CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>農村人口外流 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"246935ee-61e2-457f-840a-36169dd122b3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"農村人口外流","wgTitle":"農村人口外流","wgCurRevisionId":80045500,"wgRevisionId":80045500,"wgArticleId":6657608,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["含有缺少网址的网站引用的页面","含有英語的條目","含有日語的條目","含有德語的條目","鄉村文化","人口流動","城市规划","城市化"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"農村人口外流","wgRelevantArticleId":6657608,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2608153","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rural_flight.jpg/1200px-Rural_flight.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1057"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rural_flight.jpg/800px-Rural_flight.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="704"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rural_flight.jpg/640px-Rural_flight.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="564"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="農村人口外流 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-農村人口外流 rootpage-農村人口外流 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史趋势" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史趋势"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史趋势</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史趋势-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史趋势子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史趋势-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-沙塵暴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#沙塵暴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>沙塵暴</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-沙塵暴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現代的農村人口外流" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現代的農村人口外流"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>現代的農村人口外流</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現代的農村人口外流-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-小城镇的荒废" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#小城镇的荒废"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>小城镇的荒废</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-小城镇的荒废-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-決定因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#決定因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>決定因素</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-決定因素-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关決定因素子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-決定因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-经济决定因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济决定因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>经济决定因素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经济决定因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会决定因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会决定因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>社会决定因素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会决定因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-案例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#案例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>案例</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-案例-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关案例子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-案例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-美国和加拿大" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美国和加拿大"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>美国和加拿大</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美国和加拿大-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>中国</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英格兰和威尔士" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英格兰和威尔士"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>英格兰和威尔士</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英格兰和威尔士-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-德国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#德国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>德国</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-德国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中世纪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中世纪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>中世纪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中世纪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-德国Landflucht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#德国Landflucht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>德国Landflucht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-德国Landflucht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-苏格兰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#苏格兰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>苏格兰</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-苏格兰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-瑞典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#瑞典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>瑞典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-瑞典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-俄罗斯和前苏联国家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#俄罗斯和前苏联国家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>俄罗斯和前苏联国家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-俄罗斯和前苏联国家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-墨西哥" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#墨西哥"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>墨西哥</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-墨西哥-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-後果" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#後果"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>後果</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-後果-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考文獻子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>引文</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">農村人口外流</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。24种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الهجرة القروية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهجرة القروية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqrar_b%C3%B6hran" title="Aqrar böhran – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aqrar böhran" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divaezia%C3%B1" title="Divaeziañ – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Divaeziañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88xode_rural" title="Èxode rural – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Èxode rural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کۆچی گوندی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆچی گوندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rural flight" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rura_amasmigrado" title="Rura amasmigrado – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rura amasmigrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89xodo_rural" title="Éxodo rural – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Éxodo rural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landa_exodo" title="Landa exodo – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Landa exodo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaltamuutto" title="Maaltamuutto – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maaltamuutto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exode_rural" title="Exode rural – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exode rural" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n%C3%BA_na_Tuaithe" title="Bánú na Tuaithe – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bánú na Tuaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruralni_egzodus" title="Ruralni egzodus – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruralni egzodus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%96%8E" title="過疎 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="過疎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%86%8D%EC%B4%8C_%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88" title="농촌 이탈 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="농촌 이탈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattelandsvlucht" title="Plattelandsvlucht – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plattelandsvlucht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%B2de_rural" title="Exòde rural – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Exòde rural" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Axodo_rural" title="Êxodo rural – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Êxodo rural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exod_rural" title="Exod rural – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Exod rural" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кризис села – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кризис села" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruralni_egzodus" title="Ruralni egzodus – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruralni egzodus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1rsal_g%C3%B6%C3%A7" title="Kırsal göç – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırsal göç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_d%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%AB_n%C3%B4ng_th%C3%B4n_%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn_th%C3%A0nh_th%E1%BB%8B" title="Di dân từ nông thôn đến thành thị – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Di dân từ nông thôn đến thành thị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebagance_so_les_veyes" title="Ebagance so les veyes – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ebagance so les veyes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2608153#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&oldid=80045500" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&id=80045500&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%259D%2591%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%258F%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%25B5%2581"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%259D%2591%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%258F%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%25B5%2581"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2608153" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-97a844e3" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-97a844e3" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Urban"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:正反馈; zh-hk:正反饋; zh-tw:正回饋;"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rural_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rural_flight.jpg/250px-Rural_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rural_flight.jpg/375px-Rural_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rural_flight.jpg/500px-Rural_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E8%8D%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="爱荷华州">爱荷华州</a>农村<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%AA%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E7%B8%A3_(%E6%84%9B%E9%98%BF%E8%8F%AF%E5%B7%9E)" title="波卡洪塔斯縣 (愛阿華州)">波卡洪塔斯縣</a>（左）与爱荷华州<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E9%81%9C%E7%B8%A3_(%E6%84%9B%E8%8D%B7%E8%8F%AF%E5%B7%9E)" title="約翰遜縣 (愛荷華州)">约翰逊县</a>城区（右）之间的人口年龄比较，显示了爱荷华州的年轻人（红色）到城市中心的流动<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>农村人口外流</b>（英語：<span lang="en">rural flight / rural exodus</span>），又称<b>农村空心化</b>、<b>过疏化</b>（日语：<span lang="ja">過疎化</span>），是指从<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91" title="农村">农村</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="城市">城市</a>地区的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="人口遷徙">人口遷徙</a>模式，是從農村角度觀察到的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="城市化">城市化</a>。 </p><p>在現代，農村人口外流常发生在實現了<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">农业</a>的工业化（此時較少的人就能實現同樣高的產量），並且相关的農業服務和產業被整合的地區。當人口下降導致農村服務（例如商業企業和學校）流失，進而導致農村人口進一步流失、去別處尋找這些服務時，人口流失將更加嚴重。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史趋势"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2.E8.B6.8B.E5.8A.BF"></span>历史趋势</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史趋势"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas,_South_Dakota_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg/250px-Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg/375px-Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg/500px-Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption> 1936年5月<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%BE%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BB%96%E5%B7%9E" title="南达科他州">南达科他州</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF_(%E5%8D%97%E8%BE%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BB%96%E5%B7%9E)" title="达拉斯 (南达科他州)">达拉斯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="黑色风暴事件">沙尘暴</a>的影响</figcaption></figure> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第一次工业革命">工业革命</a>之前，农村人口外流主要发生在局部地区。