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il colore del testo" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aspetto" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspetto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Aritmetica" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Aritmetica" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>entra</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Altre opzioni" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti personali" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti personali</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>entra</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aritmetica_decimale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aritmetica_decimale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aritmetica decimale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aritmetica_decimale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operazioni_aritmetiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operazioni_aritmetiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operazioni aritmetiche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operazioni_aritmetiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teoria_dei_numeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teoria_dei_numeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Teoria dei numeri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teoria_dei_numeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insegnamento_dell'aritmetica_nella_scuola_italiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insegnamento_dell'aritmetica_nella_scuola_italiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Insegnamento dell'aritmetica nella scuola italiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insegnamento_dell'aritmetica_nella_scuola_italiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aritmetica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 162 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-162" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">162 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика - abcaso" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abcaso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekenkunde" title="Rekenkunde - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rekenkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetik" title="Arithmetik - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arithmetik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%89%81%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AD" title="ሥነ ቁጥር - amarico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ቁጥር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amarico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="अंकगणित - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अंकगणित" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حسابيات - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حسابيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="পাটীগণিত - assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাটীগণিত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesab" title="Hesab - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hesab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حساب - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حساب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика - baschiro" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschiro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%97tmet%C4%97ka" title="Arėtmetėka - samogitico" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Arėtmetėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арыфметыка - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арыфметыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арытмэтыка - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арытмэтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аритметика - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аритметика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="अंकगणित - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अंकगणित" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic - bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Arithmetic" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="পাটিগণিত - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাটিগণিত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Арифметикэ - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Арифметикэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A8tica" title="Aritmètica - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aritmètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica - Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik - cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ژمێرە - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژمێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica - corso" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esap" title="Esap - turco crimeo" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Esap" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="turco crimeo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhifyddeg" title="Rhifyddeg - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhifyddeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetik" title="Arithmetik - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arithmetik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αριθμητική - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αριθμητική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Arithmetic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetiko" title="Aritmetiko - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aritmetiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmeetika" title="Aritmeetika - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aritmeetika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética - estremegno" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremegno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حساب - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حساب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetiikka" title="Aritmetiikka - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aritmetiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvokunst" title="Arvokunst - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Arvokunst" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqusa" title="Maqusa - figiano" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Maqusa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithm%C3%A9tique" title="Arithmétique - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arithmétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmeetik" title="Aritmeetik - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aritmeetik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uimhr%C3%ADocht" title="Uimhríocht - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uimhríocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93" title="算術 - gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="算術" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tik" title="Aritmétik - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Aritmétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ireamhachd" title="Àireamhachd - gaelico scozzese" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Àireamhachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelico scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ank%E2%80%8Cgonnit" title="Ank‌gonnit - Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Ank‌gonnit" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4" title="અંકગણિત - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અંકગણિત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אריתמטיקה - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריתמטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="अंकगणित - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंकगणित" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic - hindi figiano" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Arithmetic" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1mtan" title="Számtan - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Számtan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թվաբանություն - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թվաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թուաբանութիւն - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թուաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arithmetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik - iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetiko" title="Aritmetiko - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aritmetiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talnareikningur" title="Talnareikningur - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Talnareikningur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93" title="算術 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="算術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmitik" title="Aritmitik - creolo giamaicano" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aritmitik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="creolo giamaicano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sapme%27ocmaci" title="sapme'ocmaci - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sapme'ocmaci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A8lmu_%C3%A9tung" title="Ngèlmu étung - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ngèlmu étung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="არითმეტიკა - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არითმეტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arifmetika" title="Arifmetika - kara-kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Arifmetika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="kara-kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutanga" title="Kutanga - kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kutanga" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetikki" title="Aritmetikki - groenlandese" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Aritmetikki" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="groenlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ಅಂಕಗಣಿತ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂಕಗಣಿತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%88%A0" title="산술 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niveronieth" title="Niveronieth - cornico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Niveronieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arithmetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - giudeo-spagnolo" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="giudeo-spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetega" title="Aritmetega - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aritmetega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C4%93tika" title="Aritmētika - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aritmētika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аритметика - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аритметика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="അങ്കഗണിതം - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അങ്കഗണിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арифметик - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арифметик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="अंकगणित - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अंकगणित" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética - mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%8F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="ဂဏန်းသင်္ချာ - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂဏန်းသင်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlap%C5%8Dhuall%C5%8Dtl" title="Tlapōhuallōtl - Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlapōhuallōtl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemeteca" title="Artemeteca - napoletano" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Artemeteca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napoletano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetik" title="Arithmetik - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Arithmetik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="अङ्क गणित - nepalese" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अङ्क गणित" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="अंकगणित - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अंकगणित" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekenen" title="Rekenen - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rekenen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetikk" title="Aritmetikk - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aritmetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetikk" title="Aritmetikk - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aritmetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetike" title="Aritmetike - novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Aritmetike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakxii" title="Lakxii - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Lakxii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Арифметикæ - ossetico" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Арифметикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਅੰਕ ਗਣਿਤ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਕ ਗਣਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tika" title="Aritmétika - papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Aritmétika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arytmetyka" title="Arytmetyka - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arytmetyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética - piemontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حساب - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حساب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حساب - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حساب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupa_hap%27ichiy" title="Yupa hap'ichiy - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yupa hap'ichiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetic%C4%83" title="Aritmetică - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aritmetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аріфметіка - ruteno" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Аріфметіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="अङ्कगणितम् - sanscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अङ्कगणितम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика - sacha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sacha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A8tica" title="Aritmètica - sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aritmètica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Arithmetic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arithmetic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwandu" title="Huwandu - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Huwandu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аритметика - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аритметика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesabu" title="Hesabu - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hesabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எண்கணிதம் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எண்கணிதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Ҳисоб - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳисоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="เลขคณิต - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลขคณิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisob" title="Hisob - taliscio" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hisob" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="taliscio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhlayo-tinomboro" title="Tinhlayo-tinomboro - tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Tinhlayo-tinomboro" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%81%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ئارىفمېتىكا - uiguro" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئارىفمېتىكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حساب - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حساب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arifmetika" title="Arifmetika - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arifmetika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A8tega" title="Aritmètega - veneto" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Aritmètega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arifmetik" title="Arifmetik - vepso" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Arifmetik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Số học - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Số học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkulav" title="Kalkulav - volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kalkulav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik%C3%A1" title="Aritmetiká - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aritmetiká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="算术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика - kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-arithmetic" title="I-arithmetic - xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-arithmetic" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="არითმეტიკა - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არითმეტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="אריטמעטיק - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אריטמעטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3%C3%ADr%C3%B2" title="Ìṣírò - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣírò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekenen" title="Rekenen - zelandese" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Rekenen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="算术" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93" title="算術 - cinese classico" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="算術" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="cinese classico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C3%A0n-su%CC%8Dt" title="Soàn-su̍t - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Soàn-su̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" 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class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tables_generales_aritmetique_MG_2108.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tables_generales_aritmetique_MG_2108.jpg/220px-Tables_generales_aritmetique_MG_2108.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tables_generales_aritmetique_MG_2108.jpg/330px-Tables_generales_aritmetique_MG_2108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tables_generales_aritmetique_MG_2108.jpg/440px-Tables_generales_aritmetique_MG_2108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2691" data-file-height="4038" /></a><figcaption>Tavola aritmetica per bambini, Lausanne <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a></figcaption></figure> <p>L'<b>aritmetica</b> (dal <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca" title="Lingua greca">greco</a> ἀριθμός = numero) è la più antica branca della <a href="/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica">matematica</a>, quella che studia le proprietà elementari delle <i>operazioni aritmetiche</i> sui <a href="/wiki/Numero_(matematica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Numero (matematica)">numeri</a>, specialmente i <a href="/wiki/Numero_naturale" title="Numero naturale">numeri naturali</a>. </p><p>È praticata quotidianamente da tutti per scopi molto semplici, come contare oggetti, valutare costi, stabilire distanze; viene utilizzata anche per scopi avanzati, ad esempio in complessi calcoli finanziari o nella tecnologia delle comunicazioni (<a href="/wiki/Crittografia" title="Crittografia">crittografia</a>). </p><p>I matematici talvolta usano il termine aritmetica per indicare la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_dei_numeri" title="Teoria dei numeri">teoria dei numeri</a>, disciplina che però tratta problemi più avanzati e specifici rispetto all'aritmetica elementare.