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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-TCP-ren_ezaugarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TCP-ren_ezaugarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>TCP-ren ezaugarriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TCP-ren_ezaugarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TCP_segmentuaren_formatua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TCP_segmentuaren_formatua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>TCP segmentuaren formatua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TCP_segmentuaren_formatua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TCP_Fluxu_Kontrola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TCP_Fluxu_Kontrola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>TCP Fluxu Kontrola</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-TCP_Fluxu_Kontrola-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu TCP Fluxu Kontrola azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-TCP_Fluxu_Kontrola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blokeoa_eta_Persist_Timer-a" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blokeoa_eta_Persist_Timer-a"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><b>Blokeoa eta Persist Timer-a</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blokeoa_eta_Persist_Timer-a-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konexio_kudeaketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konexio_kudeaketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Konexio kudeaketa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Konexio_kudeaketa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Konexio kudeaketa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Konexio_kudeaketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Konexio_ezarpena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konexio_ezarpena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Konexio ezarpena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konexio_ezarpena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konexio_askapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konexio_askapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Konexio askapena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konexio_askapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geroraturiko_konexio_askapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geroraturiko_konexio_askapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Geroraturiko konexio askapena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geroraturiko_konexio_askapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TCP_Birtransmizioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TCP_Birtransmizioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>TCP Birtransmizioak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-TCP_Birtransmizioak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu TCP Birtransmizioak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-TCP_Birtransmizioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Backoff_exponential_algoritmoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backoff_exponential_algoritmoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Backoff exponential algoritmoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backoff_exponential_algoritmoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karn-EN_algoritmoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karn-EN_algoritmoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Karn-EN algoritmoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karn-EN_algoritmoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transmission Control Protocol</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 71 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بروتوكول التحكم بالإرسال – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتوكول التحكم بالإرسال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2" title="ট্রান্সমিশন কন্ট্রোল প্রোটোকল – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্রান্সমিশন কন্ট্রোল প্রোটোকল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisijski_kontrolni_protokol" title="Transmisijski kontrolni protokol – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Transmisijski kontrolni protokol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Πρωτόκολλο Ελέγχου Μεταφοράς – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόκολλο Ελέγχου Μεταφοράς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_control_de_transmisi%C3%B3n" title="Protocolo de control de transmisión – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protocolo de control de transmisión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edastusohje_protokoll" title="Edastusohje protokoll – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edastusohje protokoll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84" title="پروتکل هدایت انتقال – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتکل هدایت انتقال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2" title="પ્રસારણ નિયંત્રણ પ્રોટોકોલ – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રસારણ નિયંત્રણ પ્રોટોકોલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="ट्रांसमिशन कंट्रोल प्रोटोकॉल – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रांसमिशन कंट्रोल प्रोटोकॉल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Փոխանցման կառավարման հաղորդակարգ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոխանցման կառավարման հաղորդակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Kontrol_Transmisi" title="Protokol Kontrol Transmisi – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protokol Kontrol Transmisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%86%A1_%EC%A0%9C%EC%96%B4_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%9C" title="전송 제어 프로토콜 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전송 제어 프로토콜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="ട്രാൻസ്മിഷൻ കൺട്രോൾ പ്രോട്ടോകോൾ – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രാൻസ്മിഷൻ കൺട്രോൾ പ്രോട്ടോകോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Kawalan_Penghantaran" title="Protokol Kawalan Penghantaran – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protokol Kawalan Penghantaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਟਰਾਂਸਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਕੰਟਰੋਲ ਪ੍ਰੋਟੋਕੋਲ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਰਾਂਸਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਕੰਟਰੋਲ ਪ੍ਰੋਟੋਕੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – pampangera" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protok%C3%B3%C5%82_sterowania_transmisj%C4%85" title="Protokół sterowania transmisją – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protokół sterowania transmisją" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_Controle_de_Transmiss%C3%A3o" title="Protocolo de Controle de Transmissão – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protocolo de Controle de Transmissão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisioni_kontrolni_protokol" title="Transmisioni kontrolni protokol – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Transmisioni kontrolni protokol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_riadenia_prenosu" title="Protokol riadenia prenosu – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protokol riadenia prenosu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Трансмисиони контролни протокол – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трансмисиони контролни протокол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itifaki_ya_Kidhibiti_Peleshi" title="Itifaki ya Kidhibiti Peleshi – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Itifaki ya Kidhibiti Peleshi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="பரப்புகை கட்டுப்பாடு நெறிமுறை – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பரப்புகை கட்டுப்பாடு நெறிமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5" title="ทีซีพี – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทีซีพี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B7_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تضبیط ترسیل دستور – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تضبیط ترسیل دستور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="传输控制协议 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="传输控制协议" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="传输控制协议 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="传输控制协议" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0" title="傳輸控制協議 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傳輸控制協議" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGumelo_lokulawula_ukufufukisa" title="IGumelo lokulawula ukufufukisa – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IGumelo lokulawula ukufufukisa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8803#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDLC" title="HDLC">HDLC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanning_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanning tree">STP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Lotura_geruzako_protokoloak" title="Kategoria:Lotura geruzako protokoloak"> <i>gehiago</i></a> </td></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#EEEEFF"> <td bgcolor="#FFFFEE" style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Geruza_fisikoa" title="Geruza fisikoa">Geruza fisikoa</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kable_ardazkide" title="Kable ardazkide">Kable