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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Introduction to the Critique of Judgement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_to_the_Critique_of_Judgement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetic_Judgement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetic_Judgement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aesthetic Judgement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetic_Judgement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teleology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teleology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Teleology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teleology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schopenhauer's_comments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schopenhauer's_comments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Schopenhauer's comments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schopenhauer's_comments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BChakim%C9%99_qabiliyy%C9%99tinin_t%C9%99nqidi" title="Mühakimə qabiliyyətinin tənqidi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mühakimə qabiliyyətinin tənqidi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_del_judici" title="Crítica del judici – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crítica del judici" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_der_Urteilskraft" title="Kritik der Urteilskraft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kritik der Urteilskraft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otsustusv%C3%B5ime_kriitika" title="Otsustusvõime kriitika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Otsustusvõime kriitika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_del_juicio" title="Crítica del juicio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crítica del juicio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritiko_de_la_ju%C4%9Do" title="Kritiko de la juĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kritiko de la juĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85" title="نقد قوه حکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقد قوه حکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_de_la_facult%C3%A9_de_juger" title="Critique de la faculté de juger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Critique de la faculté de juger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%90%EB%8B%A8%EB%A0%A5%EB%B9%84%ED%8C%90" title="판단력비판 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="판단력비판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critica_del_giudizio" title="Critica del giudizio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Critica del giudizio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98" title="ביקורת כוח השיפוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביקורת כוח השיפוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critica_facultatis_iudicandi" title="Critica facultatis iudicandi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Critica facultatis iudicandi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_der_Urteilskraft" title="Kritik der Urteilskraft – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kritik der Urteilskraft" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%E5%8A%9B%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4" title="判断力批判 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="判断力批判" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritikk_av_d%C3%B8mmekraften" title="Kritikk av dømmekraften – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kritikk av dømmekraften" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critica_de_la_facultat_de_jutjar" title="Critica de la facultat de jutjar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Critica de la facultat de jutjar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_do_Julgamento" title="Crítica do Julgamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crítica do Julgamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Критика способности суждения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Критика способности суждения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvostelukyvyn_kritiikki" title="Arvostelukyvyn kritiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" 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padding-bottom:0.2em;">Critique of Judgment <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critique+of+Judgment&rft.author=%5B%5BImmanuel+Kant%5D%5D&rft.place=Germany"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Critique_of_Judgment,_German_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Critique_of_Judgment%2C_German_title_page.jpg/200px-Critique_of_Judgment%2C_German_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Critique_of_Judgment%2C_German_title_page.jpg/300px-Critique_of_Judgment%2C_German_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Critique_of_Judgment%2C_German_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Title page of the 1790 original work</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Critik der Urtheilskraft <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic"><sup>a</sup></span></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subjects</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">1790</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"><sup>a</sup> <i>Kritik der Urteilskraft</i> in <a href="/wiki/Modern_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern German">modern German</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Immanuel_Kant" title="Category:Immanuel Kant">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immanuel Kant"><img alt="Immanuel Kant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/200px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/300px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/400px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1802" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.7em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)">Major works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to<wbr /> Any Future Metaphysics</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_Enlightenment%3F" title="What Is Enlightenment?">Answering the<wbr /> Question: What Is Enlightenment?</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysic_of_Morals" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Critique of Judgment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religion_within_the_Bounds_of_Bare_Reason" title="Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason">Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Metaphysics_of_Morals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metaphysics of Morals">The Metaphysics of Morals</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_a_Supposed_Right_to_Tell_Lies_from_Benevolent_Motives" title="On a Supposed Right to Tell Lies from Benevolent Motives">On a Supposed Right to Tell Lies from<wbr /> Benevolent Motives</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Postumum" title="Opus Postumum">Opus Postumum</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.7em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_philosophy" title="Critical philosophy">Critical philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing-in-itself" title="Thing-in-itself">Thing-in-itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_(Kant)" title="Schema (Kant)">Schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noumenon" title="Noumenon">Noumenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_(Kant)" title="Category (Kant)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorical_imperative" title="Categorical imperative">Categorical imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_imperative" title="Hypothetical imperative">Hypothetical imperative</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ends" title="Kingdom of Ends">Kingdom of Ends</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%27s_teleology" title="Kant's teleology">Teleology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.7em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">J. G. Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_Jacobi" title="Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi">F. H. Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.7em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Immanuel_Kant" title="Category:Immanuel Kant">Category</a> • <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Critique of Judgment</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kritik der Urteilskraft</i>), also translated as the <i><b>Critique of the Power of Judgment</b></i>, is a 1790 book by the German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>. Sometimes referred to as the "third critique", the <i>Critique of Judgment</i> follows the <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> (1781) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a></i> (1788). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s <i>Critique of Judgment</i> is the third critique in Kant's Critical project begun in the <i>Critique of Pure Reason</i> and the <i>Critique of Practical Reason</i> (the <i>First</i> and <i>Second Critiques</i>, respectively). The book is divided into two main sections: the <i>Critique of Aesthetic Judgment</i> and the <i>Critique of Teleological Judgment</i>, and also includes a large overview of the entirety of Kant's Critical system, arranged in its final form. The so-called <i>First Introduction</i> was not published during Kant's lifetime, for Kant wrote a replacement for publication. </p><p>The Critical project, that of exploring the limits and conditions of knowledge, had already produced the <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i>, in which Kant argued for a <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason#Transcendental_Aesthetic" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Transcendental Aesthetic</a>, an approach to the problems of perception in which <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> are argued not to be objects. The First Critique argues that space and time provide ways in which the observing subject's mind organizes and structures the sensory world. The end result of this inquiry in the First Critique is that there are certain fundamental <a href="/wiki/Antinomy" title="Antinomy">antinomies</a> in the dialectical use of Reason, most particularly that there is a complete inability to favor on the one hand the argument that all behavior and thought is determined by external causes, and on the other that there is an actual "spontaneous" causal principle at work in human behavior. </p><p>The first position, of causal determinism, is adopted, in Kant's view, by empirical scientists of all sorts; moreover, it led to the Idea (perhaps never fully to be realized) of a final science in which all empirical knowledge could be synthesized into a full and complete causal explanation of all events possible to the world. </p><p>The second position, of spontaneous causality, is implicitly adopted by all people as they engage in moral behavior; this position is explored more fully in the <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a></i>. </p><p>The <i>Critique of Judgment</i> constitutes a discussion of the place of Judgment itself, which must overlap both the Understanding ("Verstand") (whichsoever operates from within a deterministic framework) and Reason ("Vernunft") (which operates on the grounds of freedom). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction_to_the_Critique_of_Judgement">Introduction to the Critique of Judgement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Introduction to the Critique of Judgement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first part of Kant's Critique of Aesthetic Judgement presents what Kant calls the four moments of the "Judgement of <a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a>". These are given by Kant in sequence as the (1) First Moment. Of the Judgement of Taste: Moment of Quality"; (2) Second Moment. Of the Judgement of Taste: Moment of Quantity"; (3) Third Moment: Of Judgement of Taste: Moment of the Relation of the ends brought under Review in such Judgements"; and (4) Fourth Moment: Of the Judgement of Taste: Moment of the Modality of the Delight in the Object". After the presentation of the four moments of the Judgement of Taste, Kant then begins his discussion of Book 2 of the Third Critique titled <i>Analytic of the Sublime</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aesthetic_Judgement">Aesthetic Judgement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aesthetic Judgement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first part of the book discusses the four possible <i><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic judgment">aesthetic reflective judgments</a></i>: the agreeable, the <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beautiful</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Goodness_and_value_theory#Kant:_hypothetical_and_categorical_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodness and value theory">good</a>. Kant makes it clear that these are the only four possible reflective judgments, as he relates them to the Table of Judgments from the <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i>. </p><p>"Reflective judgments" differ from determinative judgments (those of the first two critiques). In reflective judgment we seek to find unknown universals for given particulars; whereas in determinative judgment, we just subsume given particulars under universals that are already known, as Kant puts it: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is then one thing to say, "the production of certain things of nature or that of collective nature is only possible through a cause which determines itself to action according to design"; and quite another to say, "I can according to the peculiar constitution of my cognitive faculties judge concerning the possibility of these things and their production, in no other fashion than by conceiving for this a cause working according to design, i.e. a Being which is productive in a way analogous to the causality of an intelligence." In the former case I wish to establish something concerning the Object, and am bound to establish the objective reality of an assumed concept; in the latter, Reason only determines the use of my cognitive faculties, conformably to their peculiarities and to the essential conditions of their range and their limits. Thus the former principle is an objective proposition for the determinant Judgment, the latter merely a subjective proposition for the reflective Judgment, i.e. a maxim which Reason prescribes to it.