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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpersonality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Interpersonality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpersonality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrapersonality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrapersonality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Intrapersonality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrapersonality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athlete_outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athlete_outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Athlete outcomes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Athlete_outcomes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Athlete outcomes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Athlete_outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Support staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Association football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ice hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United Kingdom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cricket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_baseball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_baseball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>American baseball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>American football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Coach (sport)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8_(%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9)" title="مدرب (رياضة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدرب (رياضة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrenador" title="Entrenador – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Entrenador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99%C5%9Fq%C3%A7i_(idman)" title="Məşqçi (idman) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məşqçi (idman)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%DA%86%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="مشقچی (ایدمان) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مشقچی (ایدمان)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE)" title="কোচ (ক্রীড়া) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোচ (ক্রীড়া)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatih" title="Palatih – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Palatih" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тренер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тренер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Трэнер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трэнер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Трэнэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трэнэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Треньор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Треньор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrenador" title="Entrenador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Entrenador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тренер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тренер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren%C3%A9r" title="Trenér – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trenér" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A6ner" title="Træner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Træner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer" title="Trainer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trainer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treener" title="Treener – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Treener" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Προπονητής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προπονητής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrenador" title="Entrenador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Entrenador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trejnisto" title="Trejnisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trejnisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrenatzaile" title="Entrenatzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Entrenatzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_(%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4)" title="مربی (ورزش) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مربی (ورزش)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entra%C3%AEneur" title="Entraîneur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Entraîneur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traen%C3%A1la%C3%AD" title="Traenálaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Traenálaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adestrador,_adestradora" title="Adestrador, adestradora – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adestrador, adestradora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%B9%98_(%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EC%B8%A0)" title="코치 (스포츠) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코치 (스포츠)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Մարզիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարզիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trener" title="Trener – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trener" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelatih" title="Pelatih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelatih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umqeqeshi_wezemidlalo" title="Umqeqeshi wezemidlalo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umqeqeshi wezemidlalo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allenatore" title="Allenatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allenatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="מאמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Жаттықтырушы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жаттықтырушы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocha" title="Kocha – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kocha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercitator" title="Exercitator – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Exercitator" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treneris" title="Treneris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Treneris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treneris" title="Treneris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Treneris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edz%C5%91" title="Edző – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edző" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тренер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тренер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelatih" title="Pelatih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelatih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer" title="Trainer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trainer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81" title="コーチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тренер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тренер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trener" title="Trener – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trener" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trener" title="Trener – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trener" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treinador" title="Treinador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Treinador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrenor_(sport)" title="Antrenor (sport) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antrenor (sport)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тренер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тренер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)" title="Coach (sport) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coach (sport)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9ner" title="Tréner – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tréner" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trener" title="Trener – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trener" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1_(%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4)" title="ڕاھێنەر (وەرزش) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕاھێنەر (وەرزش)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тренер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тренер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmentaja" title="Valmentaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valmentaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A4nare" title="Tränare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tränare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagapagsanay_(palakasan)" title="Tagapagsanay (palakasan) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Coach</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_and_coaches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Torre_and_coaches.jpg/220px-Torre_and_coaches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Torre_and_coaches.jpg/330px-Torre_and_coaches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Torre_and_coaches.jpg/440px-Torre_and_coaches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2182" data-file-height="1310" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a>' <a href="/wiki/Manager_(baseball)" title="Manager (baseball)">manager</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Torre" title="Joe Torre">Joe Torre</a> <i>(far right)</i> with coaches <i>(from left to right)</i> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Long_(baseball)" title="Kevin Long (baseball)">Kevin Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Guidry" title="Ron Guidry">Ron Guidry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Don_Mattingly" title="Don Mattingly">Don Mattingly</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Athletic coach, sports coach</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Determinacy" title="Determinacy">determinacy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/School" title="School">Schools</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">Teacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">sports agent</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>athletic coach</b> is a person <a href="/wiki/Coaching" title="Coaching">coaching</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a>, involved in the direction, instruction, and training of a <a href="/wiki/Sports_team" title="Sports team">sports team</a> or <a href="/wiki/Athlete" title="Athlete">athlete</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original sense of the word <i>Coach</i> is that of a <a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">horse-drawn carriage</a>, deriving ultimately from the Hungarian city of <a href="/wiki/Kocs" title="Kocs">Kocs</a> where such vehicles were first made. Students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in the early nineteenth century used the slang word to refer to a private tutor who would drive a less able student through his examinations just like <a href="/wiki/Horse_driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse driving">horse driving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britain took the lead in upgrading the status of sports in the 19th century. For sports to become professionalized, "coacher" had to become established. It gradually professionalized in the Victorian era and the role was well established by 1914. In the First World War, military units sought out the coaches to supervise physical conditioning and develop morale-building teams.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Wooden" title="John Wooden">John Wooden</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> of coaching that encouraged planning, organization, and <a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">understanding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> was important but not everything when being an effective coach.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally coaching expertise or effectiveness has been measured by win–loss percentage, satisfaction of players, or years of coaching experience,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but like in <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teacher</a> expertise those metrics are highly ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Sullivan_176–185_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan_176–185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaching expertise or effectiveness describes good coaching,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which looks at coaching behaviour,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dispositions, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, experience,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A widely used definition of effective coaching is "the consistent application of integrated professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal knowledge, to improve athletes competence, confidence, connection, and character in specific coaching contexts".<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge">Knowledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coaches need <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive knowledge">descriptive knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">procedural knowledge</a> that can relate to all aspects of coaching, with expert coaches using tacit <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> more freely.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teachers' knowledge has been categorized,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like coaches knowledge with various terms being used.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such terms assist players and athletes' understand what the coach is trying to get them to execute. Augmented feedback is one of the terms used, which is the term used for the different ways a coach can give evaluations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many categories fall under content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and pedagogical-content knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When considering the need to build relationships with others<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and athletes,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interpersonal knowledge has been included.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then when considering <a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">professional development</a>, which requires the skills to learn from experience<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while utilizing <a href="/wiki/Reflective_practice" title="Reflective practice">reflective practice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intrapersonal knowledge has been included.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is rare in professional sport for a team not to hire a former professional player, but playing and coaching have different knowledge bases.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal knowledge can lead to good thinking habits, maturity,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wisdom,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and capacity to make reasonable judgements.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professionalism">Professionalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Professionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subject, sport, curricular, and <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogical</a> knowledge all fall under this category of professional coaches knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including the "<i>ologies</i>" of <a href="/wiki/Sports_science" title="Sports science">sports science</a> like;<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">sport psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_biomechanics" title="Sports biomechanics">sport biomechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition" title="Sports nutrition">sport nutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">exercise physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">motor control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strength_and_conditioning_coach" title="Strength and conditioning coach">strength and conditioning</a>, and sporting tactics,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with all the associated sub areas of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This category of knowledge is what most coach education has been focused on <sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this alone is not enough to be an effective coach.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coaching is not just about sport specific skills <sup id="cite_ref-:22_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and education,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially when taking a <a href="/wiki/Holistic_education" title="Holistic education">holistic</a> approach.