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"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Leader</li><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1880–1907</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pong Tiku</b> (also spelled <b>Pontiku</b> and <b>Pongtiku</b>; c. 1846 – 10 July 1907), known among his <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Buginese</a> allies as <b>Ne' Baso</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Torajan</a> leader and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla fighter">guerrilla fighter</a> who operated in southern <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, part of modern-day Indonesia. </p><p>The son of the lord of Pangala', after Tiku captured the neighbouring kingdom Baruppu' he became its leader, later ruling Pangala' after his father's death. By exploiting the coffee trade and allying with the lowlands Buginese, Tiku was able to obtain large amounts of wealth, land, and power. During the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffee_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coffee War (page does not exist)">Coffee War</a> (1889–1890), his capital at Tondon was razed by another lord, but retaken the same day. When the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonials</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, invaded Sulawesi in the early 1900s, Tiku and his soldiers utilised fortresses to withstand and launch attacks. Captured in October 1906, in January 1907 he escaped and remained at large until June. He was executed several days later. </p><p>Tiku was the longest lasting resistance leader in Sulawesi, such that <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors-General of the Dutch East Indies">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/J._B._van_Heutsz" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. van Heutsz">J. B. van Heutsz</a> considered him damaging the stability of Dutch control over the region and dispatched the Governor of Sulawesi to oversee his capture. Since his death, Tiku has been used as a symbol of Torajan resistance. Long commemorated in Sulawesi, he was officially declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National Hero of Indonesia</a> in 2002. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_rise_to_power">Early life and rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong_Tiku&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tiku was born near <a href="/wiki/Rantepao" title="Rantepao">Rantepao</a> in the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/North_Toraja_Regency" title="North Toraja Regency">North Toraja Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>) in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraeger1992218_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraeger1992218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, southern Sulawesi was home to a booming coffee trade and controlled by numerous warlords. Tiku was the last of six children born one of these warlords; he was born to Siambo' Karaeng, lord of Pangala', and his wife Leb'ok. An athletic youth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19761_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19761-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiku was friendly with coffee traders who visited his village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19762_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19762-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1880, a war broke out between Pangala' and Baruppu', a neighbouring state led by Pasusu. Tiku took an active role in a successful campaign against the neighbouring state, and when Pasusu was defeated Tiku took his place as ruler of Baruppu'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19762_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19762-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly annexed kingdom was rich in <a href="/wiki/Rice_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice fields">rice fields</a> and easily defensible, giving Tiku great power. Although the Torajans traditionally valued manpower and did not kill more people than necessary, Baruppu' oral history describes Tiku as killing men, women, and children with abandon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200543_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200543-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When, not long afterwards, Tiku's father died, Tiku became leader of Pangala'. As a leader, Tiku worked to strengthen the economy with an increase in the coffee trade and strategic alliances with predominantly <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Buginese</a> lowlands groups. The economic success this brought led nearby rulers to respect and envy Tiku.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19763_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19763-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200527_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200527-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coffee_and_civil_wars">Coffee and civil wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong_Tiku&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coffee and civil wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fearing competition from the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Luwu" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwu">Luwu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone state">Bone</a> to the north and Sidareng and Sawitto to the south, Tiku worked on reinforcing his country's defences. The kingdoms eventually reached several trade agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19763_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19763-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Buginese encroaches led to renewed tensions between the states, climaxing in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffee_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coffee War (page does not exist)">Coffee War</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Perang Kopi</i></span>) in 1889. Tiku sided with the Buginese-influenced southern kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19764–5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19764–5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bone military leader Petta Panggawae and his Songko' Borrong soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invaded Pangala' and sided with Pong Maramba', a minor lord. Panggawae overtook Tiku's capital at Tondon and razed the city, leading Tiku and the civilian population to abandon the area. Tiku, having sided with the Sidenreng leader Andi Guru, was able to retake the remains of the capital that night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19766_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19766-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war ended in 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19764–5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19764–5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after Dutch scouts – representing the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">colonial government</a> on <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> – reached Bone. However, the remaining states soon began another series of struggles over the <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>, where