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id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adherents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adherents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Adherents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adherents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology_and_ecclesiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology_and_ecclesiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theology and ecclesiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology_and_ecclesiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology and ecclesiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology_and_ecclesiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Christology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Internal disputes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_disputes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internal disputes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenian_Apostolic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_Apostolic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Armenian Apostolic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_Apostolic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occasional_confusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occasional_confusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Occasional confusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occasional_confusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oriental Orthodox Churches</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ori%C3%ABntale_Ortodoksie" title="Oriëntale Ortodoksie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oriëntale Ortodoksie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altorientalische_Kirchen" title="Altorientalische Kirchen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Altorientalische Kirchen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكنائس الأرثوذكسية المشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنائس الأرثوذكسية المشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9ses_des_tr%C3%AAs_concilos" title="Églléses des três concilos – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Églléses des três concilos" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesies_ortodoxes_orientales" title="Ilesies ortodoxes orientales – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilesies ortodoxes orientales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antixalkidon_kils%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Antixalkidon kilsələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antixalkidon kilsələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-hong_Ch%C3%A8ng-t%C5%8D" title="Tang-hong Chèng-tō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang-hong Chèng-tō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Старажытныя ўсходнія цэрквы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытныя ўсходнія цэрквы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Нехалкедонски църкви – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нехалкедонски църкви" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sies_ortodoxes_orientals" title="Esglésies ortodoxes orientals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esglésies ortodoxes orientals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starobyl%C3%A9_v%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_c%C3%ADrkve" title="Starobylé východní církve – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starobylé východní církve" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglwysi%27r_tri_cyngor" title="Eglwysi'r tri cyngor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eglwysi'r tri cyngor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalisch-orthodoxe_Kirchen" title="Orientalisch-orthodoxe Kirchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orientalisch-orthodoxe Kirchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanad_idakirikud" title="Vanad idakirikud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanad idakirikud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%B7%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Προχαλκηδόνιες Εκκλησίες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προχαλκηδόνιες Εκκλησίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesias_ortodoxas_orientales" title="Iglesias ortodoxas orientales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesias ortodoxas orientales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientaj_ortodoksaj_eklezioj" title="Orientaj ortodoksaj eklezioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orientaj ortodoksaj eklezioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Eliza_ortodoxoak" title="Ekialdeko Eliza ortodoxoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Eliza ortodoxoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="کلیساهای ارتدکس مشرقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیساهای ارتدکس مشرقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_des_trois_conciles" title="Église des trois conciles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église des trois conciles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ori%C3%AFntaalsk-otterdoksy" title="Oriïntaalsk-otterdoksy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oriïntaalsk-otterdoksy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortadocsacht_an_oirthir" title="Ortadocsacht an oirthir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ortadocsacht an oirthir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrexas_ortodoxas_orientais" title="Igrexas ortodoxas orientais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igrexas ortodoxas orientais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A0%95%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="오리엔트 정교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오리엔트 정교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%BC_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արևելյան ուղղափառ եկեղեցիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևելյան ուղղափառ եկեղեցիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orijentalne_pravoslavne_Crkve" title="Orijentalne pravoslavne Crkve – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Orijentalne pravoslavne Crkve" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja-Gereja_Ortodoks_Oriental" title="Gereja-Gereja Ortodoks Oriental – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja-Gereja Ortodoks Oriental" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxia_oriental" title="Orthodoxia oriental – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Orthodoxia oriental" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A6nar_r%C3%A9tttr%C3%BAna%C3%B0arkirkjur" title="Austrænar rétttrúnaðarkirkjur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austrænar rétttrúnaðarkirkjur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiese_ortodosse_orientali" title="Chiese ortodosse orientali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiese ortodosse orientali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נצרות אוריינטלית אורתודוקסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נצרות אוריינטלית אורתודוקסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waorthodoksi_wa_Mashariki" title="Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiae_Orthodoxae_Orientales" title="Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Orientales – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Orientales" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient%C4%81l%C4%81s_pareiztic%C4%ABg%C4%81s_bazn%C4%ABcas" title="Orientālās pareizticīgās baznīcas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Orientālās pareizticīgās baznīcas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gese_ortodosse_oriental" title="Gese ortodosse oriental – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gese ortodosse oriental" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikhalk%C3%A9d%C3%B3ni_egyh%C3%A1zak" title="Antikhalkédóni egyházak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antikhalkédóni egyházak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Древноисточни цркви – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Древноисточни цркви" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiangonana_%C3%B4rt%C3%B4d%C3%B4ksa_atsinanana" title="Fiangonana ôrtôdôksa atsinanana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiangonana ôrtôdôksa atsinanana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഓറിയന്റൽ ഓർത്തഡോക്സ് സഭകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓറിയന്റൽ ഓർത്തഡോക്സ് സഭകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الارثوذكسيه المشرقيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الارثوذكسيه المشرقيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Oriental" title="Gereja Ortodoks Oriental – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja Ortodoks Oriental" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ori%C3%ABntaals-orthodoxe_kerken" title="Oriëntaals-orthodoxe kerken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oriëntaals-orthodoxe kerken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%AB%B8%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="東方諸教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東方諸教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalsk-ortodokse_kirker" title="Orientalsk-ortodokse kirker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orientalsk-ortodokse kirker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalske_ortodokse_kyrkjer" title="Orientalske ortodokse kyrkjer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Orientalske ortodokse kyrkjer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A8isa_dei_tres_concilis" title="Glèisa dei tres concilis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Glèisa dei tres concilis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82y_orientalne" title="Kościoły orientalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kościoły orientalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrejas_ortodoxas_orientais" title="Igrejas ortodoxas orientais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igrejas ortodoxas orientais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisericile_vechi_orientale" title="Bisericile vechi orientale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bisericile vechi orientale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Древневосточные православные церкви – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древневосточные православные церкви" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_Ortudossa_Urientali" title="Chiesa Ortudossa Urientali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiesa Ortudossa Urientali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Oriental Orthodoxy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oriental Orthodoxy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient%C3%A1lna_ortodoxn%C3%A1_cirkev" title="Orientálna ortodoxná cirkev – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Orientálna ortodoxná cirkev" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predkalcedonske_cerkve" title="Predkalcedonske cerkve – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predkalcedonske cerkve" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Древноисточне цркве – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Древноисточне цркве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevnoisto%C4%8Dne_crkve" title="Drevnoistočne crkve – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Drevnoistočne crkve" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientaaliortodoksiset_kirkot" title="Orientaaliortodoksiset kirkot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orientaaliortodoksiset kirkot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientaliskt_ortodoxa_kyrkor" title="Orientaliskt ortodoxa kyrkor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Orientaliskt ortodoxa kyrkor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksiyang_Oriental" title="Ortodoksiyang Oriental – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ortodoksiyang Oriental" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ออเรียนทัลออร์ทอดอกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออเรียนทัลออร์ทอดอกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryantal_Ortodoksluk" title="Oryantal Ortodoksluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oryantal Ortodoksluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Орієнтальні православні церкви – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орієнтальні православні церкви" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="اورینٹل راسخ الاعتقادی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اورینٹل راسخ الاعتقادی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_th%E1%BB%91ng_gi%C3%A1o_C%E1%BB%95_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Chính thống giáo Cổ Đông phương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính thống giáo Cổ Đông phương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E6%AD%A3%E7%BB%9F%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="东方正统教会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东方正统教会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="東方正統教會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東方正統教會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksiya_Rocvet%C4%B1%C5%9Fi" title="Ortodoksiya Rocvetışi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ortodoksiya Rocvetışi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="東方正統教會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東方正統教會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49377#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="border:1;;height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Addis_abeba,_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0,_esterno_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg/258px-Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg/387px-Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg/516px-Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4806" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Clockwise from top:<br /><a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Armenian_Apostolic_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Etchmiadzin Armenian Apostolic Cathedral">Etchmiadzin Armenian Apostolic Cathedral</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark%27s_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral">Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Enda_Mariam_Cathedral,_Asmara" title="Enda Mariam Cathedral, Asmara">Enda Mariam Eritrean Orthodox Cathedral</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Addis_Ababa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)">Holy Trinity Ethiopian Orthodox Cathedral</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Catholicate Palace</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_George,_Damascus" title="Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus">Saint George Syriac Orthodox Cathedral</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonianism">Non-Chalcedonian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_theology" title="Oriental Orthodox theology">Oriental Orthodox theology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Structure</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communion_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (religion)">Communion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Autocephalous churches</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Orthodox Church">Indian Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac">Classical Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, local languages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Liturgy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition#In_the_Catholic_and_Orthodox_churches" title="Sacred tradition">sacred tradition</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman state Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">50 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Oriental Orthodoxy</i>, <i>Miaphysite churches</i>, <i>Oriental Orthodox Communion</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Oriental Orthodoxy"> a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy"><span style="color:7a2cfe;font-size:14pt">Oriental Orthodoxy</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristCopticArt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png/100px-ChristCopticArt.