ardazkide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuntz_optiko" title="Zuntz optiko">Zuntz optiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pare_kordatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pare kordatu">Pare kordatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikrouhin-sare" title="Mikrouhin-sare">Mikrouhin-sarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrati_bidezko_sare" title="Irrati bidezko sare">Irrati bidezko sarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Geruza_fisikoko_protokoloak" title="Kategoria:Geruza fisikoko protokoloak"> <i>gehiago</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 70%;">*<a href="/wiki/OSI_eredu" class="mw-redirect" title="OSI eredu">OSI ereduaren</a> arabera </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><b>TCP</b> <b>T</b>ransmission <b>C</b>ontrol <b>P</b>rotocol-ren siglak dira (euskaraz: <b>Transmisiorako Kontrol Protokoloa</b>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/TCP/IP_eredu" title="TCP/IP eredu">TCP/IP</a> ereduren <b>garraio mailako konexiora zuzendutako sare protokolo fidagarria</b> dugu, nahiz eta IP protokoloaren sare ez-fidagarrian sostengatzen den. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TCP-ren_ezaugarriak">TCP-ren ezaugarriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «TCP-ren ezaugarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: TCP-ren ezaugarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bere ezaugarririk nagusienak: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Konexiora zuzenduta</b>: Inongo daturik bidali aurretik konexioa ezartzea beharrezkoa da. Konexio honen bidez datuak hurrenkera egokian eta paketeak errepikatu gabe helduko dira helburuko aplikaziora</li> <li><b>Fidagarria</b>: Helbururi heltzen zaion informazioa modu zuzenean heldu dela bermatzeko prozedurak ezartzen ditu</li></ul></dd></dl> <p><b>TCP</b> entitate igorleak (erabiltzaileak) eta hartzaileak datuak <b><a href="/wiki/Segmentu" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Segmentu">segmentuetan</a></b> (garraio mailako paketea) zatikatzen dituzte eta ondorengo baldintzak bete behar dituzte: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Goiburukoa gutxienez 20 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytez</a> osatuta dago, ondoren datuak datoz. Guztira (datuak + goiburukoa) 64K baino gehiagoko tamaina ezin du eduki, <a href="/wiki/IP_helbide" title="IP helbide">IP</a> <a href="/wiki/Datagrama" title="Datagrama">datagramaren</a> formatuak ez bailuke onartuko.</li> <li>Sare guztiek gehienezko datu tamaina bat (<a href="/w/index.php?title=MTU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MTU (sortu gabe)">MTU</a>) dute, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kbyte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kbyte (sortu gabe)">Kbyte</a> batzuetakoa izaten dela. Segmentuaren tamaina muga honetara egokitzen da. Segmentuak zeharkatu behar duen azpisare baten trama tamaina, segmentuaren tamaina baino txikiagoa bada, <a href="/wiki/Bideratzaile" title="Bideratzaile">bideratzaileek</a> segmentua zatikietan banatzen dute.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fluxu-kontrol" title="Fluxu-kontrol">Fluxu-kontrola</a></b> kudeatzeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiho_labainkorreko_protokolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leiho labainkorreko protokolo (sortu gabe)">leiho labainkorreko protokoloa</a> erabiltzen dute <b>TCP</b> entitateek. Protokolo honetan igorleak segmentu bat bidaltzean, kontagailu (erloju) bat martxan jartzen du. Kontagailu honek segmentuaren onespena jasotzeko gehienezko denbora tartea zehazten du. Denbora hau agortuz gero, <b>segmentua</b> berriz igortzen da hartzaileari. <b>Segmentuen</b> zatiak berreraikitzea eta arazoak antzematean segmentua berrigortzea dira garraio-mailaren eginkizunak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TCP_segmentuaren_formatua">TCP segmentuaren formatua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «TCP segmentuaren formatua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: TCP segmentuaren formatua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berton formatua (errenkada bakoitzak 32 bit du): </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" align="center" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="10"><p align="center">0 </p> </td> <td colspan="10"><p align="center">10 </p> </td> <td colspan="10"><p align="center">20 </p> </td> <td colspan="2"><p align="center">30 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><p align="center">0 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">1 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">2 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">3 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">4 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">5 