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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Minister of Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gold_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Gold standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worsening_relations_with_Japan_in_1890s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worsening_relations_with_Japan_in_1890s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Worsening relations with Japan in 1890s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worsening_relations_with_Japan_in_1890s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Loss of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Diplomatic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1905_Revolution_and_Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905_Revolution_and_Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1905 Revolution and Chairman of the Council of Ministers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905_Revolution_and_Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_of_the_State_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_the_State_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Member of the State Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_the_State_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Popular culture depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sergei Witte</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sergei Witte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="سيرجي ويت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيرجي ويت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Vitte" title="Sergey Vitte – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sergey Vitte" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Сяргей Юльевіч Вітэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сяргей Юльевіч Вітэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Сяргей Вітэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сяргей Вітэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Сергей Вите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сергей Вите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Witte" title="Sergej Witte – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sergej Witte" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Vitte" title="Sergej Vitte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sergej Vitte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Juljewitsch_Witte" title="Sergei Juljewitsch Witte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sergei Juljewitsch Witte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sergei Witte" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergu%C3%A9i_Witte" title="Serguéi Witte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Serguéi Witte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Vitte" title="Sergej Vitte – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sergej Vitte" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sergei Witte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%87" title="سرگی ویته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرگی ویته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Witte" title="Serge Witte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Serge Witte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sergei Witte" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sergei Witte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%B4_%EB%B9%84%ED%85%8C" title="세르게이 비테 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세르게이 비테" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B5_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%A5" title="Սերգեյ Վիտտե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սերգեյ Վիտտե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sergei Witte" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Jul%27evi%C4%8D_Vitte" title="Sergej Jul'evič Vitte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sergej Jul'evič Vitte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94" title="סרגיי ויטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרגיי ויטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="სერგეი ვიტე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სერგეი ვიტე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Витте Сергей Юльевич – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Витте Сергей Юльевич" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergius_Witte" title="Sergius Witte – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sergius Witte" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergejs_Vite" title="Sergejs Vite – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sergejs Vite" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergejus_Vit%C4%97" title="Sergejus Vitė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sergejus Vitė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%89_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="سيرجى ويت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيرجى ويت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Сергей Юльевич Витте – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сергей Юльевич Витте" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Witte" title="Sergej Witte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sergej Witte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%86" title="セルゲイ・ウィッテ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セルゲイ・ウィッテ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Witte" title="Sergej Witte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sergej Witte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siergiej_Witte" title="Siergiej Witte – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siergiej Witte" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serguei_Witte" title="Serguei Witte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serguei Witte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serghei_Witte" title="Serghei Witte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Serghei Witte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Витте, Сергей Юльевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Витте, Сергей Юльевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sergei Witte" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Witte" title="Sergej Witte – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sergej Witte" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Сергей Витте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сергей Витте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Vitte" title="Sergey Vitte – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sergey Vitte" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Вітте Сергій Юлійович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вітте Сергій Юлійович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Yulyevich_Vitte" title="Sergey Yulyevich Vitte – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sergey Yulyevich Vitte" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_naming_customs" title="East Slavic naming customs">East Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Yulyevich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Witte</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sergei Witte</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Сергей Витте</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SergeiWitte01548v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/SergeiWitte01548v.jpg/250px-SergeiWitte01548v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/SergeiWitte01548v.jpg/330px-SergeiWitte01548v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/SergeiWitte01548v.jpg/500px-SergeiWitte01548v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3544" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Witte in the early 1880s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Russian Empire">Prime Minister of the Russian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 November 1905 – 5 May 1906</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">New post <br /><small>(<i>Himself as Chairman of the <br />Committee of Ministers</i>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goremykin" title="Ivan Goremykin">Ivan Goremykin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Russia#Chairmen_of_the_committee_of_Ministers,_1810_–_1905" title="Council of Ministers of Russia">Chairman of the Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 August 1903 – 23 April 1906</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Nicholas II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Nikolayevich_Durnovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo">Ivan Durnovo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Post abolished <br /><small>(<i>Himself as Prime Minister</i>)</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finance_Ministers_of_Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finance Ministers of Imperial Russia">Minister of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 August 1892 – 16 August 1903</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a><br />Nicholas II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vyshnegradsky" title="Ivan Vyshnegradsky">Ivan Vyshnegradsky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Pleske" title="Eduard Pleske">Eduard Pleske</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Transport_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Transport of Russia">Minister of Transport</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 1892 – August 1892</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Alexander III</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Adolf Gibbenet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Apollon Krivoshein</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Sergei Yulyevich Witte</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1849-06-29</span>)</span>29 June 1849<br /><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tiflis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Viceroyalty_(1801-1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801-1917)">Caucasus Viceroyalty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> <small>(now Tbilisi, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 1915<span style="display:none">(1915-03-13)</span> (aged 65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>, Russian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">Brain tumor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Monastery">Alexander Nevsky Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Novorossiysk University">Novorossiysk University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Sergei_Witte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sergei Witte's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Signature_of_Sergei_Witte.jpg/128px-Signature_of_Sergei_Witte.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Signature_of_Sergei_Witte.jpg/192px-Signature_of_Sergei_Witte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Signature_of_Sergei_Witte.jpg/256px-Signature_of_Sergei_Witte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3970" data-file-height="1399" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Count <b>Sergei Yulyevich Witte</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Сергей Юльевич Витте</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Sergey Yulyevich Vitte</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[sʲɪrˈɡʲej<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈjʉlʲjɪvʲɪtɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvʲitːɛ]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 29 June [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 17 June] 1849  – 13 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 28 February] 1915), also known as <b>Sergius Witte</b>, was a Russian statesman who served as the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">prime minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, replacing the emperor as head of government. Neither liberal nor conservative, he attracted foreign capital to boost <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Industrialization in the Russian Empire">Russia's industrialization</a>. Witte's strategy was to avoid the danger of wars.