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La preistoria dell'aritmetica si limita ad un piccolo numero di piccoli artefatti che testimoniano una chiara concezione dell'addizione e della sottrazione; la prima fonte è l'<a href="/wiki/Osso_d%27Ishango" title="Osso d'Ishango">osso d'Ishango</a> rinvenuto nell'<a href="/wiki/Repubblica_Democratica_del_Congo" title="Repubblica Democratica del Congo">Africa centrale</a>, datata circa tra il 2 000 e il 1 800 a.C.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>È chiaro che i <a href="/wiki/Babilonesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Babilonesi">babilonesi</a> avevano una solida conoscenza di quasi tutti gli aspetti dell'aritmetica elementare già intorno al 1800 a.C., anche se gli storici possono solo avanzare congetture sopra i metodi utilizzati per ottenere i risultati delle operazioni aritmetiche; questo è il caso dei risultati presentati nella tavoletta d'argilla <a href="/wiki/Plimpton_322" title="Plimpton 322">Plimpton 322</a>, che si presenta come una lista di <a href="/wiki/Terne_pitagoriche" class="mw-redirect" title="Terne pitagoriche">terne pitagoriche</a>; non si ha invece la possibilità di mostrare in qual modo questa lista sia stata originariamente prodotta. Similmente gli <a href="/wiki/Egizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Egizi">egizi</a>, attraverso il <a href="/wiki/Papiro_di_Rhind" title="Papiro di Rhind">Papiro di Rhind</a> (che risale al 1650 a.C. circa, ma che, con ogni evidenza, è una copia di un vecchio testo del 1850 a.C. circa) testimoniano che le operazioni di addizione, sottrazione, moltiplicazione e divisione venivano effettuate all'interno di un sistema basato su <a href="/wiki/Frazione_egizia" title="Frazione egizia">frazioni unitarie</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nicomaco_di_Gerasa" title="Nicomaco di Gerasa">Nicomaco di Gerasa</a>, nella sua opera <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Introduzione_all%27aritmetica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Introduzione all'aritmetica (la pagina non esiste)">Introduzione all'aritmetica</a></i>, ha presentato concisamente l'approccio filosofico <a href="/wiki/Pitagorismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitagorismo">pitagorico</a> ai numeri, e alle loro mutue relazioni. In quei tempi le operazioni aritmetiche di base costituivano attività molto complesse ed impegnative; è stato il metodo noto come il «Metodo degli indiani» (in latino <i>Modus Indorum</i>), che ha condotto all'aritmetica che conosciamo oggi. L'aritmetica indiana è stata molto più semplice di quella greca, a causa della semplicità del sistema di numerazione indiano, che per primo è riuscito a servirsi del numero <a href="/wiki/0_(numero)" title="0 (numero)">zero</a> e di una <a href="/wiki/Notazione_posizionale" title="Notazione posizionale">notazione posizionale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel VII secolo il vescovo <a href="/wiki/Cristianesimo_siriaco" title="Cristianesimo siriaco">siriaco</a> Severo Sebokht menzionava questo metodo con ammirazione, precisando tuttavia che il metodo degli indiani si presentava senza alcuna descrizione. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Nord_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_181008_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rose_Nord_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_181008_03.jpg/220px-Rose_Nord_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_181008_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rose_Nord_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_181008_03.jpg/330px-Rose_Nord_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_181008_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rose_Nord_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_181008_03.jpg/440px-Rose_Nord_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_181008_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Antropomorfismo" title="Antropomorfismo">Antropomorfizzazione</a> dell'aritmetica nel <a href="/wiki/Rosone" title="Rosone">rosone</a> della <a href="/wiki/Cattedrale_di_Laon" title="Cattedrale di Laon">cattedrale di Laon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gli arabi appresero questo nuovo metodo e lo chiamarono <i>hesab</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Fibonacci" title="Leonardo Fibonacci">Leonardo Fibonacci</a> (noto anche come Leonardo di Pisa), ha introdotto in Europa il metodo degli indiani nel 1202. Nel suo <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Abaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Abaci">Liber Abaci</a></i>, Fibonacci afferma che, rispetto a questo nuovo metodo, tutti gli altri metodi sono stati sbagliati. Nel <a href="/wiki/Medioevo" title="Medioevo">Medioevo</a>, l'aritmetica era una delle sette <a href="/wiki/Arti_Liberali" class="mw-redirect" title="Arti Liberali">Arti Liberali</a> e veniva insegnata nelle università.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Pellos" title="Francesco Pellos">Francesco Pellos</a> ne compendiò lo stato nel XV secolo. </p><p>I moderni <a href="/wiki/Algoritmo" title="Algoritmo">algoritmi</a> dell'aritmetica (utilizzati sia per calcoli manuali che per calcoli automatici) sono stati resi possibili dalla introduzione dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerali_arabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numerali arabi (la pagina non esiste)">numerali arabi</a> e della loro notazione numerica posizionale e <a href="/wiki/Decimale" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimale">decimale</a>. L'aritmetica araba basata sui numerali era stata sviluppata dai grandi matematici indiani <a href="/wiki/Aryabhatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryabhatta">Aryabhatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_I" title="Bhāskara I">Bhāskara I</a>. Aryabhatta ha tentato di usare diverse notazioni posizionali e Brahmagupta ha arricchito dello zero il sistema numerico indiano. Brahmagupta ha messo a punto i procedimenti moderni per moltiplicazione, divisione, l'addizione e sottrazione basate sulle cifre decimali. Sebbene oggi siano ormai considerati elementari, questi procedimenti per la loro <a href="/wiki/Semplicit%C3%A0" title="Semplicità">semplicità</a> costituiscono il punto di arrivo di migliaia di anni di sviluppo della matematica. Per contrasto l'antico matematico <a href="/wiki/Archimede" title="Archimede">Archimede</a> ha dedicato un'intera opera, l'<i><a href="/wiki/Arenario" title="Arenario">Arenario</a> </i>, a mettere a punto una notazione per un certo numero