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id="toc-Policies_of_the_Great_Powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_of_the_Great_Powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Policies of the Great Powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies_of_the_Great_Powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Turk_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Turk_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Young Turk Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Turk_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_in_the_Balkan_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_in_the_Balkan_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Reaction in the Balkan states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_in_the_Balkan_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-War_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-War_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pre-War treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-War_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Balkan League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Balkan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Balkan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First Balkan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Balkan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_the_Second_Balkan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_the_Second_Balkan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prelude to the Second Balkan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_the_Second_Balkan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Balkan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Balkan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second Balkan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Balkan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_among_the_Great_Powers_during_the_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_among_the_Great_Powers_during_the_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reactions among the Great Powers during the wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_among_the_Great_Powers_during_the_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epilogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epilogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epilogue</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epilogue-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epilogue subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epilogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Treaty_of_Bucharest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Treaty_of_Bucharest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>The Treaty of Bucharest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Treaty_of_Bucharest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Final_Treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Final_Treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The Final Treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Final_Treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-All_Balkan_War_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_Balkan_War_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>All Balkan War conflicts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-All_Balkan_War_conflicts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle All Balkan War conflicts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-All_Balkan_War_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Balkan_War_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Balkan_War_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>First Balkan War conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Balkan_War_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgarian-Ottoman_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian-Ottoman_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Bulgarian-Ottoman battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian-Ottoman_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek–Ottoman_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek–Ottoman_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Greek–Ottoman battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek–Ottoman_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbian–Ottoman_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbian–Ottoman_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Serbian–Ottoman battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbian–Ottoman_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Balkan_War_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Balkan_War_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Second Balkan War conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Balkan_War_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgarian–Greek_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian–Greek_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Bulgarian–Greek battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian–Greek_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgarian–Serbian_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian–Serbian_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Bulgarian–Serbian battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian–Serbian_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgarian–Ottoman_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian–Ottoman_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Bulgarian–Ottoman battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian–Ottoman_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgarian–Romanian_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian–Romanian_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Bulgarian–Romanian battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian–Romanian_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Balkan Wars</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanoorlo%C3%AB" title="Balkanoorloë – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Balkanoorloë" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حروب البلقان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حروب البلقان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_de_los_Balcanes" title="Guerres de los Balcanes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerres de los Balcanes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Balkan müharibələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Balkan müharibələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بالکان ساواشلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بالکان ساواشلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Balkan Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Balkan Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Балҡан һуғыштары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Балҡан һуғыштары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Балканскія войны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Балканскія войны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Балканскія войны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Балканскія войны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Балкански войни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Балкански войни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanski_ratovi" title="Balkanski ratovi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Balkanski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezelio%C3%B9_balkanek" title="Brezelioù balkanek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezelioù balkanek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_Balc%C3%A0niques" title="Guerres Balcàniques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerres Balcàniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Балкан вăрçисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Балкан вăрçисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balk%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A1lky" title="Balkánské války – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Balkánské války" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfeloedd_y_Balcanau" title="Rhyfeloedd y Balcanau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfeloedd y Balcanau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkankrigene" title="Balkankrigene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Balkankrigene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkankriege" title="Balkankriege – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Balkankriege" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkani_s%C3%B5jad" title="Balkani sõjad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Balkani sõjad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Βαλκανικοί Πόλεμοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαλκανικοί Πόλεμοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_de_los_Balcanes" title="Guerras de los Balcanes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerras de los Balcanes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanaj_militoj" title="Balkanaj militoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Balkanaj militoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanetako_Gerrak" title="Balkanetako Gerrak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Balkanetako Gerrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنگ‌های بالکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ‌های بالکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_balkaniques" title="Guerres balkaniques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres balkaniques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_balc%C3%A1nicas" title="Guerras balcánicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerras balcánicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EC%B9%B8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="발칸 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발칸 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(1912-1913)" title="Բալկանյան պատերազմներ (1912-1913) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բալկանյան պատերազմներ (1912-1913)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="बाल्कन युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाल्कन युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanski_ratovi" title="Balkanski ratovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Balkanski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan-militi" title="Balkan-militi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Balkan-militi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Balkan" title="Perang Balkan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Balkan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Балканы хæстытæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Балканы хæстытæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanstr%C3%AD%C3%B0in" title="Balkanstríðin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Balkanstríðin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_balcaniche" title="Guerre balcaniche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre balcaniche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="מלחמות הבלקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמות הבלקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Balkan" title="Perang Balkan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Balkan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Балкан къазауатла – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Балкан къазауатла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბალკანეთის ომები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბალკანეთის ომები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AAn_Balkan%C3%AA" title="Şerên Balkanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerên Balkanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Balcanica" title="Bella Balcanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bella Balcanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balk%C4%81nu_kari" title="Balkānu kari – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Balkānu kari" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan%C5%B3_karai" title="Balkanų karai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Balkanų karai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balk%C3%A1n-h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Balkán-háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Balkán-háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Балкански војни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Балкански војни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF" title="ബാൾക്കൻ പ്രതിസന്ധി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാൾക്കൻ പ്രതിസന്ധി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87" title="बाल्कन युद्धे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बाल्कन युद्धे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Balkan" title="Perang Balkan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Balkan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanoorlogen" title="Balkanoorlogen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Balkanoorlogen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="बाल्कन युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाल्कन युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="バルカン戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルカン戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkankrigene" title="Balkankrigene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Balkankrigene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkankrigane" title="Balkankrigane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Balkankrigane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rras_Balcanicas" title="Guèrras Balcanicas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrras Balcanicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolqon_urushlari" title="Bolqon urushlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bolqon urushlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="بلقان جنگاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلقان جنگاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%DB%90" title="د بالکان جګړې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بالکان جګړې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojny_ba%C5%82ka%C5%84skie" title="Wojny bałkańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojny bałkańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_dos_Balc%C3%A3s" title="Guerras dos Balcãs – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerras dos Balcãs" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboaiele_Balcanice" title="Războaiele Balcanice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războaiele Balcanice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Балканские войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Балканские войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherras_balc%C3%A0nicas" title="Gherras balcànicas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gherras balcànicas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft%C3%ABrat_Ballkanike" title="Luftërat Ballkanike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luftërat Ballkanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Balkan Wars" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balk%C3%A1nske_vojny" title="Balkánske vojny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Balkánske vojny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanski_vojni" title="Balkanski vojni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Balkanski vojni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Балкански ратови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Балкански ратови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanski_ratovi" title="Balkanski ratovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Balkanski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Balkan" title="Perang Balkan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Perang Balkan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanin_sodat" title="Balkanin sodat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wars in the Balkans from 1912 to 1913</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1990s conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, see <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Balkan Wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luleburgaz_Battle_Postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Luleburgaz_Battle_Postcard.jpg/300px-Luleburgaz_Battle_Postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Luleburgaz_Battle_Postcard.jpg/450px-Luleburgaz_Battle_Postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Luleburgaz_Battle_Postcard.jpg/600px-Luleburgaz_Battle_Postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="516" /></a></span><br />A Bulgarian postcard depicting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Battle of Lule Burgas</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8 October 1912 – 10 August 1913<br />(9 months, 1 week and 3 days)<br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div><b>First Balkan War:</b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">8 October 1912 – 30 May 1913<br />(7 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)</li></ul> </div><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div><b>Second Balkan War:</b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">16 June – 10 August 1913<br />(1 month, 1 week and 5 days)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrianople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople Vilayet">Adrianople</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Scutari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastir Vilayet">Manastir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica Vilayet">Salonica provinces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><b>First Balkan War:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a> victory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London, 1913">Treaty of London</a></li></ul> <p><b>Second Balkan War:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgarian</a> defeat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest,_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Bucharest, 1913">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b>:<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Montenegro"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b>:<br /><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b>:<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Montenegro"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Naz%C4%B1m_Pasha" title="Nazım Pasha">Nazım Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kerim_Pasha" title="Abdul Kerim Pasha">Abdul Kerim Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Kölemen Abdullah Pasha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Rauf