layout, while later renovations introduced more internal divisions and corridors.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The function of the palaces is a matter of debate, though it is known that they included administrative offices, <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a>, workshops and storage spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry2012_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry2012-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plumbing">Plumbing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Plumbing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Minoan Era extensive waterways were built in order to protect the growing population. This system had two primary functions, first providing and distributing water, and secondly relocating sewage and stormwater.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the defining aspects of the Minoan Era was the architectural feats of their waste management. The Minoans used technologies such as wells, cisterns, and <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueducts</a> to manage their water supplies. Structural aspects of their buildings even played a part. Flat roofs and plentiful open courtyards were used for collecting water to be stored in cisterns.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significantly, the Minoans had water treatment devices. One such device seems to have been a porous clay pipe through which water was allowed to flow until clean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columns">Columns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Columns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knossos_Gro%C3%9Fes_Treppenhaus_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Minoan columns, wider at the top than the base" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Knossos_Gro%C3%9Fes_Treppenhaus_04.jpg/220px-Knossos_Gro%C3%9Fes_Treppenhaus_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Knossos_Gro%C3%9Fes_Treppenhaus_04.jpg/330px-Knossos_Gro%C3%9Fes_Treppenhaus_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Knossos_Gro%C3%9Fes_Treppenhaus_04.jpg/440px-Knossos_Gro%C3%9Fes_Treppenhaus_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4669" data-file-height="3501" /></a><figcaption>The Hall of Columns at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For sustaining of the roof, some higher houses, especially the palaces, used columns made usually of <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cypress" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean cypress"><i>Cupressus sempervirens</i></a>, and sometimes of stone. One of the most notable Minoan contributions to architecture is their inverted column, wider at the top than the base (unlike most Greek columns, which are wider at the bottom to give an impression of height). The columns were made of wood (not stone) and were generally painted red. Mounted on a simple stone base, they were topped with a pillow-like, round <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villas">Villas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Villas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of compounds known as "villas" have been excavated on Crete, mostly near palaces, especially Knossos. These structures share features of neopalatial palaces: a conspicuous western facade, storage facilities and a three-part Minoan Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These features may indicate a similar role or that the structures were artistic imitations, suggesting that their occupants were familiar with palatial culture. The villas were often richly decorated, as evidenced by the frescos of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada" title="Hagia Triada">Hagia Triada</a> Villa A. </p><p>A common characteristic of the Minoan villas was having flat roofs. Their rooms did not have windows to the streets, the light arriving from <a href="/wiki/Courtyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtyards">courtyards</a>, a common feature of larger Mediterranean in much later periods. In the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>, the villas had one or two floors, and the palaces even three. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warfare_and_the_"Minoan_peace""><span id="Warfare_and_the_.22Minoan_peace.22"></span>Warfare and the "Minoan peace"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Warfare and the "Minoan peace""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assembly_on_the_hill_and_the_shipwreck,_fresco_from_Akrotiri,_17th_c_BC,_PMTh,_226357.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Assembly_on_the_hill_and_the_shipwreck%2C_fresco_from_Akrotiri%2C_17th_c_BC%2C_PMTh%2C_226357.jpg/220px-Assembly_on_the_hill_and_the_shipwreck%2C_fresco_from_Akrotiri%2C_17th_c_BC%2C_PMTh%2C_226357.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Assembly_on_the_hill_and_the_shipwreck%2C_fresco_from_Akrotiri%2C_17th_c_BC%2C_PMTh%2C_226357.jpg/330px-Assembly_on_the_hill_and_the_shipwreck%2C_fresco_from_Akrotiri%2C_17th_c_BC%2C_PMTh%2C_226357.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Assembly_on_the_hill_and_the_shipwreck%2C_fresco_from_Akrotiri%2C_17th_c_BC%2C_PMTh%2C_226357.jpg/440px-Assembly_on_the_hill_and_the_shipwreck%2C_fresco_from_Akrotiri%2C_17th_c_BC%2C_PMTh%2C_226357.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4335" data-file-height="2884" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet" title="Boar's tusk helmet">Boar's tusk helmets</a> are worn by the warriors depicted in the fresco fragment from Akrotiri</figcaption></figure> <p>Early excavators such as Arthur Evans proposed that there was little internal armed conflict in Minoan Crete until the Mycenaean period.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, subsequent scholarship has questioned this interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No evidence has been found of a Minoan army or the Minoan domination of peoples beyond Crete. Evans believed that the Minoans had some kind of overlordship of at least parts of Mycenaean Greece in the <a href="/wiki/Neopalatial_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopalatial Period">Neopalatial Period</a>, but it is now very widely agreed that the opposite was the case, with a Mycenaean elite clearly ruling Knossos from around 1450<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. Few signs of warfare appear in Minoan art: "Although a few archaeologists see war scenes in a few pieces of Minoan art, others interpret even these scenes as festivals, sacred dance, or sports events" (Studebaker, 2004, p. 27). Although armed warriors are depicted as stabbed in the throat with swords, the violence may be part of a ritual or blood sport.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nanno_Marinatos" title="Nanno Marinatos">Nanno Marinatos</a> argued that the Neopalatial Minoans had a "powerful navy" that made them a desirable ally to have in Mediterranean power politics, at least by the 14th century as "vassals of the pharaoh", leading Cretan tribute-bearers to be depicted on Egyptian tombs such as those of the top officials <a href="/wiki/Rekmire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rekmire">Rekmire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senmut" class="mw-redirect" title="Senmut">Senmut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On mainland Greece during the <a href="/wiki/Grave_Circle_A,_Mycenae" title="Grave Circle A, Mycenae">shaft-grave era</a> at Mycenae, there is little evidence for major Mycenaean fortifications; the citadels follow the destruction of nearly all neopalatial Cretan sites. Warfare by other contemporaries of the ancient Minoans, such as the Egyptians and the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, is well-documented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare"><span class="anchor" id="Recent_skepticism"></span><span class="anchor" id="Weaponry"></span>Warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_boxers_fresco,_Akrotiri,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg/220px-Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg/330px-Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg/440px-Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="3148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_Boxer_Fresco" title="Akrotiri Boxer Fresco">Akrotiri Boxer Fresco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite finding ruined watchtowers and fortification walls,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evans said that there was little evidence of ancient Minoan fortifications. According to <a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Alexiou" title="Stylianos Alexiou">Stylianos Alexiou</a> (in <i>Kretologia</i> 8), a number of sites (especially early and middle Minoan sites such as Aghia Photia) are built on hilltops or otherwise fortified.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Lucia_Nixon" title="Lucia Nixon">Lucia Nixon</a> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We may have been over-influenced by the lack of what we might think of as solid fortifications to assess the archaeological evidence properly. As in so many other instances, we may not have been looking for evidence in the right places, and therefore we may not end with a correct assessment of the Minoans and their ability to avoid war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon1983_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon1983-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Chester Starr said in "Minoan Flower Lovers" that since <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> had unfortified centers and engaged in frontier struggles, a lack of fortifications alone does not prove that the Minoans were a peaceful civilization unparalleled in history.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1998, when Minoan archaeologists met in a Belgian conference to discuss the possibility that the Pax Minoica was outdated, evidence of Minoan war was still scanty. According to Jan Driessen, the Minoans frequently depicted "weapons" in their art in a ritual context: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The construction of fortified sites is often assumed to reflect a threat of warfare, but such fortified centres were multifunctional; they were also often the embodiment or material expression of the central places of the territories at the same time as being monuments glorifying and merging leading power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriessen1999_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriessen1999-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Chryssoulaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stella Chryssoulaki (page does not exist)">Stella Chryssoulaki</a>'s work on small outposts (or guardhouses) in eastern Crete indicates a possible defensive system; type A (high-quality) Minoan swords were found in the palaces of Mallia and Zarkos (see Sanders, AJA 65, 67, Hoeckmann, JRGZM 27, or Rehak and Younger, AJA 102).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Branigan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Branigan (page does not exist)">Keith Branigan</a> estimated that 95 percent of Minoan "weapons" had <a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">hafting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hilt" title="Hilt">hilts</a> or handles) which would have prevented their use as such.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranigan199987–94_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranigan199987–94-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, tests of replicas indicated that the weapons could cut flesh down to the bone (and score the bone's surface) without damaging the weapons themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Paul Rehak, Minoan figure-eight shields could not have been used for fighting or hunting, since they were too cumbersome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERehak1999_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERehak1999-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Cheryl Floyd concluded that Minoan "weapons" were tools used for mundane tasks such as meat processing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloyd1999_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloyd1999-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle Minoan "<a href="/wiki/Rapier" title="Rapier">rapiers</a> nearly three feet in length" have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles Gates argues that the absence of warfare in Minoan art does not prove it did not occur because there is no correlation between a society's artistic depiction of warfare and how often said society is involved in conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barry Molloy states that artwork is an unreliable guide to a society's behaviour, using the example that frescoes recovered prior to the Late Minoan period seldom depict people interacting with each other yet this should not be taken as evidence that Minoans rarely did so. Molloy further argues that the lack of fortifications could be attributed to Crete's rugged topography, which would have provided a significant natural defensive advantage; Molloy argues that the guardhouses could have been used to secure narrow roads through Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About Minoan warfare, Branigan concluded: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The quantity of weaponry, the impressive fortifications, and the aggressive looking long-boats all suggested an era of intensified hostilities. But on closer inspection there are grounds for thinking that all three key elements are bound up as much with status statements, display, and fashion as with aggression;... Warfare such as there was in the southern Aegean <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">early Bronze Age</a> was either personalized and perhaps ritualized (in Crete) or small-scale, intermittent and essentially an economic activity (in the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Argolid" class="mw-redirect" title="Argolid">Argolid</a>/<a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranigan199992_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranigan199992-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Archaeologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olga_Krzyszkowska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olga Krzyszkowska (page does not exist)">Olga Krzyszkowska</a> agreed: "The stark fact is that for the prehistoric Aegean we have no direct evidence for war and warfare <i>per se</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrzyszkowska1999_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrzyszkowska1999-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies"><span class="anchor" id="Population_genetics_studies"></span>Genetic and anthropometric studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Genetic and anthropometric studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Cephalometric_analysis" title="Cephalometric analysis">cephalometric analysis</a> by Argyropoulos et al. (1989) published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Angle_Orthodontist" title="The Angle Orthodontist">The Angle Orthodontist</a></i> showed remarkable similarity in craniofacial morphology between Minoans and modern Greeks, suggesting a close affinity, and that the Greek ethnic group remained stable in its cephalic and facial morphology for the last 4,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Craniometry" title="Craniometry">craniofacial morphological</a> study by Papagrigorakis et al. (2014) published in <i><a href="/wiki/Anthropologischer_Anzeiger" title="Anthropologischer Anzeiger">Anthropologischer Anzeiger</a></i> also indicated craniological similarities between modern Greeks and Minoans, indicating continuity.