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keeping sports people safe,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and healthy <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while participating are responsibilities of a coach as well as awareness of social factors like the <a href="/wiki/Relative_age_effect" title="Relative age effect">relative age effect</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpersonality">Interpersonality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interpersonality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of coaching involves interacting with players, staff, community, opposition, and then family members in youth sport.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationships built in a sports team influence the social interactions which can affect player performance and development, fan culture,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professional sport</a>, financial backing. Effective coaches have knowledge that helps in all social contexts to make the best of each situation,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the coach–athlete relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being one of the most crucial to get right.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excellent communication skills are imperative for coaches in order to provide their athletes with the adequate skills, knowledge and mental as well as tactical ability.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrapersonality">Intrapersonality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intrapersonality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A coaches ability to improve relies on <a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">professional development</a> in continued <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a> which uses a combination of <a href="/wiki/Evaluation" title="Evaluation">evaluation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reflective_practice" title="Reflective practice">reflective practice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their recognition of personal ethical views and disposition are also elements of intrapersonal knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">understanding</a> of oneself and ability to use introspection and reflection are <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">skills</a> that take time to develop,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using <a href="/wiki/Deliberate_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Deliberate practice">deliberate practice</a> in each changing context.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaching expertise requires this knowledge much like teachers <sup id="cite_ref-O'Sullivan_176–185_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan_176–185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as each experience can confirm or contradict a prior belief in player performance.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The internal and external framing of a coaches role can impact their reflection,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting perspective can be a limitation promoting the idea of a coaching community for feedback. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athlete_outcomes">Athlete outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Athlete outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coaching behavior assessment system has been used <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to show that coaching knowledge and behavior have significant influence on participants psychological profile affecting <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> satisfaction, attitudes,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perceived <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a coach to be seen as effective, the people they work with should be improving,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with expert coaches being able to sustain that over an extended period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various areas of development that can be categorized, which was first done with a 5 C's model: competence, <a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">confidence</a>, connection, character and compassion <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was then later shortened to a 4 C's model by combining character and compassion.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People's competence can relate to their sport-specific technical and tactical skills, performance skills, improved health and fitness, and overall training habits. Their confidence relating to an internal sense of overall positive self-worth. Having a good connections is the positive bonds and social relationships with people inside and outside of the sporting context. Then character is respect for the sport and other participating showing good levels of <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">integrity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">responsibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The competence of a person is linked to leadership<sup id="cite_ref-:42_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and centered around becoming a self-reliant member of a sports team and society in the coaching context.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competencies have guided much of sport psychology<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supporting positive youth development.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Self-determination_theory" title="Self-determination theory">self-determination theory</a> suggests an environment that supports autonomous decision making, can help develop competence, confidence, and connection to others affecting motivation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effective coaches therefore create supportive environments <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while building good relationships with the people they coach.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_staff">Support staff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Support staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In professional sports, a coach is usually supported by one or more assistant coaches and a specialist team including <a href="/wiki/Sports_science" title="Sports science">sports scientists</a>. The staff may include coordinators, <a href="/wiki/Strength_and_conditioning_coach" title="Strength and conditioning coach">a strength and conditioning coach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">sport psychologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physiotherapist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">nutritionist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_biomechanics" title="Sports biomechanics">biomechanist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sports_analyst" title="Sports analyst">sports analyst</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Association_football">Association football</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Association football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manager_(association_football)" title="Manager (association football)">Manager (association football)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liverpool%27s_coaching_staff_2012_preseason.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Liverpool%27s_coaching_staff_2012_preseason.jpg/220px-Liverpool%27s_coaching_staff_2012_preseason.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Liverpool%27s_coaching_staff_2012_preseason.jpg/330px-Liverpool%27s_coaching_staff_2012_preseason.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Liverpool%27s_coaching_staff_2012_preseason.jpg/440px-Liverpool%27s_coaching_staff_2012_preseason.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The coaching team of the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Football Club">Liverpool Football Club</a> monitoring players during a training session</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, the roles of a coach can vary depending on the level of seniority they are coaching at, the professional level that they're coaching at, and the country they are coaching in, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In youth football, the duties of a coach is primarily to aid in the development of technical skills.