Pasha</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></li></ul> </div></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <div style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Crown Prince Constantine</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro" title="Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro">Prince Danilo Petrović</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 437,000+ </p> <hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 600,000+</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 450,000+<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> 230,000<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 125,000<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> 44,500<br /><b>Total:</b><br />850,000 men </p> <hr /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> 348,000<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> 330,000<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 255,000<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 148,000<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> 12,800 <br /> </p> <b>Total:</b><br />1,093,800 men</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 632,000–1,500,000 <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction#Balkan_Wars" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Ottoman Muslim civilian deaths</a><sup id="cite_ref-tc-america_org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc-america_org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 400,000–813,000 Ottoman Muslim refugees<sup id="cite_ref-tc-america_org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc-america_org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_prizren_league_government.png/22px-Flag_of_the_prizren_league_government.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_prizren_league_government.png/33px-Flag_of_the_prizren_league_government.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_prizren_league_government.png/44px-Flag_of_the_prizren_league_government.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></span></span></span> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120,000–270,000</span> <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanian civilians killed</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mother_Teresa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mother_Teresa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_prizren_league_government.png/22px-Flag_of_the_prizren_league_government.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_prizren_league_government.png/33px-Flag_of_the_prizren_league_government.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_prizren_league_government.png/44px-Flag_of_the_prizren_league_government.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></span></span></span> 60,000–300,000 Albanians deported from Old Serbia<sup id="cite_ref-Mother_Teresa_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mother_Teresa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_First_Balkan_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox First Balkan War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_First_Balkan_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox First Balkan War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Balkan_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War"><span class="wrap">First Balkan War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Front_of_First_Balkan_War" title="Bulgarian Front of First Balkan War">Bulgarian Front</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">1st Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair"> Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">2nd Çatalca</a></li></ul> <p><b>Serbian and Montenegrin front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lum%C3%AB" title="Battle of Lumë">Lumë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li></ul> <p><b>Greek front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Lemnos" title="Capture of Lemnos">Lemnos Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lesbos_(1912)" title="Battle of Lesbos (1912)">Lesbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(1912)" title="Battle of Chios (1912)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Balkan_War" 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title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Pirot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Vidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_landings_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanian landings in Bulgaria">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Kresna Gorge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events leading to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarajevo"><img alt="Sarajevo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/250px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/375px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/500px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a> 1866–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> 1870–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe#Second_phase" title="Concert of Europe">Second Concert of Europe</a> 1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a> 1875–1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Campaign in Bosnia</a> 1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a> 1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa#Boer_Wars" title="Military history of South Africa">Boer Wars</a> 1880–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance</a> 1881–1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> 1882</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Crisis_(1885%E2%80%931888)" title="Bulgarian Crisis (1885–1888)">Bulgarian Crisis</a> 1885–1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a> 1887–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a> 1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> 1894–1895</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German naval arms race</a> 1898–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a> 1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)" title="May Coup (Serbia)">May Coup</a> 1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> 1904–1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a> 1904</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> 1905–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1906%E2%80%931908)" title="Pig War (1906–1908)">Pig War</a> 1906–1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a> 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> 1908–1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi Bargain</a> 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Second Moroccan Crisis</a> 1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> 1911–1912</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balkan Wars</a> 1912–1913</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Assassination of Franz Ferdinand</a> 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> 1914</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Balkan Wars</b> were a series of two conflicts that took place in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan states</a> in 1912 and 1913. In the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, the four Balkan states of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> declared war upon the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and defeated it, in the process stripping the Ottomans of their European provinces, leaving only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a> under Ottoman control. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>, Bulgaria fought against the other four original combatants of the first war. It also faced an attack from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> from the north. The Ottoman Empire lost the bulk of its territory in Europe. Although not involved as a combatant, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> became relatively weaker as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201345,_559_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201345,_559-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war set the stage for the <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July crisis of 1914</a> and thus served as a prelude to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 20th century, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, but large elements of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule. In 1912, these countries formed the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> began on 8 October 1912, when the League member states attacked the Ottoman Empire, and ended eight months later with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a> on 30 May 1913. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> began on 16 June 1913, when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its loss of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, attacked its former Balkan League allies. The combined forces of Serbian and Greek armies, with their superior numbers repelled the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> by invading it from the west and the south. <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, having taken no part in the conflict, had intact armies to strike with and invaded Bulgaria from the north in violation of a peace treaty between the two states. The Ottoman Empire also attacked Bulgaria and advanced in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, regaining <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Adrianople</a>. In the resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a>, Bulgaria managed to regain most of the territories it had gained in the First Balkan War. However, it was forced to cede the ex-Ottoman south part of <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja province</a> to Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Balkan Wars were marked by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, with all parties being responsible for grave atrocities against civilians, and inspired later atrocities including war crimes during the 1990s <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-of-Ottoman-Empire-1900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map-of-Ottoman-Empire-1900.png/220px-Map-of-Ottoman-Empire-1900.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map-of-Ottoman-Empire-1900.png/330px-Map-of-Ottoman-Empire-1900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map-of-Ottoman-Empire-1900.png/440px-Map-of-Ottoman-Empire-1900.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Ottoman Empire in 1900, with the names of the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Ottoman provinces</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_troubles1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Balkan_troubles1.jpg/200px-Balkan_troubles1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Balkan_troubles1.jpg/300px-Balkan_troubles1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Balkan_troubles1.jpg/400px-Balkan_troubles1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> cartoon of October 2, 1912, by English cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Raven-Hill" title="Leonard Raven-Hill">Leonard Raven-Hill</a> depicting Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia sitting on a lid on top of a pot marked "Balkan Troubles", satirizing the situation in the Balkans leading up to the First Balkan War</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meurtre_de_Nazim_Pacha_illustration,_9_February_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Meurtre_de_Nazim_Pacha_illustration%2C_9_February_1913.jpg/220px-Meurtre_de_Nazim_Pacha_illustration%2C_9_February_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Meurtre_de_Nazim_Pacha_illustration%2C_9_February_1913.jpg/330px-Meurtre_de_Nazim_Pacha_illustration%2C_9_February_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Meurtre_de_Nazim_Pacha_illustration%2C_9_February_1913.jpg/440px-Meurtre_de_Nazim_Pacha_illustration%2C_9_February_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naz%C4%B1m_Pasha" title="Nazım Pasha">Nazım Pasha</a>, the chief of staff of the Ottoman army, was assassinated in January 1913 by <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> due to his failure.</figcaption></figure> <p>The background to the wars lies in the incomplete emergence of <a href="/wiki/Nation-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-states">nation-states</a> on the European territory of the Ottoman Empire during the second half of the 19th century. Serbia had gained substantial territory during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a>, while Greece acquired <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> in 1881 (although <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1897)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1897)">it lost a small area</a> back to the Ottoman Empire in 1897) and Bulgaria (an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> since 1878) incorporated the formerly distinct province of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a> (1885). All three countries, as well as <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, sought additional territories within the large Ottoman-ruled region known as <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>, comprising Eastern Rumelia, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, Macedonia, and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. </p><p>The First Balkan War had some main causes, which included:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmreich1938_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmreich1938-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HellenicNation_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HellenicNation-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The Ottoman Empire was unable to reform itself, govern satisfactorily, or deal with the rising ethnic nationalism of its diverse peoples.</li> <li>The Italo-Ottoman war of 1911 and the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Albanian Revolt (disambiguation)">Albanian Revolts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Vilayet" title="Albanian Vilayet">Albanian Provinces</a> showed that the Empire was deeply "wounded" and unable to strike back against another war.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Powers</a> quarreled amongst themselves and failed to ensure that the Ottomans would carry out the needed reforms. This led the Balkan states to impose their own solution.</li> <li>The Christian populations of the European part of the Ottoman Empire were oppressed by the Ottoman Reign, thus forcing the Christian Balkan states to take action.</li> <li>Most importantly, the Balkan League was formed, and its members were confident that under those circumstances an organised and simultaneous declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire would be the only way to protect their compatriots and expand their territories in the Balkan Peninsula.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policies_of_the_Great_Powers">Policies of the Great Powers</h3></div> <p>Throughout the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Powers</a> shared different aims over the "<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a>" and the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> wanted access to the "warm waters" of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> from the Black Sea; so, it pursued a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-Slavic</a> foreign policy and therefore supported Bulgaria and Serbia. Britain wished to deny Russia access to the "warm waters" and supported the integrity of the Ottoman Empire, although it also supported a limited expansion of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)">Greece</a> as a backup plan in case integrity of the Ottoman Empire was not possible. France wished to strengthen its position in the region, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (today's Lebanon, Syria, and Israel).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> wished for a continuation of the existence of the Ottoman Empire, since both were troubled multinational entities and thus the collapse of the one might weaken the other. The Habsburgs also saw a strong Ottoman presence in the area as a counterweight to the Serbian nationalistic call to their own Serb subjects in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and other parts of the empire. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>'s primary aim at the time seems to have been the denial of access to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> to another major sea power. The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, in turn, under the "<a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a>" policy, aspired to turn the Ottoman Empire into its own de facto colony, and thus supported its integrity. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Bulgaria and Greece contended for Ottoman Macedonia and Thrace. Ethnic Greeks sought the forced "Hellenization" of ethnic Bulgars, who sought "Bulgarization" of Greeks (<a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Bulgarians" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Rise of nationalism</a>). Both nations sent armed irregulars into Ottoman territory to protect and assist their ethnic kindred. From 1904, there was low-intensity warfare in Macedonia between the Greek and Bulgarian bands and the Ottoman army (the <a href="/wiki/Struggle_for_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Struggle for Macedonia">Struggle for Macedonia</a>). After the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turk revolution</a> of July 1908, the situation changed drastically.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Turk_Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></div> <p>The 1908 <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> saw the reinstatement of constitutional monarchy in the Ottoman Empire and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a>. When the revolt broke out, it was supported by intellectuals, the army, and almost all the ethnic minorities of the Empire. It forced Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> to re-adopt the defunct <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Ottoman constitution of 1876</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman parliament">parliament</a>. Hopes were raised among the Balkan ethnicities of reforms and autonomy. Elections were held to form a representative, multi-ethnic, Ottoman parliament. However, following the Sultan's <a href="/wiki/31_March_incident" title="31 March incident">failed counter-coup of 1909</a>, the liberal element of the Young Turks was sidelined and the nationalist element became dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1908, Austria-Hungary seized the opportunity of the Ottoman political upheaval to annex the <i>de jure</i> Ottoman province of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, which it had occupied since 1878 (see <i><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></i>). Bulgaria declared independence as it had done in 1878, but this time the independence was internationally recognized. The Greeks of the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a> proclaimed unification with Greece, though the opposition of the Great Powers prevented the latter action from taking practical effect.