前工业化社会没有发生大规模的乡村至城市的迁徙，主要是由于城市无法支持大量人口。在缺乏足够的产业提供就业、城市的高死亡率和低粮食供应的抑制下，前工业城市比现代城市要小。据学者估计，古雅典和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马">罗马</a>在其人口高峰期分别拥有8万和50万人。<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>19世纪后期，欧洲工业革命的开始消除了许多这些限制因素。随着粮食供应的增加和稳定以及工业化中心的兴起，城市开始能支持更多人口，从而开启了农村人口大规模外流的闸门。<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1800年，英国20％的人口居住在城市地区，而1925年，这个数字超过了70％。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>虽然19世纪末20世纪初，大部分农村人口外流集中发生在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7" title="西欧">西欧</a>和美国，但随着<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化">工業化</a>在20世纪传播到世界各地，农村人口外流和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="城市化">城市化</a>也紧随其后。目前，在一些较新近的城市化地区，包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a>和最近的<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="撒哈拉以南非洲">撒哈拉以南非洲</a>，农村人口外流是一种特色鲜明的现象。<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChinaDaily_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaDaily-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="沙塵暴"><span id=".E6.B2.99.E5.A1.B5.E6.9A.B4"></span>沙塵暴</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：沙塵暴"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>从混合<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%B5%A6%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="自給農業">自給農業</a>向商品作物和畜牧业的转变始于19世纪后期。新的资本市场系统和铁路网络使农业开始向每英亩雇用较少人力的大型农场的发展。这些较大的农场使用了更高效的技术，如钢犁、机械收割机和高产品种储备，减少了每单位产量的人力投入。<sup id="cite_ref-Cronon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>大平原的另一个问题是人们使用不适应土壤和天气条件的耕作技术。大多数<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%85%E5%9C%B0%E6%B3%95" title="宅地法">自耕农</a>家庭农场通常被认为太小而无法生存（320英亩以下），而欧美自给农业无法继续。 </p><p>在20世纪30年代的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="黑色风暴事件">沙尘暴</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%90%A7%E6%9D%A1" title="大萧条">大萧条</a>期间，由于多年干旱和大<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%98%E6%9A%B4" title="沙尘暴">沙尘暴</a>导致的商品价格低迷、负债率高企，大量人口逃离大平原和中西部的农村地区。<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>大平原的农村人口流失在文学中亦有描绘，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%9D%A6%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B" title="約翰·史坦貝克">約翰·史坦貝克</a>的小说《<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%A4%E6%80%92%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="愤怒的葡萄">愤怒的葡萄</a>》（1939），其中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="北美大平原">大平原</a>的一个家庭在20世纪30年代的沙尘暴期间迁移到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E" title="加利福尼亚州">加州</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="現代的農村人口外流"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E7.9A.84.E8.BE.B2.E6.9D.91.E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3.E5.A4.96.E6.B5.81"></span>現代的農村人口外流</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：現代的農村人口外流"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>「女性離開的人數比男性多。各地的女性都會遇到玻璃天花板，但在農村地區，它往往是厚鋼做的。」 <br />——<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%B0%E5%AE%BD%E4%B9%9F" title="增田宽也">增田宽也</a>，關於日本農村人口外流的報告的作者<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> 第二次世界大战后的农村人口外流主要是由于工业化农业的扩散。小型、劳动密集型的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="家庭农业">家庭农业</a>已经发展成为或者已经被重型机械化和专业化的工业化农场所取代。小型家庭农场通常生产各种农作物、园艺和动物产品——这些都需要大量的劳动力；而大型工业农场通常只专注于少数作物或牲畜品种，使用大型机械和高密度的牲畜围护系统，其单位产出所需的劳动力的非常少。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E8%8D%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="爱荷华州立大学">爱荷华州立大学</a>报告<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E8%8D%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="爱荷华州立大学">爱荷华州</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AA%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="猪生产学">生猪农户</a>数量从1980年的65,000人下降到2002年的10,000人，而每个农场的生猪数量从200头增加到1,400头。<sup id="cite_ref-ISU_1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISU_1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>饲料、种子、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成品粮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="processed grain"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E5%93%81%E7%B2%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成品粮（页面不存在）">成品粮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/processed_grain" class="extiw" title="en:processed grain"><span lang="en" dir="auto">processed grain</span></a></span>）</span></span>和畜牧产业的整合意味着农村地区的小企业会减少。这种减少又加剧了对劳动力需求的减少。过去能给所有吃苦耐劳的年轻人提供就业机会的农村地区，越来越难以为年轻人提供机会。伴随人口下降的学校、商业和文化等服务的减少令情况进一步恶化，剩余人口的年龄的增长又进一步对农村地区的社会服务体系提出了要求。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="小城镇的荒废"><span id=".E5.B0.8F.E5.9F.8E.E9.95.87.E7.9A.84.E8.8D.92.E5.BA.9F"></span>小城镇的荒废</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：小城镇的荒废"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>企业农业结构的兴起直接影响到小农社区，导致人口减少、某些部门收入减少、收入不平等加剧、社区参与减少、零售店减少、零售贸易减少、环境污染加剧。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>农村空心化是全球<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%80%81%E9%BE%84%E5%8C%96" title="人口老龄化">老龄化社会</a>的一个大趋势，可能部分地逆转了定居点土地使用的历史上的繁荣，即与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%8E%87" title="人口自然增长率">人口增长</a>同时开始，并伴随着<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第一次工业革命">工业革命</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E6%A5%B5%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="積極治療">治疗性药物</a>普及的繁荣。自20世纪90年代以来，中国通过合并学校来集中农村地区的村、镇或县学校，以解决其中的一些问题。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%88%A9" title="切尔诺贝利">切尔诺贝利</a>是人类放弃土地使大量动物回归的一个例子。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="決定因素"><span id=".E6.B1.BA.E5.AE.9A.E5.9B.A0.E7.B4.A0"></span>決定因素</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：決定因素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有几个决定因素——推力和拉力——会助长农村人口外流：（人们感知的）农村社区的经济机会水平与城市社区相比较低，政府对农村社区的投入水平较低，城市的教育、婚姻机会较多，城市地区的社会接受程度更高，以及农村生育率较高。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="经济决定因素"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E.E5.86.B3.E5.AE.9A.E5.9B.A0.E7.B4.A0"></span>经济决定因素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：经济决定因素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一些移民选择离开农村社区，是因为希望能在城市地区追求更大的经济机会。“更大的经济机会”既可以是真实的，也可是感知的。根据<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF-%E6%89%98%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="哈里斯-托达罗模型">哈里斯-托达罗模型</a>，只要“预期的城市实际收入超过实际农业产出”，向城市地区的迁移就会继续（127）。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>然而，社会学家约瑟夫·古格勒指出，虽然增加工资的个人利益可能超过移民的成本，但如果足够多的人遵循这一原理，就会产生有害影响，如全国性的过度拥挤和失业。<sup id="cite_ref-Gugler_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gugler-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>当城市化率超过经济增长率时，这种现象被称为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="过度城市化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Overurbanization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%87%E5%BA%A6%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="过度城市化（页面不存在）">过度城市化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization" class="extiw" title="en:Overurbanization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Overurbanization</span></a></span>）</span></span>（或“虚假城市化”）。<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>自农业工业化以来，机械化减少了农村社区的就业机会。一些学者还将农村人口流失归因于全球化的影响，因为对提高经济竞争力的需求致使人们选择资本而非劳动力。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>与此同时，农村生育率一直高于城市生育率。<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>农村岗位减少和农村生育率居高不下，共同导致农村人向城市迁移。农村人口流失还包含一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%8F%8D%E9%A6%88" class="mw-redirect" title="正反馈">正反馈</a>循环，农村社区的早期移民帮助新移民适应城市生活。移民网络也被称为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="连锁式移民" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chain migration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9E%E9%94%81%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="连锁式移民（页面不存在）">连锁式移民</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_migration" class="extiw" title="en:Chain migration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chain migration</span></a></span>）</span></span>，降低了农村人口外流的门槛。例如，中国绝大多数农村移民通过移民网络在城市地区找到工作。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>一些家庭选择将孩子送到城市作为投资未来的形式。Bates和Bennett（1974）进行的一项研究得出结论显示，拥有其他可行的投资机会——例如牲畜——的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9E%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="赞比亚">赞比亚</a>农村社区，与没有可行投资机会的地区相比，农村向城市迁移的比率较低。将孩子送入城市可以作为长期投资，家长希望他们的孩子能够在城市找到工作后汇款回家。<sup id="cite_ref-Zambia_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>可用的良田减少，使农业部门的贫困人口面临着严峻的挑战。通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%95%86%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87" title="外商直接投資">外商直接投資</a>（FDI）计划进入的外国投资者被鼓励在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="埃塞俄比亚">埃塞俄比亚的</a>农村地区租赁土地。这导致当地社区失去了耕地、牧场、林地和水源。由外商直接投资资助的大规模农业项目只会雇用一些专门从事相关新技术的专家。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社会决定因素"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E5.86.B3.E5.AE.9A.E5.9B.A0.E7.B4.A0"></span>社会决定因素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：社会决定因素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>还有一些情况下，农村人口外流可能是对社会决定因素的反应。2012年进行的一项研究表明，印度农村的外流人口中很大一部分是由诸如举家搬迁、婚姻和教育的社会因素造成的。举家搬迁和婚姻的搬迁特别影响到妇女，因为她们往往是与家庭一起搬家或因结婚搬家的人，特别是在发展中地区。<sup id="cite_ref-India_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>农村青年可以选择离开他们的农村社区，作为走向成年、去寻求更宽广的成功之路的方式。在农村经济停滞和父母的鼓励之下，农村青年可能会因为社会规范而选择迁移到城市——以表现出领导力和自尊心。<sup id="cite_ref-Youth_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Youth-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>由于这种社会鼓励与农村经济低迷共同作用，农村青年在迁入城市地区的移民中占很大比例。在撒哈拉以南非洲，Touray在2006年进行的一项研究表明，约有15％（2600万）的城市移民是青年。 </p><p>最后，自然灾害往往是导致临时大规模的农村至城市的人口流动的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%82%B9%E6%95%85%E9%9A%9C" title="单点故障">单点</a>事件。例如，美国的20世纪30年代的沙尘暴导致了1940年间大平原流失250万人，其中许多人逃往西部的新城市。据估计，在20世纪30年代，平原的州的每四个居民中就有一个离开。<sup id="cite_ref-DustBowlPBS_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DustBowlPBS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>2006-2011年叙利亚的干旱导致农村人口大量涌入主要城市中心。大量涌入城市地区，加上生活条件艰难，促使一些学者将干旱与阿拉伯之春在叙利亚的到来联系起来。<sup id="cite_ref-Syria_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syria-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="案例"><span id=".E6.A1.88.E4.BE.8B"></span>案例</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：案例"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美国和加拿大"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E5.9B.BD.E5.92.8C.E5.8A.A0.E6.8B.BF.E5.A4.A7"></span>美国和加拿大</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：美国和加拿大"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>该术语在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>用于描述<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="北美大平原">大平原</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8" title="美國中西部">中西部</a>地区农村地区人口迁移，以及较小程度上指东北部、东南部农村地区以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%91%E4%BA%9E" title="阿巴拉契亞">阿巴拉契亞</a>地区的人口迁移。自1992年大西洋西北部鳕鱼渔业崩溃以来，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E7%9C%81%E4%BB%BD" title="加拿大大西洋省份">加拿大大西洋沿岸地区</a>（特别是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="纽芬兰岛">纽芬兰岛</a>）的情况也特别引人关注。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中国"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9B.BD"></span>中国</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：中国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8A%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="流动人口">流动人口</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%B7%A5" title="民工">民工</a></div> <p>与许多其他工业化国家一样，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国的</a>农村人口外流起步相对较晚。在1983年以前，中国政府通过<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%B7%E7%B1%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="中华人民共和国户籍制度">户籍制度</a>极大地限制了公民在国内迁徙的能力。自1983年以来，中国政府逐步取消了对国内迁徙的限制，导致迁入城市地区的人数大幅增加。<sup id="cite_ref-Hukou_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hukou-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>然而，即便在今天，户口制度仍然限制了<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E6%B0%91%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="农民工">农民工</a>以城市政府补贴后的较低价格获得城市社会服务的能力。<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>与大多数农村人口外流的例子一样，有几个因素导致了中国的大规模城市化。收入差距、家庭压力、农村地区较高的平均生育率导致的劳动力剩余，以及更好的生活条件，都助长了移民从农村流向城市地区的趋势。