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png 1.5x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#7a2cfe; color:#FFFFFF;"> Oriental Orthodox churches</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independent churches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Autonomous churches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>: <a href="/wiki/French_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="French Coptic Orthodox Church">French Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">History of Oriental Orthodoxy</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Coptic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Timeline of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Ecumenical Councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Ephesus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Third Council of Ephesus">Ephesus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Dvin" title="First Council of Dvin">Dvin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Dvin" title="Second Council of Dvin">Dvin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Dvin" title="Third Council of Dvin">Dvin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Dvin" title="Fourth Council of Dvin">Dvin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Manzikert" title="Council of Manzikert">Manzikert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Capharthutha" title="Council of Capharthutha">Capharthutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Shirakavan" title="Council of Shirakavan">Shirakavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hromkla" title="Council of Hromkla">Hromkla</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Theology:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Theology">Oriental Orthodox Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgy and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li>Anaphora & Rites:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_of_Saint_Gregory" title="Anaphora of Saint Gregory">Anaphora of Saint Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of Saint Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril" title="Liturgy of Saint Cyril">Liturgy of Saint Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurobo" title="Holy Qurobo">Holy Qurobo</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Calendars:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Armenian_Apostolic_Church)" title="Calendar of saints (Armenian Apostolic Church)">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Bible:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Bible">Coptic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Bible">Armenian Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Tewahedo Bible">Orthodox Tewahedo Bible</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Cross:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_cross" title="Coptic cross">Coptic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_cross" title="Saint Thomas Christian cross">St. Thomas Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cross" title="Ethiopian cross">Ethiopian cross</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addai_of_Edessa" title="Addai of Edessa">Mor Addai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V">Abgar V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Saints" title="Nine Saints">Nine Saints of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates III of Armenia">Tiridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Awgin" title="Mar Awgin">Mar Awgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana of Axum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumentius" title="Frumentius">Frumentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenoute" title="Shenoute">Shenoute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_(Copt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham (Copt)">Abraham of Farshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yared" title="Yared">Yared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Tanner" title="Simon the Tanner">Simon the Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerses_IV_the_Gracious" title="Nerses IV the Gracious">Nerses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot" title="Tekle Haymanot">Tekle Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giyorgis_of_Segla" title="Giyorgis of Segla">Giyorgis of Segla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Mar Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Mar_Gregorios_of_Parumala" class="mw-redirect" title="Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala">Geevarghese Gregorios</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuna" title="Abuna">Abuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_India" title="Catholicos of India">Catholicos of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch"> Patriarch of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maphrian" title="Maphrian">Maphrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Ethiopian ecclesiastical titles">Ethiopian titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Church-Ordinance" title="Apostolic Church-Ordinance">Apostolic Church-Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Coptic monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_saints" title="List of Coptic saints">Coptic saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debtera" title="Debtera">Debtera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonan_Cross_Oath" title="Coonan Cross Oath">Coonan Cross Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_chant" title="Ethiopian chant">Ethiopian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Nineveh" title="Fast of Nineveh">Fast of Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Tewahedo fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">Timkat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a 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Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table 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title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Oriental Orthodox Churches</b> are <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian</a> churches adhering to <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysite</a> <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with approximately 50 million members worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oriental Orthodox Churches adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christian</a> tradition. Oriental Orthodoxy is one of the oldest branches in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As some of the oldest religious institutions in the world, the Oriental Orthodox Churches have played a prominent role in the history and culture of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubia#Christian_Nubia" title="Nubia">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a> region of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> churches, their <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> are equal by virtue of <a href="/wiki/Consecration#Ordination_of_bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">episcopal ordination</a>. Their doctrines recognize the validity of only the first three <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindsonMitchell2013108_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsonMitchell2013108-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Oriental Orthodox communion is composed of six autocephalous national churches: the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch">Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch</a> and its constituent autonomous <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Jacobite_Syrian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church">Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> comprising the autocephalous <a href="/wiki/Mother_See_of_Holy_Etchmiadzin" title="Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin">Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin</a> in Armenia and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Catholicosate of Cilicia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and of diaspora; the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Christian_Unity_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian_Unity-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a>—based in India—and the <a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British Orthodox Church</a> in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> are independent Oriental Orthodox churches, having formerly been part of one of the mainstream Oriental Orthodox churches.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oriental Orthodox Christians consider themselves to be the <a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>, and its bishops as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">successors</a> of Christ's <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a>. Three rites are practiced by the churches: the western-influenced <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> of the Syriac Church and the Malankara Syrian Church of India, and the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopians" title="Ethiopians">Ethiopians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritreans" title="Eritreans">Eritreans</a>. </p><p>Oriental Orthodox Churches shared <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">imperial Roman church</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451 AD, and with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Beth_Lapat" title="Synod of Beth Lapat">Synod of Beth Lapat</a> in AD 484,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999282_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999282-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> separating primarily over <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">differences in</a> Christology. </p><p>The majority of Oriental Orthodox Christians live in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, with smaller <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Syriac</a> communities in Western Asia decreasing due to <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also many in other parts of the world, formed through <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">conversions</a>, and missionary activity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_characteristics">Name and characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Oriental Orthodox Churches" was formally adopted at the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Addis_Ababa" title="Conference of Addis Ababa">Conference of Addis Ababa</a> in 1965. At the time there were five participating churches, the Eritrean Church not yet being autocephalous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoutros_Ghali19911845b–1846a_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoutros_Ghali19911845b–1846a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other names by which the churches have been known include <b>Old Oriental</b>, <b>Ancient Oriental</b>, <b>Lesser Eastern</b>, <b>Anti-Chalcedonian</b>, <b>Non-Chalcedonian</b>, <b>Pre-Chalcedonian</b>, <b>Miaphysite</b> or <b>Monophysite</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeshishian1994103–108_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeshishian1994103–108-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoutros_Ghali19911845b–1846a_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoutros_Ghali19911845b–1846a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church has referred to these churches as "the Ancient Churches of the East".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Oriental Orthodox Churches are in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with each other, but not with the Eastern Orthodox Church or any other churches. Like Catholics or Eastern Orthodox, the Oriental Orthodox Churches includes several self-governing churches. Slow dialogue towards restoring communion between the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox groups<sup id="cite_ref-orthodoxjointcommission_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthodoxjointcommission-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was renewed in the mid-20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-sor.cua.edu2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sor.cua.edu2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dialogue is also underway between Oriental Orthodoxy and the Catholic Church and others.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the mutual recognition of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> was restored between the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also baptism is mutually recognized between the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFanning1907_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFanning1907-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Oriental Orthodox Churches are generally considered to be more <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">conservative with regard to social issues</a>. All Oriental Orthodox Churches are members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberson1995_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberson1995-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">History of Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Chalcedon_(AD_451)"><span id="Post-Chalcedon_.28AD_451.29"></span>Post-Chalcedon (AD 451)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-Chalcedon (AD 451)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the hierarchs who would lead the Oriental Orthodox, the description of Christ as "one person in two natures" was tantamount to accepting Nestorianism, which expressed itself in a terminology incompatible with their understanding of Christology. Nestorianism was understood as seeing Christ in two separate natures, human and divine, each with different actions and experiences; in contrast <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a> advocated the formula "One Nature of God the Incarnate Logos"<sup id="cite_ref-Shenouda1999_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shenouda1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or as others translate, "One Incarnate Nature of the Word"<sup id="cite_ref-CyrilTransPusey_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CyrilTransPusey-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>The Oriental Orthodox Churches were therefore often called "monophysite", although they reject this label, as it is associated with <a href="/wiki/Eutychianism" title="Eutychianism">Eutychian monophysitism</a>; they prefer the term "miaphysite".