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witte served under the final two <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">emperors of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1881–1894</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1894–1917</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-twilightxiii_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twilightxiii-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)</a>, he had risen to a position in which he controlled all the traffic passing to the front along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa Railways">Odessa Railways</a>. As <a href="/wiki/List_of_Finance_Ministers_of_Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finance Ministers of Imperial Russia">finance minister</a> from 1892- 1903, Witte presided over extensive <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> and achieved government monopoly control over an expanded system of railroad lines. </p><p>Following months of civil unrest and outbreaks of violence in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>, Witte framed the <a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a> and the accompanying government communication to establish <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional government">constitutional government</a>. However, he was not convinced it would solve Russia's problems with the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a>. On 20 October 1905 Witte was appointed as the first chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Council of Ministers</a> (effectively prime minister). Assisted by his Council, he designed Russia's first <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Russian Constitution of 1906">constitution</a>. But within a few months Witte fell into disgrace as a reformer because of continuing court opposition to these changes. He resigned before the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_(Russian_Empire)#First_Duma" title="State Duma (Russian Empire)">First Duma</a> assembled on 10 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 27 April] 1906. Witte was fully confident that he had resolved the main problem: providing political stability to the regime,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but according to him, the "<a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> problem" would further determine the character of the Duma's activity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is widely considered to have been one of the key figures in Russian politics at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a> has described Witte as the 'great reforming finance minister of the 1890s',<sup id="cite_ref-fig41_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig41-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'one of Nicholas's most enlightened ministers',<sup id="cite_ref-fig8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the architect of Russia's new parliamentary order in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-fig217_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig217-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_early_life">Family and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Witte's father, Julius Christoph Heinrich Georg Witte, was from a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He converted to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a> upon his marriage with Yekaterina Fadeyeva. His father was made a member of the <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a> but moved as a civil servant to <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tiflis</a> (present-day Tbilisi, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>). Sergei was raised on the estate of his mother's parents.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather was Andrei Mikhailovich Fadeyev, a Governor of Saratov and Privy Councillor of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and his grandmother was <a href="/wiki/Princess_Helene_Dolgoruki" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Helene Dolgoruki">Princess Helene Dolgoruki</a>. Sergei had two brothers (Alexander and Boris) and two sisters (Olga and Sophia).<sup id="cite_ref-peoples.ru_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peoples.ru-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, noted as a mystic, was their first cousin. Witte studied at a Tiflis gymnasium, but he took more interest in music, fencing and riding than in academics. He finished Gymnasium I in <a href="/wiki/Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Chişinău">Kishinev</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began studying Physico-Mathematical Sciences at the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_University" title="Odesa University">Novorossiysk University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> in 1866 and graduated at the top of his class in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-twilightxiv_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twilightxiv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After completing his studies he devoted some time to journalism in close relations with the <a href="/wiki/Slavophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophiles">Slavophiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Katkov" title="Mikhail Katkov">Mikhail Katkov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witte had initially planned to pursue a career in academia with the intention of becoming a professor in theoretical mathematics. His relatives took a dim view of that career path, as it was considered unsuitable for a noble or aristocrat at the time. He was instead persuaded by <a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">Prince</a> Vladimir Pavlovich <a href="/wiki/Machabeli" title="Machabeli">Machabelov</a>, Minister of Ways and Communication, to pursue a career in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Russia" title="History of rail transport in Russia">Russian railroads</a>. At the direction of the count, Witte undertook six months of training in a variety of positions on the <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa Railways">Odessa Railways</a> to gain a practical understanding of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian railways</a> operations. At the end of that period, he was appointed as chief of the traffic office.<sup id="cite_ref-twilightxv_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twilightxv-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a wreck on the Odessa Railways in late 1875 cost many lives, Witte was arrested and sentenced to four months in prison. However, while he was still contesting the case in court, Witte directed the Odessa Railways and achieved extraordinary efforts towards the transport of troops and war materials in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877-1878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a> and attracted the attention of Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)">Nicholas Nikolaevich</a>, who commuted his prison sentence to two weeks. Witte had devised a novel system of double-shift operations in his efforts to overcome delays on the railways.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1879, Witte accepted a post in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, where he would meet his future wife. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> the following year. In 1883, he published a paper on "Principles of Railway Tariffs for Cargo Transportation" in which he also discussed social issues and the role of the monarchy. Witte gained popularity in the government. In 1886, he was appointed manager of the privately-held <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Railways" title="Southwestern Railways">Southwestern Railways</a>, based in Kiev, and was noted for increasing its efficiency and profitability. Around then, he met Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>, but he conflicted with the tsar's aides by warning of the danger in their practice of using two powerful freight locomotives to achieve high speeds for the royal train. His warnings were proven in the October 1888 <a href="/wiki/Borki_train_disaster" title="Borki train disaster">Borki train disaster</a>, Witte was then appointed as Director of State Railways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergei_Witte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sergei_Witte.jpg/220px-Sergei_Witte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Sergei_Witte.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Witte in the 1880s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitte_M.I._(zhena_S.Y)._1905._Karl_Bulla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Vitte_M.I._%28zhena_S.Y%29._1905._Karl_Bulla.jpg/220px-Vitte_M.I._%28zhena_S.Y%29._1905._Karl_Bulla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Vitte_M.I._%28zhena_S.Y%29._1905._Karl_Bulla.jpg/330px-Vitte_M.I._%28zhena_S.Y%29._1905._Karl_Bulla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Vitte_M.I._%28zhena_S.Y%29._1905._Karl_Bulla.jpg/440px-Vitte_M.I._%28zhena_S.Y%29._1905._Karl_Bulla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>Mathilda Witte, picture by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Bulla" title="Karl Bulla">Karl Bulla</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Witte worked in railroad management for 20 years after he had begun as a ticket clerk.<sup id="cite_ref-fig41_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig41-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He caught the attention of Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vyshnegradsky" title="Ivan Vyshnegradsky">Ivan Vyshnegradsky</a>, who appointed him as Russian Director of Railway Affairs within the Finance Ministry,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he served from 1889 to 1891. During that period, he oversaw an ambitious program of railway construction. Until then, less than one fourth of the small railway systems were under direct state control, but Witte set about expanding the rail lines and getting the railway service under control as a state monopoly. Witte also obtained the right to assign employees based on their performance or merit, rather than for patronage for political or familial connections. In 1889, he published a paper, "National Savings and Friedrich List", which cited the economic theories of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a> and justified the need for a strong domestic industry, to be protected from foreign competition by <a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">customs barriers</a>. </p><p>A new customs law for Russia was passed in 1891, spurring an increase in industrialization by the turn of the 20th century. While Witte worked to achieve industrialization, he also fought for practical education. He said that railways operated by the state would be useless "unless it does its utmost for spreading technical education..."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsar Alexander III appointed Witte in 1892 as acting Minister of Ways and Communications.<sup id="cite_ref-twilightxiv_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twilightxiv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That gave him both control of the railroads in Russia and the authority to impose a reform on the tariffs charged. "Russian railroads gradually became perhaps the most economically operated railroads of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-Boublikoff,_p._313_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boublikoff,_p._313-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Profits were high: over 100 million gold rubles a year to the government (exact amount unknown because of accounting defects). </p><p>In 1892 Witte became acquainted with Matilda Ivanovna (Isaakovna) Lisanevich in a theater.