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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #FF0000; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#FF0000"><b>Join the party!</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Communism</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F9F5D8;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists"><img alt="Icon communism.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/4/42/Icon_communism.svg/100px-Icon_communism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/42/Icon_communism.svg/150px-Icon_communism.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/42/Icon_communism.svg/200px-Icon_communism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#FF0000; text-align:center;"><b>Opiates for the masses</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F9F5D8;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#FF0000; text-align:center;"><b>From each</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F9F5D8;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#FF0000; text-align:center;"><b>To each</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F9F5D8;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(US)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party (US)">Revolutionary Communist Party (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Action" title="Antifascist Action">Antifascist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">Labor theory of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Communism&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The world would not be in such a snarl had Marx been Groucho instead of Karl.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Irving Berlin</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways. The point, however, is to change it.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Karl Marx</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Karl Marx</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a></sup> (1818–1883) was the godfather of all <a href="/wiki/Pinko_commie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinko commie">pinko commie</a> scum; he co-wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Manifesto" title="Communist Manifesto">Communist Manifesto</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>) and wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i>. He was a German born philosopher, economist, political activist, and writer, and is considered the grandfather of sociology and political economy. </p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Spectre" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectre">spectre</a> subjects <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>'s to eternal wage slavery as she burns in hell.<sup>[<i>citation NOT needed</i>]</sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ancestry"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancestry</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Thought"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Thought</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Darwin_and_Marx"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Darwin and Marx</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Misconceptions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Misconceptions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Marx.27s_bigotry"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Marx's bigotry</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Influence_and_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Influence and legacy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Marx_and_communist_states"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Marx and communist states</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#A_frequent_argument_by_Marxists"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">A frequent argument by Marxists</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Marx_vs._Marxists"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Marx vs. Marxists</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Marx.27s_influence_today"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Marx's influence today</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#The_good"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">The good</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#The_neutral"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">The neutral</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#The_bad"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">The bad</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Marx was born in 1818 in Prussia to a middle-class family. After he finished university, he worked as a journalist. In the 1840s, he met <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, which led to a lifelong friendship between the two. He co-authored <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> with Engels and the two collaborated often. He married Jenny von Westphalen and had six children. He lived and worked Paris, Cologne, and Brussels, before settling in London. Later in life, Engels supported Marx's work through his health issues and financial troubles. Marx was working on a sort of magnum opus, <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i>, subtitled "A Critique of Political Economy", a several-volume treatise on the economics of capitalism. He was only able to publish the first two volumes in his lifetime. Marx died in 1883 in London. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancestry">Ancestry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancestry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Marx was of <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> descent, which was the original prompt by <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theorist">conspiracy theorists</a> to tie Marxism in with the theory of the <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">international Jewish conspiracy</a>, claiming that communism was made to advance Jewish domination of the world (oddly, those clever Joos failed to foresee this and perhaps use a non-Joo to publicly expound upon their great conspiracy). However, Marx's relationship with his Jewish identity is a great deal more complex than all that. His father, Herschel Mordechai, came from a long line of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> but received a <a href="/wiki/Secular" title="Secular">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/German" class="mw-redirect" title="German">German</a> education himself and converted to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> around the time of Marx's birth, changing his name to Heinrich Marx. This was a career move; Herschel was a lawyer, but the German government had made it illegal for Jews to practice law. Karl Marx was <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> into the Lutheran church at age six and grew up to be a well-known atheist. Later in life he wrote an essay, <i>On the Jewish Question</i>, in which he drew on <a href="/wiki/The_Evil_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="The Evil Jew">stereotypes</a> of money-worshiping "huckster" Jews and stated that as a part of the development of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, "Christians [had] become Jews" (<i>i.e.