states would exchange weapons for slaves; Tiku also participated in the trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19767_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19767-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tiku eventually formed an alliance with nearby Buginese leaders, which reduced tensions and improved trade;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19768–9_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19768–9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he also learned the group's <a href="/wiki/Lontara_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara alphabet">writing system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">language</a>, allowing him to easily correspond with Buginese leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200534–35_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200534–35-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time Tiku had captured numerous lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200544_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200544-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid a repetition of the raze of Tondon, Tiku began construction of seven fortresses in his lands, as well as several surveillance outposts and storeholds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19768–9_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19768–9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Torajan fortresses were designed to prevent entry to the valleys leading to population centres, and Tiku's were divided between the eastern and western parts of his land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200557_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200557-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He instituted a tax system to fund these defensive measures: owners of rice fields were obligated to tax two-thirds of their produce, while other farmers were taxed ten per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200544_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200544-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_advances">Dutch advances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong_Tiku&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dutch advances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1905 the previously fragmented Buginese and Torajan lands had united into four major areas, one of which was under Tiku.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200551_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200551-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July of that year the king of <a href="/wiki/Gowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowa">Gowa</a>, a nearby state, began collecting soldiers to fight off the invaders and prevent the remainder of the Torajan lands from conquest. Ma'dika Bombing, a leader from a southern state, approached Tiku for his assistance. A month after the messengers had dispersed, the leaders gathered at Gowa to make a plan of action. The result was that the local lords were to stop warring amongst themselves and focus on the Dutch, who had superior strength;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197610–13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197610–13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these internal conflicts, however, did not completely abate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200553–54_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200553–54-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the meeting adjourned, the Dutch had already begun making advances on Luwu. Tiku, tasked with diverting the Dutch from the indefensible town of Rantepo, began to build his army and work on his defences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197614_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197614-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200552_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200552-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1906 Tiku sent scouts to Sidareng and Sawitto, which the Dutch were invading, to observe their way of battle. When the scouts reported of the Dutch forces' overwhelming strength and seemingly magical powers used against the Bugis soldiers, he ordered his fortresses to increase readiness and begin stocking up on rice;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197614_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197614-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200552_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200552-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that month, Luwu fell to Dutch forces, who then moved further inland. In February Tiku's men, sent to reinforce the southern kingdoms, reported that there was no longer coherent leadership and that both kingdoms were losing against the Europeans. This convinced Tiku to train more troops and form a nine-member military council, with himself as its leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197616-17_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197616-17-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 1906 the other kingdoms had all fallen, leaving Tiku as the last Torajan lord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197616-17_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197616-17-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch took Rantepao without a struggle, unaware that the city's surrender had been arranged by Tiku. Through a letter, the Dutch commander Captain Kilian told Tiku to surrender, a demand Tiku was unwilling to entertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197618_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197618-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aware of Tiku's gathered forces and numerous fortresses, Kilian did not attempt a direct attack. Instead, in April 1906 he sent an expeditionary party to Tondon. Although the party's approach was not resisted, after nightfall Tiku's troops attacked the Dutch camp in Tondon; this forced the Dutch forces to retreat to Rantepao with Tiku's men in pursuit, suffering numerous casualties along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197619–20_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197619–20-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tiku's military actions were based on the experience he had gained fighting the other lords.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200556_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200556-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch and their mixed <a href="/wiki/Native_Indonesians" title="Native Indonesians">native</a> forces,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the other hand, underestimated Tiku's forces and were unable to cope with the cold weather of the high altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_struggle">Initial struggle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong_Tiku&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Initial struggle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The failed expeditionary force led to open warfare between Tiku, who went into hiding in his fortress at Buntu Batu, and Dutch troops. Tiku kept spies on the Dutch forces at Rantepao. On 22 June they reported that the preceding night a Dutch battalion consisting of roughly 250 men and 500 porters had departed the village, headed south towards Tiku's fortress at Lali' Londong. Tiku ordered the road sabotaged, extending the travel time from one day to five. On the night of 26 June, Tiku's forces attacked the Dutch forces outside of Lali' Londong, an attack for which the Dutch were unprepared; nobody was killed in the attack. The following morning, the Dutch began a siege on Lali' Londong,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197621–26_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197621–26-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">hand grenades</a> and ladders. Unable to deal with the grenades, which the Dutch had not used on the other lords, that afternoon the fortress was captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197627–28_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197627–28-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Luitenant-Generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_TMnr_60039070.