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2013 <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetics</a> study by Hughey at al. published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i> compared skeletal <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> from ancient Minoan skeletons that were sealed in a cave in the <a href="/wiki/Lasithi_Plateau" title="Lasithi Plateau">Lasithi Plateau</a> between 3,700 and 4,400 years ago to 135 samples from Greece, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, western and northern Europe, North Africa and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Stamatoyannopoulos_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamatoyannopoulos-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-livescience.com_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience.com-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers found that the Minoan skeletons were genetically very similar to modern-day Europeans—and especially close to modern-day Cretans, particularly those from the Lasithi Plateau. They were also genetically similar to <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Neolithic Europeans</a>, but distinct from Egyptian or Libyan populations.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "We now know that the founders of the first advanced European civilization were European," said study co-author <a href="/wiki/George_Stamatoyannopoulos" title="George Stamatoyannopoulos">George Stamatoyannopoulos</a>, a human geneticist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. "They were very similar to Neolithic Europeans and very similar to present day-Cretans."<sup id="cite_ref-livescience.com_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience.com-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their archaeogenetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, Lazaridis et al. (2017) found that Minoans and Mycenaean Greeks were genetically highly similar – but not identical – and that modern Greeks descend from these populations. The <a href="/wiki/Fixation_index" title="Fixation index">F<sub>ST</sub></a> between the sampled Bronze Age populations and present-day West Eurasians was estimated, finding that Mycenaean Greeks and Minoans were least differentiated from the populations of modern Greece, Cyprus, Albania, and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a subsequent study, Lazaridis et al. (2022) concluded that around ~58.4–65.8% of the DNA of the Mycenaeans and ~70.9–76.7% of the Minoans came from <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers (EEF)</a>, while the remainder came from ancient populations related to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers (CHG)</a> (Mycenaeans ~20.1–22.7%, Minoans ~17–19.4%) and the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN)</a> culture (Mycenaeans ~7–14%, Minoans ~3.9–9.5%). Unlike the Minoans, the Mycenaeans had also inherited ~3.3–5.5% ancestry on average from a source related to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHG)</a>, introduced via a proximal source related to the inhabitants of the Pontic–Caspian steppe (<a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a>) who are hypothesized to be the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>, and ~0.9–2.3% from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_Mesolithic" title="Iron Gates Mesolithic">Iron Gates Hunter-Gatherers</a> in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Admixture proportions (%) of ancestral components for the Mycenaeans and Minoans<sup id="cite_ref-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">EEF</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">CHG</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">PPN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">EHG</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_Mesolithic" title="Iron Gates Mesolithic">Iron Gates HG</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Mycenaeans </th> <td>58.4–65.8% </td> <td>20.1–22.7% </td> <td>7–14% </td> <td>3.3–5.5% </td> <td>0.9–2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Minoans </th> <td>70.9–76.7% </td> <td>17–19.4% </td> <td>3.9–9.5% </td> <td>0–2.3% </td> <td>0–0.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2023, whole genome-wide data of 102 individuals from Crete, the Greek mainland and Aegean Islands were sequenced, spanning from the Neolithic to Iron Age. It was discovered that the early farmers from Crete shared the same ancestry as other Neolithic Aegeans. It also confirmed previous findings for additional Central/Eastern European ancestry in the Greek mainland by the Middle Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A multidisciplinary report in 2024, also included a bioarcheological investigation conducted on remains that were found in <a href="/wiki/Armeni_(archaeological_site)" title="Armeni (archaeological site)">Armenoi</a>, Crete. The research revealed that the DNA of 23 newly sequenced individuals from Late Minoan tombs, had derived most of their ancestry from an Anatolian Neolithic source. Modern Greeks share this genetic profile, but are more shifted towards the <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Yamnaya</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">PCA</a>, and differentiated from the Greek populations that lived during the Early Bronze Age. The admixture analysis identified three main reference components: Anatolian Neolithic, Iranian Neolithic, and Western Hunter-Gatherer, with the Minoans also having some Yamnaya-related ancestry. The majority of individuals in the necropolis formed a homogenous population, with the exception of one individual, who was more similar to the populations of Western Europe. Overall, the studied genomes were found to be most similar to the other published genomes of Myceneans from mainland Greece; however, on the PCA analysis they plot exactly in-between both Minoans and Myceneans. The researchers noted that based on their genomic profile and placement, they may have been a mix of both groups.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Minoan_civilization" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Minoan civilization</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Minoan+civilization&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Minoan+civilization">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Minoan+civilization&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caphtor" title="Caphtor">Caphtor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoa" title="Minoa">Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_caves_of_Crete" title="Sacred caves of Crete">Sacred caves of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This chronology is based on Manning (2012), which gives absolute dates based on radiocarbon dating.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NK-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NK_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKaradimasMomigliano2004" class="citation journal cs1">Karadimas, Nektarios; <a href="/wiki/Nicoletta_Momigliano" title="Nicoletta Momigliano">Momigliano, Nicoletta</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aegeussociety.org/images/uploads/pdf/Karadimas-2004-SMEA.pdf">"On the Term 'Minoan' before Evans's Work in Crete (1894)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studi Micenei ed Egeo-anatolici</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 243–258.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studi+Micenei+ed+Egeo-anatolici&rft.atitle=On+the+Term+%27Minoan%27+before+Evans%27s+Work+in+Crete+%281894%29&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-258&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Karadimas&rft.aufirst=Nektarios&rft.au=Momigliano%2C+Nicoletta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aegeussociety.org%2Fimages%2Fuploads%2Fpdf%2FKaradimas-2004-SMEA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bennet, "Minoan civilization", <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i>, 3rd ed., p. 985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozloff2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arielle_P._Kozloff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arielle P. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50499-7"><bdi>978-1-139-50499-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amenhotep+III%3A+Egypt%27s+Radiant+Pharaoh&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50499-7&rft.aulast=Kozloff&rft.aufirst=Arielle+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMKsgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickinson, O (1994) p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachsmann1994" class="citation book cs1">Wachsmann, Shelley (1994). <i>Aegeans in the Theban tombs</i>. Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9068310666" title="Special:BookSources/9068310666"><bdi>9068310666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aegeans+in+the+Theban+tombs&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9068310666&rft.aulast=Wachsmann&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strange-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strange_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strange_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strange, J. <i>Caphtor/Keftiu: A New Investigation</i> (Leiden: Brill) 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozloff2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arielle_P._Kozloff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arielle P. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50499-7"><bdi>978-1-139-50499-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amenhotep+III%3A+Egypt%27s+Radiant+Pharaoh&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50499-7&rft.aulast=Kozloff&rft.aufirst=Arielle+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMKsgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachsmann1994" class="citation book cs1">Wachsmann, Shelley (1994). <i>Aegeans in the Theban tombs</i>. 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"Crete". In Cline, Eric (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199873609.013.0011">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199873609" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199873609"><bdi>978-0199873609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crete&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Bronze+Age+Aegean&rft.pages=149-159&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199873609.013.0011&rft.isbn=978-0199873609&rft.aulast=Hallager&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCoy2002-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCoy2002_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy,_FWDunn,_SE2002" class="citation conference cs1">McCoy, FW; Dunn, SE (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/meetings/cc02babstracts/McCoy.pdf">"Modelling the Climatic Effects of the LBA Eruption of Thera: New Calculations of Tephra Volumes May Suggest a Significantly Larger Eruption than Previously Reported"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chapman Conference on Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere</i>. Thera, Greece: American Geographical Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Modelling+the+Climatic+Effects+of+the+LBA+Eruption+of+Thera%3A+New+Calculations+of+Tephra+Volumes+May+Suggest+a+Significantly+Larger+Eruption+than+Previously+Reported&rft.btitle=Chapman+Conference+on+Volcanism+and+the+Earth%27s+Atmosphere&rft.place=Thera%2C+Greece&rft.pub=American+Geographical+Union&rft.date=2002&rft.au=McCoy%2C+FW&rft.au=Dunn%2C+SE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fmeetings%2Fcc02babstracts%2FMcCoy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sigurdsson-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sigurdsson_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigurdssonCareyAlexandriVougioukalakis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sigurdsson H, Carey S, Alexandri M, Vougioukalakis G, Croff K, Roman C, Sakellariou D, Anagnostou C, Rousakis G, Ioakim C, Gogou A, Ballas D, Misaridis T, Nomikou P (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630233518/http://www.uri.edu/endeavor/thera/EOS.pdf">"Marine Investigations of Greece's Santorini or Akrotiri Volcanic Field"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Eos</i>. <b>87</b> (34): 337–348. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006EOSTr..87..337S">2006EOSTr..87..337S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006EO340001">10.1029/2006EO340001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55457903">55457903</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uri.edu/endeavor/thera/EOS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eos&rft.atitle=Marine+Investigations+of+Greece%27s+Santorini+or+Akrotiri+Volcanic+Field&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=337-348&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55457903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006EO340001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006EOSTr..87..337S&rft.aulast=Sigurdsson&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Carey%2C+S&rft.au=Alexandri%2C+M&rft.au=Vougioukalakis%2C+G&rft.au=Croff%2C+K&rft.au=Roman%2C+C&rft.au=Sakellariou%2C+D&rft.au=Anagnostou%2C+C&rft.au=Rousakis%2C+G&rft.au=Ioakim%2C+C&rft.au=Gogou%2C+A&rft.au=Ballas%2C+D&rft.au=Misaridis%2C+T&rft.au=Nomikou%2C+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uri.edu%2Fendeavor%2Fthera%2FEOS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatrous2021" class="citation book cs1">Watrous, L. Vance (2021). <i>Minoan Crete: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108440493" title="Special:BookSources/9781108440493"><bdi>9781108440493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minoan+Crete%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=188-201&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781108440493&rft.aulast=Watrous&rft.aufirst=L.+Vance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatrous2021" class="citation book cs1">Watrous, L. Vance (2021). <i>Minoan Crete: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 197–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108440493" title="Special:BookSources/9781108440493"><bdi>9781108440493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minoan+Crete%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=197-201&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781108440493&rft.aulast=Watrous&rft.aufirst=L.