CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="ps" dir="rtl"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>جرمن سترواکي - ويکيپېډيا</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )pswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[".\t,","٫\t٬"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["0\t1\t2\t3\t4\t5\t6\t7\t8\t9", "۰\t۱\t۲\t۳\t۴\t۵\t۶\t۷\t۸\t۹"],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","جنوري","فبروري","مارچ","اپرېل","مې","جون","جولای","اگسټ","سپټمبر","اکتوبر","نومبر","ډيسمبر"],"wgRequestId":"18002379-06ec-4329-ab78-f6fb458ff944","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"جرمن_سترواکي","wgTitle":"جرمن سترواکي","wgCurRevisionId":287543,"wgRevisionId":287543,"wgArticleId":65271,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with script errors","هغه پاڼي چي د جېسن کنفیګرېشن غزونکې اله کاروي","CS1 الماني-language sources (de)","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 American English-language sources (en-us)","CS1 انګليسي-language sources (en)","CS1 بريتانوی انګلیسي-language sources (en-gb)"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"ps","wgPageContentLanguage":"ps","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"جرمن_سترواکي","wgRelevantArticleId":65271,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ps","pageLanguageDir":"rtl","pageVariantFallbacks":"ps"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"ScribuntoErrors":{"cf7ebe5d":true},"ScribuntoErrors-cf7ebe5d": "\u003Cp\u003ELua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 297: attempt to index local 'data_module' (a boolean value).\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBacktrace:\u003C/p\u003E\u003Col class=\"scribunto-trace\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Unicode_data\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l297\"\u003EModule:Unicode_data:297\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"lookup_script\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Unicode_data\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l435\"\u003EModule:Unicode_data:435\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"is_Latin\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l942\"\u003EModule:Lang:942\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E(tail call)\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ol\u003E" ,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q43287","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.39"};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.Font-Amiri":"ready","ext.gadget.palestineTheme":"ready","ext.gadget.WMP-icons":"ready","ext.gadget.Font-Arial":"ready","ext.gadget.HideExLinkIcon":"ready","ext.gadget.Urgent-fixes":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles": "ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.errors","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.events-loader","ext.gadget.Defaulteditnotices","ext.gadget.searchlang","ext.gadget.NoRefCopy","ext.gadget.exlinks","ext.gadget.content-support-loader","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.TemplateParamWizard","ext.gadget.decodesummary","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ps&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ps&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ps&modules=ext.gadget.palestineTheme&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ps&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="جرمن سترواکي - ويکيپېډيا"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ps.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="سمول" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="ويکيپېډيا (ps)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ps.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ps"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="ويکيپېډيا د اټوم کتنه" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-جرمن_سترواکي rootpage-جرمن_سترواکي skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="وېب‌ځی"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="ارنۍ غورنۍ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="اصلي لړليک" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">اصلي لړليک</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">اصلي لړليک</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> گرځښت </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE" title="آرنی مخ کتل [z]" accesskey="z"><span>لومړی مخ</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AF_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87" title="د پروژې په اړه، تاسې څه شيان او چېرته کولای شی چې وې مومۍ"><span>جرګه</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="په ويکي کې د وروستي بدلونو لړليک. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>وروستي بدلونونه</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE" title="يو ناټاکلی مخ ښکاره کوي [x]" accesskey="x"><span>ناټاکلی مخ</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="د موندلو ځای"><span>لارښود</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87"><span>ځانگړي مخونه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="ويکيپېډيا" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ps.svg" style="width: 5.3125em; height: 2em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ps.svg" width="84" height="16" style="width: 5.25em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%BC%D9%86%D9%87" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="ويکيپېډيا پلټل [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>پلټنه</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ويکيپېډيا پلټل" aria-label="ويکيپېډيا پلټل" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ويکيپېډيا پلټل [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ځانگړی:پلټنه"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">پلټل</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="شخصي اوزار"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ps.wikipedia.org&uselang=ps" class=""><span>بسپنه ورکول</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&returnto=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="تاسې ته د يو گڼون د جوړولو او بيا غونډال کې ورننوتلو سپارښتنه کېږي؛ که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی" class=""><span>گڼون جوړول</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&returnto=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="تاسې ته په غونډال کې د ننوتلو سپارښتنه کوو، که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ننوتل</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="نورې