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler199733-40_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler199733-40-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock201645–52_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock201645–52-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years following Chalcedon the patriarchs of Constantinople intermittently remained in communion with the non-Chalcedonian <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">patriarchs of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Antioch</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Henotikon" title="Henotikon">Henotikon</a>), while Rome remained out of communion with the latter and in unstable communion with Constantinople. It was not until 518 that the new Byzantine Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> (who accepted Chalcedon), demanded that the church in the Roman Empire accept the council's decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirsch1910_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirsch1910-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecumenical dialogue increased in the 20th century, and from several meetings between the authorities of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the Oriental Orthodox, reconciling declarations emerged in the common statement of Syriac Patriarch Mar <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Zakka_I_Iwas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatius Zakka I Iwas">Ignatius Zakka I Iwas</a> and the Roman <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 1984: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The confusions and schisms that occurred between their Churches in the later centuries, they realize today, in no way affect or touch the substance of their faith, since these arose only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter. Accordingly, we find today no real basis for the sad divisions and schisms that subsequently arose between us concerning the doctrine of Incarnation. In words and life we confess the true doctrine concerning Christ our Lord, notwithstanding the differences in interpretation of such a doctrine which arose at the time of the Council of Chalcedon.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, despite the progress made in ecumenical dialogue, many Oriental Orthodox authorities like <a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Shenouda III">Pope Shenouda III</a> remained skeptical about the Chalcedonian churches, continuing to view their Christology as <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shenouda1999_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shenouda1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Independent_Oriental_Orthodox" title="List of Christian denominations">List of Christian denominations § Independent Oriental Orthodox</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assouan_cathedrale_copte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Assouan_cathedrale_copte.jpg/245px-Assouan_cathedrale_copte.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Assouan_cathedrale_copte.jpg/368px-Assouan_cathedrale_copte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Assouan_cathedrale_copte.jpg/490px-Assouan_cathedrale_copte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Oriental Orthodox Churches are a <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">communion</a> of six <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> (that is, administratively completely independent) regional churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeshishian1994103–108_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeshishian1994103–108-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below is a list of the six autocephalous Oriental Orthodox churches forming the main body of Oriental Orthodox Christianity. Based on the definitions, the list is in the alphabetical order, with some of their constituent autonomous churches and exarchates listed as well. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="French Coptic Orthodox Church">French Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Antiochene_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Antiochene Rite">Syro-Antiochene Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch">Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a>, represented by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_See_of_Holy_Etchmiadzin" title="Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin">Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Holy See of Cilicia</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>There are a number of churches considered non-canonical, but whose members and clergy may or may not be in communion with the greater Oriental Orthodox communion. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Orthodox_Church" title="Celtic Orthodox Church">Celtic Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Gauls" title="Orthodox Church of the Gauls">Orthodox Church of the Gauls</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British Orthodox Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Tigrayan Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Tigrayan Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>. These organizations have passed in and out of official recognition, but members rarely face excommunication when recognition is ended. The primates of these churches are typically referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Episcopi_vagantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopi vagantes">episcopi vagantes</a></i> or <i>vagantes</i> in short. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adherents">Adherents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adherents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Oriental Orthodoxy by country">Oriental Orthodoxy by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oriental_Orthodoxy_by_country.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Oriental_Orthodoxy_by_country.png/300px-Oriental_Orthodoxy_by_country.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Oriental_Orthodoxy_by_country.png/450px-Oriental_Orthodoxy_by_country.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Oriental_Orthodoxy_by_country.png/600px-Oriental_Orthodoxy_by_country.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Oriental Orthodox Christians in the world by country: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#550000; color:white;"> </span> Main religion (more than 75%)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d40000; color:white;"> </span> Main religion (50–75%)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Important minority religion (20–50%)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff5555; color:black;"> </span> Important minority religion (5–20%)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffaaaa; color:black;"> </span> Minority religion (1–5%)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc8aa; color:black;"> </span> Tiny minority religion (below 1%), but has local <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_of_Religion_and_Ethics" title="Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics">Encyclopedia of Religion</a>, Oriental Orthodoxy is the Christian tradition "most important in terms of the number of faithful living in the Middle East", which, along with other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity#Families_of_churches" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian communions</a>, represent an <a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Autochthonous population">autochthonous</a> Christian presence whose origins date further back than the birth and spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it was the dominant religion in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (94%) and ethnically <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> unrecognized <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Republic">Nagorno-Karabakh Republic</a> (95%).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oriental Orthodoxy is a prevailing religion in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (43.1%), while Protestants account for 19.4% and Islam – 34.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most widespread in two regions in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara</a> (82%) and <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a> (96%), as well as the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> (75%). It is also one of two major religions in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> (40%).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a minority in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (<20%),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (2–3% out of the 10% of total Christians), <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (10% of the 40% of Christians in Lebanon or 200,000 Armenians and members of the Church of the East) and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (7% out of the 20% of total Christians in Kerala).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of total number of members, the Ethiopian Church is the largest of all Oriental Orthodox churches, and is second among all Orthodox churches among Eastern and Oriental Churches (exceeded in number only by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>). </p><p>Also of particular importance are the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople in Turkey and the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Armenian Apostolic Church of Iran</a>. These Oriental Orthodox churches represent the largest Christian minority in both of these predominantly Muslim countries, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology_and_ecclesiology">Theology and ecclesiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theology and ecclesiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faras_Madonna_and_Child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Faras_Madonna_and_Child.jpg/220px-Faras_Madonna_and_Child.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Faras_Madonna_and_Child.jpg/330px-Faras_Madonna_and_Child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Faras_Madonna_and_Child.jpg/440px-Faras_Madonna_and_Child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Coptic icon of <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Madonna and Child</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Oriental Orthodox Churches are distinguished by their recognition of only the first three ecumenical councils during the period of the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state church of the Roman Empire</a>: the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325, the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> in 381 and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431. </p><p><b>Oriental Orthodoxy</b> shares much theology and many <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiastical</a> traditions with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>; these include a similar <a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">doctrine of salvation</a> and a tradition of collegiality between bishops, as well as reverence of the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> and use of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SMSV_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMSV-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary theological difference between the two communions is the differing Christology. Oriental Orthodoxy rejects the <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian Definition</a>, and instead adopts the <a href="/wiki/Miaphysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Miaphysite">miaphysite</a> formula,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler199733-40_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler199733-40-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock201645–52_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock201645–52-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believing that the human and <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> natures of Christ are united in one Incarnate Nature. Historically, the early prelates of the Oriental Orthodox Churches thought that the Chalcedonian Definition implied a possible repudiation of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> or a concession to <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>. </p><p>The break in communion between the imperial Roman and Oriental Orthodox Churches did not occur suddenly, but rather gradually over two to three centuries following the Council of Chalcedon.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the two communions developed separate institutions, and the Oriental Orthodox did not participate in any of the later ecumenical councils. </p><p>The Oriental Orthodox Churches maintain ancient <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">historic episcopacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrikorian201045,_128,_181,_194,_206_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrikorian201045,_128,_181,_194,_206-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various churches are governed by <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod" title="Holy Synod">holy synods</a>, with a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a></i></span> bishop serving as <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a>. The primates hold titles such as <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">catholicos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">pope</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Alexandrian Patriarchate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Antiochian Patriarchate</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Patriarchate of Rome</a>, was one of the most prominent sees of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">the early Christian Church</a>. </p><p>Oriental Orthodoxy does not have a magisterial leader like the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, nor does the communion have a leader who can convene ecumenical synods like the Eastern Orthodox Church. Meanwhile its ecumenical dialogues and internal church relations are led by the Standing Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches, which acts as the permanent representative council of its member churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christology">Christology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy#Chalcedonian_Schism" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">History of Oriental Orthodoxy § Chalcedonian Schism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonianism">Non-Chalcedonianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Crucifiction_(2427079194).