</i>, the "Jewish" culture of capitalism had assimilated all the old cultures of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>), and there is considerable debate about how serious that essay is about all that. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Thought">Thought</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Thought">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Marx's body of work is highly nuanced and highly discussed, with many differing opinions, from opponents and Marxists alike, coming to different conclusions on his work. As such, it can be difficult to summarize Marx's thought without stepping on any toes. These incredibly basic tenets, however, are almost universally agreed upon: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialist</a> view of the world; that history and thus society is formed by material, physical realities, such as nature, labor, and technology, and that things like ideology and religion, are a "superstructure" shaped by material conditions. This is often called "historical materialism"</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> model of <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> – directly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegelian</a> dialectics – where society progressively evolves and changes over the course of human history based on material conditions, and that "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of <a href="/wiki/Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Class">class</a> struggles"</li> <li>Classes act primarily to serve their own economic and material interests</li> <li>Under capitalism, the working class is exploited by the ruling class through the extraction of surplus value (the profit that goes unpaid to workers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a>, as the successor of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, is unstable and will be revolted against due to the intrinsic contradiction between interests of the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class) who own the means of production and the proletariat (the working class) who work the means of production – "means of production" are assets, like land, machinery, or capital, that are used to make products<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[note 2]</a></sup></li> <li>The revolt against the bourgeoisie by the proletariat should and/or will put control of the means of production in the hands of the workers</li></ul> <p>Again, this barely scratches the surface, but these general beliefs serve as the foundation of a great deal of Marx's thought. Marx has received a great deal of attention in both academia and public discourse, more than his collaborator Engels, by a wide range of audiences, and his work has been interpreted and utilized in different fields. Political theorists, philosophers, social scientists, economists, activists, post-colonial scholars, feminists, and even literary theorists all take different things away from Marx and talk about his work in different ways. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Karl Marx was famous as an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>, coining the phrase "opium of the masses" in <i>Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right</i>: </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is <b>the opium of the people.</b> </p><p>The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions. The criticism of religion is, therefore, in embryo, the criticism of that vale of tears of which religion is the halo. </p><p>Criticism has plucked the imaginary flowers on the chain not in order that man shall continue to bear that chain without fantasy or consolation, but so that he shall throw off the chain and pluck the living flower. The criticism of religion disillusions man, so that he will think, act, and fashion his reality like a man who has discarded his illusions and regained his senses, so that he will move around himself as his own true Sun. Religion is only the illusory Sun which revolves around man as long as he does not revolve around himself.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>More than just an atheist, this passage shows that Marx had in fact an <a href="/wiki/Anti-theist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-theist">anti-theist</a> bent, believing that the emancipation of the people was furthered by the critique of religion, and perhaps even its abolition. This anti-theism was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> and enforced; as such, Marx and communism are often associated, in the <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> worldview, with a tyrannical, godless despotism. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Darwin_and_Marx">Darwin and Marx</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Darwin and Marx">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Karl Marx was deeply interested in the work of his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>. He was an admirer of Darwin and sent copies of <i>Das Kapital</i>, in which he was cited, to him. (Darwin never read it.)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a></sup> Indeed, despite their differences, both theories can be seen as rejections of essentialism, just applied to very different fields. Marx saw Darwin's theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> as a signal that his theories were headed in the right direction: that humankind is the product of historical changes. He wrote in a letter to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lasalle" class="extiw" title="wp:Ferdinand Lasalle" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ferdinand Lasalle">Ferdinand Lasalle</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>: </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>Darwin's book is very important and serves me as a basis in natural science for the class struggle in history. One has to put up with the crude English method of development, of course. Despite all deficiencies, not only is the death-blow dealt here for the first time to "teleology" in the natural sciences but their rational meaning is empirically explained.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Marx was not uncritical of Darwin, however, and took many issues with his arguments. The notion that Marx and Engels were attempting to co-opt Darwinian evolution for their own political project does not reflect how they related to the theory. Still, at Marx's graveside, Engels remarked, “Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history.”