+Vance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatrous2021" class="citation book cs1">Watrous, L. Vance (2021). <i>Minoan Crete: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108440493" title="Special:BookSources/9781108440493"><bdi>9781108440493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minoan+Crete%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=4-13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781108440493&rft.aulast=Watrous&rft.aufirst=L.+Vance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thera_and_the_Aegean_World_III-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thera_and_the_Aegean_World_III_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thera_and_the_Aegean_World_III_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425083244/http://www.therafoundation.org/articles/economysociety/theislesofcretetheminoanthalassocracyrevisited">"Thera and the Aegean World III"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therafoundation.org/articles/economysociety/theislesofcretetheminoanthalassocracyrevisited">the original</a> on 2010-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thera+and+the+Aegean+World+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therafoundation.org%2Farticles%2Feconomysociety%2Ftheislesofcretetheminoanthalassocracyrevisited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastleden2012" class="citation book cs1">Castleden, Rodney (2012-10-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l6rRTWv8zY0C&pg=PT48"><i>The Knossos Labyrinth</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134967858" title="Special:BookSources/9781134967858"><bdi>9781134967858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knossos+Labyrinth&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.isbn=9781134967858&rft.aulast=Castleden&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl6rRTWv8zY0C%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastleden2002" class="citation book cs1">Castleden, Rodney (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8eIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>Minoan Life in Bronze Age Crete</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134880645" title="Special:BookSources/9781134880645"><bdi>9781134880645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minoan+Life+in+Bronze+Age+Crete&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134880645&rft.aulast=Castleden&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8eIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald W. Jones (1999) Peak Sanctuaries and Sacred Caves in Minoan Crete <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7081-153-9" title="Special:BookSources/91-7081-153-9">91-7081-153-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBestVries1980" class="citation book cs1">Best, Jan G. P.; Vries, Nanny M. W. de (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ho9HcwrVkwC&pg=PA114"><i>Interaction and Acculturation in the Mediterranean: Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Mediterranean Pre- and Protohistory, Amsterdam, 19–23 November 1980</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9060321942" title="Special:BookSources/978-9060321942"><bdi>978-9060321942</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interaction+and+Acculturation+in+the+Mediterranean%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Second+International+Congress+of+Mediterranean+Pre-+and+Protohistory%2C+Amsterdam%2C+19%E2%80%9323+November+1980&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-9060321942&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Jan+G.+P.&rft.au=Vries%2C+Nanny+M.+W.+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Ho9HcwrVkwC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theancientworld.net/civ/minoans.html">"The Minoans"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Minoans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheancientworld.net%2Fciv%2Fminoans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hägg and Marinatos 1984; Hardy (ed.) 1984; Broadbank 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranigan1981" class="citation journal cs1">Branigan, Keith (1981). "Minoan Colonialism". <i>The Annual of the British School at Athens</i>. <b>76</b>: 23–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0068245400019444">10.1017/s0068245400019444</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30103026">30103026</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246244704">246244704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+the+British+School+at+Athens&rft.atitle=Minoan+Colonialism&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=23-33&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246244704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30103026%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0068245400019444&rft.aulast=Branigan&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. N. Coldstream and G. L. Huxley, <i>Kythera: Excavations and Studies Conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Museum and the British School at Athens</i> (London: Faber & Faber) 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. M. Melas, <i>The Islands of Karpathos, Saros and Kasos in the Neolithic and Bronze Age</i> (Studies in Mediterranean archaeology <b>68</b>) (Gothenburg) 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Penrose Harland, <i>Prehistoric Aigina: A History of the Island in the Bronze Age</i>, ch. V. (Paris) 1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arne Furumark, "The settlement at Ialysos and Aegean history c. 1500–1400 B.B.", in <i>Opuscula archaeologica</i> <b>6</b> (Lund) 1950; T. Marketou, "New Evidence on the Topography and Site History of Prehistoric Ialysos." in Soren Dietz and Ioannis Papachristodoulou (eds.), <i>Archaeology in the Dodecanese</i> (1988:28–31).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1997" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Gail L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MeIU7DNjERoC&pg=PA178"><i>Imports and Immigrants: Near Eastern Contacts with Iron Age Crete</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472107704" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472107704"><bdi>978-0472107704</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imports+and+Immigrants%3A+Near+Eastern+Contacts+with+Iron+Age+Crete&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0472107704&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Gail+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMeIU7DNjERoC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1979" class="citation journal cs1">Warren, Peter (1979). "The Miniature Fresco from the West House at Akrotiri, Thera, and Its Aegean Setting". <i>The Journal of Hellenic Studies</i>. <b>99</b>: 115–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F630636">10.2307/630636</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4269">0075-4269</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/630636">630636</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161908616">161908616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Miniature+Fresco+from+the+West+House+at+Akrotiri%2C+Thera%2C+and+Its+Aegean+Setting&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=115-129&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0075-4269&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161908616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F630636%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F630636&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907084434/https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/09/a-dagger-from-the-minoan-civilization-of-crete-found-in-a-bronze-age-shipwreck/">"A Dagger from the Minoan Civilization of Crete Found in a Bronze Age Shipwreck"</a>. 4 September 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/09/a-dagger-from-the-minoan-civilization-of-crete-found-in-a-bronze-age-shipwreck/">the original</a> on 2024-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Dagger+from+the+Minoan+Civilization+of+Crete+Found+in+a+Bronze+Age+Shipwreck&rft.date=2024-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labrujulaverde.com%2Fen%2F2024%2F09%2Fa-dagger-from-the-minoan-civilization-of-crete-found-in-a-bronze-age-shipwreck%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 17-18, 23-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 240-241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gates (2004), 33-34, 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Hood (1978), 53, 55, 58, 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapin, 49-51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 37-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 56, 233-235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 235-236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 49-50, 235-236; Chapin, 47 and throughout</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 63-64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastleden1993" class="citation book cs1">Castleden, Rodney (1993). <i>Minoans: Life in Bronze Age</i>. Routledge. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minoans%3A+Life+in+Bronze+Age&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Castleden&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 34, 42, 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hood_1978,_188-190-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hood_1978,_188-190_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hood_1978,_188-190_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 188-190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 205-206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423072032/http://university.langantiques.com/index.php/Greek_Jewelry">"Greek Jewelry – AJU"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://university.langantiques.com/index.php/Greek_Jewelry">the original</a> on 2016-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Jewelry+%E2%80%93+AJU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funiversity.langantiques.com%2Findex.php%2FGreek_Jewelry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonMavrofridisAnagnostopoulos2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, E Charles; Mavrofridis, Georgios; Anagnostopoulos, Ioannis Th (2020-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003581520000475/type/journal_article">"Natural History of a Bronze Age Jewel Found in Crete: The Malia Pendant"</a>. <i>The Antiquaries Journal</i>. <b>101</b>: 67–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581520000475">10.1017/S0003581520000475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-5815">0003-5815</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224985281">224985281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Antiquaries+Journal&rft.atitle=Natural+History+of+a+Bronze+Age+Jewel+Found+in+Crete%3A+The+Malia+Pendant&rft.volume=101&rft.pages=67-78&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224985281%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-5815&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003581520000475&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=E+Charles&rft.au=Mavrofridis%2C+Georgios&rft.au=Anagnostopoulos%2C+Ioannis+Th&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003581520000475%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 194-195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 173-175, 175 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 176-177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemingway1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hemingway, Séan (1 January 1996). "Minoan Metalworking in the Postpalatial Period: A Deposit of Metallurgical Debris from Palaikastro". <i>The Annual of the British School at Athens</i>. <b>91</b>: 213–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0068245400016488">10.1017/s0068245400016488</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30102549">30102549</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127346339">127346339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+the+British+School+at+Athens&rft.atitle=Minoan+Metalworking+in+the+Postpalatial+Period%3A+A+Deposit+of+Metallurgical+Debris+from+Palaikastro&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=213-252&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A127346339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30102549%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0068245400016488&rft.aulast=Hemingway&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9an&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehak1997" class="citation book cs1">Rehak, Paul (1997). "Aegean Art Before and After the LM IB Cretan Destructions". In Laffineur, Robert; Betancourt, Philip P. (eds.). <i>TEXNH. Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age / Artisanat et artisans en Égée à l'âge du Bronze: Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference / 6e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Philadelphia, Temple University, 18–21 April 1996</i>. Liège: Université de Liège, Histoire de l'art et archéologie de la Grèce antique. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935488118" title="Special:BookSources/9781935488118"><bdi>9781935488118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aegean+Art+Before+and+After+the+LM+IB+Cretan+Destructions&rft.btitle=TEXNH.+Craftsmen%2C+Craftswomen+and+Craftsmanship+in+the+Aegean+Bronze+Age+%2F+Artisanat+et+artisans+en+%C3%89g%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A2ge+du+Bronze%3A+Proceedings+of+the+6th+International+Aegean+Conference+%2F+6e+Rencontre+%C3%A9g%C3%A9enne+internationale%2C+Philadelphia%2C+Temple+University%2C+18%E2%80%9321+April+1996&rft.place=Li%C3%A8ge&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Li%C3%A8ge%2C+Histoire+de+l%27art+et+arch%C3%A9ologie+de+la+Gr%C3%A8ce+antique&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781935488118&rft.aulast=Rehak&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2013" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Christina F. (2013). <i>The Manufacture of Minoan Metal Vessels: Theory and Practice</i>. Uppsala: Åströms Förlag. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7081-249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7081-249-1"><bdi>978-91-7081-249-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manufacture+of+Minoan+Metal+Vessels%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=%C3%85str%C3%B6ms+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-91-7081-249-1&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Christina+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1977">Davis 1977</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthäus1980" class="citation book cs1">Matthäus, Hartmut (1980). <i>Die Bronzegefässe der kretisch-mykenischen Kultur</i>. München: C.H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406040023" title="Special:BookSources/9783406040023"><bdi>9783406040023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bronzegef%C3%A4sse+der+kretisch-mykenischen+Kultur&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9783406040023&rft.aulast=Matth%C3%A4us&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatling1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Catling" title="Hector Catling">Catling, Hector W.