<sup id="cite_ref-peoples.ru_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peoples.ru-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witte began to seek her favour, urging her to divorce her gambling husband and marry him. The marriage was a scandal not only because Matilda was a divorcee but also because she was a converted Jew. That cost Witte many of his connections with the upper nobility, but the tsar protected him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Finance">Minister of Finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Minister of Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1892, Witte was appointed to the post of Minister of Finance, which he held for the next eleven years, and he nearly doubled the revenues of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Until 1905 matters pertaining to industry and commerce were within the province of the Ministry of Finance.) During his tenure, he greatly accelerated the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>. He also emphasized creation of an educational system to train personnel for industry, in particular, the establishment of new "commercial" schools. He was known for appointing subordinates by their academic credentials or merit, rather than because of patronage political connections. In 1894, he concluded a 10-year commercial treaty with the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> on favorable terms for Russia. When Alexander III died, he told his son on his deathbed to listen well to Witte, his most capable minister. </p><p>In 1895, on a crusade against the evils of drunkenness, Witte established a <a href="/wiki/State_monopoly" title="State monopoly">state monopoly</a> on alcohol,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became a major source of revenue for the Russian government. In 1896, he concluded the <a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a> with <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. One of the rights secured for Russia was the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a> across <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">northeast China</a>, which greatly shortened the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway to its projected eastern terminus at <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>. However, following the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a>, Witte strongly opposed the Russian occupation of <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a> and the construction of the naval base at <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur_naval_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Arthur naval base">Port Arthur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Lease_of_the_Liaotung_Peninsula" title="Convention for the Lease of the Liaotung Peninsula">Russia–Qing Convention of 1898</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gold_standard">Gold standard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gold standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1896, Witte undertook a major <a href="/wiki/Currency_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency reform">currency reform</a> to place the <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>. That resulted in increased investment activity and an increase in the inflow of foreign capital. Witte also enacted a law in 1897 limiting working hours in enterprises, and in 1898 reformed commercial and industrial taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1899 the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Polytechnical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd Polytechnical Institute">Petrograd Polytechnical Institute</a> was founded on his initiative. </p><p>In summer 1898, he addressed a memorandum to the Tsar<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling for an agricultural conference on the reform of the peasant community. This resulted in three years of talks about laws to abolish collective responsibility and facilitate the resettlement of farmers onto lands on the outskirts of the empire. Many of his ideas were later adopted by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Pyotr Stolypin</a>. In 1902 Witte's supporter, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Sipyagin" title="Dmitry Sipyagin">Dmitry Sipyagin</a>, the Minister of Home Affairs, was assassinated. In an attempt to keep up the modernization of the Russian economy, Witte called and oversaw the Special Conference on the Needs of the Rural Industry. The conference was to provide recommendations for future reforms and compile the data to justify those reforms. By 1900 the growth in the manufacturing industry had been four times faster than in the preceding five-year period and six times faster than in the decade before that. External trade in industrial goods was equal to that of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Liberation" title="Union of Liberation">Union of Liberation</a> was formed, which demanded economic and political reform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Worsening_relations_with_Japan_in_1890s">Worsening relations with Japan in 1890s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Worsening relations with Japan in 1890s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Witte controlled East Asian policy in the 1890s. His goal was peaceful expansion of trade with <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>. Japan, with its greatly expanded and modernized military, easily defeated the antiquated Chinese forces in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> (1894–95). Russia had to confront collaborating with Japan with which relations had been fairly good for some years or acting as protector of China against Japan. Witte chose the second policy, and in 1894, Russia, Germany and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> forced Japan to soften the peace terms that it had imposed on China. Japan was forced to cede the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou">Port Arthur</a> back to China (both territories were located in south-western Manchuria, a Chinese province). </p><p>The new Russian role angered Tokyo, which decided Russia was the main enemy in its quest to control <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a> and China. Witte underestimated Japan's growing economic and military power and exaggerated Russia's military prowess. Russia concluded an alliance with China (in 1896 by the <a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a>), which led in 1898 to Russian occupation and administration (by its own personnel and police) of the entire Liaodong Peninsula. Russia also fortified the ice-free Port Arthur and completed the Russian-owned <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a>, which was to cross northern Manchuria from west to east and link <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> with Vladivostok. In 1899, the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> broke out, and the Chinese attacked all foreigners. A large coalition of the major Western powers and Japan sent armed forces to relieve their diplomatic missions in <a href="/wiki/Peking" class="mw-redirect" title="Peking">Peking</a>. The Russian government used that as an opportunity to bring a substantial <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">army into Manchuria</a>. As a consequence, by 1900 Manchuria was a fully-incorporated outpost of the Russian Empire, and Japan prepared to fight Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_power">Loss of power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Loss of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Witte, in a memorandum, tried to turn the reports of the <a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">zemstvo</a> presidents into a condemnation of the Home Office.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a political conflict on land reform, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_von_Plehve" title="Vyacheslav von Plehve">Vyacheslav von Plehve</a> accused him of being part of a Jewish-<a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonic</a> conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-spartacus-educational.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spartacus-educational.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Gurko" title="Vasily Gurko">Vasily Gurko</a>, Witte had dominated the irresolute tsar, and his opponents decided that was the moment to get rid of him. </p><p>Witte was appointed on 16 August 1903 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">O.S.</a>) as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Committee of Ministers</a>, a position he held until October 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-twilightxiv_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twilightxiv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While officially a promotion, the post had no real power. Witte's removal from the influential post of Minister of Finance was engineered under the pressure of the landed gentry and his political enemies within the government and at the court. But historians <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_V._Riasanovsky" title="Nicholas V. Riasanovsky">Nicholas V. Riasanovsky</a> and Robert K. Massie say that Witte's opposition to Russian designs on <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a> resulted in his resigning from the government in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_career">Diplomatic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diplomatic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg/290px-Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg/435px-Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg/580px-Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Negotiating the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a> (1905) – from left to right: the Russians at far side of table are Korostovetz, Nabokov, Witte, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rosen" title="Roman Rosen">Rosen</a>, Plancon; and the Japanese at near side of table are <a href="/wiki/Mineichir%C5%8D_Adachi" title="Mineichirō Adachi">Adachi</a>, Ochiai, <a href="/wiki/Komura_Jutar%C5%8D" title="Komura Jutarō">Komura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takahira_Kogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Takahira Kogoro">Takahira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aimaro_Sat%C5%8D" title="Aimaro Satō">Satō</a>. The large conference table is today preserved at the Museum <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Mura" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Mura">Meiji Mura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inuyama,_Aichi" title="Inuyama, Aichi">Inuyama, Aichi</a> Prefecture, Japan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Witte was brought back into the governmental decision-making process to help deal with growing civil unrest. Confronted with increasing opposition and, after consulting with Witte and Prince <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Dmitrievich_Sviatopolk-Mirsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Dmitrievich Sviatopolk-Mirsky">Sviatopolk-Mirsky</a>, the tsar issued a reform <i><a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">ukase</a></i> on December 25, 1904 with vague promises.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody Sunday 1905">Bloody Sunday</a> riots of 1905, Witte supplied 500 rubles, the equivalent of 250 dollars, to <a href="/wiki/Father_Gapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Gapon">Father Gapon</a> in order for the leader of the demonstration to leave the country.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witte recommended that the government issue a manifesto related to the people's demands.