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Misconceptions">Misconceptions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Misconceptions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Marx and Engels did not invent the idea of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. There were communist and socialist <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> and political parties prior to the pair publishing anything on <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">political economy</a>. Small-scale communes are so old that there is a rather well-known one in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></sup> Additionally, Marx and Engels didn't invent <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy"> philosophical theorizing</a> about socialism, either. There were plenty of contemporary thinkers on the topic who published just as many books as Marx and Engels and with whom Marx debated publicly. Contrary to popular belief, Marx did not create the phrase "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need"; he merely popularized the phrase, which was said to have been originated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" class="extiw" title="wp:Étienne-Gabriel Morelly" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in his 1755 book, <i>Code de la nature, ou de véritable esprit de ses lois.</i> </p><p>Marx was a theory-guy who had little regard for concrete political suggestions. One exception being a single chapter of the <i>Communist Manifesto</i>, where he and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> suggest that advanced countries abolish all private land ownership, implement a progressive tax, do away with inheritance, implement free education, confiscate the property of emigrants and anti-communist rebels, implement heavy state centralization, and make everyone legally responsible to work.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></sup> Though he went through a somewhat authoritarian phase in the middle of his life, Marx's work did not advocate anything remotely approaching the authoritarianism advocated and then carried out by <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Mao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao">Mao</a>. As Marx grew older, he returned to the more libertarian (no, not that kind of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a>) tendencies of his youth. </p> <h2><span id="Marx's_bigotry"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Marx.27s_bigotry">Marx's bigotry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marx's bigotry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Those who read Marx in depth will notice the repeated and sometimes extreme prejudice involved in his insults and general opinions. Many modern Marxists try to deny his racism. It should, of course, be remembered that everyone is a product of their time. After all, Marx's philosophy emphasizes the influence of material and historical conditions influencing people's lives, and the man himself was no exception. Marx exposed deep prejudices in both personal letters and in his published writing. He expressed numerous horrendous comments on Slavs, ‘Negroes’, Bedouins, Jews, Chinese and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></sup> At the same time, these prejudices are often used by <a href="/wiki/Bad_faith" title="Bad faith">bad faith</a> critics to dismiss all of Marx's work without actually engaging with it at all. </p><p>One of the most controversial of his bigotries was Marx’s antisemitism. Despite his Jewish heritage, Marx didn’t identify as a Jew and wasn’t raised as one. He went on to write disdainful comments on Jews throughout his career. "On the Jewish Question",<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a></sup> in which he argues against Bruno Bauer that a secular state would not emancipate people from their material conditions, is often considered his most antisemitic work. In it, he makes statements that describe Jews as money-grubbing hucksters, and how these ascribed temperaments relate to capitalism. Some scholars claim Marx was not antisemitic, and that he was being sarcastic, or that he wasn’t that bad. Others claim that this allegation comes from an anachronistic or superficial reading of <i>"On the Jewish Question"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></sup> More antisemitism can be found in further writings and correspondences. He described Jews as greedy and once referred to them as “leper people.”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>Like virtually all Europeans of his era, Marx viewed those of African ancestry as more primitive than most other races.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a></sup> For example, he said Black people were “a degree nearer to the rest of the animal kingdom than the rest of us”<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a></sup> and he referred to people with racial epithets.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a></sup> Despite his racism, Marx was in favor of the abolition of slavery. </p><p>Marx wrote that he distrusted Russians and generally disdained Eastern Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup> Marx was also sort of pro-imperialism, seeing it as a natural and necessary stage in the evolution of world political economy. He wrote that he felt England had a duty to annihilate “old Asiatic society” in India.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup> When it comes to Chinese people, Marx criticized them, claiming that "It would seem as though history had first to make this whole people drunk before it could rouse them out of their hereditary stupidity".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Despite his reputation in certain circles, Marx is perhaps the most influential economist of the 19th century. Not because of his impact on economics as a study, where his reputation is largely relegated to the heterodox Marxian school, but because of his political impact in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist bloc">communist bloc</a> in the 20th century. Economists Magness and Makovi argued that the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> - which transpired several decades after Marx's death - is responsible for elevating Marx’s fame and intellectual following above his contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-MSM_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSM-24">[22]</a></sup> </p><p>Marx wrote for the <i>New York Daily Tribune</i>, and some believe <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> regularly read his columns,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup> given the language with which the president spoke about the changes then taking place in the American and world economies that he and the radical Republicans were dreading. Marx did, in fact, praise Lincoln for issuing the Emancipation Proclamation and congratulate him on his 1864 reelection and was probably entirely sincere while doing so, which should come as no surprise as Marx regarded wage-earning proletarians as still better off than <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Marx_and_communist_states">Marx and communist states</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marx and communist states">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:162px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_statue_in_Chemnitz_-_panoramio.