</a> (1964). <i>Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean World</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cypriot+Bronzework+in+the+Mycenaean+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Catling&rft.aufirst=Hector+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1977">Davis 1977</a>, pp. 328–352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinclair_Hood_1971-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_Hood_1971_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_Hood_1971_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Hood" title="Sinclair Hood">Hood, Sinclair</a> (1971) "The Minoans; the story of Bronze Age Crete"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1971), 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, <a href="/wiki/Hamilakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilakis">Hamilakis</a> raised doubts in 2007 that systematic polyculture was practiced on Crete. (Hamilakis, Y. (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105122117/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119953774/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0">Wiley.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherratt, A. (1981) <i>Plough and Pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1971), 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hamilakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilakis">Hamilakis</a>, Y (1999) <i>Food Technologies/Technologies of the Body: The Social Context of Wine and Oil Production and Consumption in Bronze Age Crete</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2023344">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickinson, O (1994) <i>The Aegean Bronze Age</i> p. 28)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastleden2002" class="citation book cs1">Castleden, Rodney (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8eIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113"><i>Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134880645" title="Special:BookSources/9781134880645"><bdi>9781134880645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minoans%3A+Life+in+Bronze+Age+Crete&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134880645&rft.aulast=Castleden&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8eIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 145–146; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/minoan/a/harvester-vase">German, Senta, "The Harvester Vase"</a>, Khan Academy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1971), 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marco Masseti, Atlas of terrestrial mammals of the Ionian and Aegean islands, Walter de Gruyter, 30/10/2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 145-146; Honour and Fleming, 55-56; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/minoan/a/harvester-vase">"The Harvester Vase"</a>, German, Senta, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudin2004" class="citation book cs1">Budin, Stephanie Lynn (2004). <i>The Ancient Greeks: New Perspectives</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 175–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-815-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-815-9"><bdi>1-57607-815-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57247347">57247347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Greeks%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=175-189&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57247347&rft.isbn=1-57607-815-9&rft.aulast=Budin&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ku.edu/2017/06/09/art-religious-artifacts-support-idea-minoan-matriarchy-ancient-crete-researcher-says">"Art, religious artifacts support idea of Minoan matriarchy on ancient Crete, researcher says"</a>. <i>The University of Kansas</i>. 2017-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Kansas&rft.atitle=Art%2C+religious+artifacts+support+idea+of+Minoan+matriarchy+on+ancient+Crete%2C+researcher+says&rft.date=2017-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ku.edu%2F2017%2F06%2F09%2Fart-religious-artifacts-support-idea-minoan-matriarchy-ancient-crete-researcher-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakassis2010" class="citation cs2">Nakassis, Dimitri (2010), "Reevaluating Staple and Wealth Finance at Mycenaean Pylos", in Pullen, D. J. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:20249/"><i>Political Economies of the Aegean Bronze Age</i></a>, Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 127–148, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17613%2FM62R3NW7C">10.17613/M62R3NW7C</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reevaluating+Staple+and+Wealth+Finance+at+Mycenaean+Pylos&rft.btitle=Political+Economies+of+the+Aegean+Bronze+Age&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=127-148&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17613%2FM62R3NW7C&rft.aulast=Nakassis&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fitem%2Fhc%3A20249%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrounson2019" class="citation web cs1">Trounson, Andrew (2019-11-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/how-do-you-crack-the-code-to-a-lost-ancient-script">"How do you crack the code to a lost ancient script?"</a>. <i>University of Melbourne</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Melbourne&rft.atitle=How+do+you+crack+the+code+to+a+lost+ancient+script%3F&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft.aulast=Trounson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpursuit.unimelb.edu.au%2Farticles%2Fhow-do-you-crack-the-code-to-a-lost-ancient-script&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/greece/gr1020e.html">"Greece: Secrets of the Past - The Minoans"</a>. <i>Canadian Museum of History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Museum+of+History&rft.atitle=Greece%3A+Secrets+of+the+Past+-+The+Minoans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historymuseum.ca%2Fcmc%2Fexhibitions%2Fcivil%2Fgreece%2Fgr1020e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour and Fleming, 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapin, 60-61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraeberWengrow2021" class="citation book cs1">Graeber, David; Wengrow, David (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8gZEAAAQBAJ&q=The+Dawn+of+Everything:+A+New+History+of+Humanity"><i>The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity</i></a>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374721107" title="Special:BookSources/9780374721107"><bdi>9780374721107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Everything%3A+A+New+History+of+Humanity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780374721107&rft.aulast=Graeber&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Wengrow%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8gZEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BDawn%2Bof%2BEverything%3A%2BA%2BNew%2BHistory%2Bof%2BHumanity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_98-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_98-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_98-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_98-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_98-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_98-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_98-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_98-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_98-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudin2016" class="citation book cs1">Budin, Stephanie Lynn (2016-08-12). Budin, Stephanie Lynn; Turfa, Jean Macintosh (eds.). <i>Women in Antiquity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315621425">10.4324/9781315621425</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315621425" title="Special:BookSources/9781315621425"><bdi>9781315621425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Antiquity&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315621425&rft.isbn=9781315621425&rft.aulast=Budin&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Olsen, Barbara A. (February 1998). "Women, children and the family in the Late Aegean Bronze Age: Differences in Minoan and Mycenaean constructions of gender". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 380–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1998.9980386">10.1080/00438243.1998.9980386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8243">0043-8243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Women%2C+children+and+the+family+in+the+Late+Aegean+Bronze+Age%3A+Differences+in+Minoan+and+Mycenaean+constructions+of+gender&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=380-392&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1998.9980386&rft.issn=0043-8243&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee2000-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee2000_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee2000_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2000" class="citation cs2">Lee, Mireille M. 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Deciphering Gender in Minoan Dress", in Rautman, Alison E (ed.), <i>Reading the Body</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 111–123, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9783%2F9781512806830-011">10.9783/9781512806830-011</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781512806830" title="Special:BookSources/9781512806830"><bdi>9781512806830</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+Deciphering+Gender+in+Minoan+Dress&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Body&rft.pages=111-123&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9783%2F9781512806830-011&rft.isbn=9781512806830&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Mireille+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyres1950" class="citation journal cs1">Myres, John L. (January 1950). "1. Minoan Dress". <i>Man</i>. <b>50</b>: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2792547">10.2307/2792547</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2792547">2792547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=1.+Minoan+Dress&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=1950-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2792547&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2792547%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Myres&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolaïdou2012" class="citation cs2">Nikolaïdou, Marianna (2012), "Looking for Minoan and Mycenaean Women", <i>A Companion to Women in the Ancient World</i>, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 38–53, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444355024.ch3">10.1002/9781444355024.ch3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444355024" title="Special:BookSources/9781444355024"><bdi>9781444355024</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Looking+for+Minoan+and+Mycenaean+Women&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Women+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=38-53&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444355024.ch3&rft.isbn=9781444355024&rft.aulast=Nikola%C3%AFdou&rft.aufirst=Marianna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castleden, 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/The-Ancient-World-Greece/Minoan-Dress.html">"Minoan Dress - Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages"</a>. <i>www.fashionencyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fashionencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Minoan+Dress+-+Fashion%2C+Costume%2C+and+Culture%3A+Clothing%2C+Headwear%2C+Body+Decorations%2C+and+Footwear+through+the+Ages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fashionencyclopedia.com%2Ffashion_costume_culture%2FThe-Ancient-World-Greece%2FMinoan-Dress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/minoan/a/minoan-woman-or-goddess-from-the-palace-of-knossos-la-parisienne">"Minoan woman or goddess from the palace of Knossos ("La Parisienne")"</a> by Senta German, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marinatos (1993), p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castleden, 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/minoan/a/snake-goddess">"Snake Goddess"</a> by Senta German, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marinatos (2010), 43-44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1978), 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1971), 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Lynn_BudinJohn_M._Weeks2004" class="citation book cs1">Stephanie Lynn Budin; John M. Weeks (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-Py1QbavoQC&q=symi+island%2Bhebrew+greeks&pg=PA26"><i>The Ancient Greeks: New Perspectives</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576078143" title="Special:BookSources/9781576078143"><bdi>9781576078143</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/249196051">249196051</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190525092934/https://books.google.it/books?id=u-Py1QbavoQC&pg=PA26&dq=symi+island%2Bhebrew+greeks&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN9uCBqrbiAhXRxqQKHdwSAoQQ6AEIKzAA%23v=onepage&q=%22unfortunately%20the%20language%22&f=false#v=onepage&q=symi%20island%2Bhebrew%20greeks&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Greeks%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F249196051&rft.isbn=9781576078143&rft.au=Stephanie+Lynn+Budin&rft.au=John+M.+Weeks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-Py1QbavoQC%26q%3Dsymi%2Bisland%252Bhebrew%2Bgreeks%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFacchettiNegri2003-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFacchettiNegri2003_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFacchettiNegri2003">Facchetti & Negri 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatsemirsky2011-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatsemirsky2011_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYatsemirsky2011">Yatsemirsky 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2014">Beekes 2014</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1985p._289-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1985p._289_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1985">Brown 1985</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emmett_L._Bennett_Jr." title="Emmett L. Bennett Jr.">Bennett, Emmett L.</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Daniels, Peter T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_O._Bright" title="William O. Bright">Bright, William O.