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">6 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">7 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">8 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">9 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">0 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">1 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">2 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">3 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">3 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">5 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">6 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">7 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">8 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">9 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">0 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">1 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">2 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">3 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">4 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">5 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">6 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">7 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">8 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">9 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">0 </p> </td> <td><p align="center">1 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="16"><p align="center">TCP iturburuko portua </p> </td> <td colspan="16"><p align="center">TCP helburuko portua </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="32"><p align="center">Sekuentzia-zenbakia </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="32"><p align="center">Onespen-zenbakia </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><p align="center">HLEN </p> </td> <td colspan="6"><p align="center">Erreserbatua </p> </td> <td colspan="6"><p align="center">Bit-kodeak </p> </td> <td colspan="16"><p align="center">Leihoaren tamaina </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="16"><p align="center">Kontroleko batura </p> </td> <td colspan="16"><p align="center">Presazko portua </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="24"><p align="center">Aukerak (baldin badaude) </p> </td> <td colspan="8"><p align="center">Betegarri </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="32"><p align="center">Datuak </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="32"><p align="center">... </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Aplikazio jakin batek sortutako datuak segmentu baten edo gehiagotan banatzen direla kontatu dugu. Segmentu hauek, IP datagramaren datu eremuan bidaiatzen dute,hots, kapsulatuta. Fluxu-kontrola kontrola kudeatzeko zenbakitzen dira segmentuak. Berton formatua (errenkada bakoitzak 32 bit du): </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>TCP iturburuko portua</b> (16 bit). Iturburuko makinaren portu-zenbakia.</li> <li><b>TCP helburuko portua</b> (16 bit). Helburuko makinaren portu-zenbakia.</li> <li><b>Sekuentzia-zenbakia</b> (32 bit). <b>TCP</b> informazioaren korrontearen barruan uneko datuen posizioa adierazten du.</li> <li><b>Onespen-zenbakia</b> (32 bit). Eremu honekin aurretik jasotako byteak zuzen jaso direla adierazteko erabiltzen du helburuko makinak.</li> <li><b>HLEN</b> (4 bit). Goiburuko luzera adierazten du. 32 bitetako multiploetan adierazita, segmentuaren tamaina. Gutxienekoa 5 (1001 bitarrean) litzateke, 20 bytetako datu gabeko segmentuari dagokiona.</li> <li><b>Erreserbatua</b> (6 bit). Etorkizun batean erabiltzeko.</li> <li><b>Bit-kodeak</b> (6 bit). Segmentuaren asmoa zehazten dute.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><ul><li><b>URG</b>. Presazko erakuslearen datuak bilatu eta prozesatu behar dira.</li> <li><b>ACK</b>. Onespen-segmentua da, beraz onespen-zenbakia kontuan hartzen da. SYN eta FIN kodeekin konexioaren ezarpena eta askapena adierazten dute. Segmentu berberak noranzko baten datuak bidal ditzake eta komunikazioaren beste noranzkoaren onespenak.</li> <li><b>PSH</b>. Buffer osoa betetzen den arte segmentua buferretan ez gordetzeko erakuslea, honela iritsi ahala aplikazioari bidaliko zaio. Push eragiketa.</li> <li><b>RST</b>. Uneko konexioa etetea.</li> <li><b>SYN</b>. Konexio eskaera. Sekuentzia-zenbakia nondik hasiko den adierazten du. ACK kodearekin batera (ACK=1;SYN=1) konexio-eskaerari onespena ematen zaio.</li> <li><b>FIN</b>. Konexio amaitu nahi dela adierazteko, ez baitaude datu gehiagorik bidaltzeko.</li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Leihoaren tamaina</b> (16 bit). Konexio batentzako helburuko makinak onartuko duen buferren tamaina zehazten du.