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Karl_Marx_statue_in_Chemnitz_-_panoramio.jpg/160px-Karl_Marx_statue_in_Chemnitz_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="284" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Karl_Marx_statue_in_Chemnitz_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Karl_Marx_statue_in_Chemnitz_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Karl_Marx_statue_in_Chemnitz_-_panoramio.jpg/320px-Karl_Marx_statue_in_Chemnitz_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="3968" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_statue_in_Chemnitz_-_panoramio.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The (in)famous Karl Marx statue in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Chemnitz, Saxony</a>. Some have asked to remove the statue because of the racist remarks Marx made in his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup></div></div></div> <p>His fanboys have shown quite a tenacious <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">resistance</a> to the suggestion that something might be wrong with what he said (though given the large split between different factions, to the point where in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinists</a> mostly killed <a href="/wiki/Trotsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotsky">Trotskyists</a>, it is understandable), even as leaders professing his philosophy turn into <a href="/wiki/Dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictator">dictators</a> one after another, and the combined death toll from their regimes rises into the mid-to-high eight figures (largely attributed to Stalinist Russia and Maoist China).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[note 3]</a></sup> One common response to this is to point out that certain anti-communists also racked up non-negligible skull counts in the name of fighting communism, notably <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (and his Axis allies such as <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco">Franco</a>, and Pavelic), <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Syngman Rhee of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[note 4]</a></sup>, Ngo Dinh Diem of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">South Vietnam</a>, a succession of military dictators in Guatemala, the junta in El Salvador, the Somozas in Nicaragua, <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, Hissene Habre in Chad, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" class="extiw" title="wp:François Duvalier" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: François Duvalier">François Duvalier</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" class="extiw" title="wp:Rafael Trujillo" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of the Dominican Republic, many of whom were backed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. This is an instance of <i><a href="/wiki/Tu_quoque" title="Tu quoque">tu quoque</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[note 5]</a></sup> although certain US politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a> backed anti-communist regimes solely on the basis that they were <a href="/wiki/Not_as_bad_as" title="Not as bad as">not as bad as</a> communist regimes, which is debatable as many anti-communist regimes killed an equal or higher <i>per-capita</i> number of those under their control.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[note 6]</a></sup> </p><p>However, it is also worth noting that none of Marx's predicted "proletarian revolutions" occurred in industrialized nation-states, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[note 7]</a></sup> where he lived but, instead, in less-industrialized states such as Russia and China during periods of political and economic turmoil. Marx had written that industrial capitalism was a necessary precondition for communism. Marxist rhetoric is also appealing to post-colonial independence movements, even those which are largely agrarian and lacked an established <a href="/wiki/Working_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working class">working class</a>. In some cases, such as <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and China, the communist revolutions had popular local support due to the roles they played in war; while in other cases, such as Eastern Europe and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, communist governments were largely forced upon them, and such countries essentially functioned as <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet state">puppet states</a> of the Soviet Union. Of course, forcing a political regime on a largely-unwilling populace does not tend to engender much love and might end <a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">a tad bloody</a>. It is also a fact of history that any government will overstay its welcome. If it is the government of a democratic state it will be voted out, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" class="extiw" title="wp:Mohammad Mosaddegh" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Mohammad Mosaddegh">except when it's not.</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> If not, too bad.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[note 8]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="A_frequent_argument_by_Marxists">A frequent argument by Marxists</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A frequent argument by Marxists">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>To get this out of the way, prior to the Russian Revolution (and again after 1991) most Marxists interpreted Marx differently from Lenin. While the non-Leninist interpretation says, basically, that full industrial development under a capitalist system is a precondition for communism (which would make the USSR not a communist state, at least not in Lenin's time), Lenin argued that given the right revolutionary leader (such as himself), a largely-agrarian state (such as Russia) could "skip" capitalism and become communist immediately. Thus, many modern Marxists have explained away the fall and the atrocities of Maoist China (which is now communist in name only) and the USSR as a consequence of their having been largely agrarian at the time of revolution, and hence not "really" communist. Whether this constitutes a <a href="/wiki/No_true_Scotsman" class="mw-redirect" title="No true Scotsman">no true Scotsman</a> depends largely on your own views on capitalism, communism, and the various Leninist dictatorships. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Marx_vs._Marxists">Marx vs. Marxists</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marx vs. Marxists">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Whatever you may think of Marx and his fanclub, he did at the very least condemn the fanaticism when he witnessed it. A rather famous quote of Karl Marx reads:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[25]</a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>"What is certain is that I myself am not a Marxist." <i>(Originally in French: Ce qu'il y a de certain c'est que moi, je ne suis pas Marxiste.)</i> </p> </blockquote> <p>He said this in reaction to Jules Guesde, a leader of French workers and vanguard of French Marxism, who visited Marx in London 1880. They had a disagreement about the political programme written for the <i>Parti Ouvrier</i> (Labour Party), in what seems to be the case in which Marx was in favor of pragmatic achievements within capitalism while his cult didn't want any reasonable concessions but just concern-troll the opposition (Marx called it "revolutionary phrase-mongering").<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[note 9]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Marx's_influence_today"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Marx.27s_influence_today">Marx's influence today</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marx's influence today">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_good">The good</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The good">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <ul><li>Support for and instances of worker self-management are growing throughout the world. A number of Western and Latin American countries have adopted policies aimed to produce and support employee-owned firms. Other countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and Spain, are simply waiting to elect their left-wing parties to a majority in their parliament before doing so. <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> included the idea on his platform,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[26]</a></sup> but never brought it up during his campaign; he also never became POTUS, the poor bastard.</li> <li>The spread of reformist socialist ideologies like <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democracy">Social Democracy</a> has rendered his central thesis—the <i>only</i> way to improve lives for the bottom half of society is armed revolution<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup>— less relevant in the modern day, though many would say that is a bad thing rather than a good one<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup>.</li> <li>The threat of Marxist revolution scared a lot of governments into making positive reforms for the working class. People in power generally don't make concessions to people without power out of the goodness of their hearts...<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup></li></ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_neutral">The neutral</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The neutral">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <ul><li>Marx is still taught and studied in academia, and his influence is still felt in the study of sociology, political science, philosophy, and more.</li> <li>Marx's political theories have become increasingly popular with <a href="/wiki/Millennials" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> and Gen Z.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[27]</a></sup></li></ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_bad">The bad</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The bad">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <ul><li>A hefty amount of strongmen from the "<a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">somewhat tolerable if you're desperate</a>" to the "<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">unfathomably</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">horrific</a>" have justified their abuses by referring to his work. It happens too often when Marx-derived ideologies are implemented to be a regrettable coincidence.</li> <li>The spread of reformist socialist ideologies like <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democracy">Social Democracy</a> has rendered his central thesis—the <i>only</i> way to improve lives for the bottom half of society is armed revolution<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup>— less relevant in the modern day, though many would say that is a good thing rather than a bad one<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_apologetics" title="Stalin apologetics">Tankies</a> still exist on the fringes of society in the present day.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Manifesto" title="Communist Manifesto">Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theory" title="Conflict theory">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a> - which is accused of being "<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>" when it is clearly <i>not</i> <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> (it is a mixed market economy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a> - an earlier socialist thinker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> - a school of mid-20th Century philosophers influenced by Marx</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>Works of Karl Marx in <a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/de:Karl_Marx" class="extiw" title="wikisource:de:Karl Marx" rel="nofollow">German</a> and <a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Karl_Marx" class="extiw" title="wikisource:en:Author:Karl Marx" rel="nofollow">English</a> on Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/">Marx and Engels' works at the Marxists Internet Archive</a> (incomplete but extensive)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ltJG6YOW70">Song about Karl Marx</a>. from <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histeria!" class="extiw" title="wp:Histeria!" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Histeria!">Histeria!