خوښنې" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="شخصي اوزار" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">شخصي اوزار</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="کارن غورنۍ" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ps.wikipedia.org&uselang=ps"><span>بسپنه ورکول</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>ونډه اخيستل</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&returnto=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="تاسې ته د يو گڼون د جوړولو او بيا غونډال کې ورننوتلو سپارښتنه کېږي؛ که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>گڼون جوړول</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&returnto=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="تاسې ته په غونډال کې د ننوتلو سپارښتنه کوو، که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> غونډال څخه وتليو سمونگرانو لپاره مخونه <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>نور مالومات</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې اترې</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eتړل\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"ps\" dir=\"rtl\"\u003E\u003Ctable style=\"border: 1px solid #a40007; padding: 10px; width:100%; background-image: linear-gradient(#000000,#000000)\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:10%\"\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_(3).svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/70px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"70\" height=\"99\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/105px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/140px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"241\" data-file-height=\"342\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:80%; text-align:center ; color:white\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size:180%\"\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003Eد پښتو ویکیپېډیا ټولنه د زړه له کومې د فلسطين د وګړو سره ولاړه ده.\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="وېب‌ځی"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="مالومات" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>سرچينې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="نيوليک" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">جرمن سترواکي</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۱۱۷ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۱۷ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_Keiserryk" title="Duitse Keiserryk – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duitse Keiserryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Kaiserreich" title="Deutsches Kaiserreich – سویس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutsches Kaiserreich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سویس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Alemán – اراگونېسي" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Alemán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="اراگونېسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisce_Rice" title="Germanisce Rice – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Germanisce Rice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية الألمانية – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الألمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="امبراطورية المانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطورية المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_alem%C3%A1n" title="Imperiu alemán – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu alemán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Almaniya imperiyası – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="آلمان ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Германия империяһы – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германия империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Германская імперыя – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нямецкая імпэрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямецкая імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германска империя – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="জার্মান সাম্রাজ্য – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মান সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_alaman" title="Impalaeriezh alaman – برېتون" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh alaman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="برېتون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dko_Carstvo" title="Njemačko Carstvo – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemačko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Германиин эзэнтэ гүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Германиин эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Alemany" title="Imperi Alemany – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Alemany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Лоьмсойн шуре – چيچني" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лоьмсойн шуре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="چيچني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ئەڵمانی – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ئەڵمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A9_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Německé císařství – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německé císařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymerodraeth_yr_Almaen" title="Ymerodraeth yr Almaen – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymerodraeth yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyske_Kejserrige" title="Tyske Kejserrige – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyske Kejserrige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Kaiserreich" title="Deutsches Kaiserreich – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsches Kaiserreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανική Αυτοκρατορία – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανική Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="German Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_Imperiestra_Regno" title="Germana Imperiestra Regno – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana Imperiestra Regno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_alem%C3%A1n" title="Imperio alemán – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_keisririik" title="Saksa keisririik – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa keisririik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniar_Inperioa" title="Alemaniar Inperioa – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امپراتوری آلمان – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_keisarikunta" title="Saksan keisarikunta – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_allemand" title="Empire allemand – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjiisk_Keiserrik" title="Sjiisk Keiserrik – شمالي فریسیان" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sjiisk Keiserrik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="شمالي فریسیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtske_Keizerryk" title="Dútske Keizerryk – لوېديځ فريشي" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútske Keizerryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="لوېديځ فريشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireacht_na_Gearm%C3%A1ine" title="Impireacht na Gearmáine – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Impireacht na Gearmáine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireachd_na_Gearmailte" title="Impireachd na Gearmailte – سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Impireachd na Gearmailte" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Alemán – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Alemán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הקיסרות הגרמנית – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקיסרות הגרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="जर्मन साम्राज्य – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dko_Carstvo" title="Njemačko Carstvo – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_Alman" title="Anpi Alman – هيټي کريول" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi Alman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيټي کريول" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_Cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rs%C3%A1g" title="Német Császárság – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német Császárság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գերմանական կայսրություն – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jerman" title="Kekaisaran Jerman – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_Imperio" title="Germana Imperio – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDska_keisarad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0" title="Þýska keisaradæmið – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýska keisaradæmið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_tedesco" title="Impero tedesco – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero tedesco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ドイツ帝国 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joerman_Empaya" title="Joerman Empaya – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joerman Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანიის იმპერია – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Germaniya imperiyası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Germaniya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Герман империясы – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Герман империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ចក្រភពអាល្លឺម៉ង់ – خمر" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពអាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="خمر" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="독일 제국 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Alman%C3%AE" title="Împeratoriya Almanî – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Almanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Germanicum_(1871-1918)" title="Imperium Germanicum (1871-1918) – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Germanicum (1871-1918)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германиядин империя – لیګغیان" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Германиядин империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="لیګغیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Deutx" title="Impero Deutx – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Deutx" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCtsj_Kezerriek" title="Dütsj Kezerriek – لمبرگیانی" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Dütsj Kezerriek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگیانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segondo_Reich" title="Segondo Reich – لینګورین" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Segondo Reich" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="لینګورین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mper_Tud%C3%ABsch" title="Mper Tudësch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mper Tudësch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_todesch" title="Imperi todesch – لومبارډ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imperi todesch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="لومبارډ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ຈັກກະວັດເຢຍລະມັນ – لاو" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈັກກະວັດເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="لاو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietijos_imperija" title="Vokietijos imperija – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietijos imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cijas_Imp%C4%93rija" title="Vācijas Impērija – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācijas Impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_Alem%C3%A0na" title="Empira Alemàna – ملغاسي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Alemàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ملغاسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Германско Царство – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Германы Хаант Улс – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Германы Хаант Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="जर्मन साम्राज्य – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Jerman" title="Empayar Jerman – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ဂျာမန်အင်ပါယာ – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမန်အင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آلمان امپراتوری – مزاندراني" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمان امپراتوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="مزاندراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch_Kaiserriek" title="Düütsch Kaiserriek – کښته