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The agreeable is a purely sensory judgment — judgments in the form of "This steak is good," or "This chair is soft." These are purely subjective judgments, based on inclination alone. </p><p>The good is essentially a judgment that something is <a href="/wiki/Ethical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical">ethical</a> — the judgment that something conforms with moral law, which, in the Kantian sense, is essentially a claim of modality — a coherence with a fixed and absolute notion of reason. It is in many ways the absolute opposite of the agreeable, in that it is a purely objective judgment — things are either moral or they are not, according to Kant. </p><p>The remaining two judgments — the beautiful and the sublime — differ from both the agreeable and the good. They are what Kant refers to as "subjective universal" judgments. This apparently oxymoronic term means that, in practice, the judgments are subjective, and are not tied to any absolute and determinate concept. However, the judgment that something is beautiful or sublime is made with the belief that other people ought to agree with this judgment — even though it is known that many will not. The force of this "ought" comes from a reference to a <i><a href="/wiki/Sensus_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensus communis">sensus communis</a></i> — a community of taste. <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, in her <i>Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy</i>, suggests the possibility that this <i>sensus communis</i> might be the basis of a political theory that is markedly different from the one that Kant lays out in the <i><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysic_of_Morals" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals">Metaphysic of Morals</a></i>. </p><p>The central concept of Kant's analysis of the judgment of beauty is what he called the ″free play″ between the cognitive powers of imagination and understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We call an object beautiful, because its form fits our cognitive powers and enables such a ″free play″ (§22) the experience of which is pleasurable to us. The judgment that something is beautiful is a claim that it possesses the "form of finality" — that is, that it appears to have been designed with a purpose, even though it does not have any apparent practical function. We also do not need to have a determinate concept for an object in order to find it beautiful (§9). In this regard, Kant further distinguishes between <i>free</i> and <i>adherent</i> beauty. Whereas judgments of <i>free beauty</i> are made without having one determinate concept for the object being judged (e.g. an ornament or well-formed line), a judgment of beauty is <i>adherent</i> if we do have such a determined concept in mind (e.g. a well-built horse that is recognized as such). The main difference between these two judgments is that purpose or use of the object plays no role in the case of free beauty. In contrast, adherent judgments of beauty are only possible if the object is not ill-suited for its purpose. </p><p>The judgment that something is sublime is a judgment that it is beyond the limits of comprehension — that it is an object of fear. However, Kant makes clear that the object must not actually be threatening — it merely must be recognized as deserving of fear. </p><p>Kant's view of the beautiful and the sublime is frequently read as an attempt to resolve one of the problems left following his depiction of moral law in the <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a></i> — namely that it is impossible to prove that we have <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, and thus impossible to prove that we are bound under <a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">moral law</a>. The beautiful and the sublime both seem to refer to some external <a href="/wiki/Noumenon" title="Noumenon">noumenal</a> order — and thus to the possibility of a noumenal self that possesses free will. </p><p>In this section of the critique Kant also establishes a faculty of mind that is in many ways the inverse of judgment — the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">genius</a>. Whereas judgment allows one to determine whether something is beautiful or sublime, genius allows one to produce what is beautiful or sublime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teleology">Teleology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teleology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kant%27s_teleology" title="Kant's teleology">Kant's teleology</a></div> <p>The second half of the <i>Critique</i> discusses <b><a href="/wiki/Teleological" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleological">teleological</a> judgement</b>. This way of judging things according to their ends (<i>telos</i>: <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> for end) is logically connected to the first discussion at least regarding beauty but suggests a kind of (self-) purposiveness (that is, meaningfulness known by one's self). </p><p>Kant writes about the <a href="/wiki/Teleonomy" title="Teleonomy">biological as teleological</a>, claiming that there are things, such as living beings, whose parts exist for the sake of their whole and their whole for the sake of their parts. This allows him to open a gap in the physical world: since these "organic" things cannot be brought under the rules that apply to all other appearances, what are we to do with them? </p><p>Kant says explicitly that while efficiently causal explanations are always best (x causes y, y is the effect of x), it is absurd to hope for "another <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>" who could explain a blade of grass without invoking teleology, and so the organic must be explained "as if" it were constituted as teleological.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This portion of the Critique is, from some modern theories, where Kant is most radical; he posits man as the ultimate end, that is, that all other forms of nature exist for the purpose of their relation to man, directly or not, and that man is left outside of this due to his faculty of reason. Kant claims that culture becomes the expression of this, that it is the highest teleological end, as it is the only expression of human freedom outside of the laws of nature. Man also garners the place as the highest teleological end due to his capacity for morality, or practical reason, which falls in line with the ethical system that Kant proposes in the <i>Critique of Practical Reason </i>and the <i>Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals</i>. </p><p>Kant attempted to legitimize purposive categories in the life sciences, without a theological commitment. He recognized the concept of purpose has epistemological value for finality, while denying its implications about creative intentions at life and the universe's source. Kant described natural purposes as organized beings, meaning that the <a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">principle of knowledge</a> presupposes living creatures as purposive entities. He called this supposition the finality concept as a <a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">regulative use</a>, which satisfies living beings specificity