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 目前约有2.5亿农民工居住在城市，54％的中国人口居住在城市地区。<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英格兰和威尔士"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E6.A0.BC.E5.85.B0.E5.92.8C.E5.A8.81.E5.B0.94.E5.A3.AB"></span>英格兰和威尔士</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：英格兰和威尔士"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>地主对高效生产的追求导致了16-17世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%88%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="圈地运动">圈地运动</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>因为当时租户无法放牧，这造成了农村地区的骚乱。他们有时要靠铤而走险违法来养家糊口。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>反过来，一些人后来又因犯罪被<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%94%BE" title="流放">流放</a>至国外——通常是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>。最终，经济措施促成了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="英国农业革命">英国农业革命</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="德国"><span id=".E5.BE.B7.E5.9B.BD"></span>德国</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：德国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中世纪"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96.E7.BA.AA"></span>中世纪</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：中世纪"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>自11世紀以來，德國的農村人口外流已在某種程度上發生。德国法律中的相应原则是“<span lang="de">Stadtluft macht frei</span>”（城市空气让你自由），更完整的说法是“<span lang="de">Stadtluft macht frei nach Jahr und Tag</span>”（城市空气让你在一年零一天后自由）：按照习惯，从1231/32年开始，根据法规，在城市中度过了一年零一天的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%A5%B4%E5%88%B6" title="農奴制">农奴</a>可获得自由，且前主人不可将他们召回。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="德国Landflucht"><span id=".E5.BE.B7.E5.9B.BDLandflucht"></span>德国Landflucht</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：德国Landflucht"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Landflucht（即农村人口外流，相当于英语的“<span lang="en">rural flight</span>”）指的是19世纪后期<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>（以及欧洲大部分地区）农民大规模<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="人口遷徙">迁移</a>到城市。 </p><p>1870年，德国的农村人口占总人口的64％；到1907年，这个数字下滑至33％。<sup id="cite_ref-Schapiro,_Shotwell_p._300_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schapiro,_Shotwell_p._300-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>仅在1900年，普鲁士的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="東普魯士">東普魯士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB" title="西普鲁士">西普鲁士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A3%AE%E7%9C%81" title="波森省">波森</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="西里西亞">西里西亞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="波美拉尼亞">波美拉尼亞</a>省就有大约160万人流失到城市，<sup id="cite_ref-Kirk_p._139_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirk_p._139-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这些原农业工人被吸收成为迅速发展的工厂劳工阶层；<sup id="cite_ref-Mises_p._8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mises_p._8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这次大规模迁徙的原因之一是农村收入与城市的工资水平相比有所下降。<sup id="cite_ref-Shafir_p._150_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafir_p._150-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landflucht导致了德国农村和农业的重大转变。<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%8C%96" title="农业机械化">机械化农业</a>和移民工人，特别是东部的波兰人（Sachsengänger），变得更常见，尤其是在普鲁士在<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="瓜分波蘭">瓜分波蘭</a>时获得<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A3%AE%E7%9C%81" title="波森省">波森省</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Shafir_p._150_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafir_p._150-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>德国东部的波兰人口是第一次世界大战后建立“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%B5%B0%E5%BB%8A" title="波兰走廊">波兰走廊</a>”以及第二次世界大战后将<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%B3-%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="奧德河-尼斯河線">奧德河-尼斯河線</a>以东的土地并入波兰的理由之一。此外，一些劳动密集型企业被对劳动的需求少得多的企业所取代，如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="禁猎区" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Game preserve"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%81%E7%8C%8E%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禁猎区（页面不存在）">禁猎区</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_preserve" class="extiw" title="en:Game preserve"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Game preserve</span></a></span>）</span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-Drage_p._77_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drage_p._77-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Landflucht</i>这个词在德语中具有贬义，因为它是由农场雇主（通常是德国贵族）造的，他们正哀叹他们的劳动力短缺。<sup id="cite_ref-Mises_p._8_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mises_p._8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLean,_Kromkowski_p._56_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLean,_Kromkowski_p._56-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="苏格兰"><span id=".E8.8B.8F.E6.A0.BC.E5.85.B0"></span>苏格兰</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：苏格兰"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>苏格兰的农村人口外迁在英格兰之后，但迟了几个世纪。18世纪到19世纪，大约110年间，发生了农场整合和低效率租户驱逐的事件，即<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97" title="高地清洗">高地清洗</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%BC%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E9%80%8A" title="塞缪尔·约翰逊">塞缪尔·约翰逊</a>于1773年遇到此事，并将其记录在他的作品《苏格兰西部群岛之旅》（<i>A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland</i>）中<i>。</i>他对人口的流失感到遗憾，但缺少信息来分析该问题。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="瑞典"><span id=".E7.91.9E.E5.85.B8"></span>瑞典</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：瑞典"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>瑞典的农村人口外迁可以追溯到两波分别的事件。第一波是从19世纪50年代开始（当时82％的瑞典人口居住在农村地区），一直持续到19世纪80年代后期，这次主要是由于农村的贫困、失业、农业收入低、劳役偿债、半封建社会和<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="瑞典教會">国教</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3" title="宗教迫害">宗教迫害</a>。大多数移民都是临时起意移民，迁往瑞典的三个大城市、美国、丹麦或德国。这些第一批移民中有许多是缺乏技术、几乎不识字的劳动者，他们在城市寻找农活或日工。 </p><p>第二波移民潮始于19世纪90年代后期，并在1922年至1967年间达到顶峰，农村人口外流率最高时是在20世纪20年代和50年代。瑞典的经济增长和工业繁荣，这主要是“拉力因素”，其中城市地区的大规模经济扩张和工资增长将年轻人“拉”到有工作岗位的地方，同时抑制了农村的工作机会。1925年至1965年间，瑞典的人均国内生产总值从850美元增长到6200美元。同时，生活在农村地区的人口比例从1925年的54％急剧下降到1965年的21％。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="俄罗斯和前苏联国家"><span id=".E4.BF.84.E7.BD.97.E6.96.AF.E5.92.8C.E5.89.8D.E8.8B.8F.E8.81.94.E5.9B.BD.E5.AE.B6"></span>俄罗斯和前苏联国家</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：俄罗斯和前苏联国家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>和前<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>国家的农村人口外流时间晚于<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7" title="西欧">西欧</a>。1926年，只有18％的俄罗斯人生活在城市地区，而同时在英国，这一比例超过75％。虽然农村人口外流开始得晚，但在整个第二次世界大战期间以及随后几十年一直在快速进行。到1965年，53%的俄罗斯人生活在城市地区。<sup id="cite_ref-Wadekin_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wadekin-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>苏联作者M. Ya Sonin于1959年编制的统计数据显示了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>的快速<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="城市化">城市化</a>。1939年至1959年间，农村人口减少了2130万，城市中心增长了3940万。在这一人口剧变中，农村人口外流占变化的60%以上。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一般来说，大多数农村移民倾向于在他们所在地区的城镇定居。<sup id="cite_ref-Wadekin_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wadekin-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>农村人口外流在20世纪的大部分时间持续。然而，随着<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93" title="苏联解体">苏联解体</a>，农村人口外流逆转，城市的政治和经济动荡促使许多城市居民返回农村。<sup id="cite_ref-Wegren_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegren-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novospasskoe1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Novospasskoe1.jpg/220px-Novospasskoe1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Novospasskoe1.jpg/330px-Novospasskoe1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Novospasskoe1.jpg/440px-Novospasskoe1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> 俄罗斯<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%E5%B7%9E" title="萨拉托夫州">萨拉托夫州</a>废弃的村庄Novospasskoye中人去楼空的教堂</figcaption></figure> <p>农村人口流失并非在整个苏联一致地发生。俄罗斯西部和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a>的农村人口下降幅度最大，分别为30％和17％。相反，苏联的周边地区，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>，出现了增长，与同时期农村往城市迁移的总体格局相反。作物多样化和劳动力短缺是外围农村人口增长的主要原因。<sup id="cite_ref-Wadekin_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wadekin-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>俄罗斯和前苏联的农村人口外流有几个主要决定因素。在俄罗斯和前苏联较晚来临的农业工业化导致农村就业机会减少。较低的生活水平和艰苦的作业也促使一些农民迁移到城市地区。<sup id="cite_ref-Wadekin_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wadekin-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>特别是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E5%86%9C%E5%BA%84" title="苏联集体农庄">苏联集体农庄</a>制度维持着苏联农民的低生活水平。从1928年左右开始，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E5%86%9C%E5%BA%84" title="苏联集体农庄">集体农庄</a>制度取代了整个苏联的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="家庭农业">家庭农业</a>。俄罗斯农民被迫在政府规定的低工资水平下长期工作，而且工资往往不随<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="通货膨胀">通货膨胀</a>调整，生活条件相当低——尤其是与城市生活相比。<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>虽然<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%98%82%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E5%88%97%E6%97%A5%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="列昂尼德·伊里奇·勃列日涅夫">勃列日涅夫</a>1965年的工资改革改善了农民的低工资问题，但农村生活仍然令人窒息，特别是对技术人员和受过教育的人而言。<sup id="cite_ref-Wegren_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegren-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menkovo_-_abandoned_post_office_-_DSCF5841.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Menkovo_-_abandoned_post_office_-_DSCF5841.JPG/220px-Menkovo_-_abandoned_post_office_-_DSCF5841.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Menkovo_-_abandoned_post_office_-_DSCF5841.JPG/330px-Menkovo_-_abandoned_post_office_-_DSCF5841.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Menkovo_-_abandoned_post_office_-_DSCF5841.JPG/440px-Menkovo_-_abandoned_post_office_-_DSCF5841.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption> 俄罗斯<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%9E" title="雅羅斯拉夫爾州">雅羅斯拉夫爾州Menkovo</a>的一个废弃的邮局</figcaption></figure> <p>虽然移民来自社会各阶层，但有一些群体比其他群体更倾向于搬迁。和其他农村人口外流的例子一样，年轻人比老年人更有可能迁移到城市。20岁以下的年轻女性是最有可能离开农村生活的人群。随着自然增长率在20世纪急剧下降，年轻女性的外流进一步加剧了农村社区的人口转变。最后，有一技之长和受过教育的人也可能迁移到城市地区。<sup id="cite_ref-Wadekin_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wadekin-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wegren_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegren-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="墨西哥"><span id=".E5.A2.A8.E8.A5.BF.E5.93.A5"></span>墨西哥</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：墨西哥"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>墨西哥的农村人口外流始于20世纪30年代，直到今天。与其他发展中国家一样，墨西哥工业化开始后不久，农村人口外流就开始加速了。<sup id="cite_ref-Arizpe_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arizpe-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>20世纪30年代，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF" title="拉萨罗·卡德纳斯">卡德纳斯</a>总统实施了一系列农业改革，导致农民之间大量重新分配农业用地。一些评论家随后将1940年至1965年期间称为“墨西哥移民的黄金时代”。<sup id="cite_ref-Arizpe_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arizpe-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在此期间，墨西哥农业的平均增长率为5.7％，超过了农村人口3％的自然增长率。同时，政府支持工业化的政策使城市工业就业人数大幅增加。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%9F%8E" title="墨西哥城">墨西哥城</a>编制的统计数据显示了这一趋势，20世纪40年代，50年代和60年代创造出了超过180万个就业岗位。<sup id="cite_ref-Arizpe_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arizpe-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>与农村保守的环境相比，受学校教育的年轻人受到许多工作和更现代生活方式的吸引是，最有可能放弃农村生活而追求城市生活的人口群体。此外，由于对新工人的大量需求，许多这些工作的入职要求很低，还提供了在职工作培训，为许多农村居民的迁入开辟了道路。从1940年到1965年，农村人口外流缓慢而稳定地进行，农业和工业同时增长。<sup id="cite_ref-Arizpe_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arizpe-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>然而，随着政府政策越来越青睐工业而不是农业，农村条件开始恶化。1957年，墨西哥政府开始通过大量进口来调节玉米价格，以保持城市较低的食品成本。<sup id="cite_ref-Arizpe_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arizpe-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>该法规严重压低了<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E7%B1%B3" title="玉米">玉米</a>市场价格，降低了小农的利润率。与此同时，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="绿色革命">绿色革命</a>进入了墨西哥农业。受<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E6%A0%BC" title="诺曼·布劳格">诺曼·布劳格</a>工作的启发，采用杂交种子和肥料添加剂的农民每英亩产量可翻番甚至增加两倍。<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>不幸的是，这些产品成本相对较高，在玉米价格降低后许多农民无法企及。玉米价格监管和绿色革命的共同影响是将小农场合并为更大的庄园。<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Osorio在1974年进行的一项研究得出的结论是，1960年，墨西哥约50.3％的地块面积不到5公顷。