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schemes of reform would be elaborated by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goremykin" title="Ivan Goremykin">Ivan Goremykin</a> and a committee consisting of elected representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Zemstva" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemstva">zemstva</a> and municipal councils under the presidency of Witte. On 3 March the tsar condemned the revolutionaries. The government issued a strongly worded prohibition of any further agitation in favor of a constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By spring a new political system was beginning to form in Russia. A petition campaign was conducted seeking a wide variety of proposed changes, such as ending the war with Japan, which lasted from February to July 1905. In June mutiny broke out on the <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin" title="Russian battleship Potemkin">Russian battleship Potemkin</a>. </p><p>The tsar called upon Witte to negotiate an end to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-twilightxiv_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twilightxiv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sent to the United States for the talks, as the Russian emperor's plenipotentiary titled "his Secretary of State and President of the Committee of Ministers of the Emperor of Russia," along with Baron <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rosen" title="Roman Rosen">Roman Rosen</a>, Master of the Imperial Court of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peace talks were held in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a>. </p><p>Witte is credited with negotiating brilliantly on Russia's behalf during the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a> discussions. Russia lost little in the final settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-twilightxiv_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twilightxiv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the loss of the war with Japan is believed to have marked the beginning of the end of Imperial Russia. For his efforts, he was made a <span class="noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">граф</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">graf</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-peoples.ru_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peoples.ru-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After that diplomatic success, Witte wrote to the tsar stressing the urgent need for political reforms at home. He was dissatisfied with proposals by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bulygin" title="Alexander Bulygin">Alexander Bulygin</a>, the successor of Sviatopolk-Mirsky. Even figures like Mikhail Osipovich Menshikov and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Meshchersky" title="Vladimir Meshchersky">Vladimir Meshchersky</a> agreed. A 6 August (O.S.) manifesto created a <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Duma (Russian Empire)">Duma</a> as a consultative body only. Elections of its representatives would not be direct but be held in four stages, and qualifications for class and property would exclude much of the intelligentsia and all of the working classes from <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>. The proposal was greeted by numerous protests and strikes across the country, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1905_Revolution_and_Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers">1905 Revolution and Chairman of the Council of Ministers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1905 Revolution and Chairman of the Council of Ministers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Alexey_D._Obolensky.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Prince_Alexey_D._Obolensky.jpeg/250px-Prince_Alexey_D._Obolensky.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Prince_Alexey_D._Obolensky.jpeg/330px-Prince_Alexey_D._Obolensky.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Prince_Alexey_D._Obolensky.jpeg/500px-Prince_Alexey_D._Obolensky.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Prince Alexey D. Obolensky</figcaption></figure> <p>Witte described the regime's usual "incompetence and obstinacy" in response to the crisis of 1904–1905 as a "mixture of cowardice, blindness and stupidity".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 January 1905, Witte and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Dmitrievich_Sviatopolk-Mirsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Dmitrievich Sviatopolk-Mirsky">Sviatopolk-Mirsky</a> had been approached by a delegation of intellectuals led by <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a>, who begged them to negotiate with demonstrators. After the government's postings of warnings of 'resolute measures' against street gatherings led by <a href="/wiki/Father_Gapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Gapon">Father Gapon</a>, they worried about violent confrontation, which did take place. They were unsuccessful as the government had believed they could control Fr. Gapon.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaving his visiting cards with Witte and Mirsky, Gorky was arrested, along with the other members of the deputations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later 1905 Witte was approached by the tsar's advisers, in an effort to save the country from complete collapse, and on 9 October 1905, he went to the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> for a meeting. Here he told the tsar 'with brutal frankness' that the country was on the verge of a catastrophic revolution, which he said 'would sweep away a thousand years of history'. He presented the tsar with two choices: either appoint a military dictator, or agree to broad and major reforms. In a memorandum arguing for a manifesto, Witte outlined the reforms needed to appease the masses. </p><p>He argued for the following reforms: creation of a legislative parliament (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Duma" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Duma">Imperial Duma</a>) elected via a democratic franchise; granting of civil liberties; establishing a cabinet government and a 'constitutional order'.<sup id="cite_ref-fig191_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig191-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those demands, which basically comprised the political programme of the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Movement">Liberation Movement</a>, were an attempt to isolate the political Left by pacifying the liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-fig191_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig191-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witte emphasised that repression would be only a temporary solution to the problem and a risky one because he believed that the armed forces, whose loyalty was now in question, could collapse if they were to be used against the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-fig191_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig191-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the military advisers to the tsar agreed with Witte, as did the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Governor of Saint Petersburg">Governor of Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov" title="Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov">Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov</a>, who wielded considerable influence at court. Only when Nicholas II's cousin Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Nicholas</a> threatened to shoot himself if he did not agree to Witte's demands, following the tsar's request for him to accept appointment as dictator, would the tsar agree. He was embarrassed to have been forced by a former "railway clerk", a man who was a bureaucrat and "businessman," to relinquish his autocratic rule.<sup id="cite_ref-fig191_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig191-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witte later said that the tsar's court were ready to use the Manifesto as a temporary concession, and later return to autocracy "when the revolutionary tide subsided".<sup id="cite_ref-fig192_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig192-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October Witte was charged with the task of assembling the nation's first cabinet government, and he offered the liberals several portfolios: Ministry of Agriculture to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shipov" title="Ivan Shipov">Ivan Shipov</a>; Ministry of Trade and Industry to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Alexander Guchkov</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Ministry of Justice of the Russian Empire">Ministry of Justice</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Koni" title="Anatoly Koni">Anatoly Koni</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Russian_Empire)" title="Ministry of National Education (Russian Empire)">Ministry of Education</a> to <a href="/wiki/Evgenii_Nikolaevitch_Troubetzkoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Evgenii Nikolaevitch Troubetzkoy">Evgenii Troubetzkoy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a> were also offered ministerial posts. None of those liberals agreed to join the government, though. Witte had to form his cabinet from 'tsarist bureaucrats and appointees lacking public confidence'. The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadets</a> doubted that Witte could deliver on the promises made by the tsar in October, knowing the tsar's staunch opposition to reform.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witte argued that the Tsarist regime could be saved from a revolution only by the transformation of Russia to a 'modern industrial society', in which 'personal and public initiatives' were encouraged by a <a href="/wiki/Rechtsstaat" title="Rechtsstaat">rechtsstaat</a> who guaranteed civil liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-fig41_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig41-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the two weeks following the <a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a> took place against Jews, especially in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>. Witte ordered an official investigation, where it was revealed that the police in the former city had organised, armed and gave <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a> to the anti-Semitic crowds, and even participated in the attacks. Witte demanded the prosecution of the chief of police in St. Petersburg, who was involved in the printing of anti-Semitic pamphlets, but the tsar intervened and protected him.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witte believed that anti-Semitism was 'considered fashionable' among the elite.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_pogrom_(1903)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chișinău pogrom (1903)">Kishinev pogrom</a> in 1903, Witte had said that if Jews 'comprise about fifty percent of the membership in the revolutionary parties', it was 'the fault of our government. The Jews are too oppressed'.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milyukov once confronted Witte to ask why he would not commit himself to a constitution. Witte replied that he could not 'because the Tsar does not wish it'.<sup id="cite_ref-fig195_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig195-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witte was worried that the court was only using him, as had emerged in talks with members of the Kadet Party.<sup id="cite_ref-fig195_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig195-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his skillful diplomacy Witte was appointed as Chairman of the new <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Council of Ministers</a>, the equivalent of Prime Minister, and formed <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte%27s_Cabinet" title="Sergei Witte's Cabinet">Sergei Witte's Cabinet</a>, not belonging to any party, as there were none. No longer was the tsar the head of the government. "Immediately upon my nomination as President of the Imperial Council I made it clear that the <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Russia)" title="Procurator (Russia)">Procurator</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod" title="Most Holy Synod">Most Holy Synod</a> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Konstantin Pobedonostsev</a>, could not remain in office, for he definitely represented the past."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was replaced by Prince Alexey D. Obolensky. Trepov and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bulygin" title="Alexander Bulygin">Alexander Bulygin</a> were dismissed and, after many discussions, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Durnovo" title="Pyotr Nikolayevich Durnovo">Pyotr Nikolayevich Durnovo</a> was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire">Minister of Interior</a> on 1 January 1906; his appointment is considered one of the greatest errors Witte made during his administration. </p><p>According to Harold Williams: "That government was almost paralyzed from the beginning. Witte acted immediately by urging the release of political prisoners and the lifting of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> laws."