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Luitenant-Generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_TMnr_60039070.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Luitenant-Generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_TMnr_60039070.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Luitenant-Generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_TMnr_60039070.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Luitenant-Generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_TMnr_60039070.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Luitenant-Generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_TMnr_60039070.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Luitenant-Generaal_J.B._van_Heutsz_TMnr_60039070.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Governor-General <a href="/wiki/J._B._van_Heutsz" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. van Heutsz">J. B. van Heutsz</a> ordered the Governor of Sulawesi to capture Tiku because of a loss of face the guerrilla caused.</figcaption></figure> <p>This loss led Tiku to reinforce his men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197632_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197632-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Torajan troops were armed with rifles, spears, boulders, swords, and chili pepper extract,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sprayed into enemy eyes with a device called a <i>tirik lada</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">blowgun</a>, to blind them. Tiku himself was armed with a Portuguese rifle, spear, and <i>labo</i>. He wore protective armour, a <i>sepu</i> (crotch guard), and a <a href="/wiki/Songkok/Peci" class="mw-redirect" title="Songkok/Peci">songkok</a> with protrusions in the shape of buffalo horns, and carried a decorated shield. With his soldiers, Tiku dug pits filled with bamboo stakes along Dutch supply routes; those who wandered over the pits would fall in and be impaled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraeger1992218_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraeger1992218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend2003352_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003352-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these were not enough to stop the advancing Dutch. On 17 October 1906, two more fortresses, Bamba Puang and Kotu, fell,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197630_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197630-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after several unsuccessful Dutch attacks since June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197633–36_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197633–36-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the campaign against Tiku, which had already lasted longer than most other campaigns in the occupation, was thought to undermine Dutch authority in Sulawesi, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors-General of the Dutch East Indies">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/J._B._van_Heutsz" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. van Heutsz">J. B. van Heutsz</a> dispatched Governor of Sulawesi Swart to personally lead the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a long siege, Andi Guru and Tiku's former lieutenant Tandi Bunna' – both by then working for the Dutch – approached Tiku on 26 October and offered a cease fire. Although initially unwilling, Tiku was reportedly convinced by civilians who reminded him that his mother – who had died in the siege – needed to be buried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200560_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200560-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three days of peaceful intermingling, on the night of 30 October the Dutch forces took over the fortress, appropriated all weapons, and captured Tiku. He and his soldiers were forced to go to Tondon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197647–50_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197647–50-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_struggle_and_death">Second struggle and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong_Tiku&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second struggle and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Tondon Tiku began preparations for his mother's funeral, preparations which, in Torajan culture, took several months. While taking care of the preparations, he had an advisor collect weapons secretly while another went to his fortresses in Alla' and Ambeso.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197651–52_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197651–52-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiku then made preparations to escape Dutch custody; he also returned all property that he had taken as a lord, as he knew he would no longer use it. While in Tondon, Dutch forces may have harassed the Torajan leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200560_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200560-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The night before his mother's funeral, in January 1907, Tiku and 300 of his followers escaped Tondon, heading south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197654–55_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197654–55-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After he was told that the Dutch had followed him, Tiku ordered most of his followers to return to Tondon while he and a group of fifteen, including his two wives, continued south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197656_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197656-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They first arrived at Ambeso, but the fortress fell several days later, at which time they evacuated to Alla'. This fortress fell at the end of March 1907 and Tiku began to work his way back to Tondon through the forest. He and the other leaders, Buginese and Torajan alike, were chased by Dutch troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197660–61_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197660–61-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other leaders capitulated to the Dutch and were sentenced to either three years in a prison in <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> or exile to <a