相比之下，0.5％的庄园占全部耕地面积的28.3％。由于许多小农户失去了土地，他们要么迁移到城市，要么成为在各大庄园之间流动的农民工。1950年至1970年间，农民工比例从总人口的36.7％增加到54％。<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>产业发展的中心化模式和政府政策绝大多数有利于工业化，这促成了墨西哥从20世纪60年代末开始到现在的大规模农村人口外流。<sup id="cite_ref-Arizpe_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arizpe-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="後果"><span id=".E5.BE.8C.E6.9E.9C"></span>後果</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：後果"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>农村到城市的移民面临着一些挑战，这些挑战可能会阻碍他们迁入城市化地区后的生活质量。许多移民没有在城市获得体面工作的受教育水平或技能，因而被迫从事不稳定的低薪工作。源源不断的农村移民导致不充分就业和失业状况恶化，这在农村移民中很常见。雇主为农民工提供较低的工资和较差的劳动条件，他们必须相互竞争以获得有限的工作岗位，而且往往不知道自己的劳工权利。农村移民的生活条件往往也恶劣。许多城市人口激增，这些城市的服务和基础设施无法跟上人口增长的步伐。农村人口的大量涌入可能导致严重的住房短缺，水和能源供应不足以及整个城市普遍存在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AB%E6%B0%91%E7%AA%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="贫民窟">贫民窟</a>的状况。<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Youth_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Youth-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>此外，农村移民往往难以适应城市生活。在某些情况下，一个地区内的农村和城市地区之间存在文化差异。他们可能在城市地区陷入困境，很难继续坚持自己的文化传统。城市居民也可能会歧视这些往往不了解城市社会规范的新来者。在遭受边缘化和远离家乡文化的情况下，移民进入城市时都面临着许多社会上的挑战。<sup id="cite_ref-Youth_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Youth-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>其中，妇女尤其面临着一系列独特的挑战。一些妇女逃出农村，以逃避<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B" title="家庭暴力">家庭暴力</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="强制婚姻">逼婚</a>。有些父母选择派女性到城市寻找工作，以让她汇款回家。一旦进入城市，雇主可能会试图利用这些不熟悉劳动法、无社会网络可依赖的女性。在最糟糕的情况下，贫困可能迫使妇女卖淫，使她们面临社会污名和性传播疾病的风险。<sup id="cite_ref-Youth_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Youth-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>不过，如果农村人口流出是缓慢、长期稳定的流动，一般情况下仍利大于弊，尤其是对于农村人口稠密的发展中国家。这些国家的农村往往存在严重的人地矛盾，人口稠密、农地的稀缺导致农户人均拥有的土地很少，难以通过务农来摆脱贫困（参见《<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%86%85%E5%8D%B7%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="农业内卷化">农业内卷化</a>》）。农村人口流失后，农村人均耕地保有量提升，留下来的农户有机会通过更低的成本扩张他们的田地或产业，从而掌握更多生产资料，缩短脱贫所需的时间。同时，离开农村前往城市的人则获得了改善生活的机遇。例如，中国的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E6%B0%91%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="农民工">农民工</a>中有很多人通过进城务工改善了生活，且这一城市化进程也没有在城市里形成规模巨大或赤贫状态的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AB%E6%B0%91%E7%AA%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="贫民窟">贫民窟</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="美国人口史">美国人口史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97" title="高地清洗">高地清洗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乡村发展" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rural development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%A1%E6%9D%91%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乡村发展（页面不存在）">乡村发展</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_development" class="extiw" title="en:Rural development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rural development</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="农村贫民窟" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rural ghetto"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91%E8%B4%AB%E6%B0%91%E7%AA%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="农村贫民窟（页面不存在）">农村贫民窟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_ghetto" class="extiw" title="en:Rural ghetto"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rural ghetto</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%89%E6%9D%91%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="鄉村社會學">鄉村社會學</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引文"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E6.96.87"></span>引文</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：引文"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2000 U.S. Census Data</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_2-3"><sup><b>2.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_2-4"><sup><b>2.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weeks, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/populationintrod0000week_p0w0">Population: an introduction to concepts and issues</a>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2012: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/populationintrod0000week_p0w0/page/n353">353</a>–391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.btitle=Population%3A+an+introduction+to+concepts+and+issues&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=353-391&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Wadsworth%2C+Cengage+Learning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopulationintrod0000week_p0w0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Davis, Kingsley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315012421/http://lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3245/871552/The_Urbanization_of_the_Human_Population--Kingsley_Davis.pdf">The Urbanization of the Human Population</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Scientific American. 1965, <b>213</b> (3): 40–53 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-13</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965SciAm.213c..40D"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1965SciAm.213c..40D</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0965-40"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0965-40</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3245/871552/The_Urbanization_of_the_Human_Population--Kingsley_Davis.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2014-03-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=The+Urbanization+of+the+Human+Population&rft.aufirst=Kingsley&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.pages=40-53&rft.volume=213&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com%2Fdocs%2F3245%2F871552%2FThe_Urbanization_of_the_Human_Population--Kingsley_Davis.pdf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965SciAm.213c..40D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0965-40&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaDaily-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaDaily_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Juan, Shan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514041829/http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2012-08/08/content_15652220.htm">Rural exodus to cities continue</a>. China Daily. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2012-08/08/content_15652220.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=Rural+exodus+to+cities+continue&rft.aufirst=Shan&rft.aulast=Juan&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusa.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fepaper%2F2012-08%2F08%2Fcontent_15652220.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cronon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cronon_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cronon, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesmetropoli00cron_0">Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West</a>. New York: Norton. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Cronon&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Metropolis%3A+Chicago+and+the+Great+West&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesmetropoli00cron_0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cooper, Michael L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dusttoeatdrought0000coop">Dust to eat: drought and depression in the 1930s</a>. New York: Clarion. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.btitle=Dust+to+eat%3A+drought+and+depression+in+the+1930s&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Clarion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdusttoeatdrought0000coop&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2019/06/29/rural-areas-bear-the-burden-of-japans-ageing-shrinking-population">Rural areas bear the burden of Japan's ageing, shrinking population</a>. The Economist. 2019-06-29 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-07-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519141057/https://www.economist.com/asia/2019/06/29/rural-areas-bear-the-burden-of-japans-ageing-shrinking-population">存档</a>于2021-05-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=Rural+areas+bear+the+burden+of+Japan%27s+ageing%2C+shrinking+population&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fasia%2F2019%2F06%2F29%2Frural-areas-bear-the-burden-of-japans-ageing-shrinking-population&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISU_1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISU_1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.card.iastate.edu/iowa_ag_review/summer_03/article1.aspx">Living with Hogs in Rural Iowa</a>. Iowa Ag Review. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iowa_State_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iowa State University（页面不存在）">Iowa State University</a>. 2003 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-11-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100217055356/http://www.card.iastate.edu/iowa_ag_review/summer_03/article1.aspx">存档</a>于2010-02-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=Living+with+Hogs+in+Rural+Iowa&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iowa+Ag+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.card.iastate.edu%2Fiowa_ag_review%2Fsummer_03%2Farticle1.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/articles/duffy/DuffyOct97.htm">"Changes in Iowa farm structure"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20161202160319/http://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/articles/duffy/DuffyOct97.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）; University of Iowa Extension;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cai, Weixian; Chen, Gong; Zhu, Feng. Has the compulsory school merger program reduced the welfare of rural residents in China?. China Economic Review. 2017, <b>46</b>: 123–141. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chieco.2017.07.010"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2017.07.010</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=Has+the+compulsory+school+merger+program+reduced+the+welfare+of+rural+residents+in+China%3F&rft.au=Chen%2C+Gong&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Feng&rft.aufirst=Weixian&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Economic+Review&rft.pages=123-141&rft.volume=46&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chieco.2017.07.010&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Loyalka, Prashant; Rozelle, Scott; Luo, Renfu; Zhang, Linxiu; Liu, Chengfang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514041849/https://cepa.stanford.edu/content/effect-primary-school-mergers-academic-performance-students-rural-china">The Effect of Primary School Mergers on Academic Performance of Students in Rural China</a>. International Journal of Educational Development. November 2010, (30(6)): 570–585 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-07-16</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cepa.stanford.edu/content/effect-primary-school-mergers-academic-performance-students-rural-china">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Primary+School+Mergers+on+Academic+Performance+of+Students+in+Rural+China&rft.au=Liu%2C+Chengfang&rft.au=Luo%2C+Renfu&rft.au=Rozelle%2C+Scott&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Linxiu&rft.aufirst=Prashant&rft.aulast=Loyalka&rft.date=2010-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=30%286%29&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Educational+Development&rft.pages=570-585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcepa.stanford.edu%2Fcontent%2Feffect-primary-school-mergers-academic-performance-students-rural-china&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514041854/https://allthatsinteresting.com/chernobyl-animals-red-forest">In the Wake of Nuclear Disaster, Animals Are Thriving in the Red Forest of Chernobyl</a>. 2019-02-19 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-07-16</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allthatsinteresting.com/chernobyl-animals-red-forest">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.btitle=In+the+Wake+of+Nuclear+Disaster%2C+Animals+Are+Thriving+in+the+Red+Forest+of+Chernobyl&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallthatsinteresting.com%2Fchernobyl-animals-red-forest&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Harris, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic1222150.files/Session%2018/harris_todaro70.pdf">Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. American Economic Association. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-13</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Unemployment+and+Development%3A+A+Two-Sector+Analysis&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Economic+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisites.harvard.edu%2Ffs%2Fdocs%2Ficb.topic1222150.files%2FSession%252018%2Fharris_todaro70.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gugler-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gugler_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugler, Josef. "Overurbanization Reconsidered." <i>Economic Development and Cultural Change</i> 31, no. 1 (1 October 1982): 173–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Kingsley, and Hilda Hertz Golden. "Urbanization and the Development of Pre-Industrial Areas." Economic Development and Cultural Change 3, no. 1 (October 1954): 6–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Perz, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_international-migration-review_fall-2000_34_3/page/842">The Rural Exodus in the Context of Economic Crisis, Globalization, and Reform in Brazil</a>. The International Migration Review. 2000, <b>34</b> (3): 842–881. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2675947"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 2675947</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019791830003400308"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1177/019791830003400308</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=The+Rural+Exodus+in+the+Context+of+Economic+Crisis%2C+Globalization%2C+and+Reform+in+Brazil&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Perz&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+International+Migration+Review&rft.pages=842-881&rft.volume=34&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2675947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_international-migration-review_fall-2000_34_3%2Fpage%2F842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F019791830003400308&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">China Human Development Report 2005: Development with Equity. UNDP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.btitle=China+Human+Development+Report+2005%3A+Development+with+Equity&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNDP&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">缺少或<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code>为空 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#cite_web_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zambia-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zambia_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bates, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514041904/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/82866/1/sswp22.pdf">Determinants of the Rural Exodus in Zambia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 1974, <b>14</b> (55): 543–564 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-07-16</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4391333"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 4391333</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1974.2636"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.3406/cea.1974.2636</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/82866/1/sswp22.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2021-05-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=Determinants+of+the+Rural+Exodus+in+Zambia&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=55&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%89tudes+Africaines&rft.pages=543-564&rft.volume=14&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4391333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F82866%2F1%2Fsswp22.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcea.1974.2636&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robinson-Pant, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180825103714/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002457/245765E.pdf">Learning knowledge and skills for agriculture to improve rural livelihoods</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO. 2016: 90–91 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-07-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-92-3-100169-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-92-3-100169-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-92-3-100169-7</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002457/245765e.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2018-08-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.aulast=Robinson-Pant&rft.btitle=Learning+knowledge+and+skills+for+agriculture+to+improve+rural+livelihoods&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100169-7&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0024%2F002457%2F245765e.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hassan, Tarique; Khan, Jabir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5450848">Determinants of Rural Out-Migration in India</a>. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences. December 2012, <b>1</b> (12) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-13</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=Determinants+of+Rural+Out-Migration+in+India&rft.au=Khan%2C+Jabir&rft.aufirst=Tarique&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.date=2012-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Advanced+Research+in+Management+and+Social+Sciences&rft.volume=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5450848&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Youth-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Youth_21-0"><sup><b>21.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Youth_21-1"><sup><b>21.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Youth_21-2"><sup><b>21.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Youth_21-3"><sup><b>21.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Min-Harris, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514041919/https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/africa/YouthMigration.pdf">Youth migration and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa: Empowering the Rural Youth</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Disponible en ligne dans le site. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/africa/YouthMigration.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2021-05-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Min-Harris&rft.btitle=Youth+migration+and+poverty+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa%3A+Empowering+the+Rural+Youth&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Disponible+en+ligne+dans+le+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.du.edu%2Fkorbel%2Fhrhw%2Fresearchdigest%2Fafrica%2FYouthMigration.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DustBowlPBS-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DustBowlPBS_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307024304/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-mass-exodus-plains/">Mass Exodus from the Plains</a>. PBS. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-mass-exodus-plains/">原始内容</a>存档于2017-03-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.btitle=Mass+Exodus+from+the+Plains&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fgeneral-article%2Fdustbowl-mass-exodus-plains%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syria-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Syria_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Aukalh, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514050404/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/03/16/a_rural_exodus_as_drought_takes_hold_of_syria.html">A rural exodus as drought takes hold of Syria</a>. Toronto Star. 2013-03-16 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/03/16/a_rural_exodus_as_drought_takes_hold_of_syria.html">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=A+rural+exodus+as+drought+takes+hold+of+Syria&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.aulast=Aukalh&rft.date=2013-03-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2013%2F03%2F16%2Fa_rural_exodus_as_drought_takes_hold_of_syria.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hukou-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hukou_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Liang, Zai; Zhongdong Ma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_population-and-development-review_2004-09_30_3/page/467">China's floating population: new evidence from the 2000 census</a>. Population and Development Review. 2004, <b>30</b> (3): 467–488. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1728-4457.2004.00024.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00024.x</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=China%27s+floating+population%3A+new+evidence+from+the+2000+census&rft.au=Zhongdong+Ma&rft.aufirst=Zai&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Population+and+Development+Review&rft.pages=467-488&rft.volume=30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_population-and-development-review_2004-09_30_3%2Fpage%2F467&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1728-4457.2004.00024.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_25-0"><sup><b>25.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_25-1"><sup><b>25.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21599360-government-right-reform-hukou-system-it-needs-be-braver-great">China's cities: The Great Transition</a>. The Economist. 2014-03-21 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-04-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171219213319/https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21599360-government-right-reform-hukou-system-it-needs-be-braver-great">存档</a>于2017-12-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=China%27s+cities%3A+The+Great+Transition&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fleaders%2F21599360-government-right-reform-hukou-system-it-needs-be-braver-great&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514041951/http://www.ilo.org/beijing/areas-of-work/labour-migration/lang--en/index.htm">Labour Migration</a>. International labour organization. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-04-18</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/beijing/areas-of-work/labour-migration/lang--en/index.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.btitle=Labour+Migration&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=International+labour+organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fbeijing%2Fareas-of-work%2Flabour-migration%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Beresford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Beresford（页面不存在）">Beresford, Maurice</a>. The Lost Villages of England (Revised ed.). Sutton. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Villages+of+England+%28Revised+ed.%29&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.aulast=Beresford&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Shoemaker, Robert B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crimeinearlymode0000shar_q1a2">Prosecution and Punishment. Petty crime and the law in London and rural Middlesex, c. 1660–1725</a>. Essex: Longman: Harlow. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-582-23889-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-582-23889-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-582-23889-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=Prosecution+and+Punishment.+Petty+crime+and+the+law+in+London+and+rural+Middlesex%2C+c.+1660%E2%80%931725&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft.aulast=Shoemaker&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=978-0-582-23889-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrimeinearlymode0000shar_q1a2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Landes, David S. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. 1969: 18. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-09418-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-09418-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-09418-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.btitle=The+Unbound+Prometheus%3A+Technological+Change+and+Industrial+Development+in+Western+Europe+from+1750+to+the+Present&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09418-4&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schapiro,_Shotwell_p._300-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schapiro,_Shotwell_p._300_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SchapiroShotwell; 1922, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirk_p._139-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirk_p._139_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk1969, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mises_p._8-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mises_p._8_32-0"><sup><b>32.