intero molto grande. Alla fioritura dell'<a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a> nel mondo <a href="/wiki/Islamico" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamico">islamico</a> <a href="/wiki/Medievale" class="mw-redirect" title="Medievale">medievale</a> e nell'<a href="/wiki/Rinascimento" title="Rinascimento">Europa Rinascimentale</a> ha contribuito in misura significativa anche l'enorme semplificazione dei calcoli numerici consentita dalla notazione <a href="/wiki/Decimale" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimale">decimale</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aritmetica_decimale">Aritmetica decimale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Aritmetica decimale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Aritmetica decimale"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il <a href="/wiki/Sistema_numerico_decimale" title="Sistema numerico decimale">sistema numerico decimale</a> è un <a href="/wiki/Sistema_di_numerazione" title="Sistema di numerazione">sistema di numerazione</a> <a href="/wiki/Numerazione_posizionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerazione posizionale">posizionale</a> che rappresenta i numeri a partire dalle cifre base da 0 a 9. Un numero decimale consiste in una sequenza di queste cifre base. Il valore di ciascuna cifra che compone il numero dipende dalla posizione che la cifra occupa nella notazione. Una parte essenziale di questo sistema (e un grande traguardo concettuale) è stato pensare allo 0 come ad un numero comparabile alle altre cifre base. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operazioni_aritmetiche">Operazioni aritmetiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Operazioni aritmetiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Operazioni aritmetiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basic_arithmetic_operators.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Basic_arithmetic_operators.svg/220px-Basic_arithmetic_operators.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Basic_arithmetic_operators.svg/330px-Basic_arithmetic_operators.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Basic_arithmetic_operators.svg/440px-Basic_arithmetic_operators.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>I quattro operatori aritmetici.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Operazioni_aritmetiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Operazioni aritmetiche">Operazioni aritmetiche</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Le operazioni aritmetiche tradizionali sono <a href="/wiki/Addizione" title="Addizione">addizione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sottrazione" title="Sottrazione">sottrazione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moltiplicazione" title="Moltiplicazione">moltiplicazione</a> e <a href="/wiki/Divisione_(matematica)" title="Divisione (matematica)">divisione</a>, sebbene vengano a volte incluse nella materia anche operazioni più avanzate come l'elevamento a <a href="/wiki/Potenza_(matematica)" title="Potenza (matematica)">potenza</a>, l'estrazione di <a href="/wiki/Radice_(matematica)" title="Radice (matematica)">radice</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Logaritmo" title="Logaritmo">logaritmi</a> e l'uso delle <a href="/wiki/Percentuale" title="Percentuale">percentuali</a>. I calcoli aritmetici vengono effettuati rispettando l'<a href="/wiki/Ordine_delle_operazioni" title="Ordine delle operazioni">ordine delle operazioni</a>. Qualunque insieme su cui possono essere effettuate tutte e quattro le operazioni aritmetiche (eccetto la <a href="/wiki/Divisione_per_zero" title="Divisione per zero">divisione per 0</a>), e in cui le quattro operazioni godono delle comuni proprietà, è chiamato <a href="/wiki/Campo_(matematica)" title="Campo (matematica)">campo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teoria_dei_numeri">Teoria dei numeri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Teoria dei numeri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Teoria dei numeri"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il termine <i>aritmetica</i> è usato anche per riferirsi alla <a href="/wiki/Teoria_dei_numeri" title="Teoria dei numeri">teoria dei numeri</a>. Quest'ultima studia le proprietà degli interi collegate ai <a href="/wiki/Numero_primo" title="Numero primo">numeri primi</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Divisibilit%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisibilità">divisibilità</a>, e le soluzioni intere delle equazioni, che sono argomenti in rapida crescita nella matematica moderna. È in questo contesto che si incontrano il <a href="/wiki/Teorema_fondamentale_dell%27aritmetica" title="Teorema fondamentale dell'aritmetica">teorema fondamentale dell'aritmetica</a> e le <a href="/wiki/Funzione_aritmetica" title="Funzione aritmetica">funzioni aritmetiche</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insegnamento_dell'aritmetica_nella_scuola_italiana"><span id="Insegnamento_dell.27aritmetica_nella_scuola_italiana"></span>Insegnamento dell'aritmetica nella scuola italiana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Insegnamento dell'aritmetica nella scuola italiana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Insegnamento dell'aritmetica nella scuola italiana"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In generale nella scuola elementare vengono insegnati gli <a href="/wiki/Algoritmo" title="Algoritmo">algoritmi</a> di calcolo manuali per eseguire le quattro operazioni nell'insieme dei <a href="/wiki/Numero_naturale" title="Numero naturale">numeri naturali</a> e dei <a href="/wiki/Numero_razionale" title="Numero razionale">numeri razionali</a> positivi nella forma <a href="/wiki/Sistema_numerico_decimale" title="Sistema numerico decimale">decimale</a>; nelle medie inferiori gli algoritmi di queste stesse operazioni eseguite su <a href="/wiki/Frazione_(matematica)" title="Frazione (matematica)">frazioni</a> e vengono introdotti l'insieme dei <a href="/wiki/Numero_razionale" title="Numero razionale">numeri razionali</a> e quello dei <a href="/wiki/Numero_reale" title="Numero reale">numeri reali</a>. </p><p>Sempre alle medie inferiori si studiano le operazioni di <a href="/wiki/Potenza_(matematica)" title="Potenza (matematica)">elevamento a potenza</a>, di estrazione di <a href="/wiki/Radice_(matematica)" title="Radice (matematica)">radice</a> (in particolare la <a href="/wiki/Radice_quadrata" title="Radice quadrata">radice quadrata</a>), di <a href="/wiki/Massimo_comune_divisore" class="mw-redirect" title="Massimo comune divisore">massimo comune divisore</a> e di <a href="/wiki/Minimo_comune_multiplo" title="Minimo comune multiplo">minimo comune multiplo</a>. Tradizionalmente si insegnava l'algoritmo manuale