href="/wiki/Buton" title="Buton">Buton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197662_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197662-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiku, meanwhile, stayed hidden in the forests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197663_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197663-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 June 1907 Tiku and two of his men were caught by the Dutch forces; he was the last guerrilla leader to be caught. After several days in prison,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197664_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197664-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 10 July 1907 Tiku was shot and killed by the Dutch soldiers near the Sa'dan River; some reports have him bathing at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried with the rest of his family in Tondol, while his cousin Tandibua' became the native ruler of Pangala', serving under the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197665–66_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197665–66-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong_Tiku&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Tiku's death, the colonial powers hoped that he would be forgotten, a hope which was not realised;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tandibua' rebelled in 1917, and other local rebellions arose in different areas of Sulawesi until the Dutch withdrawal following the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197665–66_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197665–66-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the occupation, the Japanese forces used Tiku as a symbol of Torajan struggle against colonial aggression, working to unite the people against Europeans. However, this was poorly received in conquered areas such as Baruppu'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke2005199_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke2005199-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sesean, where Tiku was remembered as a man who killed others to steal their wives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkman198527_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkman198527-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tana_Toraja_Regency" title="Tana Toraja Regency">Tana Toraja Regency</a> government declared Tiku a national hero in 1964,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend2003352_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003352-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1970 a monument to him was built on the bank of the Sa'dan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiku was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National Hero of Indonesia</a> with Presidential Decree 073/TK/2002 on 6 November 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndonesian_Social_Ministry,_Daftar_Nama_Pahlawan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndonesian_Social_Ministry,_Daftar_Nama_Pahlawan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the anniversary of Tiku's death, commemorative ceremonies are held in the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from several streets, <a href="/wiki/Pongtiku_Airport" title="Pongtiku Airport">Pongtiku Airport</a> in Tana Toraja is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkman1985166_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkman1985166-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong_Tiku&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Named after their hats, which were red. In the local language, <i>songko<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> means hat and <i>borrong</i> means red.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The native forces mainly consisted of <a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timorese</a> conscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong_Tiku&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraeger1992218-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraeger1992218_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraeger1992218_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraeger1992">Draeger 1992</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19761-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19761_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19762-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19762_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19762_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200543-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200543_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigalke2005">Bigalke 2005</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19763-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19763_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19763_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200527-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200527_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigalke2005">Bigalke 2005</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19764–5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19764–5_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19764–5_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19766-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19766_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19767-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19767_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19768–9-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19768–9_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin19768–9_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200534–35-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200534–35_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigalke2005">Bigalke 2005</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200544-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200544_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200544_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigalke2005">Bigalke 2005</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200557-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200557_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigalke2005">Bigalke 2005</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200551-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200551_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigalke2005">Bigalke 2005</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197610–13-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197610–13_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, pp. 10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200553–54-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200553–54_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigalke2005">Bigalke 2005</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197614-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197614_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197614_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200552-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200552_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200552_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigalke2005">Bigalke 