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional skills that are important for a coach to help youth players develop is motor skills, stamina and the ability to read the game of play accordingly. </p><p>A solid foundation of tactical awareness is imperative for youth players to develop, because by the time they reach senior level (aged 18 and over), they are expected to know the tactical basis of the game - first team coaches at senior level do not actively teach tactics, they mainly just implement them. Therefore, youth coaches need to have a solid understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Association_football_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football tactics">tactics</a> of the game, so that they can facilitate, as a pedagogue, for their players' growth also on the tactical level. </p><p>In professional football, the role of the coach or trainer is focused on the training and development of a club's first team.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the head coach is responsible for the first team strategy, development, training session schedule and player development. The head coach is accompanied by one or more assistant coaches, and is also assisted by medical staff and <a href="/wiki/Athletic_trainer" title="Athletic trainer">athletic trainers</a>. A first team coach at a professional level is expecting of players to already be well-versed into the (general) tactics of football, so that he or she can instead focus on implementing their version of football tactics (style of play) into the team. </p><p>In English football, the director of a professional football team is commonly awarded the position of <a href="/wiki/Manager_(association_football)" title="Manager (association football)">manager</a>, a role that combines the duties of coach and sporting director. </p><p>All coaches of association football teams need to carefully consider the tactical ability and skill level of their teams when selecting tactics and strategy for games as well as practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ice_hockey">Ice hockey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ice hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coach_(ice_hockey)" title="Coach (ice hockey)">Coach (ice hockey)</a></div> <p>The coach in <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> is the person responsible for directing the team during games and practices, prepares strategy and decides which players will participate in games.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cricket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Cricket_coaches" title="Category:Cricket coaches">Cricket coaches</a></div> <p>Coaches have much less of a role in <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> matches than in other sports, with the <a href="/wiki/Captain_(cricket)" title="Captain (cricket)">team captain</a> making most strategic decisions for their team. During the game, cricket coaches generally focus on occasionally sending out messages or feedback to the team, especially during breaks in the play such as <a href="/wiki/Time-out_(sport)#Cricket" title="Time-out (sport)">time-outs</a>; otherwise, most coaches have an auxiliary role in helping the players practice, with each one generally specializing in improving the <a href="/wiki/Batting_(cricket)" title="Batting (cricket)">batting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowling_(cricket)" title="Bowling (cricket)">bowling</a> skills of the players.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, <a href="/wiki/Fielding_(cricket)" title="Fielding (cricket)">fielding</a> coaches have received more priority, as the <a href="/wiki/Short_form_cricket" title="Short form cricket">shorter formats</a> of the game have made good fielding more valuable.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="width:333px;max-width:333px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Okemos_High_School_Girls%27_Water_Polo_State_Championship_Team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2011_Okemos_High_School_Girls%27_Water_Polo_State_Championship_Team.jpg/225px-2011_Okemos_High_School_Girls%27_Water_Polo_State_Championship_Team.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2011_Okemos_High_School_Girls%27_Water_Polo_State_Championship_Team.jpg/338px-2011_Okemos_High_School_Girls%27_Water_Polo_State_Championship_Team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2011_Okemos_High_School_Girls%27_Water_Polo_State_Championship_Team.jpg/450px-2011_Okemos_High_School_Girls%27_Water_Polo_State_Championship_Team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TWU_Gymnastics_(Bars)_Amy_Winczura_(5694030475).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TWU_Gymnastics_%28Bars%29_Amy_Winczura_%285694030475%29.jpg/100px-TWU_Gymnastics_%28Bars%29_Amy_Winczura_%285694030475%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TWU_Gymnastics_%28Bars%29_Amy_Winczura_%285694030475%29.jpg/150px-TWU_Gymnastics_%28Bars%29_Amy_Winczura_%285694030475%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TWU_Gymnastics_%28Bars%29_Amy_Winczura_%285694030475%29.jpg/200px-TWU_Gymnastics_%28Bars%29_Amy_Winczura_%285694030475%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Left:</i> A U.S. high school girls' <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a> team (with their male coaches in background) posing with their trophy. <i>Right:</i> A U.S. university girl practicing a difficult <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a> manoeuvre under the watchful eyes of her coach.</div></div></div></div> <p>All major U.S. collegiate sports have associations for their coaches to engage in professional development activities, but some sports' professional coaches have less formal associations, without developing into a group resembling a <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">union</a> in the way that athletic players in many leagues have. </p><p>U.S. collegiate coaching contracts require termination without the payment of a settlement if the coach is found to be in serious violation of named rules, usually with regard to the recruiting or retention of players in violation of <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">amateur</a> status. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Head_coach#National_Football_League" title="Head coach">NFL head coaches</a> have an association, called <a href="/wiki/NFL_Coaches_Association" title="NFL Coaches Association">NFL Coaches Association</a> (NFLCA), which includes almost all the coaches in the NFL.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_baseball">American baseball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: American baseball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coach_(baseball)" title="Coach (baseball)">Coach (baseball)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manager_(baseball)" title="Manager (baseball)">Manager (baseball)</a></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>'s professional level in North America, the person who heads the coaching staff does not use the title of "head coach", but is instead called the <a href="/wiki/Manager_(baseball)" title="Manager (baseball)">field manager</a>. Baseball "coaches" at that level are members of the coaching staff under the overall supervision of the manager, with each coach having a specialized role. The baseball field manager is essentially equivalent a head coach in other American professional sports leagues; player transactions are handled by the <a href="/wiki/General_manager_(baseball)" title="General manager (baseball)">general manager</a>. The term <i>manager</i> used without qualification almost always refers to the field manager, while the general manager is often called the GM. </p><p>At amateur levels, the terminology is more similar to that of other sports. The person known as the "manager" in professional leagues is generally called the "head coach" in amateur leagues; this terminology is standard in <a href="/wiki/College_baseball" title="College baseball">U.S. college baseball</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_football">American football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: American football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, like many other sports, there are many coaches and assistant coaches. American football includes a <a href="/wiki/Head_coach" title="Head coach">head coach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Head_Coach#Roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Coach">associate/assistant head coach</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Offensive_coordinator" title="Offensive coordinator">offensive coordinator</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Defensive_coordinator" title="Defensive coordinator">defensive coordinator</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Special_teams_coordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Special teams coordinator">special teams coordinator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Position_coach" title="Position coach">position coaches</a>, among other assistant coaches which can include passing game coordinator, running game coordinator, and <a href="/wiki/Advisor#Other" class="mw-redirect" title="Advisor">advisors</a>. They're support staff such as <a href="/wiki/Strength_and_conditioning_coach" title="Strength and conditioning coach">strength and conditioning coach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quality_control_coach" title="Quality control coach">quality control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_analyst" title="Sports analyst">analyst</a>, and recruiting coaches.