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132"><i>The World's Writing Systems</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Emmett+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DospMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick2014-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick2014_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Chadwick2014" class="citation book cs1">John Chadwick (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=meclBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA134"><i>The Decipherment of Linear B</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-69176-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-69176-6"><bdi>978-1-107-69176-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decipherment+of+Linear+B&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-69176-6&rft.au=John+Chadwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmeclBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston2004-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston2004_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Iles_Johnston2004" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Iles Johnston (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvtebmqZZDYC&pg=PA206"><i>Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+A+Guide&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01517-3&rft.au=Sarah+Iles+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuvtebmqZZDYC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidderstad2009" class="citation arxiv cs1">Ridderstad, Marianna (2009). "Evidence of Minoan Astronomy and Calendrical Practises". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0910.4801">0910.4801</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/physics.hist-ph">physics.hist-ph</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+Minoan+Astronomy+and+Calendrical+Practises&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0910.4801&rft.aulast=Ridderstad&rft.aufirst=Marianna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nanno_Marinatos" title="Nanno Marinatos">Marinatos, Nanno</a>. <i>Minoan Kingship and the Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine</i> (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kristiansen, Kristiansen & Larsson, 84-86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kristiansen, Kristiansen & Larsson, 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/aegean-art1/minoan/a/hagia-triada-sarcophagus">"Hagia Triada sarcophagus"</a>, German, Senta, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsson1950" class="citation book cs1">Nilsson, Martin Persson (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OwRuSQQYi0C&pg=PA276"><i>The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and Its Survival in Greek Religion</i></a>. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819602732" title="Special:BookSources/9780819602732"><bdi>9780819602732</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Minoan-Mycenaean+Religion+and+Its+Survival+in+Greek+Religion&rft.pub=Biblo+%26+Tannen+Publishers&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=9780819602732&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=Martin+Persson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-OwRuSQQYi0C%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marinatos-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marinatos_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanno_Marinatos2004" class="citation book cs1">Nanno Marinatos (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvtebmqZZDYC&q=Minoan+matriarchal&pg=PA209">"Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations"</a>. In Sarah Isles Johnston (ed.). <i>Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 206–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674015173" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674015173"><bdi>978-0674015173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minoan+and+Mycenaean+Civilizations&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+A+Guide&rft.pages=206-207&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0674015173&rft.au=Nanno+Marinatos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuvtebmqZZDYC%26q%3DMinoan%2Bmatriarchal%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3471&context=etd">[2]</a> Sailors, Cara. "The Function of Mythology and Religion in Ancient Greek Society." East Tennessee State University, Digital Commons, 2008, dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3471&context=etd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarissisHarissis2009" class="citation book cs1">Harissis, Haralampos V.; Harissis, Anastasios V. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1259037"><i>Apiculture in the Prehistoric Aegean: Minoan and Mycenaean Symbols Revisited</i></a>. British Archaeological Reports (S1958). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0454-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0454-0"><bdi>978-1-4073-0454-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apiculture+in+the+Prehistoric+Aegean%3A+Minoan+and+Mycenaean+Symbols+Revisited&rft.series=British+Archaeological+Reports+%28S1958%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-0454-0&rft.aulast=Harissis&rft.aufirst=Haralampos+V.&rft.au=Harissis%2C+Anastasios+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1259037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the small courtyard of the east wing of the palace of Knossos.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An ivory figure reproduced by Spyridon Marinatos and Max Hirmer, <i>Crete and Mycenae</i> (New York) 1960, fig. 97, also shows the bull dance.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1971), 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.P._MihailovS.B._BezsonovB.D._BlavatskiS.A._Kaufman1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">B.P. Mihailov; S.B. Bezsonov; B.D. Blavatski; S.A. Kaufman; I.L. Matsa; A.M. Pribâtkova; M.I. Rzianin; I.I. Savitski; A.G. Tsires; E.G. Cernov; I.S. Iaralov (1961). <i>Istoria Generală a Arhitecturii</i> (in Romanian). Editura Tehnică. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+General%C4%83+a+Arhitecturii&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Editura+Tehnic%C4%83&rft.date=1961&rft.au=B.P.+Mihailov&rft.au=S.B.+Bezsonov&rft.au=B.D.+Blavatski&rft.au=S.A.+Kaufman&rft.au=I.L.+Matsa&rft.au=A.M.+Prib%C3%A2tkova&rft.au=M.I.+Rzianin&rft.au=I.I.+Savitski&rft.au=A.G.+Tsires&rft.au=E.G.+Cernov&rft.au=I.S.+Iaralov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Douglas, <i>Cities: An Environmental History,</i> p. 16, <a href="/w/index.php?title=I.B._Tauris:_London_and_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I.B. Tauris: London and New York (page does not exist)">I.B. Tauris: London and New York</a> (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTziligkaki2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tziligkaki, Eleni K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellenjgeosci.geol.uoa.gr/45/Tziligkaki.pdf">"Types of schist used in buildings of Minoan Crete"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Journal_of_Geosciences" title="Hellenic Journal of Geosciences">Hellenic Journal of Geosciences</a></i>. <b>45</b>: 317–322<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Journal+of+Geosciences&rft.atitle=Types+of+schist+used+in+buildings+of+Minoan+Crete&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=317-322&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tziligkaki&rft.aufirst=Eleni+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenjgeosci.geol.uoa.gr%2F45%2FTziligkaki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preziosi, D. & Hitchcock, L.A. (1999) p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Preziosi and L.A. Hitchcock <i>Aegean Art and Architecture</i> pp. 48–49, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2015-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore2015_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudley_J._Moore2015" class="citation book cs1">Dudley J. Moore (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=53vWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12"><i>In Search of the Classical World: An Introduction to the Ancient Aegean</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8145-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8145-6"><bdi>978-1-4438-8145-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Classical+World%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Aegean&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-8145-6&rft.au=Dudley+J.+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53vWCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preziosi, D. & Hitchcock, L.A. (1999) p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry2012-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perry2012_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_Perry2012" class="citation book cs1">Marvin Perry (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxpuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-71418-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-71418-7"><bdi>978-1-133-71418-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+A+Brief+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1789&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-133-71418-7&rft.au=Marvin+Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxpuCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.BA.N2014" class="citation book cs1">J.B, Rose; A.N, Angelakis (2014). <i>Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries</i>. London: IWA Publishing. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Sanitation+and+Wastewater+Technologies+through+the+Centuries&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=IWA+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=J.B&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft.au=A.N%2C+Angelakis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.BA.N2014" class="citation book cs1">J.B, Rose; A.N, Angelakis (2014). <i>Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies Through the Centuries</i>. London: IWA Publishing. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Sanitation+and+Wastewater+Technologies+Through+the+Centuries&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=IWA+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=J.B&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft.au=A.N%2C+Angelakis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benton and DiYanni 1998, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bourbon 1998, p 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetesson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Letesson, Quentin (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3801242">"Minoan Halls: A Syntactical Genealogy"</a>. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>117</b> (3): 303–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.117.3.0303">10.3764/aja.117.3.0303</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191259609">191259609</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Minoan+Halls%3A+A+Syntactical+Genealogy&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303-351&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.117.3.0303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191259609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Letesson&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3801242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiemeier" class="citation journal cs1">Niemeier, W.-B. "Mycenaean Knossos and the Age of Linear B". <i>Studi Micenei ed Egeoanatolici</i>. <b>1982</b>: 275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studi+Micenei+ed+Egeoanatolici&rft.atitle=Mycenaean+Knossos+and+the+Age+of+Linear+B&rft.volume=1982&rft.pages=275&rft.aulast=Niemeier&rft.aufirst=W.-B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/46418/pax-minoica-in-aegean/">"Pax Minoica in Aegean"</a>. News – ekathimerini.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pax+Minoica+in+Aegean&rft.pub=News+%E2%80%93+ekathimerini.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekathimerini.com%2Fnews%2F46418%2Fpax-minoica-in-aegean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou wrote of fortifications and acropolises in Minoan Crete, in <i>Kretologia</i> <b>8</b> (1979), pp. 41–56, and especially in C.G. Starr, "Minoan flower-lovers" in <i>The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality</i> R. Hägg and N. Marinatos, eds. (Stockholm) 1994, pp. 9–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marinatos (2010), 4-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gere, <i>Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon1983-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon1983_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon1983">Nixon 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Starr" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Starr">Starr, Chester</a> (1984). Robin Hägg, Nanno Marinatos (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s1JoAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Minoan Thalassocracy</i></a>. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Athen, 4o. Vol. 32. Stockholm: Svenska institutet i Athen. pp. 9–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85086-78-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85086-78-8"><bdi>978-91-85086-78-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Minoan+Thalassocracy&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.series=Skrifter+utgivna+av+Svenska+institutet+i+Athen%2C+4o&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=Svenska+institutet+i+Athen&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-91-85086-78-8&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Chester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds1JoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriessen1999-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriessen1999_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDriessen1999">Driessen 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranigan199987–94-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranigan199987–94_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranigan1999">Branigan 1999</a>, pp. 87–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'AmatoSalimbeti2013" class="citation book cs1">D'Amato, Raffaele; Salimbeti, Andrea (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NY7vCwAAQBAJ"><i>Early Aegean Warrior 5000–1450<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-860-5"><bdi>978-1-78096-860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Aegean+Warrior+5000%E2%80%931450%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3EBC&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-860-5&rft.aulast=D%27Amato&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rft.au=Salimbeti%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNY7vCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERehak1999-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERehak1999_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRehak1999">Rehak 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloyd1999-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloyd1999_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloyd1999">Floyd 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hood (1971)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gates, Charles. <i>Why are there no scenes of warfare in Minoan art?