2005</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197616-17-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197616-17_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197616-17_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 16-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197618-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197618_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197619–20-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197619–20_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200556-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200556_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigalke2005">Bigalke 2005</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200558_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigalke2005">Bigalke 2005</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197621–26-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197621–26_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, pp. 21–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197627–28-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197627–28_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197632-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197632_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2006143_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams2006">Adams 2006</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003352-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend2003352_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend2003352_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriend2003">Friend 2003</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197630-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197630_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197633–36-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197633–36_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, pp. 33–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke200560-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200560_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke200560_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigalke2005">Bigalke 2005</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197647–50-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197647–50_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, pp. 47–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197651–52-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197651–52_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197654–55-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197654–55_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197656-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197656_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197660–61-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197660–61_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197662-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197662_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197663-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197663_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197664-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197664_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197665–66-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197665–66_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangdilintin197665–66_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangdilintin1976">Tangdilintin 1976</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigalke2005199-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigalke2005199_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigalke2005">Bigalke 2005</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkman198527-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkman198527_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkman1985">Volkman 1985</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndonesian_Social_Ministry,_Daftar_Nama_Pahlawan-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndonesian_Social_Ministry,_Daftar_Nama_Pahlawan_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIndonesian_Social_Ministry,_Daftar_Nama_Pahlawan">Indonesian Social Ministry, Daftar Nama Pahlawan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolkman1985166-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolkman1985166_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolkman1985">Volkman 1985</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdams2006" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Kathleen M (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9EUn6qoAcnIC"><i>Art As Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism, and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia</i></a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3072-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3072-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-3072-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+As+Politics%3A+Re-crafting+Identities%2C+Tourism%2C+and+Power+in+Tana+Toraja%2C+Indonesia&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3072-4&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9EUn6qoAcnIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong+Tiku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigalke2005" class="citation book cs1">Bigalke, Terance William (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9i9e3j2qPCAC"><i>Tana Toraja: A Social History of an Indonesian People</i></a>. Singapore: Singapore University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-313-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-313-8"><bdi>978-9971-69-313-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tana+Toraja%3A+A+Social+History+of+an+Indonesian+People&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Singapore+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-313-8&rft.aulast=Bigalke&rft.aufirst=Terance+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9i9e3j2qPCAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong+Tiku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndonesian_Social_Ministry,_Daftar_Nama_Pahlawan" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926041614/http://www.depsos.go.id/modules.php?name=Pahlawan&opsi=mulai-2">"Daftar Nama Pahlawan Nasional Republik Indonesia"</a> [List of Names of National Heroes of the Republic of Indonesia]. <i>Awards of the Republic of Indonesia</i> (in Indonesian). Indonesian Social Ministry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depsos.go.id/modules.php?name=Pahlawan&opsi=mulai-2">the original</a> on 26 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Awards+of+the+Republic+of+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Daftar+Nama+Pahlawan+Nasional+Republik+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depsos.go.id%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DPahlawan%26opsi%3Dmulai-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong+Tiku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraeger1992" class="citation book cs1">Draeger, Donn F (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3FLFtThkU0C"><i>Weapons and Fighting Arts of Indonesia</i></a>. Clarendon: Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1716-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1716-5"><bdi>978-0-8048-1716-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+and+Fighting+Arts+of+Indonesia&rft.place=Clarendon&rft.pub=Tuttle&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-1716-5&rft.aulast=Draeger&rft.aufirst=Donn+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3FLFtThkU0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong+Tiku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriend2003" class="citation book cs1">Friend, Theodore (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_w6Mn4xRLt8C"><i>Indonesian Destinies</i></a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01137-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01137-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01137-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Destinies&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01137-3&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_w6Mn4xRLt8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong+Tiku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangdilintin1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tangdilintin, L T (1976). <i>Sejarah Perjuangan Pahlawan Pong Tiku</i> [<i>History of the Hero Pong Tiku's Struggle</i>] (in Indonesian). Rantepao: Lepongan Bulan Tana Toraja. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13501891">13501891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Perjuangan+Pahlawan+Pong+Tiku&rft.place=Rantepao&rft.pub=Lepongan+Bulan+Tana+Toraja&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13501891&rft.aulast=Tangdilintin&rft.aufirst=L+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong+Tiku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkman1985" class="citation book cs1">Volkman, Toby Alice (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4rIoCxx-CMC"><i>Feasts of Honor: Ritual and Change in the Toraja Highlands</i></a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01183-2"><bdi>978-0-252-01183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feasts+of+Honor%3A+Ritual+and+Change+in+the+Toraja+Highlands&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01183-2&rft.aulast=Volkman&rft.aufirst=Toby+Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy4rIoCxx-CMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong+Tiku" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:National_Heroes_of_Indonesia" title="Template:National Heroes of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Heroes_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:National Heroes of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Heroes_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Heroes of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Heroes_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National Heroes of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdoel_Kahar_Moezakir" title="Abdoel Kahar Moezakir">Abdoel Kahar Moezakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Majalengka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Halim Majalengka">Abdul Halim Majalengka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Baswedan" title="Abdurrahman Baswedan">Abdurrahman Baswedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achmad_Soebardjo" title="Achmad Soebardjo">Achmad Soebardjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Malik" title="Adam Malik">Adam Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Kapau_Gani" title="Adnan Kapau Gani">Adnan Kapau Gani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andries_Maramis" title="Alexander Andries Maramis">Alexander Andries Maramis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Djemma" title="Andi Djemma">Andi Djemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Sultan_Daeng_Radja" title="Andi Sultan Daeng Radja">Andi Sultan Daeng Radja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arie_Frederik_Lasut" title="Arie Frederik Lasut">Arie Frederik Lasut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Mononutu" title="Arnold Mononutu">Arnold Mononutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagindo_Azizchan" title="Bagindo Azizchan">Bagindo Azizchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.W._Lapian" class="mw-redirect" title="B.W. Lapian">B.W. Lapian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjilik_Riwut" title="Tjilik Riwut">Tjilik Riwut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djuanda_Kartawidjaja" title="Djuanda Kartawidjaja">Djoeanda Kartawidjaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Douwes_Dekker" title="Ernest Douwes Dekker">Ernest Douwes Dekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lumbantobing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Lumbantobing">Ferdinand Lumbantobing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatot_Mangkoepradja" title="Gatot Mangkoepradja">Gatot Mangkoepradja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_IX" title="Hamengkubuwono IX">Hamengkubuwono IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazairin" title="Hazairin">Hazairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idham_Chalid" title="Idham Chalid">Idham Chalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ide_Anak_Agung_Gde_Agung" title="Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung">Ida Anak Agung Gde Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Joseph_Kasimo_Hendrowahyono" title="Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono">Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ketut_Pudja" title="I Gusti Ketut Pudja">I Gusti Ketut Pudja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwa_Koesoemasoemantri" title="Iwa Koesoemasoemantri">Iwa Koesoemasoemantri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izaak_Huru_Doko" title="Izaak Huru Doko">Izaak Huru Doko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Leimena" title="Johannes Leimena">Johannes Leimena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasman_Singodimedjo" title="Kasman Singodimedjo">Kasman Singodimedjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusumah_Atmaja" title="Kusumah Atmaja">Kusumah Atmaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertus_Nicodemus_Palar" title="Lambertus Nicodemus Palar">Lambertus Nicodemus Palar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskoen_Soemadiredja" title="Maskoen Soemadiredja">Maskoen Soemadiredja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjkur" title="Masjkur">Masjkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Husni_Thamrin" title="Mohammad Husni Thamrin">Mohammad Husni Thamrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Natsir" title="Mohammad Natsir">Mohammad Natsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moewardi" title="Moewardi">Moewardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nani_Wartabone" title="Nani Wartabone">Nani Wartabone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opu_Daeng_Risaju" title="Opu Daeng Risaju">Opu Daeng Risaju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto_Iskandar_di_Nata" title="Oto Iskandar di Nata">Oto Iskandar di Nata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_Noor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Mohammad Noor">P. M. Noor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiman_Wediodiningrat" title="Rajiman Wediodiningrat">Rajiman Wediodiningrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasuna_Said" title="Rasuna Said">Rasuna Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahardjo" title="Sahardjo">Sahardjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ratulangi" title="Sam Ratulangi">Sam Ratulangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanhudi" title="Samanhudi">Samanhudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soekarni" class="mw-redirect" title="Soekarni">Soekarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarjo_Wiryopranoto" title="Sukarjo Wiryopranoto">Sukarjo Wiryopranoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supeno" title="Supeno">Supeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soepomo" title="Soepomo">Soepomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soeroso" title="Soeroso">Soeroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ario_Soerjo" title="Ario Soerjo">Ario Soerjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soerjopranoto" title="Soerjopranoto">Soerjopranoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutan_Mohammad_Amin_Nasution" title="Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution">Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir" title="Sutan Sjahrir">Sutan Sjahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjafruddin_Prawiranegara" title="Sjafruddin Prawiranegara">Sjafruddin Prawiranegara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Malaka" title="Tan Malaka">Tan Malaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuku_Muhammad_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Teuku Muhammad Hasan">Teuku Muhammad Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuku_Nyak_Arif" title="Teuku Nyak Arif">Teuku Nyak Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oemar_Said_Tjokroaminoto" title="Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto">Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahid_Hasyim" title="Wahid Hasyim">Wahid Hasyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainul_Arifin" title="Zainul Arifin">Zainul Arifin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haris_Nasution" title="Abdul Haris Nasution">Abdul Haris Nasution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Saleh_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman Saleh (physician)">Abdul Rahman Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agustinus_Adisucipto" class="mw-redirect" title="Agustinus Adisucipto">Adisucipto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Abdullah_Bau_Massepe" title="Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe">Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuki_Rahmat" title="Basuki Rahmat">Basuki Rahmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djamin_Ginting" title="Djamin Ginting">Djamin Ginting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djatikoesoemo" title="Djatikoesoemo">Djatikoesoemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatot_Soebroto" title="Gatot Soebroto">Gatot Soebroto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halim_Perdanakusuma" title="Halim Perdanakusuma">Halim Perdanakusuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_Thohir" title="Harun Thohir">Harun Thohir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Basry" title="Hasan Basry">Hasan Basry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iswahyudi" title="Iswahyudi">Iswahyudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ngurah_Rai" title="I Gusti Ngurah Rai">I Gusti Ngurah Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahja_Daniel_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahja Daniel Dharma">John Lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keumalahayati" title="Keumalahayati">Keumalahayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Martadinata" title="Eddy Martadinata">R. E. Martadinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas_Isman" title="Mas Isman">Mas Isman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moestopo" title="Moestopo">Moestopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mangundiprojo" title="Muhammad Mangundiprojo">Muhammad Mangundiprojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yasin" title="Muhammad Yasin">Muhammad Yasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noer_Alie" title="Noer Alie">Noer Alie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oerip_Soemohardjo" title="Oerip Soemohardjo">Oerip Soemohardjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slamet_Rijadi" title="Slamet Rijadi">Slamet Rijadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Soekanto_Tjokrodiatmodjo" title="Said Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo">Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudirman" title="Sudirman">Sudirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supriyadi" title="Supriyadi">Supriyadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutomo" title="Sutomo">Sutomo (Bung Tomo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syam%27un" title="Syam'un">Syam'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._B._Simatupang" title="T. B. Simatupang">T. B. Simatupang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janatin" class="mw-redirect" title="Janatin">Usman Janatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wolter_Mongisidi" title="Robert Wolter Mongisidi">Robert Wolter Mongisidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yos_Sudarso" title="Yos Sudarso">Yos Sudarso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatmawati" title="Fatmawati">Fatmawati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Yani" title="Ahmad Yani">Ahmad Yani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Satsuit_Tubun" title="Karel Satsuit Tubun">Karel Satsuit Tubun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas_Tirtodarmo_Haryono" title="Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono">Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katamso_Darmokusumo" title="Katamso Darmokusumo">Katamso Darmokusumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Izacus_Pandjaitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Izacus Pandjaitan">Donald Izacus Pandjaitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tendean" title="Pierre Tendean">Pierre Tendean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siswondo_Parman" title="Siswondo Parman">Siswondo Parman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugiyono_Mangunwiyoto" title="Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto">Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soeprapto_(general)" title="Soeprapto (general)">Suprapto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutoyo_Siswomiharjo" title="Sutoyo Siswomiharjo">Sutoyo Siswomiharjo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alimin" title="Alimin">Alimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soetomo" title="Soetomo">Dr. Soetomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjipto_Mangoenkoesoemo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo">Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahidin_Soedirohoesodo" title="Wahidin Soedirohoesodo">Wahidin Soedirohoesodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Muis" title="Abdul Muis">Abdoel Moeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agus_Salim" title="Agus Salim">Agus Salim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Hamzah" title="Amir Hamzah">Amir Hamzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yamin" title="Mohammad Yamin">Mohammad Yamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ali_Haji" title="Raja Ali Haji">Raja Ali Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Marzuki" title="Ismail Marzuki">Ismail Marzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_Rudolf_Supratman" title="Wage Rudolf Supratman">Wage Rudolf