</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/">Karl Marx in the <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error. His birth certificate says "Carl Marx", and elsewhere "Karl Marx" is used. "K. H. Marx" is used only in his poetry collections and the transcript of his dissertation; because Marx wanted to honor his father, who had died in 1838, he called himself "Karl Heinrich" in three documents. The article by Friedrich Engels "Marx, Karl Heinrich" in <i>Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften</i> (Jena, 1892, column 1130 to 1133 see <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx/Engels_Collected_Works" class="extiw" title="wp:Marx/Engels Collected Works" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Marx/Engels Collected Works">Marx/Engels Collected Works</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></i> Volume 22, pp. 337–345) does not justify assigning Marx a middle name. See Heinz Monz: <i>Karl Marx. Grundlagen zu Leben und Werk</i>. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, p. 214 and 354, respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">While capitalism has evolved, many of the same exploitative relationships still remain intact. The less sanitary elements just more often get exported to the Global South (think "cheap labor," that's because these countries have weak protections for labor) or are shoved out of sight. The American agriculture industry heavily uses undocumented immigrants as a source of labor,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></sup> but don't have the same protections (however nominal) legal American laborers do.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The number of deaths varies depending on whether famine deaths are included in the total. High-end estimates for the number of victims under Mao in the PRC include some 20,000,000 to 72,000,000 victims of the famine caused by the "Great Leap Forward", which stemmed from a bungled attempt to strengthen China's economy. If the criteria was narrowed to include only deliberate political murders and deaths in labor camps, the number would probably be in the millions-to-low tens of millions. Among Mao's atrocities were the mass killings of "counterrevolutionaries" and landlords during the early 1950s (2-5 million dead) and an estimated 400,000 to 3,000,000 killed between 1966 and 1976 in the "Cultural Revolution".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">During the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, impoverished farmers were liquidated because they "might" have become communists in the future. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> considered the matter to be an internal affair of America's anti-communist allies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless, maybe, you also consider some argument about the supposed "moral superiority" of anti-communist regimes. But even that argument is debatable.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">42,171 extrajudicial killings by security forces were recorded in El Salvador between 1978 and 1983, comprising nearly 1.0% of the population. A similar proportion was killed in Guatemala. These numbers may be a gross underestimate as many killings were unrecorded. In <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a>, as much as 44% of the population may have perished due to the Indonesian Army's policy of massacres and enforced famine, a scale which is equal to or greater than Pol Pot's reign in Cambodia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless one counts the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune" class="extiw" title="wp:Paris Commune" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Paris Commune">Paris Commune</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of 1871, which was crushed by the reactionaries in less than two months, or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Revolution" class="extiw" title="wp:Spanish Revolution" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Spanish Revolution">Spanish Revolution</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, which was ironically crushed by so-called communists, or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" class="extiw" title="wp:Hungarian Revolution of 1956" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, which was again crushed by the so-called communists, or the revolution Rosa Luxemburg led in Germany, which was crushed by a social-democratic regime</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Danish historian Erling Bjøl deserves a quote here, speaking about Walter Ulbricht's durability as the leader of communist East Germany: „Ulbricht had <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>'s confidence. He turned the SED into a reliable instrument of power and disproved the old adage, that bayonets can be used for everything, except sitting on them.“</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Would Marx oppose Bernie-or-Bust? A mystery for the ages.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="archive_link"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/wisconsin-dairy-undocumented-immigrants-drivers-licenses">Wisconsin’s Dairy Industry Relies on Undocumented Immigrants, but the State Won’t Let Them Legally Drive</a><sup>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.is/https://www.propublica.org/article/wisconsin-dairy-undocumented-immigrants-drivers-licenses">a</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.propublica.org/article/wisconsin-dairy-undocumented-immigrants-drivers-licenses">w</a>]</sup></span>, <i>ProPublica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="archive_link"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2017/08/16/543650270/they-got-hurt-at-work-then-they-got-deported">They Got Hurt At Work — Then They Got Deported</a><sup>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.is/https://www.npr.org/2017/08/16/543650270/they-got-hurt-at-work-then-they-got-deported">a</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.npr.org/2017/08/16/543650270/they-got-hurt-at-work-then-they-got-deported">w</a>]</sup></span>, <i>NPR</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarx" class="citation web cs1">Marx, Karl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr/intro.htm#05">"Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"</a>. Marxist Internet Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Critique+of+Hegel%27s+Philosophy+of+Right&rft.pub=Marxist+Internet+Archive&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1843%2Fcritique-hpr%2Fintro.htm%2305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/leading-figures/two-clashing-giants-marxism-and-darwinism/">https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/leading-figures/two-clashing-giants-marxism-and-darwinism/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Marx-Engels Collected Works, Volume 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://isreview.org/issue/65/marx-and-engelsand-darwin/index.html">https://isreview.org/issue/65/marx-and-engelsand-darwin/index.