</i>, Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Égée à L'âge du Bronze, Aegaeum: annals of Aegean archaeology of the University of Liège, 1999, pp.277-283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molloy, Barry PC. 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In Tzedakis, Yannis; Martlew, Holley; Tite, Michael (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2XEzwEACAAJ"><i>The Late Minoan III Necropolis of Armenoi: Volume II – Biomolecular and Epigraphical Investigations</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Casemate_Publishers" title="Casemate Publishers">Oxbow Books</a>. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-88857-046-3" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-88857-046-3"><bdi>979-8-88857-046-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bioarchaeological+analyses+of+human+and+faunal+skeletal+remains+and+radiocarbon+dating&rft.btitle=The+Late+Minoan+III+Necropolis+of+Armenoi%3A+Volume+II+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BBiomolecular+and+Epigraphical+Investigations&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=979-8-88857-046-3&rft.aulast=Foody&rft.aufirst=M.+George+B.&rft.au=Ditchfield%2C+Peter+W.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Ceiridwen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2XEzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaboula2000" class="citation book cs1">Baboula, Evanthia (2000). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Buried' Metals in Late Minoan Inheritance Customs". In Pare, C. F. E. (ed.). <i>Metals Make the World Go Round: The Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Birmingham in June 1997</i>. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 70–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842170199" title="Special:BookSources/9781842170199"><bdi>9781842170199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Buried%27+Metals+in+Late+Minoan+Inheritance+Customs&rft.btitle=Metals+Make+the+World+Go+Round%3A+The+Supply+and+Circulation+of+Metals+in+Bronze+Age+Europe%3A+Proceedings+of+a+Conference+Held+at+the+University+of+Birmingham+in+June+1997&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=70-81&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781842170199&rft.aulast=Baboula&rft.aufirst=Evanthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bomIBAAAQBAJ"><i>Pre-Greek: Phonology, Morphology, Lexicon</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27944-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27944-5"><bdi>978-90-04-27944-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Greek%3A+Phonology%2C+Morphology%2C+Lexicon&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27944-5&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbomIBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Benton, Janetta Rebold and DiYanni, Robert. <i>Arts and Culture: An Introduction to the Humanities.</i> Volume 1. Prentice Hall. New Jersey, 1998.</li> <li>Bourbon, F. <i>Lost Civilizations</i>. Barnes and Noble, Inc. New York, 1998.</li> <li>Branigan, Keith, 1970. <i>The Foundations of Palatial Crete</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranigan1999" class="citation conference cs1">Branigan, Keith (1999). "The Nature of Warfare in the Southern Aegean During the Third Millennium<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC". In Laffineur, Robert (ed.). <i>Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a L'Age du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre egeenne internationale Universite de Liège, 1998</i>. Université de Liège. pp. 87–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Warfare+in+the+Southern+Aegean+During+the+Third+Millennium%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3EBC&rft.btitle=Polemos%3A+Le+Contexte+Guerrier+en+Egee+a+L%27Age+du+Bronze.+Actes+de+la+7e+Rencontre+egeenne+internationale+Universite+de+Li%C3%A8ge%2C+1998&rft.pages=87-94&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Li%C3%A8ge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Branigan&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1985" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond A. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TcgcAQAAIAAJ"><i>Evidence for pre-Greek speech on Crete from Greek alphabetic sources</i></a>. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-02-560876-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-02-560876-7"><bdi>978-9-02-560876-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidence+for+pre-Greek+speech+on+Crete+from+Greek+alphabetic+sources&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Adolf+M.+Hakkert&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-9-02-560876-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTcgcAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burkert, Walter, 1985. <i>Greek Religion</i>. J. Raffan, trans. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-36281-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-36281-0">0-674-36281-0</a></li> <li>Cadogan, Gerald, 1992, " Ancient and Modern Crete", in Myers et al., 1992, <i>Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete</i>.</li> <li>Callender, Gae (1999) <i>The Minoans and the Mycenaeans: Aegean Society in the Bronze Age</i> Oxford university press, Victoria 3205, Australia</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastleden1993" class="citation book cs1">Castleden, Rodney (1993). <i>Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415088336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415088336"><bdi>978-0415088336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minoans%3A+Life+in+Bronze+Age+Crete&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0415088336&rft.aulast=Castleden&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415040709" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415040709">978-0415040709</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatling1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Catling" title="Hector Catling">Catling, Hector W.</a> (1964). <i>Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean World</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cypriot+Bronzework+in+the+Mycenaean+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Catling&rft.aufirst=Hector+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1967" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, John (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TD8YAlh_XHwC"><i>The Decipherment of Linear B</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39830-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39830-5"><bdi>978-0-521-39830-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decipherment+of+Linear+B&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39830-5&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTD8YAlh_XHwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chapin, Anne P., "Power, Privilege and Landscape in Minoan Art", in <i>Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr</i>, <i>Hesperia</i> (Princeton, N.J.) 33, 2004, ASCSA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876615337" title="Special:BookSources/0876615337">0876615337</a>, 9780876615331, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQOQey4OkAsC&pg=PA181">google books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2013" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Christina F. (2013). <i>The Manufacture of Minoan Metal Vessels: Theory and Practice</i>. 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(1989). <i>The Aegean and the East: An Investigation into the Transference of Artistic Motifs between the Aegean, Egypt, and the Near East in the Bronze Age</i>. 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New York: Garland Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824026813" title="Special:BookSources/9780824026813"><bdi>9780824026813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vapheio+Cups+and+Aegean+Gold+and+Silver+Ware&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780824026813&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Ellen+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dickinson, Oliver (1994; 2005 re-print) <i>The Aegean Bronze Age</i>, Cambridge World Archaeology, Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriessen1999" class="citation conference cs1">Driessen, Jan (1999). "The Archaeology of Aegean Warfare". In Laffineur, Robert (ed.). <i>Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a L'Age du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre egeenne internationale Universite de Liège, 1998</i>. Université de Liège. pp. 11–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Aegean+Warfare&rft.btitle=Polemos%3A+Le+Contexte+Guerrier+en+Egee+a+L%27Age+du+Bronze.+Actes+de+la+7e+Rencontre+egeenne+internationale+Universite+de+Li%C3%A8ge%2C+1998&rft.pages=11-20&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Li%C3%A8ge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Driessen&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriessenLangohr2014" class="citation journal cs1">Driessen, J.; Langohr, C. (2014). "Recent developments in the archaeology of Minoan Crete". <i>Pharos</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 75–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FPHA.20.1.3064537">10.2143/PHA.20.1.3064537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharos&rft.atitle=Recent+developments+in+the+archaeology+of+Minoan+Crete&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-115&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FPHA.20.1.3064537&rft.aulast=Driessen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Langohr%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">—— (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diglit.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/evans1921bd1?sid=2d606e44392a6d47e07149c09559ef42"><i>The Palace of Minos: a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustrated by the discoveries at Knossos</i></a>. Vol. I: The Neolithic and Early and Middle Minoan Ages. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2FDIGLIT.807">10.11588/DIGLIT.807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palace+of+Minos%3A+a+comparative+account+of+the+successive+stages+of+the+early+Cretan+civilization+as+illustrated+by+the+discoveries+at+Knossos&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2FDIGLIT.807&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Arthur+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiglit.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fdiglit%2Fevans1921bd1%3Fsid%3D2d606e44392a6d47e07149c09559ef42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Sir Arthur Evans</a>, 1921–35. <i>The Palace of Minos: A Comparative Account of the Successive Stages of the Early Cretan Civilization as Illustrated by the Discoveries at Knossos</i>, 4 vols. in 6 (reissued 1964).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFacchettiNegri2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Facchetti, Giulio M.; Negri, Mario (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SgpZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Creta Minoica: Sulle tracce delle più antiche scritture d'Europa</i></a> (in Italian). Firenze: L.S. Olschki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-222-5291-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-222-5291-3"><bdi>978-88-222-5291-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creta+Minoica%3A+Sulle+tracce+delle+pi%C3%B9+antiche+scritture+d%27Europa&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=L.S.+Olschki&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-88-222-5291-3&rft.aulast=Facchetti&rft.aufirst=Giulio+M.&rft.au=Negri%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSgpZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloyd1999" class="citation conference cs1">Floyd, Cheryl (1999). "Observations on a Minoan Dagger from Chrysokamino". In Laffineur, Robert (ed.). <i>Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a L'Age du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre egeenne internationale Universite de Liège, 1998</i>. Université de Liège. pp. 433–442.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Observations+on+a+Minoan+Dagger+from+Chrysokamino&rft.btitle=Polemos%3A+Le+Contexte+Guerrier+en+Egee+a+L%27Age+du+Bronze.+Actes+de+la+7e+Rencontre+egeenne+internationale+Universite+de+Li%C3%A8ge%2C+1998&rft.pages=433-442&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Li%C3%A8ge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Floyd&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurumark1972" class="citation book cs1">Furumark, Arne (1972). <i>Mycenaean Pottery I: Analysis and Classification</i> (Reprint 1941 ed.). Stockholm: Åström. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9185086047" title="Special:BookSources/978-9185086047"><bdi>978-9185086047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycenaean+Pottery+I%3A+Analysis+and+Classification&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.edition=Reprint+1941&rft.pub=%C3%85str%C3%B6m&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-9185086047&rft.aulast=Furumark&rft.aufirst=Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gates, Charles, 1999. "Why Are There No Scenes of Warfare in Minoan Art?" pp 277–284 In Laffineur, Robert, ed., <i>Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a L'Age du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre egeenne internationale Universite de Liège, 1998.</i> Université de Liège.</li> <li>Gates, Charles (2004), "Pictorial Imagery in Minoan Wall Painting", in <i>Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr</i>, <i>Hesperia</i> (Princeton, N.J.) 33, 2004, ASCSA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876615337" title="Special:BookSources/0876615337">0876615337</a>, 9780876615331, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQOQey4OkAsC&pg=PA181">google books</a></li> <li>Gere, Cathy. <i>Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGesell1983" class="citation book cs1">Gesell, G.C. (1983). "The Place of the Goddess in Minoan Society". In O. Krzyszkowska; L. Nixon (eds.). <i>Minoan Society</i>. Bristol.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Place+of+the+Goddess+in+Minoan+Society&rft.btitle=Minoan+Society&rft.place=Bristol&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gesell&rft.aufirst=G.