Supratman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usmar_Ismail" title="Usmar Ismail">Usmar Ismail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sartika" title="Dewi Sartika">Dewi Sartika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Johannes" title="Herman Johannes">Herman Johannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini">Kartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Hajar_Dewantara" title="Ki Hajar Dewantara">Ki Hajar Dewantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Sarmidi_Mangunsarkoro" title="Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro">Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Walanda_Maramis" title="Maria Walanda Maramis">Maria Walanda Maramis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Kaisiepo" title="Frans Kaisiepo">Frans Kaisiepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Abraham_Dimara" title="Johannes Abraham Dimara">Johannes Abraham Dimara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marthen_Indey" title="Marthen Indey">Marthen Indey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajonga_Daeng_Ngalie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajonga Daeng Ngalie">Pajonga Daeng Ngalie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Papare" title="Silas Papare">Silas Papare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syarif_Kasim_II" title="Syarif Kasim II">Syarif Kasim II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Press</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Yakoub" title="Ilyas Yakoub">Ilyas Yakoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Tabrani" title="Mohammad Tabrani">Mohammad Tabrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhana_Kuddus" title="Ruhana Kuddus">Ruhana Kuddus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirto_Adhi_Soerjo" title="Tirto Adhi Soerjo">Tirto Adhi Soerjo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suharso" title="Suharso">Suharso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siti_Hartinah" title="Siti Hartinah">Siti Hartinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus_Zakaria_Johannes" title="Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes">Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Chalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Chalim (page does not exist)">Abdul Chalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wahab_Hasbullah" title="Abdul Wahab Hasbullah">Abdul Wahab Hasbullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Dahlan">Ahmad Dahlan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Hanafiah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Hanafiah (page does not exist)">Ahmad Hanafiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanusi" title="Ahmad Sanusi">Ahmad Sanusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As%27ad_Syamsul_Arifin" title="As'ad Syamsul Arifin">As'ad Syamsul Arifin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Soegijapranata" title="Albertus Soegijapranata">Albertus Soegijapranata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ki_Bagus_Hadikusumo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ki Bagus Hadikusumo (page does not exist)">Bagoes Hadikoesoemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KH_Fakhruddin" title="KH Fakhruddin">Fakhruddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamka" title="Hamka">Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasyim_Asy%27ari" title="Hasyim Asy'ari">Hasyim Asy'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafran_Pane" title="Lafran Pane">Lafran Pane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas_Mansoer" title="Mas Mansoer">Mas Mansoer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyai_Ahmad_Dahlan" title="Nyai Ahmad Dahlan">Nyai Ahmad Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Struggle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kadir_Raden_Temenggung_Setia_Pahlawan" title="Abdul Kadir Raden Temenggung Setia Pahlawan">Abdul Kadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achmad_Rifa%27i" title="Achmad Rifa'i">Achmad Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtayasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirtayasa">Ageng Tirtayasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Depu" title="Andi Depu">Andi Depu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Mappanyukki" title="Andi Mappanyukki">Andi Mappanyukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Wangsakara" title="Aria Wangsakara">Aria Wangsakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Antasari" title="Prince Antasari">Prince Antasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung_of_Mataram" title="Sultan Agung of Mataram">Sultan Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babullah_of_Ternate" title="Babullah of Ternate">Sultan Babullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataha_Santiago" title="Bataha Santiago">Bataha Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teungku_Chik_di_Tiro" title="Teungku Chik di Tiro">Teungku Chik di Tiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_Nyak_Dhien" title="Cut Nyak Dhien">Cut Nyak Dhien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_Nyak_Meutia" title="Cut Nyak Meutia">Cut Nyak Meutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Haji_Fisabilillah" title="Raja Haji Fisabilillah">Raja Haji Fisabilillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_I" title="Hamengkubuwono I">Hamengkubuwono I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanuddin_of_Gowa" title="Hasanuddin of Gowa">Hasanuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol" title="Tuanku Imam Bonjol">Tuanku Imam Bonjol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Muda" title="Iskandar Muda">Iskandar Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ketut_Jelantik" title="I Gusti Ketut Jelantik">I Gusti Ketut Jelantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ngurah_Made_Agung" title="I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung">I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiras_Bangun" title="Kiras Bangun">Kiras Bangun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Maddukelleng" title="La Maddukelleng">La Maddukelleng</a></li> <li><a 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Tiku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raden_Mattaher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raden Mattaher (page does not exist)">Raden Mattaher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radin_Inten_II" title="Radin Inten II">Radin Inten II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranggong_Daeng_Romo" title="Ranggong Daeng Romo">Ranggong Daeng Romo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratu_Kalinyamat" title="Ratu Kalinyamat">Ratu Kalinyamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisingamangaraja_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisingamangaraja XII">Sisingamangaraja XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Yusuf" title="Sheikh Yusuf">Syech Yusuf Tajul Khalwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Tambusai" title="Tuanku Tambusai">Tuanku Tambusai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuku_Umar" title="Teuku Umar">Teuku Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaha_Syaifuddin" title="Thaha Syaifuddin">Thaha Syaifuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untung_Surapati" title="Untung Surapati">Untung Surapati</a></li> <li><a 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