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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn.&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.">Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2001 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued October 11, 2000<br />Decided February 20, 2001</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association, et al.</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">531 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/531/288/case.html">288</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_531" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 531">more</a></i>)<div>121 S. Ct. 924; 148 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 807; 2001 <a href="/wiki/U.S._LEXIS" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. LEXIS">U.S. LEXIS</a> 964</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data">13 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp. 2d">F. Supp. 2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/13/670/2311680/">670</a> (<a href="/wiki/M.D._Tenn." class="mw-redirect" title="M.D. Tenn.">M.D. Tenn.</a> 1998); reversed, 180 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/180/758/485948/">758</a> (<a href="/wiki/6th_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="6th Cir.">6th Cir.</a> 1999); rehearing <i><a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a></i> denied, 190 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/190/705/516651/">705</a> (6th Cir. 1999).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subsequent</th><td class="infobox-data">On remand, 262 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/262/543/607822/">543</a> (6th Cir. 2001); 304 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp. 2d">F. Supp. 2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/304/981/2563399/">981</a> (M.D. Tenn. 2003); reversed, <i>Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Ass'n v. Brentwood Academy</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_551" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 551">551</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/551/291/">291</a> (2007).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A statewide association, incorporated to regulate interscholastic athletic competition among public and private schools, is regarded as engaging in <a href="/wiki/State_action_(United_States_constitutional_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="State action (United States constitutional law)">state action</a> when it enforces a rule against a member school.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John P. Stevens</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Souter, joined by Stevens, O'Connor, Ginsburg, Breyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas, joined by Rehnquist, Scalia, Kennedy</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amend. XIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1983">§ 1983</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association</b></i>, 531 U.S. 288 (2001), is a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> case concerning whether the actions of an interscholastic sport-association that regulated sports among <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> schools could be regarded as a <a href="/wiki/State_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="State actor">state actor</a> for First Amendment and Due Process purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court held that the sport-association can be sued as a state actor because its actions and history have been "entangled" with state action.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Supreme Court would reconsider this same case in the future, this specific decision became important in articulating a new principle of what entities are bound by the First Amendment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Ass%27n&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Association" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association</a> (TSSAA) is a non-profit membership corporation organized to regulate interscholastic sports among its members (a large portion of the public and private high schools in Tennessee).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association's role in regulating interscholastic competition in <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a> was recognized by the state's <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Education">Board of Education</a> in the case.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Academy" title="Brentwood Academy">Brentwood Academy</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Private_high_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Private high school">private high school</a> that fields interscholastic teams as a member of TSSAA. Brentwood was highly successful in sports competition, winning nine state <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> championships between 1969, when it was founded, and 1997. This success fostered resentment among opponent schools, which questioned the Academy's tactics for recruiting players.<sup id="cite_ref-Smirnov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smirnov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, TSSAA investigated rumors that Brentwood Academy was engaging in illegal practices to recruit public school athletes to the school. No such practices were identified, but TSSAA discovered that Brentwood Academy's football <a href="/wiki/Coach_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coach (sports)">coach</a> had invited eighth grade boys who would be enrolling in the school the following school year to attend spring football practice. TSSAA identified this as a violation of its rules and fined the school $3,000 for contacting student athletes prior to their official enrollment at the school and for violating a TSSAA policy prohibiting "undue influence on a student (or) his or her parents...to secure or to retain a student for athletic purposes."<sup id="cite_ref-Smirnov_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smirnov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association also placed the school on four years' probation and banned it from participating in state playoff games for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Smirnov_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smirnov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brentwood Academy sued the association over this action.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2b_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brentwood argued that the enforcement of the rule constituted <a href="/wiki/State_action_(United_States_constitutional_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="State action (United States constitutional law)">state action</a> which they claimed violated the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2b_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school asserted that their due process rights had been violated because there were no evidentiary hearings to determine the validity of the claim that they inappropriately recruited football players. Further, they argued that the rule violated their freedom of speech because it restricted the ways the Academy could recruit. In July 1998, the District Court agreed with this argument and granted <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary judgement">summary judgement</a> to the Academy, while <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">enjoining</a> the association from enforcing the rule.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the lower court's decision, finding that the actions of the association did not constitute 'state action'.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">granted <i>certiorari</i></a> of the case to review this question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decision">Decision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Ass%27n&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before any questions of First Amendment law could be decided, the Court had to first determine whether TSSAA was a state entity and so whether the First Amendment applied.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court issued a divided decision, splitting 5–4 in favor of reversing the Sixth Circuit and finding the actions of the association as "state action."