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_in_the_Balkan_states">Reaction in the Balkan states</h3></div> <p>Serbia was frustrated in the north by Austria-Hungary's incorporation of Bosnia. In March 1909, Serbia was forced to accept the annexation and restrain anti-Habsburg agitation by Serbian nationalists. Instead, the Serbian government (PM: <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Pa%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikola Pašić">Nikola Pašić</a>) looked to formerly Serb territories in the south, notably "Old Serbia" (the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a> and the province of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>). </p><p>On 15 August 1909, the <a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup#Military_League" title="Goudi coup">Military League</a>, a group of Greek officers, launched a coup. The Military League sought the creation of a new political system and thus summoned the Cretan politician <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> to Athens as its political advisor. Venizelos persuaded King <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece#Later_reign_and_assassination" title="George I of Greece">George I</a> to revise the constitution and asked the League to disband in favor of a National Assembly. In March 1910, the Military League dissolved itself.<sup id="cite_ref-HellenicNation_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HellenicNation-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bulgaria, which had secured Ottoman recognition of her independence in April 1909 and enjoyed the friendship of Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also looked to annex districts of Ottoman Thrace and Macedonia. In August 1910, Montenegro followed Bulgaria's precedent by becoming a kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-War_treaties">Pre-War treaties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian_army_adrinople.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bulgarian_army_adrinople.jpg/250px-Bulgarian_army_adrinople.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bulgarian_army_adrinople.jpg/375px-Bulgarian_army_adrinople.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bulgarian_army_adrinople.jpg/500px-Bulgarian_army_adrinople.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>Bulgarian forces waiting to start their assault on <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the Italian victory in the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> of 1911–1912, the severity of the Ottomanizing policy of the Young Turkish regime and a series of three revolts in Ottoman held Albania, the Young Turks fell from power after a coup. The Christian Balkan countries were forced to take action and saw this as an opportunity to promote their national agenda by expanding in the territories of the falling empire and liberating their enslaved co-patriots. In order to achieve that, a wide net of treaties was constructed and an alliance was formed. </p><p>The negotiation among the Balkan states' governments started in the latter part of 1911 and was all conducted in secret. The treaties and military conventions were published in French translations after the Balkan Wars on 24–26 of November in Le Matin, Paris, France<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1911, Greek PM <a href="/wiki/Eleutherios_Venizelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleutherios Venizelos">Eleutherios Venizelos</a>’ attempt to reach an agreement with the Bulgarian PM and form a defensive alliance against the Ottoman Empire was fruitless, because of the doubts the Bulgarians held on the strength of the Greek Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, in December 1911, Bulgaria and Serbia agreed to start negotiations in forming an alliance under the tight inspection of Russia. The treaty between Serbia and Bulgaria was signed on 29 of February/13 of March 1912. Serbia sought expansion to "<a href="/wiki/Old_Serbia" title="Old Serbia">Old Serbia</a>" and as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milan_Milovanovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milan Milovanovich (page does not exist)">Milan Milovanovich</a> noted in 1909 to the Bulgarian counterpart, "As long as we are not allied with you, our influence over the Croats and Slovens will be insignificant".<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other side, Bulgaria wanted the autonomy of Macedonia region under the influence of the two countries. The then Bulgarian Minister of Foreign Affairs General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Paprikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Paprikov (page does not exist)">Stefan Paprikov</a> stated in 1909 that, "It will be clear that if not today then tomorrow, the most important issue will again be the Macedonian Question. And this question, whatever happens, cannot be decided without more or less direct participation of the Balkan States".<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Last but not least, they noted down the divisions that should be made of the Ottoman territories after a victorious outcome of the war. Bulgaria would gain all the territories eastern of Rodopi Mountains and River Strimona, while Serbia would annex the territories northern and western of Mount Skardu.<sup id="cite_ref-HellenicNation_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HellenicNation-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alliance pact between Greece and Bulgaria was finally signed on 16/29 of May 1912, without stipulating any specific division of Ottoman territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer 1912, Greece proceeded on making "gentlemen's agreements" with Serbia and Montenegro.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the fact that a draft of the alliance pact with Serbia was submitted on 22 of October, a formal pact was never signed due to the outbreak of the war. As a result, Greece did not have any territorial or other commitments, other than the common cause to fight the Ottoman Empire. </p><p>In April 1912 Montenegro and Bulgaria reached an agreement including financial aid to Montenegro in case of war with the Ottoman Empire. A gentlemen's agreement with Greece was reached soon after, as mentioned before. By the end of September a political and military alliance between Montenegro and Serbia was achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of September 1912, Bulgaria had formal-written alliances with Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro. A formal alliance was also signed between Serbia and Montenegro, while Greco-Montenegrin and Greco-Serbian agreements were basically oral "gentlemen's agreements".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> All these completed the formation of the Balkan League. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_League">Balkan League</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></div> <p>At that time, the Balkan states had been able to maintain armies that were both numerous, in relation to each country's population, and eager to act, being inspired by the idea that they would free enslaved parts of their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bulgarian Army was the leading army of the coalition. It was a well-trained and fully equipped army, capable of facing the Imperial Army. It was suggested that the bulk of the Bulgarian Army would be in the Thracian front, as it was expected that the front near the Ottoman Capital would be the most crucial one. The Serbian Army would act on the Macedonian front, as the Greek Army were thought to be powerless, but Greece was needed in the Balkan League for its navy and its capability to dominate the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, cutting off the Ottoman Armies from reinforcements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 13 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a>)/26 of September 1912, the Ottoman mobilization in Thrace forced Serbia and Bulgaria to act and order their own mobilization. On 17/30 of September Greece also ordered mobilization. On 25 of September/8 of October, Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire, after negotiations failed regarding the border status. On 30 of September/13 of October, the ambassadors of Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece delivered the common ultimatum to the Ottoman government, which was immediately rejected. The Empire withdrew its ambassadors from Sofia, Belgrade, and Athens, while the Bulgarian, Serbian and Greek diplomats left the Ottoman capital delivering the war declaration on 4/17 of October 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-HellenicNation_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HellenicNation-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Balkan_War">First Balkan War</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_belligerants_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Balkan_belligerants_1914.jpg/250px-Balkan_belligerants_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Balkan_belligerants_1914.jpg/375px-Balkan_belligerants_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Balkan_belligerants_1914.jpg/500px-Balkan_belligerants_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Territorial changes as a result of the First Balkan war, as of April 1913 showing the prewar agreed line of expansion between <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/250px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/375px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/500px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>The apple of discord: King <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I of Greece</a> and Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Bulgaria">Ferdinand of Bulgaria</a> at Thessaloniki, December 1912. Despite their alliance, Greco-Bulgarian antagonism over the city and Macedonia did not abate.