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._166_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._166-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Alexander Guchkov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Shipov" title="Dmitry Shipov">Dmitry Shipov</a> refused to work with the reactionary Durnovo and to support the government. On 26 October (O.S.), the tsar appointed Trepov as Master of the Palace without consulting Witte, and had daily contact with the emperor; his influence at court was paramount. "In addition mass violence broke out in the days following the issuance of the October Manifesto. The major source of the unrest was unrelated to the October Manifesto. It took the form of attacks by gangs in the cities on the Jews. In general, the authorities ignored the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._166_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._166-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 November, the sailors in Kronstadt mutinied. The same month, the border provinces were clearly taking advantage of the weakening of Central Russia to show their teeth. Witte later wrote in his <i>Memoirs</i> about the empire's ethnic minorities: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The dominating element of the Empire, the Russians, fall into three distinct ethnic branches: the Great, the Little, and the White Russians, and 35 per cent, of the population is non-Russian. It is impossible to rule such a country and ignore the national aspirations of its varied non-Russian national groups, which largely make up the population of the Great Empire. The policy of converting all Russian subjects into "true Russians" is not the ideal which will weld all the heterogeneous elements of the Empire into one body politic. It might be better for us Russians, I concede, if Russia were a nationally uniform country and not a heterogeneous Empire. To achieve that goal there is but one way, namely to give up our border provinces, for these will never put up with the policy of ruthless <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>. But that measure our ruler will, of course, never consider.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> On 10 November, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Poland">Russian Poland</a> was placed under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. </p><p>Witte's position was not well established. The Liberals remained obdurate and refused to be cajoled. The <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Peasant_Union" title="All-Russian Peasant Union">All-Russian Peasant Union</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> asked the Russian people to refuse to make redemption payments to the government and withdraw their deposits from banks that might be subject to government action.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promised an eight-hour working day and tried to secure vital loans from France to keep the government from bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witte sent his envoy to the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_England" title="Rothschild banking family of England">Rothschild bank</a>; they responded that </p> <blockquote><p>"they would willingly render full assistance to the loan, but that they would not be in a position to do so until the Russian Government had enacted legal measures tending to improve the conditions of the Jews in Russia. As I deemed it beneath our dignity to connect the solution of our Jewish question with the loan, I decided to give up my intention of securing the participation of the Rothschilds."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>On 24 November by Imperial decree provisional regulations on the censorship of magazines and newspaper was released.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_5_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_5_02.jpg/250px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_5_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_5_02.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_5_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_5_02.jpg/500px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_5_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Witte's mansion on <a href="/wiki/Kamennoostrovsky_Prospekt" title="Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt">Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt</a> in St Petersburg between 1903-1915</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 December <a href="/wiki/Trotsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotsky">Trotsky</a> and the rest of the executive committee of the <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Soviet">St. Petersburg Soviet</a> were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-spartacus-educational.com_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spartacus-educational.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minister of Agriculture <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kutler" title="Nikolai Kutler">Nikolai Kutler</a> resigned in February 1906; Witte refused to appoint <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Krivoshein" title="Alexander Krivoshein">Alexander Krivoshein</a>. In the next few weeks, changes and additions to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Russian Constitution of 1906">Russian Constitution of 1906</a> were made, so that the emperor was confirmed as the dictator of foreign policies and the supreme commander of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">navy</a>. The ministers remained responsible solely to Nicholas II, not to the Duma. The "peasant question" or <a href="/wiki/Land_reforms_by_country#Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Land reforms by country">land reforms</a> was a hot issue; the influence of the "Duma of Public Anger" had to be limited, according to Goremykin and Dmitri Trepov. The <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> boycotted the coming election. When Witte discovered that Nicholas never intended to honour those concessions, he resigned as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. The position and influence of General Trepov, Grand Duke Nicholas, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a>, and overwhelming victories by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Democrats">Kadets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1906_Russian_legislative_election" title="1906 Russian legislative election">1906 Russian legislative election</a>, forced Witte on 14th to resign, which was announced 22 April 1906 (O.S.). </p><p>Witte confessed to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Polovtsov" title="Alexander Polovtsov">Alexander Polovtsov</a> in April 1906 that the success of the repressions in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_uprising_in_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow uprising in 1905">Moscow uprising in 1905</a> had resulted in his losing all influence over the tsar. Despite Witte's protests, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Durnovo" title="Pyotr Nikolayevich Durnovo">Durnovo</a> was allowed to 'carry out a brutal and excessive, and often totally unjustified, series of repressive measures.'<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, Father Gapon returned to Russia from exile and supported Witte's government.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 April 1905 Witte proposed the Law of Religious Toleration, followed by the edict of 30 October 1906 giving legal status to schismatics and sectarians of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> (ROC), the established state church.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witte argued that ending discrimination against religious rivals of the Orthodox Church 'would not harm the church, provided it embraced the reforms that would revive its religious life'. Although the Church's 'senior hierarchs' may for some time have played with the thought of self-government, Witte's demand that it would come at the cost of religious toleration 'guaranteed to drive them back into the arms of reaction'.<sup id="cite_ref-fig69_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig69-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witte had made that demand (self-government in exchange for religious toleration) in the hope of 'wooing' the important commercial groups of the ethnic minorities of Jewish and Old Believer communities.<sup id="cite_ref-fig69_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig69-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_the_State_Council">Member of the State Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Member of the State Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L.K._Naryshkin_by_Serov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/L.K._Naryshkin_by_Serov.jpg/220px-L.K._Naryshkin_by_Serov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/L.K._Naryshkin_by_Serov.jpg/330px-L.K._Naryshkin_by_Serov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/L.K._Naryshkin_by_Serov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Witte's grandson Lev Kyrillovich <a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_family" title="Naryshkin family">Naryshkin</a> in a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Serov" title="Valentin Serov">Valentin Serov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Filosofov" title="Dmitry Filosofov">Dmitry Filosofov</a>, Witte was the only talented person in the government, but he brought many troubles to Russia. He destroyed the autocracy not from the outside like revolutionaries but from the inside. Witte failed to retain the confidence of the emperor but continued in Russian politics as a member of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Council (Russian Empire)">State Council</a> but he was never again appointed to an administrative role in the government. He was ostracized by the Russian establishment. In January 1907 a bomb was found planted in his home. The investigator <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Alexandrovich_Alexandrov" title="Pavel Alexandrovich Alexandrov">Pavel Alexandrovich Alexandrov</a> proved that the <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a>, the tsarist secret police, had been involved.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the winter season, Witte lived in <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a> and started writing his <i>Memoirs,</i><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he returned to St Petersburg in 1908. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> in 1914, <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Grigori Rasputin</a>, and Witte desperately urged the Tsar to avoid the conflict and warned that Europe faced calamity if Russia became involved. The advice went unheeded. French Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pal%C3%A9ologue" title="Maurice Paléologue">Maurice Paléologue</a> complained<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witte_Grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Witte_Grave.JPG/220px-Witte_Grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Witte_Grave.JPG/330px-Witte_Grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Witte_Grave.JPG/440px-Witte_Grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Witte's grave in Lazarev Cemetery, St. Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <p>Witte died in February 1915 at his home in St. Petersburg; his quick death was attributed to <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumor</a>. His third-class funeral was held at the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra" title="Alexander Nevsky Lavra">Alexander Nevsky Lavra</a>. On the black granite slab, in addition to the usual dates of birth and death, another date was carved: 17 October, 1905, the date he presented the Manifesto. Witte had no children, but he had adopted his wife's by her first marriage. According to <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Radzinsky" title="Edvard Radzinsky">Edvard Radzinsky</a>, Witte asked in vain for the title of <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> to be given to his grandson, L. K. Naryshkin (1905-1963). </p><p>Witte's reputation was burnished in the West after his secret memoirs were published in translation in 1921. They had been completed in 1912 and kept in a bank in <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>, France. He had left orders that they could not be published during the lifetimes of him and his contemporaries. The ambassador in France, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Maklakov" title="Vasily Maklakov">Vasily Maklakov</a>, received them from his widow. The original manuscript of his memoirs are now held in <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> Library's Bakhmeteff Archive of Russian and East European History and Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-twilightxiii_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twilightxiii-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sergei Witte University of Moscow, with campuses in Ryazan, Krasnodar and Nizhny Novgorod is named in his honour (a private institution accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Higher_Education_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Russia)">Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Russia)</a> in 1997) </p> <dl><dt>Russian orders and decorations<sup id="cite_ref-Civilianranks_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Civilianranks-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_(House_of_Romanov)" title="Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)">Knight of St. Stanislaus</a>, 1st Class, <i>1890</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Knight of St. Anna</a>, 1st Class, <i>1894</i></li> <li>Commemorative Medal of the Reign of Emperor Alexander III, <i>1896</i></li> <li>Emperor Nicholas II Coronation Medal, <i>1896</i></li> <li>Medal "For Works on the First General Population Census", <i>1897</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the White Eagle (Russia)">Knight of the White Eagle</a>, <i>1904</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, in Diamonds, <i>1906</i></li> <li>Red Cross Medal "In Commemoration of the Russo-Japanese War", <i>1906</i></li> <li>Commemorative Medal of the Romanov Tricentenary, <i>1913</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St Vladimir">Knight of St. Vladimir</a>, 1st Class, <i>1913</i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Foreign orders and decorations<sup id="cite_ref-Civilianranks_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Civilianranks-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Grand Cross of the White Elephant</a>, <i>1889</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="272" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a>: <ul><li>Order of the Star of Bukhara, 1st Class in Diamonds, <i>1893</i></li> <li>Order of the Sun of Alexander, <i>1902</i></li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, <i>January 1894</i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Grand Cross of the Red Eagle</a>, <i>1894</i>; with Collar, <i>1905</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Prussia)" title="Order of the Crown (Prussia)">Knight of the Prussian Crown</a>, 1st Class, <i>1896</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, <i>July 1897</i><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Austria)" title="Order of Leopold (Austria)">Imperial Order of Leopold</a>, <i>1894</i>; in Diamonds, <i>1897</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Takovo" title="Order of the Cross of Takovo">Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo</a>, <i>1894</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Serbia)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)">Grand Cross of the White Eagle</a>, <i>1901</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a>, <i>1894</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Order of the Dannebrog">Grand Cross of the Dannebrog</a>, <i>6 April 1895</i><sup id="cite_ref-DanskStatskalender_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DanskStatskalender-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Double_Dragon" title="Order of the Double Dragon">Order of the Double Dragon</a>, Class I Grade III, <i>1896</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia" title="Order of the Star of Ethiopia">Grand Cross of the Star of Ethiopia</a>, <i>1896</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/40px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/60px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Officer of the Redeemer</a>, <i>1896</i>; Grand Cross, <i>1898</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/40px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/60px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/21px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/32px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/41px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-Norway">Sweden-Norway</a>: Commander Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Vasa" title="Order of Vasa">Order of Vasa</a>, <i>1897</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Alexander_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Alexander (Bulgaria)">Grand Cross of St. Alexander</a>, <i>1898</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Grand Cross of the Star of Romania</a>, <i>1898</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/20px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/40px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persian Empire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Lion_and_the_Sun" title="Order of the Lion and the Sun">Order of the Lion and the Sun</a>, 1st Class in Diamonds, <i>1900</i></li> <li>Order of the August Portrait, in Diamonds, <i>1900</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Military Order of Christ</a>, <i>1900</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Osmanieh" title="Order of Osmanieh">Order of Osmanieh</a>, 1st Class in Diamonds, <i>1901</i></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture_depictions">Popular culture depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Popular culture depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Witte was portrayed in the 1908 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Man_(1908_film)" title="The Big Man (1908 film)">The Big Man</a></i> (lost) based on the satirical play with the same name. The play enjoyed a considerable success.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1908 play: «Вожди» by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yuzhin" title="Alexander Yuzhin">Alexander Yuzhin</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_and_Alexandra" title="Nicholas and Alexandra">Nicholas and Alexandra</a></i> (1971).</li> <li>He was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Jones" title="Freddie Jones">Freddie Jones</a> in the British <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Eagles" title="Fall of Eagles">Fall of Eagles</a></i> (1974).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russian Far East">History of the Russian Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino-Russian_relations" title="History of Sino-Russian relations">History of Sino-Russian relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not even his abdication in 1917 was considered as big a humiliation than agreeing to the demands.<sup id="cite_ref-fig192_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fig192-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Zarva, <i>Slovar' udarenii</i> (Moscow: Russkii yazyk, 1984), p. 547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKUfBQAAQBAJ&dq=dominic+lieven+sergei+witte&pg=PT127">Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia by Dominic Lieven</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twilightxiii-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twilightxiii_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twilightxiii_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave, Sidney. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTswgGNBFBAC&dq=sergei+witte+harcave&pg=PR13"><i>Count Sergei Witte and the Twilight of Imperial Russia: A Biography,</i> p. xiii.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Witte's Memoirs,</i> p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzR0cmnP3J8C&dq=dominic+lieven+sergei+witte&pg=PA412">The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 2, Imperial Russia, 1689-1917, p. 56, 468</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fig41-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fig41_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fig41_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fig41_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fig8-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fig8_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fig217-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fig217_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His ancestors can be traced back to mid 17th century, living <a href="/wiki/Jaunjelgava" title="Jaunjelgava">Friedrichstadt</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Courland_Governorate" title="Courland Governorate">Courland Governorate</a> having German first names.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.geneastar.org/genealogy/wittesergue/serge-witte">"Family tree of Serge WITTE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Family+tree+of+Serge+WITTE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.geneastar.org%2Fgenealogy%2Fwittesergue%2Fserge-witte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peoples.ru-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peoples.ru_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peoples.ru_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peoples.ru_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peoples.ru/state/politics/vitte/">"История России в портретах. В 2-х тт. Т.1. с.285-308 Сергей Витте"</a>. <i>www.peoples.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.peoples.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85.+%D0%92+2-%D1%85+%D1%82%D1%82.+%D0%A2.1.+%D1%81.285-308+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoples.ru%2Fstate%2Fpolitics%2Fvitte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Sergei-Graf-Witte/6000000014804687191">"Sergei Yulyevich Count Witte"</a>. <i>geni_family_tree</i>. 29 July 1849.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geni_family_tree&rft.atitle=Sergei+Yulyevich+Count+Witte&rft.date=1849-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FSergei-Graf-Witte%2F6000000014804687191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kto-is-kto.ru/?page=person_detail&person=540">Kto-is-kto.ru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710195205/http://www.kto-is-kto.ru/?page=person_detail&person=540">Archived</a> 2009-07-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twilightxiv-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twilightxiv_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twilightxiv_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twilightxiv_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twilightxiv_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twilightxiv_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTswgGNBFBAC&q=sergei+witte+harcave%2CM1&pg=PA33">p. 33.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Witte, Serge Julievich, Count"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Witte,_Serge_Julievich,_Count">"Witte, Serge Julievich, Count" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">762–</span>763.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Witte%2C+Serge+Julievich%2C+Count&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E762-%3C%2Fspan%3E763&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twilightxv-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twilightxv_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTswgGNBFBAC&q=sergei+witte+harcave%2CM1&pg=PA42">p. 42.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sergey-Yulyevich-Graf-Witte">"Sergey Yulyevich, Count Witte - prime minister of Russia"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sergey+Yulyevich%2C+Count+Witte+-+prime+minister+of+Russia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSergey-Yulyevich-Graf-Witte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Kropotkin1901" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=407">"The Present Crisis in Russia"</a>. <i>The North American Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+Present+Crisis+in+Russia&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Peter+Kropotkin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revoltlib.com%2F%3Fid%3D407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boublikoff,_p._313-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boublikoff,_p._313_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boublikoff, p. 