</li> <li><b>Kontroleko batura</b> (24 bit). Uneko segmentuaren erroren kontroleko batura. Iturburuko eta helburuko IPren helbideak ere sartzen dira (sasigoiburua).</li> <li><b>Presazko erakuslea</b> (8 bit). Presazko datuak non hasten diren zehazten du.</li> <li><b>Aukerak</b> (aldakorrak). Aukera hau zehaztuta badago, onartuko den segmenturen gehienezko tamaina zehazten du.</li> <li><b>Betegarri</b>. Eremu honekin segmentua 32 bitetako multiplokoa izatea behartuko litzateke.</li> <li><b>Datuak</b>. Aplikazioari bidaltzen zaion informazioa.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TCP_Fluxu_Kontrola">TCP Fluxu Kontrola</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «TCP Fluxu Kontrola»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: TCP Fluxu Kontrola"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TCP protokoloak datuen fluxu kontrola burutzeko mekanismoak erabiltzen ditu. Mekanismo hauen laguntzarekin igorleak bidalitako datuekin ez da sekula hartzailearen <i>buffer</i>-a saturatuko. </p><p>Hartzaileak, igorlearengandik datuak jaso eta baieztatu behar dituenean (datu gehiagorekin edo ACK-ren bitartez), <b>RcvWindow</b> eremuan bere <i>buffer</i>-aren momentu horretako kapazitatea adieraziko dio. Eremu honen balioa dinamikoki aldatzen da transmisio batetik bestera. </p><p>Igorleak, jarraian bidaliko dituen datu kopurua, hartzaileak <b>RcvWindow</b> eremuan adierazitako byte kopururaren azpitik mantenduko ditu. </p><p>Fluxu kontrola egiteko <b>RcvWindow</b> eremuak leiho irristakorra-ren balioa adierazten du: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Leihoaren balioa handitu egingo da hartzailearen <i>buffer</i>-a libratzen den heinean.</li> <li>Leihoaren balioa txikitu egingo da hartzailearen <i>buffer</i>-a betetzen den heinean.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Hartzaileak igorleari lehioaren balio jakin bat ematen badio (kreditu bat) eta igorleak bidalitako datuek saturazio egoeratik gertu uzten badute ere, hartzaileak ezin dezake hasieran emandako kredituraren murrizketa bat burutu. </p><p>Egoera honetatik habiatuz, fluxu kontrolaren ondoriozko blokeo egoera aztertuko da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blokeoa_eta_Persist_Timer-a"><b>Blokeoa eta Persist Timer-a</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Blokeoa eta Persist Timer-a»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Blokeoa eta Persist Timer-a"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blokeo egoera bat emateko bi baldintza eman behar dira ezinbestean: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Igorle bizkorra – Hartzaile geldoa egoera eman behar da.</li> <li>Komunikazioa asimetrikoa da: mutur batean transmititu eta bestean bakarrik baieztatu egingo da.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Baldintza hauek ematen badira eta komunikazioaren uneren batean hartzaileak <b>RcvWindow=0</b> adierazten badu, igorleak ezin izango dio ezer bidali, eta hartzaileak ezer baiztatzeko ez duenez, ezingo dio adierazi igorleari jasotzeko prest dagoela, beraz, <b>blokeo</b> egoera bat gertatutko da. </p><p>Egoera honetatik ateratzeko, igorlean, <i><b>Persist Timer</b></i> mekanismoa erabiliko da. Hartzailearen erantzun bat jasotzen denetik denbora tarte batera, 1 byteko segmentuak bidaliko ditu igorleak, hartzailearen <i>buffer</i>-aren egoera ezagutu ahal izateko. </p><p><i><b>Persist Timer</b></i>-aren erabilerak, badu bere alde txarra ere, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silly_Window_Syndrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silly Window Syndrome (sortu gabe)">Silly Window Syndrome</a>(<b>SWS</b>)-aren sortzailea baita. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konexio_kudeaketa">Konexio kudeaketa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konexio kudeaketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Konexio kudeaketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konexio_ezarpena">Konexio ezarpena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konexio ezarpena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Konexio ezarpena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konexio kudeaketa <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TCPn</a> garrantzitsua da, izan ere, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TCP</a> konexioaren ezarpenak, jasotako atzerapenak handitu ditzake. Demagun host (bezero) batean exekutatzen ari den prozesu batek beste host (zerbitzari) bateko prozesu batekin konexio bat ezarri nahi duela. Bezero aplikazio prozesuak <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TCP</a> bezeroari adieraziko dio zerbitzariko prozesu batekin konexioa ezarri nahi duela. Bezeroko <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TCPak</a> orduan konexioa ezarriko du zerbitzariko <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TCParekin</a>, 3-way-handshake deritzon ondoko prozedura jarraituz: </p> <ul><li><b>1. pausoa.