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemingway1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hemingway, Séan (1 January 1996). "Minoan Metalworking in the Postpalatial Period: A Deposit of Metallurgical Debris from Palaikastro". <i>The Annual of the British School at Athens</i>. <b>91</b>: 213–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0068245400016488">10.1017/s0068245400016488</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30102549">30102549</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127346339">127346339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+the+British+School+at+Athens&rft.atitle=Minoan+Metalworking+in+the+Postpalatial+Period%3A+A+Deposit+of+Metallurgical+Debris+from+Palaikastro&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=213-252&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A127346339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30102549%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0068245400016488&rft.aulast=Hemingway&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9an&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hutchinson, <i>Prehistoric Crete</i>, many editions hardcover and softcover</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Goodison" title="Lucy Goodison">Goodison, Lucy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christine_E._Morris" title="Christine E. Morris">Morris, Christine</a>, 1998, "Beyond the Great Mother: The Sacred World of the Minoans", in Goodison, Lucy, and Christine Morris, eds., <i>Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence</i>, London: British Museum Press, pp. 113–132.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaarmann2008" class="citation journal cs1">Haarmann, Harald (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeomythology.org/publications/the-journal-of-archaeomythology/2008-volume-4/2008-volume-4-article-1/">"The Danube Script and Other Ancient Writing Systems: A Typology of Distinctive Features"</a>. <i>The Journal of Archaeomythology</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 12–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Archaeomythology&rft.atitle=The+Danube+Script+and+Other+Ancient+Writing+Systems%3A+A+Typology+of+Distinctive+Features&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-46&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeomythology.org%2Fpublications%2Fthe-journal-of-archaeomythology%2F2008-volume-4%2F2008-volume-4-article-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hägg, R. and N. Marinatos, eds. <i>The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality</i> (Stockholm) 1994. A summary of revived points-of-view of a Minoan thalassocracy, especially in LMI.</li> <li>Haralampos V. Harissis, Anastasios V. Harissis. <i>Apiculture in the Prehistoric Aegean. Minoan and Mycenaean Symbols Revisited</i> British Archaeological Reports S1958, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0454-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0454-0">978-1-4073-0454-0</a>.</li> <li>Higgins, Reynold, 1981. <i>Minoan and Mycenaean Art</i>, (revised edition).</li> <li>Hogan, C. Michael, 2007. <i>Knossos fieldnotes</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10854/knossos.html#fieldnotes">Modern Antiquarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Honour" title="Hugh Honour">Hugh Honour</a> and John Fleming, <i>A World History of Art</i>, 1st edn. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333371852" title="Special:BookSources/0333371852">0333371852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Hood" title="Sinclair Hood">Hood, Sinclair</a>, 1971, <i>The Minoans: Crete in the Bronze Age</i>. London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Hood" title="Sinclair Hood">Hood, Sinclair</a> (1978), <i>The Arts in Prehistoric Greece</i>, 1978, Penguin (Penguin/Yale History of Art), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140561420" title="Special:BookSources/0140561420">0140561420</a></li> <li>Hughes, Dennis, 1991. <i>Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece.</i> Routledge: London.</li> <li>Hutchinson, Richard W., 1962. <i>Prehistoric Crete</i> (reprinted 1968)</li> <li>Kristiansen, Kristiansen & Larsson, Thomas B. (2005) <i>The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations</i> Cambridge University Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrzyszkowska1999" class="citation conference cs1">Krzyszkowska, Olga (1999). "So Where's the Loot? The Spoils of War and the Archaeological Record". In Laffineur, Robert (ed.). <i>Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a L'Age du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre egeenne internationale Universite de Liège, 1998</i>. 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"Assessing the role of architecture in conspicuous consumption in the Middle Minoan I–II Periods." <i>Oxford Journal of Archaeology</i> vol 23/3, pp. 243–269.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherrattTaylor1989" class="citation book cs1">Sherratt, Andrew; Taylor, Timothy (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ucUAAAAIAAJ&q=Metal+Vessels+in+Bronze+Age+Europe+and+the+Context+of+Vulchetrun&pg=PA106">"Metal Vessels in Bronze Age Europe and the Context of Vulchetrun"</a>. In Best, Jan Gijsbert Pieter; De Vries, Manny M. W. (eds.). <i>Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology, Rotterdam, 24–26 September 1984</i>. Leiden: Brill Archive. pp. 106–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004088641" title="Special:BookSources/9789004088641"><bdi>9789004088641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metal+Vessels+in+Bronze+Age+Europe+and+the+Context+of+Vulchetrun&rft.btitle=Thracians+and+Mycenaeans%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+International+Congress+of+Thracology%2C+Rotterdam%2C+24%E2%80%9326+September+1984&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=106-134&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9789004088641&rft.aulast=Sherratt&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ucUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMetal%2BVessels%2Bin%2BBronze%2BAge%2BEurope%2Band%2Bthe%2BContext%2Bof%2BVulchetrun%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Soles, Jeffrey S., 1992, <i>The Prepalatial Cemeteries at Mochlos and Gournia and the House Tombs of Bronze Age Crete: And the House Tombs of Bronze Age Crete</i>, Published by ASCSA, 1992.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoles2008" class="citation book cs1">Soles, Jeffrey S. (2008). <i>Mochlos IIA: Period IV: The Mycenaean Settlement and Cemetery: The Sites</i>. Vol. 23. INSTAP Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt3fgw67">10.2307/j.ctt3fgw67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931534239" title="Special:BookSources/9781931534239"><bdi>9781931534239</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fgw67">j.ctt3fgw67</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253870838">253870838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mochlos+IIA%3A+Period+IV%3A+The+Mycenaean+Settlement+and+Cemetery%3A+The+Sites&rft.pub=INSTAP+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt3fgw67&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253870838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt3fgw67%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781931534239&rft.aulast=Soles&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Warren P., Hankey V., 1989. <i>Aegean Bronze Age Chronology</i> (Bristol).</li> <li>Watrous, L. Vance (1991), "The origin and iconography of the Late Minoan painted larnax", <i><a href="/wiki/Hesperia_(journal)" title="Hesperia (journal)">Hesperia</a></i>, 60(3): 285–307; <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/148065">148065</a>.</li> <li>Willetts, R. F., 1976 (1995 edition). <i>The Civilization of Ancient Crete</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnes & Noble Books">Barnes & Noble Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-746-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-746-2">1-84212-746-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, James C. (2004). "A Survey of Evidence for Feasting in Mycenaean Society". <i>Hesperia</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 133–178. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.9036">10.1.1.675.9036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2972%2Fhesp.2004.73.2.133">10.2972/hesp.2004.73.2.133</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4134891">4134891</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54957703">54957703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesperia&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Evidence+for+Feasting+in+Mycenaean+Society&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-178&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.675.9036%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54957703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4134891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2972%2Fhesp.2004.73.2.133&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsemirsky2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yatsemirsky, Sergei A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4e8twAACAAJ"><i>Opyt sravnitel'nogo opisaniya minoyskogo, etrusskogo i rodstvennyh im yazykov</i></a> [<i>Tentative Comparative Description of Minoan, Etruscan and Related Languages</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoy kul'tury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9551-0479-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9551-0479-9"><bdi>978-5-9551-0479-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opyt+sravnitel%27nogo+opisaniya+minoyskogo%2C+etrusskogo+i+rodstvennyh+im+yazykov&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Yazyki+slavyanskoy+kul%27tury&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-5-9551-0479-9&rft.aulast=Yatsemirsky&rft.aufirst=Sergei+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4e8twAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinoan+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yule, Paul. <i>Early Cretan Seals: A Study of Chronology</i>. Marburger Studien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 4, Mainz 1980 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-0490-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8053-0490-0">3-8053-0490-0</a></li> <li>Vasilakis, Andonis, <i>Minoan Crete: From Myth to History</i>, 2000, Adam Editions, Athens, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789605003432" title="Special:BookSources/9789605003432">9789605003432</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Minoan_civilization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Minoan_civilization" title="Template:Minoan civilization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Minoan_civilization" title="Template talk:Minoan civilization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Minoan_civilization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Minoan civilization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Minoan_civilization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minoan civilization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_chronology" title="Minoan chronology">Minoan chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">Minoan pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_seals" title="Minoan seals">Minoan seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_palaces" title="Minoan palaces">Minoan palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption" title="Minoan eruption">Minoan eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_sanctuaries" title="Peak sanctuaries">Peak sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaistos" title="Phaistos">Phaistos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malia_(archaeological_site)" title="Malia (archaeological site)">Malia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakros" title="Zakros">Zakros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatas_Palace" title="Galatas Palace">Galatas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada" title="Hagia Triada">Hagia Triada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommos_(Crete)" title="Kommos (Crete)">Kommos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussolakkos" title="Roussolakkos">Palaikastro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydonia" title="Kydonia">Kydonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gournia" title="Gournia">Gournia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troullos" title="Troullos">Troullos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripiti_(archaeological_site)" title="Tripiti (archaeological site)">Trypiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkos" title="Lakkos">Lakkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnisos" title="Amnisos">Amnisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petras" title="Petras">Petras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastiraki,_Crete" title="Monastiraki, Crete">Monastiraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasiliki,_Lasithi" title="Vasiliki, Lasithi">Vasiliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vathypetro" title="Vathypetro">Vathypetro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zominthos" title="Zominthos">Zominthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeni_(archaeological_site)" title="Armeni (archaeological site)">Armeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apesokari" title="Apesokari">Apesokari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryssolakkos" title="Chryssolakkos">Chryssolakkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamilari" title="Kamilari">Kamilari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koumasa" title="Koumasa">Koumasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Roumata_(archaeological_site)" title="Nea Roumata (archaeological site)">Nea Roumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odigitria" title="Odigitria">Odigitria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phourni" title="Phourni">Phourni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylaki" title="Phylaki">Phylaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylos" title="Stylos">Stylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerokambos" title="Yerokambos">Yerokambos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkalochori" title="Arkalochori">Arkalochori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamares,_Crete" title="Kamares, Crete">Kamares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychro_Cave" title="Psychro Cave">Psychro Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsipades" title="Atsipades">Atsipades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karfi" title="Karfi">Karfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Modi" title="Minoan Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Juktas" title="Mount Juktas">Mount Juktas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petsofas" title="Petsofas">Petsofas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traostalos" title="Traostalos">Traostalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrysinas" title="Vrysinas">Vrysinas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_Treasure" title="Aegina Treasure">Aegina Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_Boxer_Fresco" title="Akrotiri Boxer Fresco">Akrotiri Boxer Fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada_Sarcophagus" title="Hagia