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mises_p._8_32-1"><sup><b>32.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mises2006, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shafir_p._150-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shafir_p._150_33-0"><sup><b>33.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shafir_p._150_33-1"><sup><b>33.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shafir 1996, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drage_p._77-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drage_p._77_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drage 1909, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLean,_Kromkowski_p._56-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McLean,_Kromkowski_p._56_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLean, Kromkowski 1991, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Richards, Eric. Answers and Questions. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.btitle=Answers+and+Questions&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn+Ltd&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Johnson, Samuel. A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland and the Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides James Boswell. London: Penguin UK. 2006 [1775].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.btitle=A+Journey+to+the+Western+Islands+of+Scotland+and+the+Journal+of+a+Tour+to+the+Hebrides&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=James+Boswell&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wadekin-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wadekin_38-0"><sup><b>38.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wadekin_38-1"><sup><b>38.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wadekin_38-2"><sup><b>38.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wadekin_38-3"><sup><b>38.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wadekin_38-4"><sup><b>38.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wadekin, Karl-Eugen. Internal Migration and the Flight from the Land in USSR. Soviet Studies. October 1966, <b>18</b> (2): 131–152. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/149517"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 149517</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136608410523"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/09668136608410523</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=Internal+Migration+and+the+Flight+from+the+Land+in+USSR&rft.aufirst=Karl-Eugen&rft.aulast=Wadekin&rft.date=1966-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.pages=131-152&rft.volume=18&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F149517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136608410523&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sonin, M. Ya. Vosproizvodstvo rabochei sily v SSSR i balans truda: 144. March 1959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=Vosproizvodstvo+rabochei+sily+v+SSSR+i+balans+truda&rft.aufirst=M.+Ya.&rft.aulast=Sonin&rft.date=1959-03&rft.genre=article&rft.pages=144&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wegren-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wegren_40-0"><sup><b>40.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wegren_40-1"><sup><b>40.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wegren_40-2"><sup><b>40.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wegren, Stephen K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_europe-asia-studies_1995-07_47_5/page/877">Rural Migration and Agrarian Reform in Russia: A Research Note</a>. Europe-Asia Studies. July 1995, <b>47</b> (5): 877–888. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/152691"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 152691</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12320195"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 12320195</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139508412292"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/09668139508412292</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=Rural+Migration+and+Agrarian+Reform+in+Russia%3A+A+Research+Note&rft.aufirst=Stephen+K.&rft.aulast=Wegren&rft.date=1995-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.pages=877-888&rft.volume=47&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F152691&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_europe-asia-studies_1995-07_47_5%2Fpage%2F877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139508412292&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12320195&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Editors of the Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430013440/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/321400/kolkhoz">kolkhoz</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-29</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/321400/kolkhoz">原始内容</a>存档于2015-04-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=kolkhoz&rft.au=Editors+of+the+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F321400%2Fkolkhoz&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arizpe-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arizpe_42-0"><sup><b>42.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizpe_42-1"><sup><b>42.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizpe_42-2"><sup><b>42.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizpe_42-3"><sup><b>42.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizpe_42-4"><sup><b>42.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizpe_42-5"><sup><b>42.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Arizpe, Lourdes. The Rural Exodus in Mexico and Mexican Migration to the United States. International Migration Review. Winter 1981, <b>15</b> (4): 626–649. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2545516"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 2545516</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2545516"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/2545516</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=The+Rural+Exodus+in+Mexico+and+Mexican+Migration+to+the+United+States&rft.aufirst=Lourdes&rft.aulast=Arizpe&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=International+Migration+Review&rft.pages=626-649&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=15&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2545516&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2545516&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thurow, Roger; Kilman, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enoughwhyworldsp0000thur">Enough: Why the World's Poorest Starve in an Age of Plenty</a>. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.au=Kilman%2C+Scott&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Thurow&rft.btitle=Enough%3A+Why+the+World%27s+Poorest+Starve+in+an+Age+of+Plenty&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenoughwhyworldsp0000thur&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shaw, R. Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-development-and-cultural-change_1974-10_23_1/page/123">Land Tenure and the Rural Exodus in Latin America</a>. Economic Development and Cultural Change. October 1974, <b>23</b> (1): 123–132. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1153146"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1153146</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F450773"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/450773</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=Land+Tenure+and+the+Rural+Exodus+in+Latin+America&rft.aufirst=R.+Paul&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.date=1974-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Economic+Development+and+Cultural+Change&rft.pages=123-132&rft.volume=23&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1153146&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_economic-development-and-cultural-change_1974-10_23_1%2Fpage%2F123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F450773&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Osorio, S.R. Estructura Agrariay Desarrollo Agricola en Mexico. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.atitle=Estructura+Agrariay+Desarrollo+Agricola+en+Mexico&rft.aufirst=S.R&rft.aulast=Osorio&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mexico%3A+Fondo+de+Cultura+Economica&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="refDrage1909"><cite class="citation book">Geoffrey Drage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087975987">Austria-Hungary</a> 1909. J. Murray. 1909.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.au=Geoffrey+Drage&rft.btitle=Austria-Hungary&rft.date=1909&rft.edition=1909&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924087975987&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> - <small>Total pages: 846 </small></cite></li> <li><cite id="refKirk1969"><cite class="citation book">D. Kirk. Europe's Population in the Interwar Years 1969. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. 1969. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-677-01560-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-677-01560-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-677-01560-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.au=D.+Kirk&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Population+in+the+Interwar+Years&rft.date=1969&rft.edition=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-677-01560-6&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <small>- Total pages: 309 </small></cite></li> <li><cite id="refMcLeanKromkowski1991"><cite class="citation book">George F. McLean, John Kromkowski. Urbanization and Values: Volume 5 of Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change 1991. Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-56518-011-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-56518-011-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-56518-011-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.au=George+F.+McLean%2C+John+Kromkowski&rft.btitle=Urbanization+and+Values%3A+Volume+5+of+Cultural+Heritage+and+Contemporary+Change&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-56518-011-6&rft.pub=Council+for+Research+in+Values+and+Philosophy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> - <small>Total pages: 380 </small></cite></li> <li><cite id="refMises2006"><cite class="citation book">Ludwig von Mises. Economic Policy: Thoughts for Today and Tomorrow when. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute（页面不存在）">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>. March 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-933550-01-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-933550-01-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-933550-01-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.au=Ludwig+von+Mises&rft.btitle=Economic+Policy%3A+Thoughts+for+Today+and+Tomorrow&rft.date=2006-03&rft.edition=when&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-933550-01-5&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> - <small>Total pages: 108</small> </cite></li> <li><cite id="refSchapiroShotwell1922"><cite class="citation book">Jacob Salwyn Schapiro, James Thomson Shotwell. Modern and Contemporary European History (1815-1922) 1922. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt（页面不存在）">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.au=Jacob+Salwyn+Schapiro%2C+James+Thomson+Shotwell&rft.btitle=Modern+and+Contemporary+European+History+%281815-1922%29&rft.edition=1922&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> -<small> Total pages: 799 </small></cite></li> <li><cite id="refShafir1996"><cite class="citation book">Gershon Shafir. Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882–1914 1996. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. 1996-08-19. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-520-20401-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-520-20401-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-520-20401-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&rft.au=Gershon+Shafir&rft.btitle=Land%2C+Labor+and+the+Origins+of+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict%2C+1882%E2%80%931914&rft.date=1996-08-19&rft.edition=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20401-0&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <small>- Total pages: 287 </small></cite></li> <li>Ravenstein, E. G. (1885): "The Laws of Migration", in London: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of the Royal Statistical Society（页面不存在）">Journal of the Royal Statistical Society</a></i> - vol. 48, nº. June 1885, pp. 167–227.</li> <li>Ravenstein, E. G. (1889): "The Laws of Migration", in London: <i>Journal of the Royal Statistical Society</i> - vol. 52, nº. June 1889, pp. 241–301.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:城市;_zh-hk:城市;_zh-tw:都市;&#125;-与区域规划" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="Template:城市与区域规划"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="Template talk:城市与区域规划"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:城市与区域规划"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:城市;_zh-hk:城市;_zh-tw:都市;&#125;-与区域规划" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="城市规划">城市与区域规划</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="城市">城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="地區">區域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA" title="区位论">区位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%BA" title="市区">市区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9F%9F" title="市域">市域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="市中心">市中心</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8C%BA" title="中央商务区">中央商务区</a>（CBD）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%8A%E5%8D%80" title="郊區">郊區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E9%83%8A" title="遠郊">遠郊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%88%90%E5%8C%BA" title="建成区">建成区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E9%9B%86%E8%81%9A%E5%8C%BA" title="城市集聚区">城市集聚区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="人口集中地區">人口集中地區</a><sup>（日）</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%E5%8C%BA" title="城市规划区">城市规划区</a><sup>（<abbr title="中国大陆">陆</abbr>）</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E5%8C%BA" title="城市边缘区">城市边缘区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E4%B9%A1%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E9%83%A8" title="城乡结合部">城鄉結合部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%88" title="都市圈">都市圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B8%B6" title="大都市帶">大都市帶</a>（城市群）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%95%87%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="城镇体系">城镇体系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="城市化">城市化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%8A%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="郊区城市化">郊区城市化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="逆城市化">逆城市化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="再城市化">再城市化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%93%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="同心圓模式">同心圓模式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%87%E5%BD%A2%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="扇形模式">扇形模式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="多核心模式">多核心模式</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haga_vy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Haga_vy.jpg/150px-Haga_vy.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Haga_vy.jpg/225px-Haga_vy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Haga_vy.jpg/300px-Haga_vy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="2446" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要分支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="城市规划">城市规划</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土地利用规划" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Land-use planning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土地利用规划（页面不存在）">土地利用规划</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-use_planning" class="extiw" title="en:Land-use planning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Land-use planning</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%88%86%E5%8D%80" title="土地使用分區">土地使用分區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E4%B8%80%E7%94%A8%E9%80%94%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95" title="單一用途發展">单一功能开发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%94%A8%E9%80%94%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91" title="混合用途开发">混合用途开发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%80%A7%E8%AF%A6%E7%BB%86%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="控制性详细规划">控制性详细规划</a><sup>（<abbr title="中国大陆">陆</abbr>）</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="城市设计">城市設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B7%E5%9C%B0%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="敷地計畫">场地规划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="智慧城市">智慧城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E7%BC%A9%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="收缩城市">收缩城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%8D%80%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0" title="市區更新">城市更新</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="环境规划">环境规划</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="環境設計">環境設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="园林设计">园林设计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%80%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="景觀設計">景觀設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="都市開放空間">都市開放空間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%BB%BF%E5%9C%B0" title="城市绿地">城市绿地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="綠色建築">綠色建築</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7" title="环境影响评价">环境影响评价</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E6%89%BF%E8%BD%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="城市承载力">城市承载力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="生态城市">生态城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="可持续发展">可持续发展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91" title="低影响开发">低影响开发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%BB%B5%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="海绵城市">海绵城市</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="韌性城市" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Urban resilience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A7%E6%80%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="韧性城市">韌性城市</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_resilience" class="extiw" title="en:Urban resilience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Urban resilience</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="交通规划">交通规划</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="公共交通">公共交通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%BC%E5%90%91%E5%9E%8B%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91" title="公共交通导向型开发">公共交通导向型开发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%9B%96%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91" title="上盖开发">上盖开发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E5%8C%96%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="生活化道路">生活化道路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%A7%E9%9D%9C%E5%8C%96" title="交通寧靜化">交通寧靜化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="共享空間">共享空間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93" title="完整街道">完整街道</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="区域规划" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Regional planning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="区域规划（页面不存在）">区域规划</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_planning" class="extiw" title="en:Regional planning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Regional planning</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="中心地理論">中心地理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E6%9E%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="增长极理论">增长极理论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83-%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核心-边缘理论（页面不存在）">核心-边缘理论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%82%B9%E8%BD%B4%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="点轴理论（页面不存在）">点轴理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%95%87%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" title="城镇等级">城镇等级</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%95%87%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="城镇体系">城镇体系</a></li> <li>各地<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E8%A6%8F%E5%8A%83" title="空間規劃">空間規劃</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="国土空间规划">国土空间规划</a><sup>（<abbr title="中国大陆">陆</abbr>）</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%9F%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="國土形成計畫">國土形成計畫</a><sup>（日）</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%9F%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95" title="國土三法">國土三法</a><sup>（臺）</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">规划理念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E5%9B%AD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="田园城市理论">田园城市理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E5%BD%A2%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="线形城市">线形城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%BE%8E%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="城市美化运动">城市美化运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/300%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="300万人口的现代城市">300万人口的现代城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%BB%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="邻里单位">邻里单位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%BE%89%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="光辉城市">光辉城市</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E6%86%B2%E7%AB%A0" title="雅典憲章">雅典宪章</a>》</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新城运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="New towns movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%9F%8E%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新城运动（页面不存在）">新城运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_towns_movement" class="extiw" title="en:New towns movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">New towns movement</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%BA%A9%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="广亩城市">广亩城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%96%8F%E6%95%A3%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="有机疏散理论">有机疏散理论</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%BB%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%9F" title="美国大城市的死与生">美国大城市的死与生</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%98%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98%E5%AE%AA%E7%AB%A0" title="马丘比丘宪章">马丘比丘宪章</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A7%E5%87%91%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="紧凑城市">紧凑城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%E5%88%86%E9%90%98%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="15分鐘城市">15分鐘城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新都市主義">新都市主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%BE%92%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新徒步主义">新徒步主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E9%A1%9E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Category:各類城市">各類城市</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="全球城市">全球城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E5%9E%8B%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82" title="巨型都市">超大城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E6%88%B7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="门户城市">门户城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="复合城市">組合城市</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E5%9B%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%BE%A4" title="组团式城市群">组团式城市群</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="边缘城市">边缘城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="衛星城市">衛星城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%82%E9%8E%AE" title="新市鎮">新市鎮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%B8%82%E9%8E%AE" title="公司市鎮">公司市鎮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%9E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="放射型城市">放射型城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