آلماني" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütsch Kaiserriek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="کښته آلماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="जर्मन साम्राज्य – نېپالي" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نېپالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_Keizerrijk" title="Duitse Keizerrijk – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitse Keizerrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tyske_keisard%C3%B8met" title="Det tyske keisardømet – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det tyske keisardømet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tyske_keiserrike" title="Det tyske keiserrike – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det tyske keiserrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Alemand" title="Empèri Alemand – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Alemand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Alemán – پاپيامينتو" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Imperio Alemán" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="پاپيامينتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Niemieckie" title="Cesarstwo Niemieckie – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Niemieckie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="جرمن سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمن سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Alem%C3%A3o" title="Império Alemão – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Alemão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_German" title="Imperiul German – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul German" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германская империя – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%A3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%86%D1%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Нѣмецке цѣсарство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нѣмецке цѣсарство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_tedescu" title="Impèriu tedescu – سارڊيني" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu tedescu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="سارڊيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="German Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dko_Carstvo" title="Njemačko Carstvo – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemačko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="German Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemeck%C3%A9_cis%C3%A1rstvo_(1871_%E2%80%93_1918)" title="Nemecké cisárstvo (1871 – 1918) – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecké cisárstvo (1871 – 1918)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C5%A1ko_cesarstvo" title="Nemško cesarstvo – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemško cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Gjermane" title="Perandoria Gjermane – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Gjermane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Немачко царство – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачко царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_Tyskland" title="Kejsardömet Tyskland – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kejsardömet Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niymiecke_Cys%C5%8Frstwo" title="Niymiecke Cysŏrstwo – سیلیسیان" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Niymiecke Cysŏrstwo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="سیلیسیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="செருமானியப் பேரரசு – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செருமானியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Имперотурии Олмон – تاجکي" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имперотурии Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิเยอรมัน – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิเยอรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="German imperiýasy – ترکمني" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="German imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="ترکمني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Aleman" title="Imperyong Aleman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Aleman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Alman İmparatorluğu – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alman İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Алман империясе – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алман империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Німецька імперія – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="جرمن سلطنت – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمن سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_imperiyasi" title="Germaniya imperiyasi – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_Zerm%C3%A0nego" title="Inpero Zermànego – وینټیان" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero Zermànego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="وینټیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanijan_imperii" title="Germanijan imperii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Germanijan imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Đế quốc Đức – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_han_Alemanya" title="Imperyo han Alemanya – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo han Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志帝国 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德意志帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანიაშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანიაშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_%E1%BB%8Cbal%C3%BAay%C3%A9_J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Jẹ́mánì – یوروبا" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="یوروبا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德意志帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德意志帝國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-%C3%AC-ch%C3%AC_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Tek-ì-chì Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-ì-chì Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德意志帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43287#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم‌تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="د مخ مېنځپانگه کتل [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مخ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90:%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="د مخ د مېنځپانگې په اړه خبرې اترې (تر اوسه پورې نه شته) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>خبرې اترې</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">پښتو</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="کتنې"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&action=edit" title="د دې مخ د سرچينې کوډ سمول [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سمول</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&action=history" title="د دې مخ پخوانۍ بڼې [h]" accesskey="h"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="د مخ اوزارونه"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="اوزارونه" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">اوزارونه</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">اوزارونه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> کړنې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&action=edit" title="د دې مخ د سرچينې کوډ سمول [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سمول</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&action=history"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ټولگړی </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:WhatLinksHere/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="د ويکي د ټولو هغو مخونو لړليک چې همدې مخ سره تړنې لري [j]" accesskey="j"><span>د دې مخ تړنې</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:RecentChangesLinked/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" rel="nofollow" title="له دې مخ سره د تړل شويو مخونو وروستي بدلونونه [k]" accesskey="k"><span>اړونده بدلونونه</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ps" title="دوتنې پورته کول [u]" accesskey="u"><span>انځور/رسنۍ پورته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&oldid=287543" title="د دې مخ د همدې بڼې تلپاتې تړنه"><span>تلپاتې تړنه</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&action=info" title="د دې مخ اړونده نور مالومات"><span>د مخ مالومات</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9&page=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&id=287543&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="دې مخ ته د اخځ مالومات"><span>د دې مخ اخځ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D9%258A"><span>لنډ URL ترلاسه کړئ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D9%258A"><span>د QR کوډ يې ډاونلوډ کړئ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپول/صادرول </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A"><span>يو کتاب جوړول</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&printable=yes" title="د دې مخ چاپي بڼه [p]" accesskey="p"><span>چاپ‌وړ بڼه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> په نورو پروژو کې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" hreflang="en"><span>ويکيمېډيا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43287" title="د نښلېدلي اومتوک زېرمتون توکي سره تړنه [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ويکي‌ډېټا توکی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="د مخ اوزارونه"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>د جرمني سترواکي (په جرمني ژبه: <i>Deutsches Kaiserreich</i>) چې د شاهي جرمن، کایسررایش (<b>Kaiserreich)</b>، یا دوم رایش (دوهم شاهي جرمن)، یا په په ساده ډول جرمني په نامه هم یادېږي، په ۱۸۷۱ کال کې د جرمني د یووالي راهیسې، د ۱۹۱۸ کال د نومبر تر انقلاب پورې، د جرمني د رایش دوره وه، چې په دې وخت کې د جرمني رایش خپل حکومت بڼه له شاهي څخه جمهوریت ته واړوله.  <sup id="cite_ref-constitution_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tuttle_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuttle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>دا سترواکي د ۱۸۱۷ کال جنوري په ۱۸ نېټه هغه مهال تاسیس شوه، چې د سوېلي جرمني ایالتونه، پرته له اتریش نه، د شمالي جرمني له تړون (کنفدراسیون) سره یوځای شول او د اپرېل په ۱۶ نېټه نوی اساسي قانون نافذ شو او د فدرالي دولت نوم یې د جرمني سترواکۍ ته بدل کړ او د اول وېلهېم، د پروشیا پاچا چې د هوهینزولرن له کورنۍ څخه و، د جرمني سترواک لقب یې معرفي کړ. برلین یې پلازمینه پاتې شو، او د پروشیا رئیس الوزا اوټو ون بسمارک د حکومت  مشر، یا لومړی وزیر شو. لکه چې دا پېښې رامنځ ته کېدې، د پروشیا تر مشرۍ لاندې د شمالي جرمني کنفدراسیون او د هغې د سویلي جرمني متحدین لکه باډن، باویریا، وورتمبورګ او هیس، لاهم د فرانس-پروشیا په جګړه کې ښکېل وو. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د جرمني سترواکي له ۲۵ دولتونو، چې هر یو یې خپله اشرفي کورنۍ درلوده، څلور سلطنتونو چې د اساسي قانون د تعدیل حق یې درلود، شپږ لویو دوچیانو (د ډوک قلمرونو)، پنځه دوچیانو (چې د ۱۸۷۶ کال څخه مخکې شپږ وو)، اوه شهزاده مېشته دولتونو، دری هانزایي آزاد ښارونو، او یوې شاهي سیمې، څخه را منځ ته شوې وه. پداسې حال کې چې پروشیا په د دې جوړښت له څلورو سلطنتونو څخه و، خو د سترواکۍ شاوخوا دوه پر دریمه نفوس او ساحه یې درلوده، او د پروشیا واکمني هم په اساسي پر بنسټ تاسیس شوې وه، نو له همدې امله د پروشیا پاچا د جرمني سترواک (Deutcher Kaiser) هم و. </p><p>له ۱۸۵۰ کال نه وروسته، د جرمن دولتونه د ډبرو سکرو، اوسپنې (او وروسته فولادو)، کیمیاوي موادو او ریل پټلۍ کې په ځانګړي ځواک سره، په چټکۍ صنعتي شول. په ۱۸۷۱ کال کې جرمني ۴۱ میلیونه نفوس درلود. په ۱۹۱۳ کال کې، دا شمېر ۶۸ میلیونو ته لوړ شو. د ۱۸۱۵ کال د پراخه کلیوالي ټولګې د ایالتونه، په متحد جرمني کې په پراخه کچه ښاري شول. د شلمې پېړۍ له پیل راهیسې د جرمني د صنعتي کېدو بریالیتوب په دوه بڼو را څرګند شو، چې د جرمني فابریکې د دوی د بریتانوي او فرانسوي سیالانو په پرتله خورا لویې او عصرې وې. په طبيعي علومو، په تېره بيا په فزيک او کيميا کې د جرمني د سترواکۍ برلاسي داسې وه، چې د نوبل د ټولو جايزو يو پر دريمه برخه جرمني اختراع کوونکو او څېړونکو ته ورسېده. د جرمني سترواکۍ د خپلې ۴۷ کلن موجودیت په اوږدو کې، د اروپا صنعتي، ټیکنالوژیکي او ساینسي لوی هېواد شو او په ۱۹۱۳ کال کې، جرمني په اروپا کې ترټولو لوی اقتصاد او په نړۍ کې دریم لوی اقتصادي ځواک و. همدارنګه، جرمني هم یو لوی ابر ځواک شو، چې د اروپا تر ټولو اوږده د اورګاډي شبکه، د نړۍ تر ټولو پیاوړی پوځ، او د چټکې ودې صنعتي اډه یې را منځ ته کړه. د دې هېواد سمندري ځواک چې په ۱۸۱۷ کال کې خورا کوچنی پیل شو، په یوه لسیزه کې د برتانیا د شاهي سمندري ځواک څخه وروسته یې دویم ځای خپل کړ. په ۱۸۹۰ کال کې د دوهم وېلهليم لخوا د اوټو ون بسمارک له ګوښه کوولو وروسته ، سترواکي د نړیوال سیاست (<i>Weltpolitik</i>) په لور لاړه – چې دا یو جنګ غوښتونکی نوی مسیر و چې په په پایله کې یې د لومړۍ نړیوالې جګړې په بلېدو کې مرسته وکړه. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gat2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gat2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>له ۱۸۱۷ کال څخه تر ۱۸۹۰ کال پورې، د اوټو وان بسمارک دوره د اول لومړي وزیر او تر ټولو اوږدې دورې په توګه په پیل کې د لیبرالیزم نسبې نښې درلودې، خو د وخت په تېرېدو سره ډېر محافظه کار شو. د نوموړي د دندې دروې پراخو اصلاحات او فرهنګي مبارزې ځانګړتیاوې درلودې. د بسمارک د صدارت په وروستیو کې او د هغه د پخوانیو شخصي مخالفتونو سربېره، جرمني په استعمار پالنه کې ښکېل شو. د افریقا په وېش کې یې د زیاتې پاتې خاورې ادعا کول چې لا تر هغه وخت په دې کچه ادعا شوې نه وه او په دې توانېد چې هغه وخت کې له انګلستان او فرانسې وروسته دریمه لویه مستعمېره سترواکي را منځ ته کړي. جرمني د یو استعماري دولت په توګه، ځینې وختونه د نورو اروپایي ځواکونو، په ځانګړې توګه د بریتانوي سترواکۍ له ګټو سره په ټکر کې راته. د خپل استعمار د پراختیا په اوږدو کې، د جرمني سترواکي د هریرو او نامیبیا د نسل وژنې مرتکب شوه.  <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د دې ترڅنګ، د بسمارک جایناستو د دې توان نه درلود چې د خپل مخکیني پیچلی، بدلیدونکی او یو بل سره تړلی یوالی وساتي چې جرمني یې له ډیپلوماټیک پلوه له انزوا څخه ساتلی و. دې دورې د ډول ډول فکتورونو له ځانه سره درلودل چې د سترواک په پرېکړو اغېز کاوه، چې زیاتره د خلکو له لوري متضاد یا له توقع لرې ګڼل کېدل. د جرمني سترواکۍ په ۱۸۷۹ کال کې د اتریش- هنګري سره دوه اړخیز یوالی پیاوړې کړ، چې ورپسې په ۱۸۸۲ کال کې د ایټالیا سره د دری اړخیز یوالی لامل شو. همدارنګه، له عثماني سترواکۍ سره یې پیاوړې ډیپلوماتیکي اړیکې هم ساتلې. کله چې د ۱۹۱۴ کال ستر ناورین پیل شو، ایټالیا له یوالي څخه ووته او عثماني سترواکي په رسمي توګه د جرمني سره متحده شوه. </p><p>په لومړۍ نړیواله جګړه کې د ۱۹۱۴ کال په مني کې د پاریس د چټک نیولو لپاره د جرمني پلانونه ناکام شول او په لوېدیځه جبهه کې جګړه له خنډونو سره مخ شوه. د متحدینو سمندري کلابندي د خوراکي توکو د سخت کمښت لامل شوه. خو شاهي جرمني په ختیځه جبهه کې بریالیتوب درلود؛ دوی د بریسټ-لیتوسک د تړون څخه وروسته ډېرې سیمې په ختیځ لور کې اشغال کړې. د ۱۹۱۷ کال په پیل کې د جرمني له لوري د اوبتلو پر مټ د نامحدوده سمندري جګړې اعلامیې، متحده ایالات جګړې ته را کش کړل. د ۱۸۱۷ کال. د ۱۹۱۸ کال د اکتوبر په میاشت کې د پسرلي له ناکامو خوځښتونو وروسته د جرمني پوځونه د شاتګ په حال کې وو، متحدین اتریش- هنګري او عثماني سترواکۍ سقوط وکړی و او بلغاریا تسلیم شوه. د ۱۹۱۸ کال د نومبر په انقلاب کې، دا سترواکۍ د خپلو پاچاهانو په ګوښه کولو سره ړنګه شوه، چې د جګړې وروسته فدرالي جمهوریت ته یې د ویجاړ شوي د حکومت په میراث پرېښود. د وارسای تړون له جګړې وروسته د ۱۳۲ میلیاردو سرو زرو سکو (چې په ۲۰۱۹ کال کې شاوخوا ۲۶۹ میلیارد ډالر یا ۲۴۰ میلیارده یورو کېږي، یا په ۱۹۲۱ کال کې شاوخوا ۳۲ میلیارد ډالر کېدل)، غرامت وټاکل شو او همدارنګه پوځ ۱۰۰۰۰۰ کسان ته محدود شو او جلب او جذب ته یې اجازه نه وه جازه نه وه، زغره وال وسایط، اوبتلونه، الوتکو ته او له شپږو څخه زیات جنګی بېړیو ته اجازه نه وه. په پایله کې اقتصادي ویجاړتیا، چې وروسته د ستر ناورین له امله لاپسې زیاته شوه، او همدارنګه د جرمن وګړو له لوري تجربه شوي سپکاوی او قهر د اډولف هټلر او نازیزم د ودې مخکښ لاملونه ګڼل کېږي. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچينې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-constitution-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-constitution_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Verfassung_des_Deutschen_Reiches_(1871)">"German constitution of 1871"</a> (in الماني). German <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikisource&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikisource (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wikisource</a>. 16 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+constitution+of+1871&rft.pub=German+Wikisource&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fde.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FVerfassung_des_Deutschen_Reiches_%281871%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tuttle-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tuttle_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Tuttle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Tuttle (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Herbert Tuttle</a> wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-cf7ebe5d">Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 297: attempt to index local 'data_module' (a boolean value).</span></strong> literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary empire led by an emperor, although <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-cf7ebe5d">Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 297: attempt to index local 'data_module' (a boolean value).</span></strong> has been used in German to denote the Roman Empire because it had a weak hereditary tradition. In the case of the German Empire, the official name was <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-cf7ebe5d">Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 297: attempt to index local 'data_module' (a boolean value).</span></strong>, which is properly translated as "German Empire" because the official position of head of state in the constitution of the German Empire was officially a "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">presidency</a>" of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confederation (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">confederation</a> of German states led by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_of_Prussia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King of Prussia (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">King of Prussia</a> who would assume "the title of German Emperor" as referring to the German people, but was not emperor of Germany as in an emperor of a state. – "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=harp;cc=harp;rgn=full%20text;idno=harp0063-4;didno=harp0063-4;view=image;seq=0601;node=harp0063-4%3A14">The German Empire</a>." <i>Harper's New Monthly Magazine</i>. vol. 63, issue 376, pp. 591–603; here p. 593.<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:POV_statement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کينډۍ:POV statement (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کينډۍ:POV statement</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">World Book, Inc. <i>The World Book dictionary, Volume 1</i>. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Whitaker. <i>Whitaker's almanack, 1991</i>. J Whitaker & Sons, 1990. Pp. 765. Refers to the term <i><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-cf7ebe5d">Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 297: attempt to index local 'data_module' (a boolean value).</span></strong></i> being translated into English as "German Realm", up to and including the Weimar period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Roger Chickering, <i>Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918</i>. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014; Cornelius Torp and Sven Oliver Müller, eds., <i>Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates & New Perspectives</i>. Oxford: Berghahn, 2011; James Retallack, ed., <i>Imperial Germany 1871–1918</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008; Isabel V. Hull, <i>Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/German-Empire">"German Empire"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=German+Empire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGerman-Empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2011" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Martin (2011). <i>A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-44439-689-8" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/978-1-44439-689-8"><bdi>978-1-44439-689-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany%3A+1800+to+the+Present&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-44439-689-8&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFToyka-Seid" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Toyka-Seid, Gerd Schneider, Christiane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026193718/https://m.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/das-junge-politik-lexikon/231954/reichsgruendung-deutsches-reich">"Reichsgründung/ Deutsches Reich | bpb"</a>. <i>bpb.de</i> (in الماني). خوندي شوی له <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/das-junge-politik-lexikon/231954/reichsgruendung-deutsches-reich">the original</a> on 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">2020-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bpb.de&rft.atitle=Reichsgr%C3%BCndung%2F+Deutsches+Reich+%7C+bpb&rft.aulast=Toyka-Seid&rft.aufirst=Gerd+Schneider%2C+Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.bpb.de%2Fnachschlagen%2Flexika%2Fdas-junge-politik-lexikon%2F231954%2Freichsgruendung-deutsches-reich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_web" title="کينډۍ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSturm" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sturm, Reinhard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/weimarer-republik/275834/1918-19-vom-kaiserreich-zur-republik">"Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19 – Weimarer Republik"</a>. <i>bpb.de</i> (in الماني)<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">2020-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bpb.de&rft.atitle=Vom+Kaiserreich+zur+Republik+1918%2F19+%E2%80%93+Weimarer+Republik&rft.aulast=Sturm&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.bpb.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fdeutsche-geschichte%2Fweimarer-republik%2F275834%2F1918-19-vom-kaiserreich-zur-republik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kotulla: <i>Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806–1918. Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einführungen. 1. Band: Gesamtdeutschland, Anhaltische Staaten und Baden.</i> Springer, Berlin 2006, pp. 231, 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. H. Clapham, <i>The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815–1914</i> (1936)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Germany article of Encyclopedia Britannia, Link : </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gat2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gat2008_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAzar_Gat2008" class="citation book cs1">Azar Gat (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6gSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA517"><i>War in Human Civilization</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 517. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-19-923663-3" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/978-0-19-923663-3"><bdi>978-0-19-923663-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Human+Civilization&rft.pages=517&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923663-3&rft.au=Azar+Gat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6gSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Vagts, "Land and Sea Power in the Second German Reich." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Journal_of_Military_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Journal of Military History (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">The Journal of Military History</a></i> 3.4 (1939): 210+ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:JSTOR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کينډۍ:JSTOR (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کينډۍ:JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Kennedy, <i>The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000</i> (1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMatthias_Heine2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matthias Heine (17 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/kultur/article168705897/Diese-deutschen-Woerter-kennt-man-noch-in-der-Suedsee.html">"Diese deutschen Wörter kennt man noch in der Südsee"</a>. <i>Die Welt</i> (in الماني)<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>Einst hatten die Deutschen das drittgrößte Kolonialreich ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Diese+deutschen+W%C3%B6rter+kennt+man+noch+in+der+S%C3%BCdsee&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft.au=Matthias+Heine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fkultur%2Farticle168705897%2FDiese-deutschen-Woerter-kennt-man-noch-in-der-Suedsee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSteinhauser2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steinhauser, Gabriele (28 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/germany-confronts-the-forgotten-story-of-its-other-genocide-1501255028">"Germany Confronts the Forgotten Story of Its Other Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Wall_Street_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Wall Street Journal (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> (in American English). <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Germany+Confronts+the+Forgotten+Story+of+Its+Other+Genocide&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Steinhauser&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fgermany-confronts-the-forgotten-story-of-its-other-genocide-1501255028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBlakemore" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blakemore, Erin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/germany-world-war-i-debt-treaty-versailles">"Germany's World War I Debt Was So Crushing It Took 92 Years to Pay Off"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i> (in انګليسي)<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">2019-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+World+War+I+Debt+Was+So+Crushing+It+Took+92+Years+to+Pay+Off&rft.aulast=Blakemore&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fgermany-world-war-i-debt-treaty-versailles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFArchives" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Archives, The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/greatwar/g5/cs2/background.htm">"The National Archives Learning Curve | The Great War | Why was it hard to make peace?"