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. V. Ananich & R. S. Ganelin (1996) "Nicholas II," p. 378. In: D. J. Raleigh: <i>The Emperors and Empresses of Russia. Rediscovering the Romanovs</i>. The New Russian History Series.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Witte's <i>Memoirs,</i> pp. 211–215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.uoregon.edu/kimball/wtt.on.ekn.htm">"Witte on economic tasks"</a>. <i>pages.uoregon.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pages.uoregon.edu&rft.atitle=Witte+on+economic+tasks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.uoregon.edu%2Fkimball%2Fwtt.on.ekn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. V. Ananich, and S. A. Lebedev, "Sergei Witte and the Russo-Japanese War." <i>International Journal of Korean History</i> 7.1 (2005): 109-131. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/7_05.pdf">Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWard2018" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Sir Adolphus William (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vas8AAAAIAAJ&q=condemnation&pg=PA329">"The Cambridge Modern History"</a>. CUP Archive – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Sir+Adolphus+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvas8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dcondemnation%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spartacus-educational.com-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spartacus-educational.com_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spartacus-educational.com_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSwitte.htm">"Sergei Witte"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sergei+Witte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FRUSwitte.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky, N. V. (1977) <i>A History of Russia,</i> p. 446</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMassie1967" class="citation book cs1">Massie, Robert K. (1967). <i>Nicholas and Alexandra</i> (1st Ballantine ed.). <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-43831-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-43831-0"><bdi>0-345-43831-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicholas+and+Alexandra&rft.pages=90&rft.edition=1st+Ballantine&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-345-43831-0&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Williams_(linguist)" title="Harold Williams (linguist)">Harold Williams</a>, <i>Shadow of Democracy,</i> p. 11, 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitteYarmolinsky2018" class="citation web cs1">Witte, Sergei IUl'evich; Yarmolinsky, Avrahm (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofcountwi00wittuoft">"The memoirs of Count Witte"</a>. Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday, Page – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+memoirs+of+Count+Witte&rft.pub=Garden+City%2C+N.Y.+Doubleday%2C+Page&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Sergei+IUl%27evich&rft.au=Yarmolinsky%2C+Avrahm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsofcountwi00wittuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 22-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902EFD61431E733A25754C1A9669D946497D6CF&scp=6&sq=order+of+meiji&st=p">"Text of Treaty; Signed by the Emperor of Japan and Czar of Russia,"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>.</i> October 17, 1905.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massie, <i>Nicholas and Alexandra</i> P.97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fig191-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fig191_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fig191_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fig191_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fig191_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fig192-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fig192_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fig192_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 194–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fig195-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fig195_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fig195_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Witte's Memoirs</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_p._166-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._166_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._166_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Witte's Memoirs,</i> p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Witte's Memoirs,</i> p. 293-294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opentextnn.ru/censorship/russia/dorev/law/1905/">"1905 :: Электронное периодическое издание Открытый текст"</a>. <i>www.opentextnn.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.opentextnn.ru&rft.atitle=1905+%3A%3A+%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opentextnn.ru%2Fcensorship%2Frussia%2Fdorev%2Flaw%2F1905%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 178n</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPospielovsky1984" class="citation book cs1">Pospielovsky, Dmitry (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianchurchund00posp/page/22"><i>The Russian Church Under the Soviet Regime</i></a></span>. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir Seminary Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianchurchund00posp/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88141-015-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88141-015-2"><bdi>0-88141-015-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Church+Under+the+Soviet+Regime&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-88141-015-2&rft.aulast=Pospielovsky&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussianchurchund00posp%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fig69-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fig69_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fig69_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruthenia.ru/sovlit/j/314.html">«ПОКУШЕНИЕ НА МОЮ ЖИЗНЬ», «Воспоминания» С. Ю. Витте, т. II-ой, 1922 г. Книгоиздат. «Слово»</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ru-history.livejournal.com/3175909.html">Покушение на графа Витте (2011-10-15), сканер копии — Юрий Штенгель</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDesign" class="citation web cs1">Design, Pallasart Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/wittebio.html">"Count Sergei Iulevich Witte - Blog & Alexander Palace Time Machine"</a>. <i>www.alexanderpalace.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alexanderpalace.org&rft.atitle=Count+Sergei+Iulevich+Witte+-+Blog+%26+Alexander+Palace+Time+Machine&rft.aulast=Design&rft.aufirst=Pallasart+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexanderpalace.org%2Fpalace%2Fwittebio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Civilianranks-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Civilianranks_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Civilianranks_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>List of Civilian Ranks of the First Three Classes</i>. Petrograd: Senate Printing House. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=List+of+Civilian+Ranks+of+the+First+Three+Classes&rft.place=Petrograd&rft.pub=Senate+Printing+House&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="M._et_B._Wattel" class="citation book cs1">M. Wattel, B. Wattel. (2009). <i>Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers</i>. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9"><bdi>978-2-35077-135-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grand%27Croix+de+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27honneur+de+1805+%C3%A0+nos+jours.+Titulaires+fran%C3%A7ais+et+%C3%A9trangers&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=517&rft.pub=Archives+%26+Culture&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35077-135-9&rft.au=M.+Wattel%2C+B.+Wattel.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysteriouscountry.ru/wiki/index.php/Витте_Сергей_Юльевич/Воспоминания/Царствование_Николая_II/Том_I/Глава_VIII">"Заглавная_страница"</a> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysteriouscountry.ru%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2F%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%2F%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%2F%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_II%2F%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC_I%2F%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_VIII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DanskStatskalender-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DanskStatskalender_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBille-HansenHolck1914" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1914) [1st pub.:1801]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/921890.pdf#page=49"><i>Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1914</i></a> [<i>State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1914</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIS_Danmark" class="extiw" title="da:DIS Danmark">da:DIS Danmark</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statshaandbog+for+Kongeriget+Danmark+for+Aaret+1914&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.series=Kongelig+Dansk+Hof-+og+Statskalender&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=J.H.+Schultz+A.-S.+Universitetsbogtrykkeri&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslaegtsbibliotek.dk%2F921890.pdf%23page%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Элла Сагинадзе, " Реформатор после реформ. С. Ю. Витте и российское общество. 1906-1915 годы", section "Пьеса И.И. Колышко «Большой человек» и общественное мнение (1908–1909 годы)". It contains a detailed synopsis of the play.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Жигалова Елизавета Александровна, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/politicheskaya-satira-v-piese-i-i-kolyshko-bolshoy-chelovek/viewer">Политическая сатира в пьесе И.И. Колышко «Большой человек»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Элла Сагинадзе, " Реформатор после реформ. С. Ю. Витте и российское общество. 1906-1915 годы", section «…И все тот же Витте. Сговорились они, что ли?»: пьеса А.И. Южина-Сумбатова «Вожди».</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ananich, B. V. and S. A. Lebedev, "Sergei Witte and the Russo-Japanese War." <i>International Journal of Korean History</i> 7.1 (2005): 109-131. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/7_05.pdf">Online</a></li> <li>Boublikoff, A.A. "A suggestion for railroad reform". In: Buehler, E.C. (editor) "Government ownership of railroads", <i>Annual Debater's Help Book</i> (vol. VI), New York, Noble and Noble, 1939; pp. 309–318. Original in journal <i>North American Review,</i> vol. 237, pp. 346+. (This issue is 90% about Russian railways.)</li> <li>Davis, Richard Harding, and Alfred Thayer Mahan. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_dyHgAACAAJ&q=Russo-Japanese+War:+A+Photographic+and+Descriptive+Review+of+the+Great+Conflict+in+the+Far+East."><i>The Russo-Japanese war; a photographic and descriptive review of the great conflict in the Far East,</i> gathered from the reports, records, cable despatches, photographs, etc., etc., of Collier's war correspondents<i></i></a><i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Collier's Weekly">P. F. Collier & Son</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/21581015">OCLC: 21581015</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiges2014" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (2014). <i>A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924</i>. London: The Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847922915" title="Special:BookSources/9781847922915"><bdi>9781847922915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+Tragedy%3A+The+Russian+Revolution+1891%E2%80%931924&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781847922915&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Harcave" title="Sidney Harcave">Harcave, Sidney</a>. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un01HMqbbX0C&q=sergei+witte"><i>Count Sergei Witte and the Twilight of Imperial Russia: A Biography.</i></a> Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1422-3">978-0-7656-1422-3</a></li> <li>Kochan, Lionel. "Sergei Witte: The Last Statesman of Imperial Russia" <i>History Today</i> (Feb 1968), Vol. 18 Issue 2, pp 102–108, online.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kokovtsov" title="Vladimir Kokovtsov">Kokovtsov, Vladimir</a> (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7SJHgAACAAJ&q=Out+of+My+Past"><i>Out of My Past</i> (translator, Laura Matveev).</a> Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>.</li> <li>Korostovetz, J.J. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Na2xuUNziMC&q=Pre-War+Diplomacy+The+Russo-Japanese+Problem"><i>Pre-War Diplomacy The Russo-Japanese Problem.</i></a> London: British Periodicals Limited.</li> <li>Theodore H. von Laue (1963) Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia</li> <li>Witte, Sergei. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofcountwi00wittuoft"><i>The Memoirs of Count Witte</i> (translator, Abraham Yarmolinsky).</a> New York: Doubleday. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924027031503">online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWcislo2011" class="citation book cs1">Wcislo, Francis W. (2011). <i>Tales of Imperial Russia: The Life and Times of Sergei Witte, 1849-1915</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954356-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954356-4"><bdi>978-0-19-954356-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+Imperial+Russia%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Sergei+Witte%2C+1849-1915&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954356-4&rft.aulast=Wcislo&rft.aufirst=Francis+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Witte" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Witte&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sergei_Witte" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouthpeacetreaty.com/">Portsmouth Peace Treaty, 1905-2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505011106/http://www.portsmouthpeacetreaty.com/">Archived</a> 2019-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/b/OL7065154M/memoirs_of_Count_Witte."><i>Memoirs of Count Witte</i></a>, 1921 English translation, available in full online at Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meijimura.com/english/index.html">The Museum Meiji Mura</a>—peace treaty table on display</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/039689">Newspaper clippings about Sergei Witte</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Adolf Gibbenet</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Transport_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Transport of Russia">Transport Minister</a> </b><br />February 1892 – August 1892 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Apollon Krivoshein</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vyshnegradsky" title="Ivan Vyshnegradsky">Ivan Vyshnegradsky</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Finance_Ministers_of_Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finance Ministers of Imperial Russia">Finance Minister</a> </b><br />1892–1903 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Pleske" title="Eduard Pleske">Eduard Pleske</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Durnovo" title="Ivan Durnovo">Ivan Durnovo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Council_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Council of Ministers">Chairman of the Committee of Ministers</a> </b><br />1903–1905 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as Prime Minister </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as Chairman of the Committee of Ministers </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a> </b><br />2 November 1905 – 5 May 1906 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goremykin" title="Ivan Goremykin">Ivan Goremykin</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_government_of_Russia542" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="Template:Heads of government of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Heads of government of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of government of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_government_of_Russia542" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="List of heads of government of Russia">Heads of government of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Acting heads of government shown in <i>italics</i>. Questionable heads of government are written in <span style="font-size: 85%;">small type</span>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Committee of Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vorontsov" title="Alexander Vorontsov"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Vorontsov</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rumyantsev" title="Nikolay Rumyantsev">Rumyantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Vyazmitinov" title="Sergey Vyazmitinov"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Vyazmitinov</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Saltykov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Saltykov">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vasilyevich_Lopukhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin">Lopukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kochubey" title="Viktor Kochubey">Kochubey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novosiltsev" title="Nikolay Novosiltsev">Novosiltsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chernyshyov" title="Alexander Chernyshyov">Chernyshyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Fyodorovich_Orlov" title="Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov">Orlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Bludov" title="Dmitry Bludov">Bludov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gagarin" title="Pavel Gagarin">Gagarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Pavlovich_Ignatyev" title="Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev">Ignatyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Valuyev" title="Pyotr Valuyev">Valuyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Reutern" title="Michael von Reutern">von Reutern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bunge" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Bunge">Bunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Durnovo" title="Ivan Durnovo">Durnovo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Witte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Council of Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Witte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goremykin" title="Ivan Goremykin">Goremykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kokovtsov" title="Vladimir Kokovtsov">Kokovtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goremykin" title="Ivan Goremykin">Goremykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_St%C3%BCrmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trepov" title="Alexander Trepov">Trepov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Golitsyn" title="Nikolai Golitsyn">Golitsyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Lvov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of People's Commissars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Syrtsov_(politician)" title="Sergey Syrtsov (politician)">Syrtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniil_Sulimov" title="Daniil Sulimov">Sulimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vakhrushev" title="Vasily Vakhrushev">Vakhrushev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Khokhlov" title="Ivan Khokhlov">Khokhlov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pamfilov" title="Konstantin Pamfilov">Pamfilov</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Council of Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodionov" title="Mikhail Rodionov">Rodionov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Chernousov" title="Boris Chernousov">Chernousov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Puzanov" title="Alexander Puzanov">Puzanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yasnov" title="Mikhail Yasnov">Yasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Polyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Voronov" title="Gennady Voronov">Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vlasov_(politician)" title="Aleksandr Vlasov (politician)">Vlasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Silayev</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Lobov" title="Oleg Lobov">Lobov</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Yeltsin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Gaidar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Chernomyrdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kiriyenko" title="Sergey Kiriyenko">Kiriyenko</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Chernomyrdin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov" title="Yevgeny Primakov">Primakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Stepashin" title="Sergei Stepashin">Stepashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kasyanov" title="Mikhail Kasyanov">Kasyanov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Khristenko" title="Viktor Khristenko">Khristenko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fradkov" title="Mikhail Fradkov">Fradkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Zubkov" title="Viktor Zubkov">Zubkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Zubkov" title="Viktor Zubkov">Zubkov</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin" title="Mikhail Mishustin">Mishustin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Belousov" title="Andrey Belousov">Belousov</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Government_Cabinets" title="Template:Russian Government Cabinets">Russian Government Cabinets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Premiers of the Soviet Union">Premiers of the USSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155329#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110676600">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000355990796">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64139045">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/176304314">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/63049/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcHJh89XrcvJ8QWghT73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118768743">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80139307">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb130132064">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb130132064">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00459807">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35798625">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Witte, Sergej Julijevič, 1849-1915"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010316251&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vitte, Sergej Jul’jevič, 1849-1915"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js2006358546&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000081053&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1484602">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071501894">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90592359">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000058203&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000490480">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=128977">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201007273">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlmkzq336d7fh">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810540923305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007301668005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0347182X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1092370">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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