Triada Sarcophagus">Hagia Triada Sarcophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horns_of_Consecration" title="Horns of Consecration">Horns of Consecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines" title="Minoan snake goddess figurines">Snake goddess figurines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Parisienne_(fresco)" title="La Parisienne (fresco)">La Parisienne (fresco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustral_basin" title="Lustral basin">Lustral basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Lilies" title="Prince of the Lilies">Prince of the Lilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup_jar" title="Stirrup jar">Stirrup jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvester_Vase" title="Harvester Vase">Harvester Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamares_ware" title="Kamares ware">Kamares ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouloura" title="Kouloura">Kouloura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knossos_board_game" title="Knossos board game">Knossos board game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Genius" title="Minoan Genius">Minoan Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_frescoes_from_Tell_el-Dab%27a" title="Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a">Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malia_altar_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Malia altar stone">Malia altar stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malia_Pendant" title="Malia Pendant">Malia Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Moulds_of_Palaikastro" title="Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro">Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Bull-leaper" title="Minoan Bull-leaper">Minoan Bull-leaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papoura_Hill_Circular_Structure" title="Papoura Hill Circular Structure">Papoura Hill Circular Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasiliki_ware" title="Vasiliki ware">Vasiliki ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Paintings_of_Thera" title="Wall Paintings of Thera">Wall Paintings of Thera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaistos_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaistos disc">Phaistos disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkalochori_Axe" title="Arkalochori Axe">Arkalochori script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_seals" title="Minoan seals">Minoan seals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraklion_Archaeological_Museum" title="Heraklion Archaeological Museum">Heraklion Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Chania" title="Archaeological Museum of Chania">Archaeological Museum of Chania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Sitia" title="Archaeological Museum of Sitia">Archaeological Museum of Sitia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Crete" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Crete" title="Template:History of Crete"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Crete" title="Template talk:History of Crete"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Crete" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Crete"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Crete" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crete" title="History of Crete">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minoan period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crete#Classical,_Hellenistic,_Roman,_Byzantine_and_Arab_Crete" title="History of Crete">Classical and Hellenistic period</a></li> <li>Roman period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_League" title="Cretan League">Cretan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete and Cyrenaica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">First Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Arab period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Second Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Saint_Titus" title="Revolt of Saint Titus">Revolt of Saint Titus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Siege of Candia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Ottoman period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1841)" title="Cretan Revolt (1841)">1841 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" title="Cretan revolt (1866–1869)">Great Cretan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">1878 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1897%E2%80%931898)" title="Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)">1897–1898 revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theriso_revolt" title="Theriso revolt">Theriso revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li>World War II <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_resistance" title="Cretan resistance">Resistance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_ships" title="Ancient Egyptian royal ships">Solar ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels#History" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propulsion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Mesopotamia relations">Indo–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Austronesian network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations#Trade" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Greco–Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo–Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Austronesian replicas <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa#Canoe" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa canoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bronze_Age" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template talk:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bronze_Age" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↑ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorican_Tumulus_culture" title="Armorican Tumulus culture">Armorican Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Chinese Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deverel%E2%80%93Rimbury_culture" title="Deverel–Rimbury culture">Deverel–Rimbury culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elp_culture" title="Elp culture">Elp culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Park_Phase" title="Ewart Park Phase">Ewart Park Phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezero_culture" title="Ezero culture">Ezero culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazkov_culture" title="Glazkov culture">Glazkov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">Argaric culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Late Jomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penard_Period" title="Penard Period">Penard Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture">Samus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Western_Iberian_Bronze" title="South-Western Iberian Bronze">South-Western Iberian Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilburton-Wallington_Phase" title="Wilburton-Wallington Phase">Wilburton-Wallington Phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(North Caucasus<br />and Transcaucasia)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↓ <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134178#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4074845-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85085782">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Minoens"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949592q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Minoens"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949592q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="minojská kultura"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph342348&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536128405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&oldid=1259160026">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&oldid=1259160026</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Minoan_civilization" title="Category:Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:27th-century_BC_establishments" title="Category:27th-century BC establishments">27th-century BC establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_BC_disestablishments" title="Category:12th-century BC disestablishments">12th-century BC disestablishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_3rd_millennium_BC" title="Category:States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC">States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_12th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC">States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-Indo-Europeans" title="Category:Pre-Indo-Europeans">Pre-Indo-Europeans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_Crete" title="Category:Prehistoric Crete">Prehistoric Crete</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Crete" title="Category:History of Crete">History of 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[\"CITEREFCastleden1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCastleden2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCastleden2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatling1964\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;AmatoSalimbeti2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriessen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriessenLangohr2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDudley_J._Moore2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFacchettiNegri2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloyd1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoodyDitchfieldEdwards2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedrichKromer,_BFriedrich,_MHeinemeier,_J2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurumark1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGesell1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhose2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraeberWengrow2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaarmann2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallager2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHarissisHarissis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemingway1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHugheyPaschouDrineasMastropaolo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ.BA.N2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Chadwick2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaradimasMomigliano2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozloff2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKrzyszkowska1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-RoodenbergAcarAçıkkol2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisMittnikPattersonMallick2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLetesson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKenzie1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManningRamsey,_CBKutschera,_WHigham,_T2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvin_Perry2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthäus1980\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy,_FWDunn,_SE2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyres1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakassis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNanno_Marinatos2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelsonMavrofridisAnagnostopoulos2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiemeier\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikolaïdou2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilsson1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNixon1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapagrigorakisKousoulisSynodinos2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPendleburyEvans2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRehak1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRehak1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidderstad2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakellarakis,_Y.E._Sapouna-Sakellarakis1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarah_Iles_Johnston2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoep2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherrattTaylor1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigurdssonCareyAlexandriVougioukalakis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkourtaniotiRingbauerGnecchi_RusconeBianco2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoles2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephanie_Lynn_BudinJohn_M._Weeks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomkinsSchoep2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrounson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTziligkaki2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWachsmann1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWarren1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren_PM2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatrous2021\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFWright2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYatsemirsky2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Evolution_of_agricultural_tools_in_Minoan_Crete\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical_overview\"] = 1,\n [\"Minoans_beyond_Crete\"] = 1,\n [\"Painting\"] = 1,\n [\"Population_genetics_studies\"] = 1,\n [\"Recent_skepticism\"] = 1,\n [\"Sacrifice\"] = 1,\n [\"Weaponry\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 8,\n [\"Ancient Greece topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient seafaring\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Bronze Age footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 62,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"History of Crete\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Greece\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 13,\n [\"Infobox archaeological culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Minoan civilization\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 38,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain link\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Sub\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","24.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","13.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","5.4"],["recursiveClone 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civilization","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minoan_civilization","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q134178","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q134178","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-18T20:39:59Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T18:24:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/ff\/Map_Minoan_Crete-en.svg","headline":"Bronze Age civilization flourishing on Crete and other Aegean islands from c. 2600 to 1100 BC"}</script> </body> </html>