</a>. <i>www.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i> (in بريتانوی انګلیسي)<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">2021-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+National+Archives+Learning+Curve+%7C+The+Great+War+%7C+Why+was+it+hard+to+make+peace%3F&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=The+National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fgreatwar%2Fg5%2Fcs2%2Fbackground.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/how-did-hitler-happen">"How Did Hitler Happen?"</a>. <i>The National WWII Museum | New Orleans</i> (in انګليسي)<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">2021-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWII+Museum+%7C+New+Orleans&rft.atitle=How+Did+Hitler+Happen%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Fhow-did-hitler-happen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=جرمن_سترواکي&oldid=287543">https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=جرمن_سترواکي&oldid=287543</a>" نه اخيستل شوی</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%DB%90" title="ځانگړی:وېشنيزې">وېشنيزې</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D9%87%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%8A_%DA%86%D9%8A_%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%AB%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:هغه پاڼي چي د جېسن کنفیګرېشن غزونکې اله کاروي (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">هغه پاڼي چي د جېسن کنفیګرېشن غزونکې اله کاروي</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:CS1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-language_sources_(de)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:CS1 الماني-language sources (de) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">CS1 الماني-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:CS1_American_English-language_sources_(en-us)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:CS1 American English-language sources (en-us) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">CS1 American English-language sources (en-us)</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:CS1_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A-language_sources_(en)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:CS1 انګليسي-language sources (en) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">CS1 انګليسي-language sources (en)</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:CS1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%8A-language_sources_(en-gb)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:CS1 بريتانوی انګلیسي-language sources (en-gb) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">CS1 بريتانوی انګلیسي-language sources (en-gb)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">پټه وېشنيزه: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:Pages_with_script_errors" title="وېشنيزه:Pages with script errors">Pages with script errors</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> دا مخ وروستی ځل په ۱۱:۵۹، ۲۰ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۲ بدلون موندلی.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">دا متن د <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">کريټيف کامنز ورته-شريکېدنې-اړوندتيا منښتليک</a> له مخې خپور شوی؛ اضافه شرطونه به هم کارېدلي وي. د لا تفصيل لپاره <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">د کارولو شرطونه</a> وگورئ.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">د پټنتيا تگلاره</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%87">د ويکيپېډيا په اړه</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9">ردادعاليکونه</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">د چلند تگلاره</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">پرمختگگران:</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ps.wikipedia.org">شمار</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">د کوکيز ويناليک</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ps.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">د موبايل په بڼې کتل</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>پلټنه</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ويکيپېډيا پلټل"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ځانگړی:پلټنه"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">پلټل</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">جرمن سترواکي</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>۱۱۷ ژبې</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>سرليک ورگډول</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-48rp2","wgBackendResponseTime":136,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.324","walltime":"0.365","ppvisitednodes":{"value":584,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":22447,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":4,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":33782,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 330.282 1 -total"," 46.04% 152.046 4 کينډۍ:Lang"," 44.33% 146.428 7 کينډۍ:Cite_web"," 5.14% 16.974 2 کينډۍ:Cite_book"," 3.14% 10.379 2 کينډۍ:Cite_news"," 0.43% 1.412 1 کينډۍ:POV_statement"," 0.40% 1.307 1 کينډۍ:JSTOR"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.246","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16912108,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-chhw7","timestamp":"20250215044450","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a","url":"https:\/\/ps.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43287","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43287","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2022-10-20T11:59:27Z","dateModified":"2022-10-20T11:59:27Z"}</script> </body> </html>