</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TCPren</a> bezeroak <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TCP</a> segmentu berezi bat bidaltzen dio <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TCPren</a> zerbitzariari. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TCPren</a> zerbitzaria listen bezalako prozedura bat begiztan exekutatzen egongo da, konexioa ezartzeko eskaeren zain. Segmentu berezi honek ez du aplikazio mailako daturik, baina segmentuko goiburuko bit adierazgarrietako bat (flag), SYN bita, batera jarrita dago. Horregatik segmentu berezi honi SYN segmentua deritzo. Gainera bezeroak, sekuentzia hasierako zenbaki bat aukeratuko du (ISN Initial Secuency Number) eta zenbaki hau <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TCP</a> goiburuko SYN segmentuko sekuentzia zenbakirako eremuan jarri egingo du. Segmentu hau IP datagrama baten enkapsulatu eta zerbitzarira bidali egiten da.</li></ul> <p>+<b>2. pausoa.</b> IP datagrama zerbitzarira heltzen denean, zerbitzariak SYN segmentua hartu egiten du eta bezeroari konexioaren baieztapenerako segmentu bat bidaliko dio. Segmentu honek ACK bit adierazgarria batera izango du, bezeroak bidalitako SYN segmentuaren baieztapenerako, eta baieztapen zenbakiaren eremuan bezeroaren sekuentzia zenbakia+1 idatziko da, itxaroten gauden hurrengo segmentua hain zuzen ere. Gainera, SYN bita ere batera izango du segmentu honek, zerbitzariak bere sekuentzia hasierako zenbakia ere bidaliko diolako bezeroari sekuentzia zenbakirako eremuan. Segmentu berezi honi SYNACK segmentua deritzo. Segmentu hau bidaltzearekin batera, zerbitzariak beharrezko lekua erreserbatu egiten du konexio aldagai eta bufferretarako. </p> <ul><li><b>3. pausoa.</b> Zerbitzaritik konexioarekiko baieztapeneko segmentua jaso bezain laster, bezeroak buffer eta konexioko aldagaietarako lekua erreserbatu egiten du. Orduan, bezeroak zerbitzariari beste segmentu bat bidaliko dio, baieztapeneko zenbakitzat aurreko segmentuaren zenbakia+1 izango duena, zerbitzariak bidali berri duen konexiorako baieztapeneko segmentua baieztatuz. Bezeroarentzat konexioa jada ezarrita dago. Zerbitzariarentzat konexioa ezarrita egongo da hirugarren baieztapeneko segmentu hau jasotzen duenean.</li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Kx_ezrp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Kx_ezrp.png" decoding="async" width="710" height="518" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="518" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konexio_askapena">Konexio askapena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konexio askapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Konexio askapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konexio askapena eraldaturiko 3-way-handshake deritzona, izatez 4 pauso baitauzka. Konexioaren askapena bezero edo zerbitzariak hasi dezake (edo biak aldi berean) bidaltzeko datu gehiagorik ez dutenean. Konexioa bukatzean host-etako errekurtsoak (buffer eta aldagaiak) askatu egiten dira. Demagun bezeroak hasten duela konexioa askatzeko prozesua: </p> <ul><li><b>1. pausoa:</b> Bezeroak <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TCP</a> goiburuko FIN bita batera duen kontroleko segmentua bidaltzen dio zerbitzariari konexioa bukatzeko prest dagoela adierazteko. Segmentu hau ere erabili dezake aurretiaz jasotako datuak baieztatzeko, kasu horretan ACK bita ere piztuta izango du eta dagokion sekuentzia zenbakia baieztapeneko zenbakiaren eremuan.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>2. pausoa:</b> Zerbitzariak ACK bita aktibatuta daukan segmentu baten bidez adieraziko dio bezeroari FIN segmentua ondo jaso duela. Ondoren, zerbitzaria konexioa ixteko prest badago, bidaltzeko datu gehiago ez baditu, FIN bita batera duen segmentua bidaliko dio bezeroari, bera ere konexioa askatzeko prest dagoela adieraziz. Prest ez badago eta bidaltzeko datu gehiago baditu, geroraturiko konexio askapena emango da.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>3. pausoa:</b> Bezeroak FIN segmentua jasotzean, ACK bita batera duen segmentu batez erantzungo du FIN segmentua ondo jaso duela adierazteko. Une honetan, bezeroa neurtutako itxaronaldi egoeran sartuko da. Itxaronaldi hau 2*MSL luzerakoa izaten da, MSL segmentuaren bizitza denbora maximoa delarik (Maximun Segment Life). Egoera honetan bezeroak ezin du daturik bidali, soilik berandu datozen datu segmentuak onartu eta baieztatu edota zerbitzariak galdutzat eman eta berriro bidali duen FIN segmentuetarako baieztapenak bidali. Itxarote honen arrazoia, berandu edo galduta ibili diren datu segmentuei heltzeko aukera ematea da, alde batetik. Eta bestetik, konexioa arinegi ez askatzea, beste konexio berri batek konexio honen socket berdina segituan erabili ez dezan eta berandu etor daitezkeen datu segmentu horiek konexio berri horretako datutzat har ez ditzan.