of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This heuristic framework claims there is a teleology principle at purpose's source and it is the mechanical devices of the individual original organism, including its heredity. Such entities appear to be <a href="/wiki/Self-organizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-organizing">self-organizing</a> in patterns. Kant's ideas allowed <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a> and his followers to formulate the science of types (morphology) and to justify its autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kant held that there was no purpose represented in the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic judgement">aesthetic judgement</a> of an object's <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>. A pure aesthetic judgement excludes the object's purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Kant consistently maintains that the human mind is not an "<a href="/wiki/Intuitive_understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuitive understanding">intuitive understanding</a>"—something that creates the phenomena which it cognizes—several of his readers (starting with <a href="/wiki/Fichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Fichte">Fichte</a>, culminating in <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a>) believed that it must be (and often give Kant credit). </p><p>Kant's discussions of <a href="/wiki/Schema_(Kant)" title="Schema (Kant)">schema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> late in the first half of the <i>Critique of Judgement</i> also raise questions about the way the mind represents its objects to itself, and so are foundational for an understanding of the development of much late 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental philosophy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> is known to have studied the book extensively. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Method" title="Truth and Method">Truth and Method</a></i> (1960), <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a> rejects Kantian aesthetics as ahistorical in his development of a historically-grounded <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schopenhauer's_comments"><span id="Schopenhauer.27s_comments"></span>Schopenhauer's comments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Schopenhauer's comments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a> noted that Kant was concerned with the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract concept">abstract concepts</a>, rather than with <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceived</a> objects. "...he does not start from the beautiful itself, from the direct, beautiful object of perception, but from the <i>judgement</i> [someone’s statement] concerning the beautiful...."<sup id="cite_ref-Schopenhauer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schopenhauer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kant was strongly interested, in all of his critiques, with the relation between mental operations and external objects. "His attention is specially aroused by the circumstance that such a judgement is obviously the expression of something occurring in the subject, but is nevertheless as universally valid as if it concerned a quality of the object. It is this that struck him, not the beautiful itself."<sup id="cite_ref-Schopenhauer_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schopenhauer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book's form is the result of concluding that beauty can be explained by examining the concept of <i>suitableness</i>. Schopenhauer stated that "[T]hus we have the queer combination of the knowledge of the beautiful with that of the suitableness of natural bodies into <i>one</i> faculty of knowledge called <i>power of judgement</i>, and the treatment of the two heterogeneous subjects in one book."<sup id="cite_ref-Schopenhauer_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schopenhauer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kant is inconsistent, according to Schopenhauer, because "...after it had been incessantly repeated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> that the understanding is the ability to judge, and after the forms of its judgements are made the foundation–stone of all philosophy, a quite peculiar power of judgement now appears which is entirely different from that ability."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to teleological judgement, Schopenhauer claimed that Kant tried to say only this: "...although organized bodies necessarily seem to us as though they were constructed according to a conception of purpose which preceded them, this still does not justify us in assuming it to be objectively the case."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in accordance with Kant's usual concern with the correspondence between subjectivity (the way that we think) and objectivity (the external world). Our minds want to think that natural bodies were made by a purposeful intelligence, like ours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lessons_on_the_Analytic_of_the_Sublime" title="Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime">Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Differend" title="The Differend">The Differend</a></i></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>People</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Topics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_distance" title="Aesthetic distance">Aesthetic distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer%27s_criticism_of_Kant%27s_schemata" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer's criticism of Kant's schemata">Schopenhauer's criticism of Kant's schemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer%27s_criticism_of_the_Kantian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer's criticism of the Kantian philosophy">Schopenhauer's criticism of the Kantian philosophy</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kant, Critique of Judgment, section 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Guyer, Paul (2005). <i>Values of Beauty</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Values+of+Beauty&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Guyer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+Judgment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassirer2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Cassirer" title="Heinz Cassirer">Cassirer, H. W.