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_Crucifiction_%282427079194%29.jpg/220px-The_Crucifiction_%282427079194%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_Crucifiction_%282427079194%29.jpg/330px-The_Crucifiction_%282427079194%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_Crucifiction_%282427079194%29.jpg/440px-The_Crucifiction_%282427079194%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian icon of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The schism between Oriental Orthodoxy and the adherents of Chalcedonian Christianity was based on differences in Christology. The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>, in 325, declared that Jesus Christ is <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, that is to say, "<a href="/wiki/Consubstantial" class="mw-redirect" title="Consubstantial">consubstantial</a>" with the Father. Later, the third ecumenical council, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a>, declared that Jesus Christ, though divine as well as human, is only one being, or person (<a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">hypostasis</a>). Thus, the Council of Ephesus explicitly rejected <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>, the Christological doctrine that Christ was two distinct persons, one divine (the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a>) and one human (Jesus), who happened to inhabit the same body. </p><p>Twenty years after Ephesus, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> reaffirmed the view that Jesus Christ was a single person, but at the same time declared that this one person existed "in two complete natures", one human and one divine. </p><p>At times, Chalcedonian Christians have referred to the Oriental Orthodox as being <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">monophysites</a>—that is to say, accusing them of following the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Eutyches" title="Eutyches">Eutyches</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 380</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 456</span>), who argued that Jesus Christ was not human at all, but only divine. Monophysitism was condemned as heretical alongside Nestorianism, and to accuse a church of being monophysite is to accuse it of falling into the opposite extreme from Nestorianism. However, the Oriental Orthodox themselves reject this description as inaccurate, having officially condemned the teachings of both <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a> and Eutyches. They define themselves as miaphysite instead,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler199733-40_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler199733-40-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock201645–52_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock201645–52-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> holding that Christ has one nature, but this nature is both human and divine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990342_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990342-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worship">Worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatev_Monastery,_Liturgy,_Rite,_Clergy,_Armenian_Christian_Church,_Tatev,_Armenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tatev_Monastery%2C_Liturgy%2C_Rite%2C_Clergy%2C_Armenian_Christian_Church%2C_Tatev%2C_Armenia.jpg/220px-Tatev_Monastery%2C_Liturgy%2C_Rite%2C_Clergy%2C_Armenian_Christian_Church%2C_Tatev%2C_Armenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tatev_Monastery%2C_Liturgy%2C_Rite%2C_Clergy%2C_Armenian_Christian_Church%2C_Tatev%2C_Armenia.jpg/330px-Tatev_Monastery%2C_Liturgy%2C_Rite%2C_Clergy%2C_Armenian_Christian_Church%2C_Tatev%2C_Armenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tatev_Monastery%2C_Liturgy%2C_Rite%2C_Clergy%2C_Armenian_Christian_Church%2C_Tatev%2C_Armenia.jpg/440px-Tatev_Monastery%2C_Liturgy%2C_Rite%2C_Clergy%2C_Armenian_Christian_Church%2C_Tatev%2C_Armenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Celebration of the Armenian Rite</figcaption></figure> <p>Oriental Orthodox Christians, such as Copts, Syrians and Indians, use a <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">breviary</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Agpeya" title="Agpeya">Agpeya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shehimo" title="Shehimo">Shehimo</a>, respectively, to pray the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a> seven times a day while facing in the <a href="/wiki/Ad_orientem" title="Ad orientem">eastward direction</a> towards Jerusalem, in anticipation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Jesus">Second Coming of Jesus</a>; this Christian practice has its roots in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#119:164" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 119:164</a>, in which the prophet <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> prays to God seven times a day.<sup id="cite_ref-EOTC2020_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOTC2020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (March 2023)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Before praying, they wash their hands and face in order to be clean before and to present their best to God; <a href="/wiki/Tradition_of_removing_shoes_in_the_home_and_houses_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradition of removing shoes in the home and houses of worship">shoes are removed</a> in order to acknowledge that one is offering prayer before a holy God.<sup id="cite_ref-Amherst1906_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amherst1906-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kosloski2017_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosloski2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this Christian tradition, it is customary for women to wear a <a href="/wiki/Christian_headcovering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian headcovering">Christian headcovering</a> when praying.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffner2014_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffner2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Oriental Orthodox Churches such as the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Orthodox">Eritrean Orthodox</a>, also place a heavier emphasis on Old Testament teachings than one might find in other Christian denominations, and its followers adhere to certain practices: following <a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">dietary rules</a> that are similar to Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> require that their male members undergo <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and observes <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oriental Orthodox Churches also maintain differing compilations of the biblical canon including the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Coptic" title="Bible translations into Coptic">Coptic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> canons, and the <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Armenian canon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_disputes">Internal disputes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Internal disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous ongoing internal disputes within the Oriental Orthodox Churches. These disputes result in lesser or greater degrees of impaired communion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_Apostolic">Armenian Apostolic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Armenian Apostolic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The least divisive of these disputes is within the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Mother_See_of_Holy_Etchmiadzin" title="Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin">Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia</a>. </p><p>The division between the two sees intensified during the Soviet period. The Holy See of Etchmiadzin was seen as a captive communist puppet by some Western bishops and clergy. Sympathizers of this established congregations independent of Etchmiadzin, declaring loyalty instead to the see based in <a href="/wiki/Antelias" title="Antelias">Antelias</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. The division was formalized in 1956 when the Antelias (Cilician) See broke away from the Etchmiadzin See. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, following the abdication of <a href="/wiki/Abune_Merkorios" title="Abune Merkorios">Abune Merkorios</a> and election of <a href="/wiki/Abune_Paulos" title="Abune Paulos">Abune Paulos</a>, some Ethiopian Orthodox bishops in the United States maintained that the new election was invalid, and declared their independence from the Addis Ababa administration forming separate synod.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1992-09-22_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1992-09-22-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 July 2018, representatives from both synods reached an agreement. According to the terms of the agreement, Abune Merkorios was reinstated as patriarch alongside Abune Mathias (successor of Abune Paulos), who would continue to be responsible for administrative duties, and the two synods were merged into one synod, with any excommunications between them lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-DickinsonSchismMended_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DickinsonSchismMended-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indians who follow the Oriental Orthodox faith belong to the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a>. The two churches were united before 1912 and after 1958, but again separated in 1975. The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, also known as the Indian Orthodox Church, is an autocephalous church. It is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_the_East_and_Malankara_Metropolitan" title="Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan">Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan</a>. The Jacobite Syrian Christian Church is an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Maphrian" title="Maphrian">maphrianate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> in India. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> also follows the Oriental Orthodox tradition, but is not in communion with other Oriental Orthodox churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occasional_confusions">Occasional confusions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Occasional confusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> is sometimes incorrectly described as an Oriental Orthodox church,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though its origins lie in disputes that predated the Council of Chalcedon and it follows a different <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> from Oriental Orthodoxy. The historical <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> was the church of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> and declared itself separate from the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state church of the Roman Empire</a> in 424–27, years before the Ecumenical Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon. Theologically, the Church of the East was affiliated with the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>, and thus rejected the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a>, which declared Nestorianism heretical in 431. The Christology of the Oriental Orthodox Churches in fact developed as a reaction against Nestorian Christology, which emphasizes the distinctness of the human and divine natures of Christ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pluralism.org/orthodox-christian-churches">"Orthodox Christian Churches"</a>. <i>pluralism.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pluralism.org&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christian+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpluralism.org%2Forthodox-christian-churches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westernprelacy.org/en/oriental-orthodox-churches/">"Oriental Orthodoxy « Western Prelacy"</a>. <i>westernprelacy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=westernprelacy.org&rft.atitle=Oriental+Orthodoxy+%C2%AB+Western+Prelacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesternprelacy.org%2Fen%2Foriental-orthodox-churches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamport2018" class="citation book cs1">Lamport, Mark A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B6xVDwAAQBAJ&q=oriental+orthodox+50+million&pg=PA601"><i>Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7157-9"><bdi>978-1-4422-7157-9</bdi></a>. <q>Today these churches are also referred to as the Oriental Orthodox Churches and are made up of 50 million Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity+in+the+Global+South&rft.pages=601&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7157-9&rft.aulast=Lamport&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB6xVDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Doriental%2Borthodox%2B50%2Bmillion%26pg%3DPA601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>. 8 November 2017. <q>Oriental Orthodoxy has separate self-governing jurisdictions in Ethiopia, Egypt, Eritrea, India, Armenia and Syria, and it accounts for roughly 20% of the worldwide Orthodox population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/orthodox-churches-oriental">"Orthodox churches (Oriental) — World Council of Churches"</a>. <i>www.oikoumene.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oikoumene.org&rft.atitle=Orthodox+churches+%28Oriental%29+%E2%80%94+World+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fchurch-families%2Forthodox-churches-oriental&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsonMitchell2013108-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindsonMitchell2013108_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHindsonMitchell2013">Hindson & Mitchell 2013</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian_Unity-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christian_Unity_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/dialoghi/sezione-orientale/chiese-ortodosse-orientali.html/">"Dicastery For Promoting Christian Unity"</a>. <i>christianunity.va</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheFreeDictionary&rft.atitle=Chalcedonians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FChalcedonians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrikorian201045,_128,_181,_194,_206-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrikorian201045,_128,_181,_194,_206_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrikorian2010">Krikorian 2010</a>, pp. 45, 128, 181, 194, 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990342-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990342_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1990">Davis 1990</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOTC2020-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EOTC2020_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethiopianorthodoxchurch.ca/prayers-church">"Prayers of the Church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prayers+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Ethiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethiopianorthodoxchurch.ca%2Fprayers-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amherst1906-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amherst1906_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney" title="Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney">Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney</a> (1906). <i>A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day</i>. Methuen. p. 399. <q>Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sketch+of+Egyptian+History+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Mary+Cecil%2C+2nd+Baroness+Amherst+of+Hackney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosloski2017-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kosloski2017_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosloski2017" class="citation web cs1">Kosloski, Philip (16 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleteia.org/2017/10/16/did-you-know-muslims-pray-in-a-similar-way-to-some-christians/">"Did you know Muslims pray in a similar way to some Christians?