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Acts#Acts_4:32" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Acts">Acts 4:32-35</a> and <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Acts#Acts_2:44" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Acts">Acts 2:44-45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm">https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFvan_Ree2019" class="citation journal cs1">van Ree, Erik (2019-01-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2019.1548094">"Marx and Engels's theory of history: making sense of the race factor"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Ideologies</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569317.2019.1548094">10.1080/13569317.2019.1548094</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-9317">1356-9317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Marx+and+Engels%E2%80%99s+theory+of+history%3A+making+sense+of+the+race+factor&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2019.1548094&rft.issn=1356-9317&rft.aulast=van+Ree&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2019.1548094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/">https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Jewish_Question" class="extiw" title="wp:On the Jewish Question" rel="nofollow">On the Jewish Question</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/karl-marx-a-self-hating-jew/2019/05/08/">https://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/karl-marx-a-self-hating-jew/2019/05/08/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271216034_In_the_Interests_of_Civilization_Marxist_Views_of_Race_and_Culture_in_the_Nineteenth_Century">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271216034_In_the_Interests_of_Civilization_Marxist_Views_of_Race_and_Culture_in_the_Nineteenth_Century</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.newsherald.com/story/opinion/2020/08/16/many-marxists-dont-realize-their-hero-racist-and-anti-semite/3369024001/">https://www.newsherald.com/story/opinion/2020/08/16/many-marxists-dont-realize-their-hero-racist-and-anti-semite/3369024001/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569317.2019.1548094">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569317.2019.1548094</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hiaw.org/defcon6/works/1862/letters/62_07_30a.html">http://hiaw.org/defcon6/works/1862/letters/62_07_30a.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.ch/books?id=FH-LCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT208&lpg=PT208&dq=I+do+not+trust+any+Russian.+As+soon+as+a+Russian+worms+his+way+in,+all+hell+breaks+loose.&source=bl&ots=mR1RfXqLqs&sig=ACfU3U1FGNu-dhds0z-NW75raMtyITBiAw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjeqs7zpf_qAhXGThUIHRZ4A6oQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=I%20do%20not%20trust%20any%20Russian.%20As%20soon%20as%20a%20Russian%20worms%20his%20way%20in%2C%20all%20hell%20breaks%20loose.&f=false">https://books.google.ch/books?id=FH-LCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT208&lpg=PT208&dq=I+do+not+trust+any+Russian.+As+soon+as+a+Russian+worms+his+way+in,+all+hell+breaks+loose.&source=bl&ots=mR1RfXqLqs&sig=ACfU3U1FGNu-dhds0z-NW75raMtyITBiAw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjeqs7zpf_qAhXGThUIHRZ4A6oQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=I%20do%20not%20trust%20any%20Russian.%20As%20soon%20as%20a%20Russian%20worms%20his%20way%20in%2C%20all%20hell%20breaks%20loose.&f=false</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.international-communist-party.org/English/Texts/53FaRNen.htm">https://www.international-communist-party.org/English/Texts/53FaRNen.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/subject/russia/crimean-war.htm">https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/subject/russia/crimean-war.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://marxists.catbull.com/archive/marx/works/1853/07/22.htm">https://marxists.catbull.com/archive/marx/works/1853/07/22.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1853/06/14.htm">"Karl Marx in New York Daily Tribune"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Karl+Marx+in+New+York+Daily+Tribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1853%2F06%2F14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSM-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MSM_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFMagnessMakovi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Magness, Phil; Makovi, Michael (2022-11-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933">"The Mainstreaming of Marx: Measuring the Effect of the Russian Revolution on Karl Marx's Influence"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F722933">10.1086/722933</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Mainstreaming+of+Marx%3A+Measuring+the+Effect+of+the+Russian+Revolution+on+Karl+Marx%E2%80%99s+Influence&rft.date=2022-11-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F722933&rft.issn=0022-3808&rft.aulast=Magness&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Makovi%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F722933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockell, Gillian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/07/27/you-know-who-was-into-karl-marx-no-not-aoc-abraham-lincoln/">You know who was into Karl Marx? No, not AOC. Abraham Lincoln.</a> <i>The Washington Post</i>. July 27, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/nach-protesten-in-den-usa-statuen-von-bismarck-oder-marx-wegen-rassismus-vorwuerfen-abbauen-so-denken-die-buerger_id_12111877.html">https://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/nach-protesten-in-den-usa-statuen-von-bismarck-oder-marx-wegen-rassismus-vorwuerfen-abbauen-so-denken-die-buerger_id_12111877.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/05/parti-ouvrier.htm#n5">https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/05/parti-ouvrier.htm#n5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ourfuture.org/20150817/bernie-sanders-proposes-to-boost-worker-ownership-of-companies">https://ourfuture.org/20150817/bernie-sanders-proposes-to-boost-worker-ownership-of-companies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Owen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/sep/20/eat-the-rich-why-millennials-and-generation-z-have-turned-their-backs-on-capitalism">Eat the rich! Why millennials and generation Z have turned their backs on capitalism.</a> <i>The Guardian</i>. September 20, 2021.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&oldid=2726438">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&oldid=2726438</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze-level_articles" title="Category:Bronze-level articles">Bronze-level articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">Communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-imperialism" title="Category:Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemites" title="Category:Antisemites">Antisemites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atheists" title="Category:Atheists">Atheists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Authors" 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