di estrazione di radice quadrata, ma ciò ora non è più sempre vero, visto che molti insegnanti preferiscono insegnare l'uso delle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tavole_numeriche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tavole numeriche (la pagina non esiste)">tavole numeriche</a> o quello del <a href="/wiki/Calcolatrice" title="Calcolatrice">calcolatore tascabile</a>. Viene inoltre appreso il metodo di approssimazione dei risultati. Vengono introdotte le proporzioni e la <a href="/wiki/Proporzionalit%C3%A0_(matematica)" title="Proporzionalità (matematica)">proporzionalità</a> e le sue applicazioni alla risoluzione di problemi del tre semplice e del tre composto, di ripartizione e di applicazioni di matematica finanziaria. </p><p>Nelle scuole medie superiori si studiano i <a href="/wiki/Logaritmo" title="Logaritmo">logaritmi</a>; anche qui si è passati dall'apprendimento dell'uso del <a href="/wiki/Regolo_calcolatore" title="Regolo calcolatore">regolo calcolatore</a> a quello del <a href="/wiki/Calcolatrice" title="Calcolatrice">calcolatore</a> o del <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. Entrambi questi strumenti sono ampiamente utilizzati terminati gli studi per eseguire calcoli numerici. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFDAV">Davenport</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFRUD">Rudman</a>, p. 64</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFNEED">Needham</a>, p. 9</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFSIG">Sigler</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_5-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFOX">Oxford University Press</a></cite>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Giacomo Frizzo, L'Aritmetica per le scuole ginnasiali, edizioni Civelli, Verona 1881</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Castelnuovo" title="Emma Castelnuovo">Emma Castelnuovo</a>, <i>I numeri - La via della matematica</i> (Aritmetica pratica), Firenze, <a href="/wiki/La_Nuova_Italia" title="La Nuova Italia">La Nuova Italia</a>, 1962 (riedizioni fino al 1970).</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDAV" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Harold Davenport, <span style="font-style:italic;">The Higher Arithmetic: An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers</span>, 7ª ed., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-521-63446-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-521-63446-6">0-521-63446-6</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRUD" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Peter Strom Rudman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howmathematicsha0000rudm"><span style="font-style:italic;">How Mathematics Happened: The First 50,000 Years</span></a>, Prometheus Books, 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1-59102-477-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1-59102-477-4">978-1-59102-477-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOX" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Frank Tapson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordmathematic0000taps_q1d1"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Oxford Mathematics Study Dictionary</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1996, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-19-914551-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-19-914551-2">0-19-914551-2</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSIG" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Laurence Sigler, <span style="font-style:italic;">Fibonacci's Liber Abaci</span>, Springer, 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-387-40737-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-387-40737-5">0-387-40737-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNEED" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Joseph Needham, <span style="font-style:italic;">Science and Civilization in China</span>, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, 1959, ISBN non esistente.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addizione" title="Addizione">Addizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemento_inverso" title="Elemento inverso">Elemento inverso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associativit%C3%A0" title="Associatività">Associatività</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commutativit%C3%A0" title="Commutatività">Commutatività</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operazioni_aritmetiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Operazioni aritmetiche">Operazioni aritmetiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propriet%C3%A0_distributiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietà distributiva">Proprietà distributiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiro_di_Rhind" title="Papiro di Rhind">Papiro di Rhind</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aritmetica" class="extiw" title="q:Aritmetica">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/aritmetica" class="extiw" title="wikt:aritmetica">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Arithmetic"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arithmetic?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni sull'<b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aritmetica" class="extiw" title="q:Aritmetica">aritmetica</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/aritmetica" class="extiw" title="wikt:aritmetica">aritmetica</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sull'<b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arithmetic?uselang=it">aritmetica</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmetica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/aritmetica"><span style="font-style:italic;">aritmetica</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205#P3365" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDizionario_di_filosofia" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/aritmetica_(Dizionario-di-filosofia)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">aritmetica</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Dizionario_di_filosofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dizionario di filosofia">Dizionario di filosofia</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 2009.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205#P7993" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) C.C. MacDuffee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/arithmetic"><span style="font-style:italic;">arithmetic</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMathWorld" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Eric W. 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