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aleteia" title="Aleteia">Aleteia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+you+know+Muslims+pray+in+a+similar+way+to+some+Christians%3F&rft.pub=Aleteia&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft.aulast=Kosloski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faleteia.org%2F2017%2F10%2F16%2Fdid-you-know-muslims-pray-in-a-similar-way-to-some-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffner2014-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffner2014_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffner2014" class="citation web cs1">Duffner, Jordan Denari (13 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/wait-i-thought-was-muslim-thing">"Wait, I thought that was a Muslim thing?!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)" title="Commonweal (magazine)">Commonweal</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wait%2C+I+thought+that+was+a+Muslim+thing%3F%21&rft.pub=Commonweal&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft.aulast=Duffner&rft.aufirst=Jordan+Denari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealmagazine.org%2Fwait-i-thought-was-muslim-thing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2005" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2005). <i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 566. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517055-9</bdi></a>. <q>It emphasizes the dietary laws and rules of circumcision found in the Old Testament of the Bible, and in addition to the Christian Sunday Sabbath, Ethiopia Christians observe the traditional Jewish Saturday Sabbath, as do the Ethiopian Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=566&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517055-9&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Stearns2008" class="citation book cs1">N. Stearns, Peter (2008). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195176322" title="Special:BookSources/9780195176322"><bdi>9780195176322</bdi></a>. <q>Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195176322&rft.aulast=N.+Stearns&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Bradley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bradley" title="Ian Bradley">Ian Bradley</a> (2 November 2012). <i>Water: A Spiritual History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-6767-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%3A+A+Spiritual+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6767-5&rft.au=Ian+Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Bulzacchelli2006" class="citation book cs1">H. Bulzacchelli, Richard (2006). <i>Judged by the Law of Freedom: A History of the Faith-works Controversy, and a Resolution in the Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761835011" title="Special:BookSources/9780761835011"><bdi>9780761835011</bdi></a>. <q>The Ethiopian and Coptic Churches distinguishes between clean and unclean meats, observes days of ritual purification, and keeps a kind of dual Sabbath on both Saturday and Sunday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judged+by+the+Law+of+Freedom%3A+A+History+of+the+Faith-works+Controversy%2C+and+a+Resolution+in+the+Thought+of+St.+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780761835011&rft.aulast=H.+Bulzacchelli&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1992-09-22-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt1992-09-22_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1992" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Ari L. (22 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/22/nyregion/us-branch-leaves-ethiopian-orthodox-church.html">"U.S. Branch Leaves Ethiopian Orthodox Church"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Branch+Leaves+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=1992-09-22&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Ari+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F09%2F22%2Fnyregion%2Fus-branch-leaves-ethiopian-orthodox-church.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DickinsonSchismMended-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DickinsonSchismMended_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2018" class="citation news cs1">Dickinson, Augustine (31 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507151452/https://ethiopicist.com/blog/decades-old-schism-in-ethiopian-church-mended/">"Decades-Old Schism in the Ethiopian Church Mended"</a>. <i>Ethiopicist Blog</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethiopicist.com/blog/decades-old-schism-in-ethiopian-church-mended/">the original</a> on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethiopicist+Blog&rft.atitle=Decades-Old+Schism+in+the+Ethiopian+Church+Mended&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethiopicist.com%2Fblog%2Fdecades-old-schism-in-ethiopian-church-mended%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibriye2018" class="citation web cs1">Kibriye, Solomon (27 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/ethiopian-orthodox-unity-declaration-document-in-english/">"Ethiopian Orthodox Unity Declaration Document in English"</a>. <i>Orthodoxy Cognate Page</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodoxy+Cognate+Page&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Orthodox+Unity+Declaration+Document+in+English&rft.date=2018-07-27&rft.aulast=Kibriye&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheorthodoxchurch.info%2Fblog%2Fnews%2Fethiopian-orthodox-unity-declaration-document-in-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryner2004" class="citation web cs1">Bryner, Erich (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eva-leipzig.de/flexpaper/?leseprobe=zw_9783374021864_digital_LP.pdf">"Die orthodoxen Kirchen von 1274 bis 1700"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.eva-leipzig.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eva-leipzig.de&rft.atitle=Die+orthodoxen+Kirchen+von+1274+bis+1700&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bryner&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eva-leipzig.de%2Fflexpaper%2F%3Fleseprobe%3Dzw_9783374021864_digital_LP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span> S. 114 ff: "Die Orientalischen Orthodoxen Kirchen" (miaphysitische und dyophysitische Kirchen)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Oeldemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Oeldemann (page does not exist)">Johannes Oeldemann</a>: <i>Konfessionskunde</i>, 2017, Kap. 2: <i>Die Orthodoxe Kirche und die Orientalisch-Orthodoxen Kirchen</i> enthält drei Unterkapitel: <i>Die Orthodoxe Kirche</i>, <i>Die Assyrische Kirche des Ostens</i> und <i>Die Orientalisch-Orthodoxen Kirchen</i> d.h. die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrische_Kirche_des_Ostens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrische Kirche des Ostens (page does not exist)">Assyrische Kirche des Ostens</a> gehört sowohl zu den <i>Orientalisch-Orthodoxen Kirchen</i> als auch nicht zu den <i>Orientalisch-Orthodoxen Kirchen</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">artin Tamcke: Orientalische orthodoxe Nationalkirchen. In: <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4dien_und_Lexika/Religion#Schiele.2C_Zscharnack_Die_Religion_in_Geschichte_und_Gegenwart">Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</a> (RGG). 4. Auflage. Band 6, Mohr-Siebeck, Tübingen 2003, Sp. 653</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts1978" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Robert B. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHstAQAAIAAJ"><i>Christians in the Arab East: A Political Study</i></a> (2nd rev. ed.). Athens: Lycabettus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804207966" title="Special:BookSources/9780804207966"><bdi>9780804207966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+the+Arab+East%3A+A+Political+Study&rft.place=Athens&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Lycabettus+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780804207966&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHstAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoutros_Ghali1991" class="citation book cs1">Boutros Ghali, Mirrit (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/cce/id/1491/rec/1">"Oriental Orthodox Churches"</a>. In Atiya, Aziz Suryal (ed.). <i>The Coptic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 6. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-897035-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-897035-6"><bdi>978-0-02-897035-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22808960">22808960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oriental+Orthodox+Churches&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22808960&rft.isbn=978-0-02-897035-6&rft.aulast=Boutros+Ghali&rft.aufirst=Mirrit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccdl.libraries.claremont.edu%2Fcdm%2Fsingleitem%2Fcollection%2Fcce%2Fid%2F1491%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwKJDAEACAAJ">"Miaphysite, not Monophysite!"</a>. <i>Cristianesimo Nella Storia</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 45–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788815261687" title="Special:BookSources/9788815261687"><bdi>9788815261687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cristianesimo+Nella+Storia&rft.atitle=Miaphysite%2C+not+Monophysite%21&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-52&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788815261687&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwKJDAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_(scholar)" title="Robert Charles (scholar)">Charles, Robert H.</a> (2007) [1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgZ-DOr77OQC"><i>The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text</i></a>. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781889758879" title="Special:BookSources/9781889758879"><bdi>9781889758879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+John%2C+Bishop+of+Nikiu%3A+Translated+from+Zotenberg%27s+Ethiopic+Text&rft.place=Merchantville%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Evolution+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781889758879&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgZ-DOr77OQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1990" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Leo Donald (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418"><i>The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology</i></a></span>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5616-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-5616-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+%28325%E2%80%93787%29%3A+Their+History+and+Theology&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Leo+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanning1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fanning, William Henry Windsor (1907). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Baptism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Baptism">"Baptism" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Fanning&rft.aufirst=William+Henry+Windsor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindsonMitchell2013" class="citation book cs1">Hindson, Ed; Mitchell, Dan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eE2LdSKiQwC"><i>The Popular Encyclopedia of Church History</i></a>. Harvest House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-4806-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-4806-7"><bdi>978-0-7369-4806-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Encyclopedia+of+Church+History&rft.pub=Harvest+House+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7369-4806-7&rft.aulast=Hindson&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eE2LdSKiQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeshishian1994" class="citation journal cs1">Keshishian, Aram (1994). "The Oriental Orthodox Churches". <i>The Ecumenical Review</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 103–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1758-6623.1994.tb02911.x">10.1111/j.1758-6623.1994.tb02911.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0796">0013-0796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ecumenical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Oriental+Orthodox+Churches&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-108&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1758-6623.1994.tb02911.x&rft.issn=0013-0796&rft.aulast=Keshishian&rft.aufirst=Aram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kirsch, Johann Peter (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Hormisdas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_St._Hormisdas">"Pope St. Hormisdas" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+St.+Hormisdas&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Johann+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrikorian2010" class="citation book cs1">Krikorian, Mesrob K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iFEqAQAAMAAJ"><i>Christology of the Oriental Orthodox Churches: Christology in the Tradition of the Armenian Apostolic Church</i></a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631581216" title="Special:BookSources/9783631581216"><bdi>9783631581216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christology+of+the+Oriental+Orthodox+Churches%3A+Christology+in+the+Tradition+of+the+Armenian+Apostolic+Church&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783631581216&rft.aulast=Krikorian&rft.aufirst=Mesrob+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiFEqAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.</i></a> Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410563" title="Special:BookSources/9780881410563"><bdi>9780881410563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450%E2%80%93680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780881410563&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler1997" class="citation journal cs1">Winkler, Dietmar W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15344445">"Miaphysitism: A New Term for Use in the History of Dogma and in Ecumenical Theology"</a>. <i>The Harp</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 33–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harp&rft.atitle=Miaphysitism%3A+A+New+Term+for+Use+in+the+History+of+Dogma+and+in+Ecumenical+Theology&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=33-40&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F15344445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOriental+Orthodox+Churches" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodox_Churches&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oriental_Orthodoxy_footer" title="Template talk:Oriental Orthodoxy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oriental_Orthodoxy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oriental Orthodoxy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Communion_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (religion)">communion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">churches</a> from <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubia#Christian_Nubia" title="Nubia">Sudan</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous<br />churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Holy See of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristCopticArt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png/50px-ChristCopticArt.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png/75px-ChristCopticArt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png/100px-ChristCopticArt.