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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <p><b>Historical particularism</b> (coined by Marvin Harris in 1968)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is widely considered the first American <a href="/wiki/Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">anthropological</a> school of thought. </p><p>Closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boasian_anthropology" title="Boasian anthropology">Boasian approach to anthropology</a>, historical particularism rejected the <a href="/wiki/Classical_social_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical social evolutionism">cultural evolutionary model</a> that had dominated anthropology until Boas. It argued that each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past. Boas rejected parallel evolutionism, the idea that all societies are on the same path and have reached their specific level of development the same way all other societies have.<sup id="cite_ref-methods_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, historical particularism showed that societies could reach the same level of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural development">cultural development</a> through different paths.<sup id="cite_ref-methods_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boas suggested that diffusion, trade, corresponding environment, and historical accident may create similar cultural traits.<sup id="cite_ref-methods_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three traits, as suggested by Boas, are used to explain cultural customs: environmental conditions, psychological factors, and historical connections, history being the most important (hence the school's name).<sup id="cite_ref-methods_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics of historical particularism argue that it is <a href="/wiki/Antipositivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipositivist">anti-theoretical</a> because it doesn't seek to make universal theories, applicable to all the world's cultures. Boas believed that theories would arise spontaneously once enough data was collected. This school of anthropological thought was the first to be uniquely American and Boas (his school of thought included) was, arguably, the most influential anthropological thinker in American history. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_particularism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Marvin: <i>The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture</i>. 1968. (Reissued 2001) New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-methods-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-methods_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-methods_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-methods_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-methods_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoas1920" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Boas, Franz</a> (December 1920). "The Methods of Ethnology". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 311–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1920.22.4.02a00020">10.1525/aa.1920.22.4.02a00020</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/660328">660328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Methods+of+Ethnology&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=311-321&rft.date=1920-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1920.22.4.02a00020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F660328%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+particularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_particularism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun,_Craig_J.2002" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, Craig J., ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfISGq3aB2UC&pg=PA212">"historical particularism"</a>. <i>Dictionary of the social sciences</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512371-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512371-5"><bdi>978-0-19-512371-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=historical+particularism&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+social+sciences&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512371-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfISGq3aB2UC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+particularism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCard,_Claudia1996" class="citation book cs1">Card, Claudia (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rN-SgyCn7KoC&pg=PA10"><i>The unnatural lottery: character and moral luck</i></a>. Temple University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-453-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-453-6"><bdi>978-1-56639-453-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+unnatural+lottery%3A+character+and+moral+luck&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-453-6&rft.au=Card%2C+Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrN-SgyCn7KoC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+particularism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarnell,_Regna2001" class="citation book cs1">Darnell, Regna (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwqYG0VJC7UC&pg=PA34"><i>Invisible genealogies: a history of Americanist anthropology</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6629-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6629-2"><bdi>978-0-8032-6629-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invisible+genealogies%3A+a+history+of+Americanist+anthropology&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6629-2&rft.au=Darnell%2C+Regna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwqYG0VJC7UC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+particularism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson,_Stephen_K.1997" class="citation book cs1">Sanderson, Stephen K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5dkKYyHclwC&pg=PA237">"Historical particularism"</a>. In Barfield, Thomas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781577180579/page/237"><i>The dictionary of anthropology</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781577180579/page/237">237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-057-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-057-9"><bdi>978-1-57718-057-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+particularism&rft.btitle=The+dictionary+of+anthropology&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57718-057-9&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+Stephen+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV5dkKYyHclwC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+particularism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_particularism&oldid=1183682085">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_particularism&oldid=1183682085</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_particularism&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="2601:5C0:C380:200:6CDA:B13B:B06C:33C0" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1699220528"> <span>Last edited on 5 November 2023, at 21:42</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particularismo_hist%C3%B3rico" title="Particularismo histórico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Particularismo histórico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%81_%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="역사적 특수주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역사적 특수주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturni_partikularizam" title="Kulturni partikularizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kulturni partikularizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisch_particularisme" title="Historisch particularisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Historisch particularisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihsel_tikelcilik" title="Tarihsel tikelcilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tarihsel tikelcilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E8%AB%96" title="歷史特殊論 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歷史特殊論" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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