</a> (2020-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASfxDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Commentary on Kant's Critique of Judgement</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-15649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-15649-2"><bdi>978-1-000-15649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Kant%27s+Critique+of+Judgement&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft.isbn=978-1-000-15649-2&rft.aulast=Cassirer&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASfxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+Judgment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Use as a regulative principle contrasts to that of a <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(learning_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivism (learning theory)">constructive principle</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuneman2007" class="citation book cs1">Huneman, Philippe (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingpur00hune"><i>Understanding Purpose</i></a></span>. University of Rochester Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingpur00hune/page/n11">1</a>–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-265-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-265-5"><bdi>978-1-58046-265-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Purpose&rft.pages=1-37&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-265-5&rft.aulast=Huneman&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingpur00hune&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+Judgment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopleston1960" class="citation book cs1">Copleston, Frederick (1960). <i>A history of philosophy: the enlightenment Voltaire to Kant, Volume 6</i>. Continuum. pp. 360–361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826469477" title="Special:BookSources/0826469477"><bdi>0826469477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+philosophy%3A+the+enlightenment+Voltaire+to+Kant%2C+Volume+6&rft.pages=360-361&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0826469477&rft.aulast=Copleston&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+Judgment" class="Z3988"></span>"Beauty is the form of the purposefulness of an object, so far as this is perceived without any representation of a purpose."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadamer1960" class="citation book cs1">Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1960). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truthmethod00gada"><i>Truth and Method</i></a></span> (2002 ed.). Continuum. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truthmethod00gada/page/n70">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/082647697X" title="Special:BookSources/082647697X"><bdi>082647697X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Method&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=2002&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=082647697X&rft.aulast=Gadamer&rft.aufirst=Hans-Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftruthmethod00gada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+Judgment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavey2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davey, Nicholas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gadamer-aesthetics/">"Gadamer's Aesthetics"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gadamer%27s+Aesthetics&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fgadamer-aesthetics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+Judgment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorstal2010" class="citation web cs1">Dorstal, Robert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/24338-gadamer-and-the-legacy-of-german-idealism/">"Review: Gadamer and the Legacy of German Idealism by Kristin Gjesdal"</a>. <i>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews</i>. University of Notre Dame.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Philosophical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Gadamer+and+the+Legacy+of+German+Idealism+by+Kristin+Gjesdal&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Dorstal&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Fnews%2F24338-gadamer-and-the-legacy-of-german-idealism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+Judgment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schopenhauer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schopenhauer_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schopenhauer_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schopenhauer_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i>, Vol. I, Appendix, p. 531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i>, Vol. I, Appendix, p 531 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i>, Vol. I, Appendix, p. 532</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Immanuel Kant, <i>Critique of Judgment</i>, Translated by J. H. Bernard, New York: Hafner Publishing, 1951. (Original publication date 1892)</li> <li>Immanuel Kant, <i>Critique of Judgement</i>, Translated by James Creed Meredith, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007 (original publication date 1952), Oxford World's Classics. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280617-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280617-8">978-0-19-280617-8</a>. Among the reprints of this translation, in volume 42 of <a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a></li> <li>Immanuel Kant, <i>Critique of Judgement</i>, Translated by Werner S. Pluhar, Hackett Publishing Co., 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-025-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-025-6">0-87220-025-6</a></li> <li>Immanuel Kant, <i>Critique of the Power of Judgment</i>, Edited by Paul Guyer, translated by Paul Guyer and Eric Mathews, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34447-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34447-6">0-521-34447-6</a></li> <li>Immanuel Kant, <i>Kritik der Urteilskraft</i>, ed. by Heiner F. Klemme, Felix Meiner Verlag, 2006.</li> <li>Arthur Schopenhauer, <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i>, Volume I, Dover Publications, 1969, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21761-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21761-2">0-486-21761-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sophie Forst. “‘Ideale Gemeinschaft’ oder ‘Fesseln der Tradition’? Immanuel Kants Konzeption der Urteilskraft und ihre Kritik durch die Hermeneutik”. In: Limina: Natur – Politik. Verhandlungen von Grenz- und Schwellenphänomenen in der Vormoderne. Edited by Annika von Lüpke, Tabea Strohschneider and Oliver Bach. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Verlag 2019, pp. 357-374. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110605389-017/html">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110605389-017/html</a>).</li> <li>Doran, Robert. <i>The Theory of the Sublime from Longinus to Kant</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959033482">959033482</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_Judgment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Critique_of_Judgment" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Critique of Judgment"><i>Critique of Judgment</i></a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/311398/Immanuel-Kant/27124/The-Critique-of-Judgment"><i>Critique of Judgment</i></a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.unimi.it/~it_kant/">Immanuel Kant in Italy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/ksp1/KSP9.html">"Kant's System of Judicial Perspectives"</a>, Chapter IX of Stephen Palmquist, <i>Kant's System of Perspectives</i> (1993)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.unimi.it/~it_kant/it_attualita.htm">The fourth Critique</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204103223/http://users.unimi.it/~it_kant/it_attualita.htm">Archived</a> 2008-12-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Italian writings about Kant's "fourth" Critique <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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