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_coach" title="Head coach">Head coach</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitness professional">Fitness professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_(association_football)" title="Manager (association football)">Manager (association football)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_(baseball)" title="Coach (baseball)">Coach (baseball)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_(baseball)" title="Manager (baseball)">Manager (baseball)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_(basketball)" title="Coach (basketball)">Coach (basketball)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_(Gaelic_games)" title="Manager (Gaelic games)">Manager (Gaelic games)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_(ice_hockey)" title="Coach (ice hockey)">Coach (ice hockey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player-coach" title="Player-coach">Player-coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player-manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Player-manager">Player-manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_staff" title="Coaching staff">Coaching staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_tree" title="Coaching tree">Coaching tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_of_the_Year" title="Coach of the Year">Coach of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_trainer" title="Personal trainer">Personal trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_trainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports trainer">Sports trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_and_conditioning_coach" title="Strength and conditioning coach">Strength and conditioning coach</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(sport)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecoachpartnership.com/the-origin-of-the-word-coach/">"The origin of the word Coach"</a>. 2016-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+the+word+Coach&rft.date=2016-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecoachpartnership.com%2Fthe-origin-of-the-word-coach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dave Day, <i>Professionals, Amateurs and Performance: Sports Coaching in England, 1789–1914</i>(2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallimoreTharp2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gallimore, Ronald; Tharp, Roland (2004-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/tsp/18/2/article-p119.xml">"What a Coach Can Teach a Teacher, 1975-2004: Reflections and Reanalysis of John Wooden's Teaching Practices"</a>. <i>The Sport Psychologist</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 119–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1123%2Ftsp.18.2.119">10.1123/tsp.18.2.119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-4781">0888-4781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sport+Psychologist&rft.atitle=What+a+Coach+Can+Teach+a+Teacher%2C+1975-2004%3A+Reflections+and+Reanalysis+of+John+Wooden%27s+Teaching+Practices&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-137&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1123%2Ftsp.18.2.119&rft.issn=0888-4781&rft.aulast=Gallimore&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Tharp%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.humankinetics.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Ftsp%2F18%2F2%2Farticle-p119.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbertTrudel2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Wade D.; 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Gilbert, Wade (2009-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1260/174795409789623892">"An Integrative Definition of Coaching Effectiveness and Expertise"</a>. <i>International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 307–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1260%2F174795409789623892">10.1260/174795409789623892</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1974%2F14380">1974/14380</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1747-9541">1747-9541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53352502">53352502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sports+Science+%26+Coaching&rft.atitle=An+Integrative+Definition+of+Coaching+Effectiveness+and+Expertise&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-323&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1974%2F14380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53352502%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1747-9541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1260%2F174795409789623892&rft.aulast=C%C3%B4t%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Wade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1260%2F174795409789623892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Sullivan_176–185-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_176–185_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_176–185_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'SullivanDoutis1994" class="citation journal cs1">O'Sullivan, Mary; 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Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885693-66-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-885693-66-4"><bdi>1-885693-66-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62348868">62348868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+haven%27t+taught+until+they+have+learned+%3A+John+Wooden%27s+teaching+principles+and+practices&rft.place=Morgantown%2C+WV&rft.pub=Fitness+Information+Technology&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62348868&rft.isbn=1-885693-66-4&rft.aulast=Nater&rft.aufirst=Swen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F62348868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbertTrudel2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Wade D.; Trudel, Pierre (2001-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jtpe/21/1/article-p16.xml">"Learning to Coach through Experience: Reflection in Model Youth Sport Coaches"</a>. <i>Journal of Teaching in Physical Education</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 16–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1123%2Fjtpe.21.1.16">10.1123/jtpe.21.1.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-2769">1543-2769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Teaching+in+Physical+Education&rft.atitle=Learning+to+Coach+through+Experience%3A+Reflection+in+Model+Youth+Sport+Coaches&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-34&rft.date=2001-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1123%2Fjtpe.21.1.16&rft.issn=1543-2769&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Wade+D.&rft.au=Trudel%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.humankinetics.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjtpe%2F21%2F1%2Farticle-p16.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMielke2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mielke, Danny (2007-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1260/174795407781394293">"Coaching Experience, Playing Experience and Coaching Tenure"</a>. <i>International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 105–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1260%2F174795407781394293">10.1260/174795407781394293</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1747-9541">1747-9541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143760422">143760422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sports+Science+%26+Coaching&rft.atitle=Coaching+Experience%2C+Playing+Experience+and+Coaching+Tenure&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-108&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143760422%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1747-9541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1260%2F174795407781394293&rft.aulast=Mielke&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1260%2F174795407781394293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1994" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Douglas H. 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