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>4. pausoa:</b> Zerbitzariak bezeroak bidalitako azkeneko ACK segmentua hartu bezain laster konexioa bere partetik ere askatuta egongo da.</li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Kx_askapena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Kx_askapena.png" decoding="async" width="541" height="563" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="563" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geroraturiko_konexio_askapena">Geroraturiko konexio askapena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Geroraturiko konexio askapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Geroraturiko konexio askapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konexio askapenerako kasuan, esan bezala, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TCP</a> konexioan datuak bi noranzkoetan bidali daitezkeenez, bi muturrek prest egon behar dute konexioa guztiz askatzeko. Bezeroak FIN segmenua bidaliz adierazten dio zerbitzariari konexioa askatzeko prest dagoela, ez dituela bidaltzeko datu gehiago. Zerbitzaria oraindik konexioa askatzeko prest ez badago, bidaltzeko datu gehiago dituelako, geroraturiko konexio askapena emango da. </p><p>Zerbitzariak bezeroaren FIN segmentua ACK bita batera duen segmentu bat bidaliz baieztatuko du, baina ez du jarraian FIN segmenturik bidaliko, baizik eta oraindik bidaltzeke dituen datu segmentuak. Bezeroa, konexioa ixteko erabakia hartu duen muturra izanik, datu hauek hartzean nahitaez erantzun beharko du dagozkien ACK segmentuak bidaliz ondo heldu zaizkiola egiaztatzeko, baina bere partetik informazio berririk ezingo du bidali. Izan ere, mutur honek bere half-close egin du jada, eta ez dago atzera egiterik. </p><p>Zerbitzariak bidaltzeke zituen datuak bidalitakoan, FIN segmentua bidaliko du, orain bai, konexioa ixteko prest dagoela adieraziz. FIN hori jasotzean bezeroak ACK baieztapen segmentua bidaliko dio zerbitzariari eta, konexio askapeneko kasu normalean bezala, neurtutako 2*MSL luzerako itxarote egoeran sartuko da. Denbora hori pasa eta gero konexioa askatutzat emango du bezeroak. Zerbitzariak, bestalde, bezeroaren azkeneko ACK segmentua jaso bezain laster konexioa askatuko du. </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Gerorako_kx_ask.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Gerorako_kx_ask.png" decoding="async" width="534" height="552" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="552" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TCP_Birtransmizioak">TCP Birtransmizioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «TCP Birtransmizioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: TCP Birtransmizioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TCP-k kontagailu ezberdinak erabiltzen ditu datuen entrega ondo egiten dela kontrolatzeko. Horietariko bat birtrasmizio kontagailua da, igorleak bidaltzen duen segmentu bakoitzarekin erlazionaturiko kontagailu bat pizten du, kontagailu hau amaitzerakoan, berarekin erlazionatutako segmentuaren ACK-rik ez bada jaso, segmentu horren birtrasmizioa gertatuko da. Beraz, TCP-ren eraginkortasunari begira, kontagailu honen iraupenaren kalkulua oso garrantzitsua izango da. Kalkulu hau egiteko bi aldagai definituko ditugu: </p> <ul><li><b>RTT (Round Trip Time):</b>segmentu bat bidaltzen denetik baieztatua den arte pasa den denbora (dagokion ACK-a jaso arte).</li> <li><b>RTO (Retransmission Time Out):</b>kontagailuaren luzera.</li></ul> <p>Argi dago RTO RTT baino txikiagoa ezin dela izan, bestela baieztapena heldu aurretik kontagailua amaituko delako, beharrezkoak ez diren bistransmizioak piztuz. Hasiera batean, pentsa dezakegu logikoena, RTO=RTT egitea dela, baina segmentuen atzerapena ez da konstante mantentzen, beraz, RTO aurreko transmisioaren RTT-ra berdintzen badugu, gerta daiteke gure oraingo RTT handiagoa izatea eta beharrezkoak ez diren birtransmizioak egotea. RTO-ren balioa handiegia bada, ordea, denbora asko pasako da galera eman denetik birtransmizioa piztu arte, eta horrek errekurtsoen galera suposatuko du. Beraz, egoera hauen arteko oreka bat bilatu beharko da, RTO RTT baino handiagoa izan behar da, baina beti ere ordena berekoa. RTO-ren kalkulua egiteko, hurrengo definizioak egingo ditugu: </p> <ul><li><b>RTT (Round Trip Time):</b>esan bezala, segmentua bidali denetik bere baieztapena jasotzen den momenturarte pasatako denbora izango da, neurtutako azken RTT-a M (measured ) izango da.</li> <li><b>RTT<sup>s</sup>:</b>Leundutako RTT, hasieran neurturiko lehenengo RTTarekin berdintzen da, M<sub>0</sub>, RTT<sub>0</sub> <sup>s</sup> = M<sub>0</sub>.