A1%E5%9F%8E" title="睡城">睡城</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%9F%8E" title="雙城">雙城</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E7%BC%A9%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="收缩城市">收缩城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%9F%8E" title="大學城">大學城</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82" class="mw-disambig" title="學園都市">學園都市</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="城市问题" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="都市問題"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="城市问题（页面不存在）">城市问题</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:都市問題"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">都市問題</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%94%93%E5%BB%B6" title="城市蔓延">城市蔓延</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E6%B0%91%E7%AA%9F" title="貧民窟">貧民窟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%85%E5%A3%AB%E5%8C%96" title="绅士化">绅士化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%A1%B0%E9%80%80" title="都市衰退">都市衰退</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8F%E9%A2%A8%E6%A8%93" title="屏風樓">屏風樓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%9B%E5%B0%BE%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="爛尾建築">爛尾建築</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%BC%E9%8E%AE" title="鬼鎮">鬼城</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%94%E9%83%BD" title="隔都">隔都</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">農村人口外流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%A0%B5%E5%A1%9E" title="交通堵塞">交通堵塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="污染">环境污染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%BE%87" title="內澇">內澇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B3%B6%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="熱島效應">熱島效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A%E4%BE%9D%E8%B3%B4" title="汽車依賴">汽車依賴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">量化指標</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E7%A7%AF%E7%8E%87" title="容积率">容积率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E8%94%BD%E7%8E%87" title="建蔽率">建筑密度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E9%97%B4%E8%B7%9D" title="建筑间距">建筑间距</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E5%9C%B0%E7%8E%87" title="绿地率">绿地率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%95%87%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3" title="城镇化水平">城镇化水平</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国家和地区城市化率列表">各国城市化比率</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E8%A6%81%E5%9E%8B%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82" title="首要型都市">首位度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="城市人口密度">城市人口密度</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">理論家<br />從業者</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%AE%89%E5%B0%BC" title="安德鲁·杜安尼">安德鲁·杜安尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%87%8C" title="科拉伦斯·佩里">科拉伦斯·佩里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%9D%8E%E5%8D%97_(%E5%9F%8E%E9%95%87%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%E5%B8%88)" title="科林·布坎南 (城镇规划师)">科林·布坎南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%BA%B3%E5%A7%86" title="丹尼尔·伯纳姆">丹尼尔·伯纳姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%BD%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7" title="埃比尼泽·霍华德">埃比尼泽·霍华德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃德蒙·N·培根" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edmund Bacon (architect)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7N%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃德蒙·N·培根（页面不存在）">埃德蒙·N·培根</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" class="extiw" title="en:Edmund Bacon (architect)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edmund Bacon (architect)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="纪·班佛尼斯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Guy Benveniste"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%AA%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E4%BD%9B%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纪·班佛尼斯特（页面不存在）">纪·班佛尼斯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Benveniste" class="extiw" title="en:Guy Benveniste"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Guy Benveniste</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%C2%B7%E7%91%AA%E5%93%88" title="英·瑪哈">英·瑪哈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%87_(%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%E5%B8%88)" title="凯文·林奇 (城市规划师)">凯文·林奇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E5%B8%83%E8%A5%BF%E8%80%B6" title="勒·柯布西耶">勒·柯布西耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%B4%A2%E6%99%AE" title="彼得·卡尔索普">彼得·卡尔索普</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF" title="帕特里克·格迪斯">帕特里克·格迪斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷蒙德·昂温" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Raymond Unwin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E6%B8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷蒙德·昂温（页面不存在）">雷蒙德·昂温</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" class="extiw" title="en:Raymond Unwin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Raymond Unwin</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E9%9D%99%E4%BB%AA" title="司徒静仪">司徒静仪</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">批評家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="简·雅各布斯">简·雅各布斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詹姆斯·霍华德·孔斯特勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="James Howard Kunstler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%AD%94%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯·霍华德·孔斯特勒（页面不存在）">詹姆斯·霍华德·孔斯特勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" class="extiw" title="en:James Howard Kunstler"><span lang="en" dir="auto">James Howard Kunstler</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8A%92%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7" title="劉易斯·芒福德">劉易斯·芒福德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="兰德尔·奥图尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Randal O'Toole"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兰德尔·奥图尔（页面不存在）">兰德尔·奥图尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_O%27Toole" class="extiw" title="en:Randal O'Toole"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Randal O'Toole</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關学科</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地理學">地理學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="城市地理学">城市地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人文地理学">人文地理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%AD%A6" title="建筑学">建筑学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土木工程">土木工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%95%E7%94%A2%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="不動產開發">地产开发</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土地开发" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Land development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土地开发（页面不存在）">土地开发</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_development" class="extiw" title="en:Land development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Land development</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海洋空间规划" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marine spatial planning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋空间规划（页面不存在）">海洋空间规划</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_spatial_planning" class="extiw" title="en:Marine spatial planning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marine spatial planning</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="都市工程學">市政工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="都市社會學">都市社會學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="都市生態學">都市生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="都市人類學">都市人類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4%E5%B1%85%E5%AD%A6" title="人类群居学">人类群居学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="城市经济学">城市经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="发展经济学">发展经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="人口学">人口学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学">政治学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="公共政策">公共政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会科学">社会科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="景观生态学">景观生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="风水">风水学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%80%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="景觀設計">风景园林学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="环境科学">环境科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8F%B2" title="城市史">城市史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概論</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="近现代城市规划理论与实践列表">近现代城市规划理论与实践列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8F%B2" title="城市史">城市史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="城市规划史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of urban planning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="城市规划史（页面不存在）">城市规划史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" class="extiw" title="en:History of urban planning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of urban planning</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A6%8F%E5%8A%83%E5%B8%AB" title="城市規劃師">城市规划师</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">规划實例</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0" title="巴黎改造">巴黎改造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="大上海都市计划">大上海都市计划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="臺灣日治時期都市計畫">臺灣市區改正</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="天津城市规划">天津城市规划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%82%E9%8E%AE" title="香港新市鎮">香港新市鎮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%B8%AF%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%A3%E5%8D%80" title="粵港澳大灣區">粵港澳大灣區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E6%B4%A5%E5%86%80%E5%8D%8F%E5%90%8C%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="京津冀协同发展">京津冀协同发展</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=農村人口外流&oldid=80045500">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=農村人口外流&oldid=80045500</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%84%89%E6%9D%91%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="Category:鄉村文化">鄉村文化</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95" title="Category:人口流動">人口流動</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="Category:城市规划">城市规划</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="Category:城市化">城市化</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E7%BC%BA%E5%B0%91%E7%BD%91%E5%9D%80%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有缺少网址的网站引用的页面">含有缺少网址的网站引用的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有日語的條目">含有日語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有德語的條目">含有德語的條目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2023年12月8日 (星期五) 23:47。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-484md","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.831","walltime":"0.963","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3855,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":165425,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1827,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":66369,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 789.831 1 -total"," 31.26% 246.913 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.10% 158.789 3 Template:Navbox"," 17.20% 135.837 1 Template:城市与区域规划"," 15.10% 119.255 1 Template:Lang-en"," 12.39% 97.879 14 Template:Cite_book"," 9.80% 77.404 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.47% 66.892 3 Template:Lang"," 7.97% 62.973 3 Template:Category_handler"," 6.94% 54.797 1 Template:NoteTA"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.486","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17037293,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-2k28h","timestamp":"20241124113013","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u8fb2\u6751\u4eba\u53e3\u5916\u6d41","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2608153","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2608153","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-07-16T17:41:46Z","dateModified":"2023-12-08T23:47:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c0\/Rural_flight.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>