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_volunteers_join_the_army_in_the_Balkan_Wars,_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Turkish_volunteers_join_the_army_in_the_Balkan_Wars%2C_1912.jpg/250px-Turkish_volunteers_join_the_army_in_the_Balkan_Wars%2C_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Turkish_volunteers_join_the_army_in_the_Balkan_Wars%2C_1912.jpg/375px-Turkish_volunteers_join_the_army_in_the_Balkan_Wars%2C_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Turkish_volunteers_join_the_army_in_the_Balkan_Wars%2C_1912.jpg/500px-Turkish_volunteers_join_the_army_in_the_Balkan_Wars%2C_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2867" data-file-height="2066" /></a><figcaption>Turkish volunteers join the army in the Balkan Wars, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>The three Slavic allies (Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro) had laid out extensive plans to coordinate their war efforts, in continuation of their secret prewar settlements and under close Russian supervision (Greece was not included). Serbia and Montenegro would attack in the theater of Sanjak, Bulgaria, and Serbia in Macedonia and Thrace. </p><p>The Ottoman Empire's situation was difficult. Its population of about 26 million people provided a massive pool of manpower, but three-quarters of the population lived in the Asian part of the Empire. Reinforcements had to come from Asia mainly by sea, which depended on the result of battles between the Turkish and Greek navies in the Aegean. </p><p>With the outbreak of the war, the Ottoman Empire activated three Army HQs: the Thracian HQ in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the Western HQ in Salonika, and the Vardar HQ in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, against the Bulgarians, the Greeks and the Serbians respectively. Most of their available forces were allocated to these fronts. Smaller independent units were allocated elsewhere, mostly around heavily fortified cities. </p><p>Montenegro was the first to declare war on 8 October<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (25 September O.S.). Its main thrust was towards <a href="/wiki/Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkodra">Shkodra</a>, with secondary operations in the <a href="/wiki/Novi_Pazar" title="Novi Pazar">Novi Pazar</a> area. The rest of the Allies, after giving a common ultimatum, declared war a week later. Bulgaria attacked towards Eastern Thrace, being stopped only at the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalca" title="Çatalca">Çatalca</a> line and the isthmus of the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli peninsula">Gallipoli peninsula</a>, while secondary forces captured Western Thrace and Eastern Macedonia. Serbia attacked south towards <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastir, Macedonia">Monastir</a> and then turned west to present-day <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, reaching the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a>, while a second Army captured <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and linked with the Montenegrin forces. Greece's main forces attacked from <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> into Macedonia through the <a href="/wiki/Sarantaporo" title="Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a> strait. On 7 November, in response to an Ottoman initiative, they entered into negotiations for the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. With the Greeks already there, and the Bulgarian 7th Rila Division moving swiftly from the north towards Thessaloniki, Hassan Tahsin Pasha considered his position to be hopeless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200061_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200061-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks offered more attractive terms than the Bulgarians did. On 8 November, Tahsin Pasha agreed to terms and 26,000 Ottoman troops passed over into Greek captivity. Before the Greeks entered the city, a German warship whisked the former sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> out of Thessaloniki to continue his exile, across the Bosporus from Constantinople. With their army in Thessaloniki, the Greeks took new positions to the east and northeast, including <a href="/wiki/Nigrita" title="Nigrita">Nigrita</a>. On 12 November (on 26 October 1912, <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">O.S.</a>) Greece expanded its occupied area and teamed up with the Serbian army to the northwest, while its main forces turned east towards <a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Kavala</a>, reaching the Bulgarians. Another Greek army attacked into <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BA01_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA01-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the naval front, the Ottoman fleet twice exited the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> and was twice defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Navy">Greek Navy</a>, in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Elli" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Battle of Elli">Elli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Lemnos" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Battle of Lemnos">Lemnos</a>. Greek dominance on the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> made it impossible for the Ottomans to transfer the planned troops from the Middle East to the Thracian (against the Bulgarian) and to the Macedonian (against the Greeks and Serbians) fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003333_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003333-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to E.J. Erickson the Greek Navy also played a crucial, albeit indirect role, in the Thracian campaign by neutralizing no less than three Thracian Corps (see <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, the Bulgarian theater of operations), a significant portion of the Ottoman Army there, in the all-important opening round of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003333_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003333-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the defeat of the Ottoman fleet, the Greek Navy was also free to occupy the islands of the Aegean. General <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a> identified the activity of the Greek Navy as the chief factor in the general success of the allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003333_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003333-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200065_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200065-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January, after a successful coup by young army officers, the Ottoman Empire decided to continue the war. After a failed Ottoman counter-attack in the Western-Thracian front, Bulgarian forces, with the help of the Serbian Army, managed to conquer <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Adrianople (1913)">Adrianople</a>, while Greek forces managed to take <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a> after defeating the Ottomans in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Battle of Bizani</a>. In the joint Serbian-Montenegrin theater of operation, the Montenegrin army besieged and captured the <a href="/wiki/Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkodra">Shkodra</a>, ending the Ottoman presence in Europe west of the Çatalca line after nearly 500 years. The war ended officially with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London, 1913">Treaty of London</a> on 30(17) May 1913. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude_to_the_Second_Balkan_War">Prelude to the Second Balkan War</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London (1913)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ligne_de_Partage_d%27apr%C3%A8s_la_carte_annex%C3%A9e_au_Trait%C3%A9_d%27Alliance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ligne_de_Partage_d%27apr%C3%A8s_la_carte_annex%C3%A9e_au_Trait%C3%A9_d%27Alliance.jpg/220px-Ligne_de_Partage_d%27apr%C3%A8s_la_carte_annex%C3%A9e_au_Trait%C3%A9_d%27Alliance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ligne_de_Partage_d%27apr%C3%A8s_la_carte_annex%C3%A9e_au_Trait%C3%A9_d%27Alliance.jpg/330px-Ligne_de_Partage_d%27apr%C3%A8s_la_carte_annex%C3%A9e_au_Trait%C3%A9_d%27Alliance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ligne_de_Partage_d%27apr%C3%A8s_la_carte_annex%C3%A9e_au_Trait%C3%A9_d%27Alliance.jpg/440px-Ligne_de_Partage_d%27apr%C3%A8s_la_carte_annex%C3%A9e_au_Trait%C3%A9_d%27Alliance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3381" data-file-height="4488" /></a><figcaption>The Serbo-Bulgarian pre-war agreement on the division of Macedonia, with the Contested Zone marked in grey</figcaption></figure> <p>After pressure from the Great Powers towards Greece and Serbia, who had postponed signing in order to fortify their defensive positions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000101_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000101-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the signing of the Treaty of London took place on 30 May 1913. With this treaty, the war between the Balkan Allies and the Ottoman Empire came to an end. From now on, the Great Powers had the right of decision on the territorial adjustments that had to be made, which even led to the creation of an independent Albania. Every Aegean island belonging to the Ottoman Empire, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenedos" title="Tenedos">Tenedos</a>, was handed over to the Greeks, including the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. </p><p>Furthermore, all European territory of the Ottoman Empire west of the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/bg:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81" class="extiw" title="s:bg:Мидия-Енос">Enos-Midiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Enez</a>-<a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Kıyıköy</a>) line, was ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a>, but the division of the territory among the League was not to be decided by the Treaty itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000537_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000537-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This event led to the formation of two ‘de facto’ military occupation zones on Macedonian territory, as Greece and Serbia tried to create a common border. In turn, Bulgarians were furious about Serbia's refusal to honour its commitments under the 1912 Serbo-Bulgarian Treaty, which had split the geographic region of Macedonia into two zones, one contested between Serbia and Bulgaria, and another one, recognised by the two countries as Bulgarian by rights. </p><p>Before the war, Serbia had relinquished its claim to the territory east of the <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kriva_Palanka" title="Kriva Palanka">Kriva Palanka</a> line in favour of Bulgaria (the <i>‘Uncontested Zone’</i>), while the future of some 11,000 square km<sup>2</sup> of territory, forming the northwestern corner of geographic region of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> (the <i>‘Contested Zone’</i>), was to be decided by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Emperor">Russian Emperor</a>, who was Senior Arbitrary and Guarantor of the alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-geshov_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geshov-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assured by the clauses of the Treaty that it would receive what it considered its fair share of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, Bulgaria sent almost all of its troops to the Thracian front, which was expected to, and eventually did indeed, decide the outcome of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003285-289_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003285-289-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Serbia pushed into Kosovo and northern Macedonia. </p><p>As the establishment of an independent Albanian state, brokered by Italy and Austria-Hungary, deprived the Serbs of their much-coveted Adriatic port, they demanded not only the entire <i>Contested Zone</i>, but also all of the <i>Uncontested</i> one they had occupied. Bulgarian efforts to appeal to the Russian Emperor, quoting, for example, the clauses of the Treaty, the material difference between Serbian (29,698)<sup id="cite_ref-BoekhDE_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoekhDE-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bulgarian casualties (87,926)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000135_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000135-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the surrender of the Bulgarian City of <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a> to Romania as compensation for its continued neutrality proved futile.<sup id="cite_ref-geshov1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geshov1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a> instead kept encouraging Bulgaria to accede to an ever-increasing list of Serbian demands.<sup id="cite_ref-Markov_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markov-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, Bulgaria's overreliance on the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, a power which had anathemised the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Bulgaria">Unification of Bulgaria</a>, invited the Ottoman Sultan to reconquer <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a> and organised a coup against the Bulgarian Prince only three decades prior and which had watched <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand</a>'s charge towards Istanbul with ill-disguised alarm due to its own long-standing aspirations towards the Turkish Straits,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ignatyev1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ignatyev1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgaria's unwillingness to reach a compromise with Greece, despite several attempts made by Greek Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Markov_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markov-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Serbian insistence to keep all conquered territory paved the way to another conflict. </p><p>On 1 May 1913, Greece and Serbia settled their differences and signed a military alliance directed against Bulgaria. On the night of 29 June 1913, the Bulgarian army made an ill-advised attempt to gain an advantage in the negotiations by pushing out Serbian and Greek forces out of several disputed territories without a battle plan or declaration of war, naively thinking that this would be regarded as a mere altercation. Instead, the action gave Serbia and Greece casus belli and kicked off the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStavrianos2000539_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrianos2000539-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Balkan_War">Second Balkan War</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:With_the_conquered_Turk_(1913)_cholera_patients_arriving.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/With_the_conquered_Turk_%281913%29_cholera_patients_arriving.png/250px-With_the_conquered_Turk_%281913%29_cholera_patients_arriving.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/With_the_conquered_Turk_%281913%29_cholera_patients_arriving.png/375px-With_the_conquered_Turk_%281913%29_cholera_patients_arriving.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/With_the_conquered_Turk_%281913%29_cholera_patients_arriving.png/500px-With_the_conquered_Turk_%281913%29_cholera_patients_arriving.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a> was common among the soldiers of the combatant nations</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg/250px-Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg/375px-Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg/500px-Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>Boundaries on the Balkans after the First and the Second Balkan War (1912–1913)</figcaption></figure> <p>Though the Balkan allies had fought together against the common enemy, that was not enough to overcome their mutual rivalries. In the original document for the Balkans league, Serbia promised Bulgaria most of Macedonia. But before the first war had come to an end, Serbia (in violation of the previous agreement) and Greece revealed their plan to keep possession of the territories that their forces had occupied. This act prompted the tsar of Bulgaria to invade his allies. The Second Balkan War broke out on 29 (16) June 1913,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazower2005279_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2005279-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Bulgaria attacked its erstwhile allies in the First Balkan War, Serbia and Greece, while Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire intervened later against Bulgaria, with Romania attacking Bulgaria from the north in violation of a peace treaty. </p><p>When the Greek army had entered <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> in the First Balkan War ahead of the Bulgarian 7th division by only a day, they were asked to allow a Bulgarian battalion to enter the city. Greece accepted in exchange for allowing a Greek unit to enter the city of <a href="/wiki/Serres,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Serres, Greece">Serres</a>. The Bulgarian unit that entered Thessaloniki turned out to be an 18,000-strong division instead of the battalion, which caused concern among the Greeks, who viewed it as a Bulgarian attempt to establish a <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a> over the city. In the event, due to the urgently needed reinforcements in the Thracian front, Bulgarian Headquarters was soon forced to remove its troops from the