</li> <li><b>RTT<sup>d</sup>:</b>Leundutako RTT-aren desbideraketa, hasieran RTT<sub>0</sub><sup>d</sup> = M<sub>0</sub>/2</li> <li><b>RTO<sub>0</sub> = RTT<sub>0</sub><sup>s</sup> + max {G,4*RTT<sub>0</sub><sup>d</sup>}, non G baseko kontagailuaren timeout tartea den.</b></li></ul> <p>Beraz, i iterazio ondoren RTO-ren balioa hurrengoa izango da: RTO<sub>i</sub> = RTT<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup> + max {G, 4*RTTid} </p><p>Non; RTT<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup> = (1- α) * RTT<sub>i-1</sub><sup>s</sup> + α * M<sub>i</sub> </p><p>RTT<sub>i</sub><sup>d</sup>= (1 - β) * RTT<sub>i-1</sub><sup>d</sup> + β * |M<sub>i</sub> – RTT<sub>i-1</sub><sup>s</sup>| </p><p>Non, α = 1/8 eta β = 1/4 </p><p>Aipatu beharrekoa da, RTO-ren balioa 1s baino txikiagoa ateratzen bada, 1s erabiliko dela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backoff_exponential_algoritmoa">Backoff exponential algoritmoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Backoff exponential algoritmoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Backoff exponential algoritmoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birtransmizioak ematen direnean, <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc793">RFC 793</a>-k dioenez, momentu horretan daukagun RTO-a erabili behar da. Kongestioa dagoenean berriz, metodo hau ez da ona izango, kongestioa RTT-an gorapenak eragiten baitditu. Horrela, beharrezkoak ez diren birtsansmizioak sortuko dira, birtsansmititutako segmentuak ez direnez kontuan hartzen RTO-ren balioa ez delako eguneratuko. Egoera hau ekiditzeko exponential Backoff algoritmoa erabiltzen da. Backoff mekanismoa ezartzen da, pakete beraren ondoz ondoko birtransmizioak denbora banatzeko, sareari kongestio egoera konpontzeko denbora emanez. Algoritmo honek, hasieran aurreko formulekin kalkulatutako balioa erabiltzen du. Birtransmizio bat ematen denean berriz, TCP-k birtransmizio denbora handitzen du, RTO bikoiztuz birtransmizio bakoitzeko. Parametro honek balio handiegi bat ez izateko, normalean RTO-ren balioa 64 s-ra mugatzen da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karn-EN_algoritmoa">Karn-EN algoritmoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Karn-EN algoritmoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Karn-EN algoritmoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bidalitako segmentu baten baieztapen bat jasotzen denean, ezin daiteke bereizi hau bidalitako segmentu originalaren baieztapena den edo birtsansmizioaren baieztapena den. Arazo hau ekiditzeko Karn-en algoritmoa erabiltzen da. Karn-en algoritmoaren arabera, birtsansmititutako segmentuentzat ez da RTT-ren neurketarik egingo, horrela ez dira RTTs eta RTTd-ren balioak eguneratuko eta beraz, RTO ere ez. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stuart_Tanenbaum" title="Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a></b>, <i>Konputagailu-sareak</i> (3. ed 2002), EHU ed.</li> <li>[<a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc793">RFC 793</a>]</li> <li>KUROSE, J. F.; ROSS, K. W. REDES DE COMPUTADORES. Un enfoque descendente basado en Internet. Segunda edición. Pearson Educación, Madrid, 2004. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7829-061-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7829-061-1">ISBN 978-84-7829-061-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201170334/http://www.aw-bc.com/kurose_ross/">Kurose/Ross Computer Networking</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IP_helbide" title="IP helbide">IP helbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCP/IP_eredu" title="TCP/IP eredu">TCP/IP eredu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sare_protokolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sare protokolo">Sare protokolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_eredua" title="OSI eredua">OSI eredua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sare_protokolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sare protokolo">Sare protokolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azpisare-maskara" title="Azpisare-maskara">Azpisare-maskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">Intranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estranet" title="Estranet">Estranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarerako_sarbide-protokolo" title="Sarerako sarbide-protokolo">Atzipen protokoloak</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8803" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q8803">Q8803</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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<span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Transmission_Control_Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q8803%22">Q8803</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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