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><i>Armenian Apostolic</i>:</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Syriac Orthodox</i>:</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Malankara Jacobite</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</i>:</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brahmavar_(Goan)_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmavar (Goan) Orthodox Church">Brahmavar (Goan) Orthodox Church</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Independent_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="List of Christian denominations">Independent<br />churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British Isles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syncreticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncreticism">Syncretic Oriential Catholic Churches</a>: Communion of Western Orthodox Churches <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Orthodox_Church" title="Celtic Orthodox Church">Celtic Orthodox Church</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_of_Saint_Gregory" title="Anaphora of Saint Gregory">Anaphora of Saint Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of Saint Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril" title="Liturgy of Saint Cyril">Liturgy of Saint Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Africa">Oriental Orthodoxy in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Algeria (page does not exist)">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Angola (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Egypt" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Nigeria (page does not exist)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in South Africa (page does not exist)">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Sudan (page does not exist)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Uganda (page does not exist)">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Asia">Oriental Orthodoxy in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in China (page does not exist)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Egypt" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_India" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Iran (page does not exist)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Iraq" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Uzbekistan" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Europe">Oriental Orthodoxy in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Germany" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Italy" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Norway" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="Template:Patriarchs of Alexandria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="Template talk:Patriarchs of Alexandria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs of Alexandria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchs of Alexandria">Patriarchs of Alexandria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="List of patriarchs of Alexandria">Patriarchs</a> prior to the<br /><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedonian schism</a><br />(43–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark I the Evangelist</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anianus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anianus of Alexandria">Anianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Avilius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Avilius of Alexandria">Avilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Kedron_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Kedron of Alexandria">Kedronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Primus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Primus of Alexandria">Primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Justus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Justus of Alexandria">Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eumenes_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Eumenes of Alexandria">Eumenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Markianos_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Markianos of Alexandria">Markianos</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celadion_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Celadion of Alexandria">Celadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agrippinus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agrippinus of Alexandria">Agrippinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julian_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Julian of Alexandria">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Demetrius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Demetrius I of Alexandria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Heraclas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Heraclas of Alexandria">Heraclas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Maximus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Maximus of Alexandria">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theonas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theonas of Alexandria">Theonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Alexandria" title="Peter I of Alexandria">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Achillas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Achillas of Alexandria">Achillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter II of Alexandria">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy I of Alexandria">Timothy I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Theophilus I of Alexandria">Theophilus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_popes" title="List of Coptic Orthodox popes">Coptic Orthodox<br /> Popes and Patriarchs</a><br />(451–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy II of Alexandria">Timothy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_III_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter III of Alexandria">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Athanasius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Athanasius II of Alexandria">Athanasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John I of Alexandria">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II_(III)_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John II (III) of Alexandria">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria">Dioscorus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Timothy IV of Alexandria">Timothy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter IV of Alexandria">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damian_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Damian of Alexandria">Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anastasius of Alexandria">Anastasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Andronicus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Andronicus of Alexandria">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benjamin_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria">Benjamin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agatho of Alexandria">Agathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John III of Alexandria">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Isaac_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Isaac of Alexandria">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon I of Alexandria">Simeon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander II of Alexandria">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas I of Alexandria">Cosmas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodoros_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodoros I of Alexandria">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael I of Alexandria">Michael I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mina_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mina I of Alexandria">Mina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John IV of Alexandria">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark II of Alexandria">Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Jacob_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Jacob of Alexandria">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon II of Alexandria">Simeon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Joseph_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Joseph I of Alexandria">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael II of Alexandria">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas II of Alexandria">Cosmas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda I of Alexandria">Shenouda I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael III of Alexandria">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel I of Alexandria">Gabriel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas III of Alexandria">Cosmas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius I of Alexandria">Macarius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_II_(Coptic_patriarch_of_Alexandria)" title="Theophilus II (Coptic patriarch of Alexandria)">Theophilus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mina_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mina II of Alexandria">Mina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Abraham_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Abraham of Alexandria">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotheos_(Coptic_patriarch_of_Alexandria)" title="Philotheos (Coptic patriarch of Alexandria)">Philotheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zacharias_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Zacharias of Alexandria">Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda II of Alexandria">Shenouda II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Christodoulos_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Christodoulos of Alexandria">Christodoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril II of Alexandria">Cyril II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael IV of Alexandria">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius II of Alexandria">Macarius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel II of Alexandria">Gabriel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael V of Alexandria">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John V of Alexandria">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark III of Alexandria">Mark III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John VI of Alexandria">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril III of Alexandria">Cyril III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Athanasius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Athanasius III of Alexandria">Athanasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John VII of Alexandria">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel III of Alexandria">Gabriel III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John VII of Alexandria">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodosius III of Alexandria">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John VIII of Alexandria">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John IX of Alexandria">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benjamin_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Benjamin II of Alexandria">Benjamin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter V of Alexandria">Peter V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark IV of Alexandria">Mark IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John X of Alexandria">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel IV of Alexandria">Gabriel IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew I of Alexandria">Matthew I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel V of Alexandria">Gabriel V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XI of Alexandria">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew II of Alexandria">Matthew II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VI of Alexandria">Gabriel VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael VI of Alexandria">Michael VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XII of Alexandria">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XIII of Alexandria">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VII of Alexandria">Gabriel VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XIV of Alexandria">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VIII of Alexandria">Gabriel VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark V of Alexandria">Mark V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XV of Alexandria">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew III of Alexandria">Matthew III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark VI of Alexandria">Mark VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew IV of Alexandria">Matthew IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XVI of Alexandria">John XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter VI of Alexandria">Peter VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XVII of Alexandria">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark VII of Alexandria">Mark VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XVIII of Alexandria">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_VIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark VIII of Alexandria">Mark VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter VII of Alexandria">Peter VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria">Cyril IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Demetrius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Demetrius II of Alexandria">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril V of Alexandria">Cyril V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XIX of Alexandria">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius III of Alexandria">Macarius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Joseph_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Joseph II of Alexandria">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Cyril VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria">Shenouda III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Tawadros_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria">Tawadros II</a> (current)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="List of Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox <br />Popes and Patriarchs</a><br />(451–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proterius_of_Alexandria" title="Proterius of Alexandria">Proterius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy II of Alexandria">Timothy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Salophakiolos" title="Timothy Salophakiolos">Timothy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talaia" title="John Talaia">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_III_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter III of Alexandria">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Athanasius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Athanasius II of Alexandria">Athanasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John I of Alexandria">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II_(III)_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John II (III) of Alexandria">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria">Dioscorus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Timothy IV of Alexandria">Timothy IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaianus_of_Alexandria" title="Gaianus of Alexandria">Gaianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Paul_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Paul