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Justice <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> wrote for the five-justice majority, "The nominally private character of the Association is overborne by the pervasive entwinement of public institutions and public officials in its composition and workings, and there is no substantial reason to claim unfairness in applying constitutional standards to it."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the basis for this determination were historical statements by the Tennessee Board of Education, which had granted regulatory authority to the association and recognition of its own independent authority. For example, the Board explicitly approved the TSSAA's rules and reserved the right to continuously review them in the future. Further, employees at the association were given state pensions. Because the association could essentially "coerce" the member schools to follow its rules and the state would back it up, it was using state <a href="/wiki/Police_power_(United_States_constitutional_law)" title="Police power (United States constitutional law)">police power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Souter concluded, the restrictions on denial of due process would apply to the association, and the lawsuit could proceed in the lower courts.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissenting_opinion">Dissenting opinion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Ass%27n&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dissenting opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> wrote a <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinion</a>, joined by three other Justices. He criticized the usage of a new "entwinement" standard for determining state action, which he said "stretched the doctrine beyond its permissible limits."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attacked the majority's decision as breaking a prohibition on extending the Fourteenth Amendment to "merely private conduct," relying on similar cases that did not extend 'state action' to collegiate sports associations. Further, he said the meaning of 'entwinement' is "unclear" because it was left undefined and possibly too expansive.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded by stating that the Court should have affirmed the Sixth Circuit's opinion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_history">Subsequent history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Ass%27n&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subsequent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This case created the "entwinement test", the principle that a private organization could be connected in such a way with state organizations that the private organization itself exercises state power.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this new rule announced, the Court sent the case back to lower courts to reconsider the arguments of Brentwood Academy. </p><p>The case was sent back to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals who instructed the association that they could prevail if they showed the enforced rule was narrowly defined to promote "governmental interests".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second District Court trial on this factor again resulted in a finding in favor of Brentwood Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sixth Circuit this time affirmed. In 2007, the Supreme Court again granted review and this time reversed in favor of the association.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a unanimous decision, Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> held that the actual rule did not violate the First Amendment and that the tactics used to recruit football players rose to the level of a governmental interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Smirnov_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smirnov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On other claims though, the case was sent back again to the Sixth Circuit. The Sixth Circuit rejected the remaining claims and the Supreme Court denied review, ending the case.<sup id="cite_ref-Smirnov_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smirnov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Ass%27n&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Ass'n</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_531" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 531">531</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/531/288/">288</a> (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronella2000">Petronella 2000</a>, p. 1064.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronella2000">Petronella 2000</a>, p. 1061.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">531 U.S. at 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smirnov-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smirnov_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smirnov_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smirnov_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smirnov_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smirnov_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smirnov, Alexi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://businesstn.com/content/brentwood-academy-v-tssaa?page=0%2C1">"Brentwood Academy v. TSSAA"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708110415/http://businesstn.com/content/brentwood-academy-v-tssaa?page=0%2C1">Archived</a> July 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "TN Business", January 1, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2b-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2b_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2b_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">531 U.S. at 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary Schools Athletic Ass'n</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/13/670/2311680/">13 F. Supp. 2d 670</a> (M.D. Tenn. 1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Ass'n</i>, 180 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/180/758/485948/">758</a> (<a href="/wiki/6th_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="6th Cir.">6th Cir.</a> 1999); rehearing <i><a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a></i> denied, 190 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/190/705/516651/">705</a> (6th Cir. 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">531 U.S. at 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronella2000">Petronella 2000</a>, pp. 1063–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">531 U.S. at 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">531 U.S. at 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">531 U.S. at 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronella2000">Petronella 2000</a>, p. 1063.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">531 U.S. at 305-06 (Thomas, J., dissenting).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronella2000">Petronella 2000</a>, p. 1059.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary Schools Athletic Ass'n</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/262/543/607822/">262 F.3d 543</a> (6th Cir. 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary Schools Athletic Ass'n</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/304/981/2563399/">304 F. Supp. 2d 981</a> (M.D. Tenn. 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Ass'n v. Brentwood Academy</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_551" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 551">551</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/551/291/">291</a> (2007).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Ass%27n&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPetronella2000" class="citation journal cs1">Petronella, Robin (2000). "A Comment on the Supreme Court's Machiavellian Approach to Government Action and the Implications of its Recent Decision in <i>Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association</i>". <i>Stetson Law Review</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 1057–1094.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stetson+Law+Review&rft.atitle=A+Comment+on+the+Supreme+Court%27s+Machiavellian+Approach+to+Government+Action+and+the+Implications+of+its+Recent+Decision+in+Brentwood+Academy+v.+Tennessee+Secondary+School+Athletic+Association&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1057-1094&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Petronella&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrentwood+Academy+v.+Tennessee+Secondary+School+Athletic+Ass%27n" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Ass%27n&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Brentwood Academy v. 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