of Alexandria">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Zoilus_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Zoilus of Alexandria">Zoilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Apollinarius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Apollinarius of Alexandria">Apollinarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_John_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch John IV of Alexandria">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulogius_of_Alexandria" title="Eulogius of Alexandria">Eulogius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Theodore I of Alexandria">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Merciful" title="John the Merciful">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_George_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch George I of Alexandria">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_of_Alexandria" title="Cyrus of Alexandria">Cyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Peter_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Peter IV of Alexandria">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Peter_V_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Peter V of Alexandria">Peter V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Peter_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Peter VI of Alexandria">Peter VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_I_of_Alexandria" title="Cosmas I of Alexandria">Cosmas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Politianus_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Politianus of Alexandria">Politianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Eustatius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Eustatius of Alexandria">Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Christopher_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Christopher I of Alexandria">Christopher I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sophronius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Sophronius I of Alexandria">Sophronius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Michael_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Michael I of Alexandria">Michael I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Michael_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Michael II of Alexandria">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christodoulos_(Greek_patriarch_of_Alexandria)" title="Christodoulos (Greek patriarch of Alexandria)">Christodoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychius_of_Alexandria" title="Eutychius of Alexandria">Eutychius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sophronius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Sophronius II of Alexandria">Sophronius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Isaac_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Isaac of Alexandria">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Job_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Job of Alexandria">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Elias_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Elias I of Alexandria">Elias I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Arsenius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Arsenius of Alexandria">Arsenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_II_(Greek_patriarch_of_Alexandria)" title="Theophilus II (Greek patriarch of Alexandria)">Theophilus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_George_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch George II of Alexandria">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Leontius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Leontius of Alexandria">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexander_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Alexander II of Alexandria">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_John_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch John VI of Alexandria">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Cyril_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Cyril II of Alexandria">Cyril II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sabbas_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Sabbas of Alexandria">Sabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sophronius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Sophronius III of Alexandria">Sophronius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Elias_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Elias II of Alexandria">Elias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Eleutherius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Eleutherius of Alexandria">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Mark_III_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Mark III of Alexandria">Mark III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicholas I of Alexandria">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Gregory I of Alexandria">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicholas II of Alexandria">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Athanasius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Athanasius III of Alexandria">Athanasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Gregory II of Alexandria">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_III_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Gregory III of Alexandria">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Niphon_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Niphon of Alexandria">Niphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Mark_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Mark IV of Alexandria">Mark IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_III_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicholas III of Alexandria">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Gregory IV of Alexandria">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicholas IV of Alexandria">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Athanasius_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Athanasius IV of Alexandria">Athanasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Mark_V_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Mark V of Alexandria">Mark V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotheos_(Greek_patriarch_of_Alexandria)" title="Philotheos (Greek patriarch of Alexandria)">Philotheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Mark_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Mark VI of Alexandria">Mark VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_V_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Gregory V of Alexandria">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Alexandria" title="Joachim of Alexandria">Joachim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Silvester_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Silvester of Alexandria">Silvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_I_Pegas" title="Meletius I Pegas">Meletius I Pegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Lucaris" title="Cyril Lucaris">Cyril III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gerasimus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Gerasimus I of Alexandria">Gerasimus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Metrophanes_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Metrophanes of Alexandria">Metrophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicephorus_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicephorus of Alexandria">Nicephorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Joannicius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Joannicius of Alexandria">Joannicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisios_Ligarides" title="Paisios Ligarides">Paisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Parthenius I of Alexandria">Parthenius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimos_Palladas" title="Gerasimos Palladas">Gerasimus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Alexandria" title="Samuel of Alexandria">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_III_of_Constantinople" title="Cosmas III of Constantinople">Cosmas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_III_of_Alexandria" title="Cosmas III of Alexandria">Cosmas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Matthew_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Matthew of Alexandria">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_of_Alexandria" title="Cyprian of Alexandria">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimus_III_of_Alexandria" title="Gerasimus III of Alexandria">Gerasimus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Parthenius II of Alexandria">Parthenius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_III_of_Alexandria" title="Theophilus III of Alexandria">Theophilus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierotheus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Hierotheus I of Alexandria">Hierotheus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemius_of_Alexandria" title="Artemius of Alexandria">Artemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierotheus_II_of_Alexandria" title="Hierotheus II of Alexandria">Hierotheus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callinicus_of_Alexandria" title="Callinicus of Alexandria">Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Jacob_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Jacob of Alexandria">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicanor_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicanor of Alexandria">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Pentapolis" title="Nilus of Pentapolis">Nilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Sophronius IV of Alexandria">Sophronius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Photius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Photius of Alexandria">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_Metaxakis" title="Meletius Metaxakis">Meletius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_V_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicholas V of Alexandria">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Christopher_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Christopher II of Alexandria">Christopher II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicholas VI of Alexandria">Nicholas VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Parthenius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Parthenius III of Alexandria">Parthenius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Peter_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria">Peter VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria">Theodore II</a> (current)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Latin Catholic</a><br />(1276–1954)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Atanasio (Athanasius)</li> <li>Egidio da Ferrara (Giles)</li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Humbert_II_of_Viennois" title="Humbert II of Viennois">Humbert II, Dauphin of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Aragon_(patriarch)" title="John of Aragon (patriarch)">Juan (John)</a></li> <li>Guillaume de Chanac</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnaud_Bernard_du_Pouget&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnaud Bernard du Pouget (page does not exist)">Arnaud Bernard du Pouget</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnaldo_Bernardi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnaldo Bernardi (page does not exist)">Arnaldo Bernardi</a>)</li> <li><i>uncanonical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_Cardaillac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean de Cardaillac (page does not exist)">Jean de Cardaillac</a></i></li> <li>Pietro Amely di Brunac</li> <li>? <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Walteri_von_Sinten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Walteri von Sinten (page does not exist)">Johannes Walteri von Sinten</a></li> <li><i>uncanonical <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cramaud" title="Simon of Cramaud">Simon of Cramaud</a></i></li> <li>Pietro Amely di Brunac</li> <li>Leonardo Dolfin</li> <li>Ugo Roberti</li> <li>Pietro Amaury di Lordat</li> <li>Lancelotus de Navarra</li> <li>Giovanni Contarini</li> <li>Pietro</li> <li>Vitalis di Mauléon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Vitelleschi" title="Giovanni Vitelleschi">Giovanni Vitelleschi</a></li> <li>Marco Condulmer</li> <li>Jean d'Harcourt</li> <li>Arnaldo Rogerii de Palas</li> <li>Pedro de Urrea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza" title="Pedro González de Mendoza">Pedro González de Mendoza</a></li> <li>Diego Hurtado de Mendoza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Fonseca_y_Acevedo" title="Alonso de Fonseca y Acevedo">Alonso de Fonseca y Acevedo</a></li> <li>Bernardino Carafa</li> <li>Cesare Riario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Ascanio_Sforza_di_Santa_Fiora" title="Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora">Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Maria_Sforza" title="Ottaviano Maria Sforza">Ottaviano Maria Sforza</a></li> <li>Julius Gonzaga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Guidalotti_Ciocchi_del_Monte" title="Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte">Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte</a></li> <li>Jacques Cortès</li> <li>Tommaso</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Riario" title="Alessandro Riario">Alessandro Riario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caetani" title="Enrico Caetani">Enrico Caetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Albani" title="Giovanni Battista Albani">Giovanni Battista Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Caetani" title="Camillo Caetani">Camillo Caetani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9raphin_Olivier-Razali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Séraphin Olivier-Razali (page does not exist)">Séraphin Olivier-Razali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_di_Sangro" title="Alessandro di Sangro">Alessandro di Sangro</a></li> <li>Honoratus Caetani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Borromeo_(iuniore)" title="Federico Borromeo (iuniore)">Federico Borromeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Crescenzi_(cardinal)" title="Alessandro Crescenzi (cardinal)">Allesandro Crescenzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bevilacqua" title="Aloysius Bevilacqua">Aloysius Bevilacqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Draghi_Bartoli" title="Petrus Draghi Bartoli">Petrus Draghi Bartoli</a></li> <li>Gregorio Giuseppe Gaetani de Aragonia</li> <li>Carlo Ambrosio Mezzabarba</li> <li>Filippo Carlo Spada</li> <li>Girolamo Crispi</li> <li>Giuseppe Antonio Davanzati</li> <li>Lodovico Agnello Anastasi</li> <li>Francisco Mattei</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus_Foscolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustus Foscolo (page does not exist)">Augustus Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Angelo_Ballerini" title="Paolo Angelo Ballerini">Paolo Angelo Ballerini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Marinangeli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domenico Marinangeli (page does not exist)">Domenico Marinangeli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_de_Huyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo de Huyn (page does not exist)">Paolo de Huyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luca_Ermenegildo_Pasetto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luca Ermenegildo Pasetto (page does not exist)">Luca Ermenegildo Pasetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Melkite Catholic</a><br />(1724–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas" title="Cyril VI Tanas">Cyril VI Tanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_IV_Jawhar" title="Athanasius IV Jawhar">Athanasius IV Jawhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximos_II_Hakim" title="Maximos II Hakim">Maximos II Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_V_Dahan" title="Theodosius V Dahan">Theodosius V Dahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_IV_Jawhar" title="Athanasius IV Jawhar">Athanasius IV Jawhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VII_Siaj" title="Cyril VII Siaj">Cyril VII Siaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapius_II_Matar" title="Agapius II Matar">Agapius II Matar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_IV_Sarrouf" title="Ignatius IV Sarrouf">Ignatius IV Sarrouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_V_Matar" title="Athanasius V Matar">Athanasius V Matar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_IV_Tawil" title="Macarius IV Tawil">Macarius IV Tawil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_V_Qattan" title="Ignatius V Qattan">Ignatius V Qattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximos_III_Mazloum" title="Maximos III Mazloum">Maximos III Mazloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Bahouth" title="Clement Bahouth">Clement Bahouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_II_Youssef" title="Gregory II Youssef">Gregory II Youssef-Sayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_Geraigiry" title="Peter IV Geraigiry">Peter IV Geraigiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VIII_Geha" title="Cyril VIII Geha">Cyril VIII Geha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Qadi" title="Demetrius I Qadi">Demetrius I Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_IX_Moghabghab" title="Cyril IX Moghabghab">Cyril IX Moghabghab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximos_IV_Sayegh" title="Maximos IV Sayegh">Maximos IV Sayegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximos_V_Hakim" title="Maximos V Hakim">Maximos V Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_III_Laham" title="Gregory III Laham">Gregory III Laham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssef_Absi" title="Youssef Absi">Youssef I Absi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria">Coptic Catholic</a><br />(1824–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximos_Jouwed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximos Jouwed (page does not exist)">Maximos Jouwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrillos_Makarios" title="Kyrillos Makarios">Kyrillos Makarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanos_I_Sidarouss" title="Stéphanos I Sidarouss">Stéphanos I Sidarouss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanos_II_Ghattas" title="Stéphanos II Ghattas">Stéphanos II Ghattas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonios_Naguib" title="Antonios Naguib">Antonios I Naguib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Isaac_Sidrak" title="Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak">Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>*Markianos is considered Mark II on the Greek side of the subsequent schism, hence this numbering of Mark III.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="Category:Patriarchs of Alexandria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Patriarchs of Alexandria">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriarchates_in_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriarchates_in_Christianity" title="Template:Patriarchates in Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarchates_in_Christianity" title="Template talk:Patriarchates in Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchates_in_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchates in Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriarchates_in_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Traditional ecclesiastical jurisdictions of <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, sorted according to earliest <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic</a> legacy and branched where multiple denominational claimants:<br /> <b>bold blue</b> = <b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></b>, <span style="color:#000040;">light blue</span> = <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <span style="color:#808000;"><b>bold/</b>light green</span> = <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy"><span style="color:#808000;">Oriental Orthodoxy</span></a>, <i>italic blue = <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Antiquity</a>)<br /><span class="nobold">(30–325/476)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a><br /><span class="nobold">(five<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">apostolic<br />sees</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></b> (since <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> (since 330)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></b> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</span></a> (since 1461)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Antioch</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East"><span style="color:#808000;">Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</span></a></b> (since 518)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholicosate_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia</span></a></b> (since 1058)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</a> (since 519)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Maronite Patriarchate</a></b> (since 685)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch</a></b> (since 1668)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch</a></b> (since 1724)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Latin Patriarchate of Antioch</a></b> (1099–1964)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></b> (since 1740)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</a> (since <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria"><span style="color:#808000;">Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</span></a></b> (since <a href="/wiki/451" title="451">451</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria</a></b> (1219–1964)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria">Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria</a></b> (since 1824)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> (since 451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</span></a> (since 638)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a></b> (since 1099)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs,_archbishops_and_bishops_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of patriarchs, archbishops and bishops of Carthage">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">2nd cent.</a>–1076)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage#Titular_see_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Latin Catholic titular episcopate</a></b> (1518–1964)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tunis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis">Archbishop of Tunis</a></b> (since 1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Patriarch of the Church of the East">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(280–1552)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Baghdad" title="Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad">Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad</a></b> (since 1553)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="List of patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a></i> (since 1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a></i> (since 1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <span class="nobold">(301)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians"><span style="color:#808000;">Catholicos of All Armenians (Patriarch of Etchmiadzin)</span></a></b> (since 301)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholicosate_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia</span></a></b> (since 1058)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</span></a> (since 638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</span></a> (since 1461)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Cilicia" title="Patriarchate of Cilicia">Patriarchate of Cilicia</a></b> (since 1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(476–1517)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Patriarchate of Aquileia</a></b> (568–1751)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Patriarchate of Grado</a></b> (725–1451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Bulgaria</a> (since 919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Georgia</a> (since 1010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87" title="Serbian Patriarchate of Peć">Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć</a> (since 1346)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Patriarchate of Venice</a></b> (since 1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Early Modern era</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1517–1789) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">Patriarchate of the West Indies</a></b> (since 1524)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Ethiopia" title="Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia">Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia</a></b> (1555–1663)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_East_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the East Indies">Patriarchate of the East Indies</a></b> (since 1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Moscow</a> (since 1589)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Patriarchate of Lisbon</a></b> (since 1716)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Late Modern era</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(since 1789)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Romania</a> (since 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abunas_of_Ethiopia" title="List of abunas of Ethiopia"><span style="color:#808000;">Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarchate of Ethiopia</span></a> (since 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">Patriarchate of Kyiv</a> (1992–2018; since 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abunas_of_Eritrea" title="List of abunas of Eritrea"><span style="color:#808000;">Eritrean Orthodox Patriarchate of Eritrea</span></a> (since 1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Throne" title="Apostolic Throne">Apostolic Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">Episcopal see</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian traditions</a> that developed since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main <br />divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/150px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/225px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a></span><br /><i>Christ Pantocrator</i> (circa 1261) in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li> <li>Heresies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecumenical_councils" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ecumenical_councils" title="Template:Ecumenical councils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ecumenical_councils" title="Template talk:Ecumenical councils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecumenical_councils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecumenical councils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ecumenical_councils" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> (325)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a> (381)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a> (431)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> (451)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Constantinople II</a> (553)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Constantinople III</a> (680–681)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Nicaea II</a> (787)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Recognized by the<br />Catholic Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Constantinople IV</a> (869–870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">Lateran I</a> (1123)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Lateran II</a> (1139)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Lateran III</a> (1179)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a> (1215)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">Lyon I</a> (1245)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Lyon II</a> (1274)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Vienne</a> (1311–1312)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Constance</a> (1414–1418)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Basel-Florence</a> (Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449;<sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Lateran V</a> (1512–1517)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a> (1545–1563)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> (1869–1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> (1962–1965)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized by the<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)"><i>Constantinople IV</i> (879–880)</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Constantinople V</a></i> (1341–1351)*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized by the<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oriental Orthodox Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> (325)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a> (381)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a> (431)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Ephesus II</a> (449)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Third Council of Ephesus">Ephesus III</a> (475)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized by the<br /><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> (325)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a> (381)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> (410)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Beth_Lapat" title="Synod of Beth Lapat">Synod of Beth Lapat</a> (484)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_church_councils_(pre-ecumenical)" title="Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)">Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">50</a>/155–<a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Arles#Council_of_Arles_in_314" title="Synod of Arles">314</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">380</a>–<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> (692)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Synod of Jassy</a> (1642)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem</a> (1672)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Synod of Constantinople</a> (1872)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Addis_Ababa" title="Conference of Addis Ababa">Conference of Addis Ababa</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Orthodox_Council" title="Pan-Orthodox Council">Pan-Orthodox Council</a> (2016)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church. <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a 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