city (while the Greeks agreed by mutual treaty to remove their units based in <a href="/wiki/Serres" title="Serres">Serres</a>) and transport them to Dedeağaç (modern <a href="/wiki/Alexandroupolis" title="Alexandroupolis">Alexandroupolis</a>), but it left behind a battalion that started fortifying its positions. </p><p>Greece had also allowed the Bulgarians to control the stretch of the Thessaloniki-Constantinople railroad that lay in Greek-occupied territory since Bulgaria controlled the largest part of this railroad towards Thrace. After the end of the operations in Thrace, and confirming Greek concerns, Bulgaria was not satisfied with the territory it controlled in Macedonia and immediately asked Greece to relinquish its control over Thessaloniki and the land north of <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, effectively handing over all of Greek Macedonia. These demands, with the Bulgarian refusal to demobilize its army after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a> had ended the common war against the Ottomans, alarmed Greece, which decided to also keep its army mobilized. A month after the Second Balkan War started, the Bulgarian community of Thessaloniki no longer existed, as hundreds of long-time Bulgarian locals were arrested. Thirteen hundred Bulgarian soldiers and about five hundred <a href="/wiki/Komitadjis" class="mw-redirect" title="Komitadjis">komitadjis</a> were also arrested and transferred to Greek prisons. In November 1913, the Bulgarians were forced to admit their defeat, as the Greeks received international recognition on their claim of Thessaloniki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazower2005280_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2005280-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, in modern <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, the tension between Serbia and Bulgaria due to the latter's aspirations over <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a> generated many incidents between their respective armies, prompting Serbia to keep its army mobilized. Serbia and Greece proposed that each of the three countries reduce its army by a quarter, as the first step towards a peaceful solution, but Bulgaria rejected it. Seeing the omens, Greece and Serbia started a series of negotiations and signed a treaty on 1 June(19 May) 1913. With this treaty, a mutual border was agreed between the two countries, together with an agreement for mutual military and diplomatic support in case of a Bulgarian or/and Austro-Hungarian attack. Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a>, being well informed, tried to stop the upcoming conflict on 8 June, by sending an identical personal message to the Kings of Bulgaria and Serbia, offering to act as arbitrator according to the provisions of the 1912 Serbo-Bulgarian treaty. But Bulgaria, by making the acceptance of Russian <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> conditional, in effect denied any discussion, causing Russia to repudiate its alliance with Bulgaria (see Russo-Bulgarian military convention signed 31 May 1902). </p><p>The Serbs and the Greeks had a military advantage on the eve of the war because their armies confronted comparatively weak Ottoman forces in the First Balkan War and suffered relatively light casualties,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000117_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000117-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Bulgarians were involved in heavy fighting in Thrace. The Serbs and Greeks had time to fortify their positions in Macedonia. The Bulgarians also held some advantages, controlling internal communication and supply lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000117_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000117-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29(16) June 1913, General Savov, under direct orders of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a>, issued attack orders against both Greece and Serbia without consulting the Bulgarian government and without an official declaration of war.<sup id="cite_ref-macedonia-istinata_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macedonia-istinata-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the night of 30(17) June 1913, they attacked the Serbian army at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bregalnica_river&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bregalnica river (page does not exist)">Bregalnica river</a> and then the Greek army in <a href="/wiki/Nigrita" title="Nigrita">Nigrita</a>. The Serbian army resisted the sudden night attack, while most of the soldiers did not even know who they were fighting with, as Bulgarian camps were located next to Serbs and were considered allies. Montenegro's forces were just a few kilometers away and also rushed to the battle. The Bulgarian attack was halted. </p><p>The Greek army was also successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000117_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000117-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="False citation/page 117 is wrong (April 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It retreated according to plan for two days while <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> was cleared of the remaining Bulgarian regiment. Then, the Greek army counterattacked and defeated the Bulgarians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kilkis">Kilkis</a> (Kukush), after which the mostly Bulgarian town was plundered and burnt and part of its mostly Bulgarian population massacred by the Greek army.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the capture of Kilkis, the Greek army's pace was not quick enough to prevent the retaliatory destruction of <a href="/wiki/Nigrita" title="Nigrita">Nigrita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serres" title="Serres">Serres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doxato" title="Doxato">Doxato</a> and massacres of non-combatant Greek inhabitants at <a href="/wiki/Sidirokastro" title="Sidirokastro">Sidirokastro</a> and Doxato by the Bulgarian army.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek committed further war crimes against the Bulgarian population during it advance - in total about 160 Bulgarian villages were destroyed and most of their population expelled. with multiple additional massacres of the Bulgarian civilian population.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek army then divided its forces and advanced in two directions. Part proceeded east and occupied <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>. The rest of the Greek army advanced up to the <a href="/wiki/Struma_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Struma River">Struma River</a> valley, defeating the Bulgarian army in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1913)" title="Battle of Doiran (1913)">Doiran</a> and Mt. Beles, and continued its advance to the north towards <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Kresna straits</a>, the Greeks were ambushed by the Bulgarian 2nd and 1st Armies, newly arrived from the Serbian front, that had already taken defensive positions there following the Bulgarian victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Kalimanci</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Kilkis1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Battle_of_Kilkis1913.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Kilkis1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Battle_of_Kilkis1913.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Kilkis1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Battle_of_Kilkis1913.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Kilkis1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>Greek lithograph of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis%E2%80%93Lachanas" title="Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas">Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 30 July, the Greek army was outnumbered by the counter-attacking Bulgarian army, which attempted to encircle the Greeks in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Cannae</a>-type battle, by applying pressure on their flanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000121_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000121-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek army was exhausted and faced logistical difficulties. The battle was continued for 11 days, between 29 July and 9 August over 20 km of a maze of forests and mountains with no conclusion. The Greek king, seeing that the units he fought were from the Serbian front, tried to convince the Serbs to renew their attack, as the front ahead of them was now thinner, but the Serbs declined. By then, news came of the Romanian advance toward Sofia and its imminent fall. Facing the danger of encirclement, Constantine realized that his army could no longer continue hostilities. Thus, he agreed to <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>' proposal and accepted the Bulgarian request for an armistice as had been communicated through Romania. </p><p>Romania had raised an army and declared war on Bulgaria on 10 July (27 June) as it had from 28 (15) June officially warned Bulgaria that it would not remain neutral in a new Balkan war, due to Bulgaria's refusal to cede the fortress of Silistra as promised before the First Balkan War in exchange for Romanian neutrality. Its forces encountered little resistance and, by the time the Greeks accepted the Bulgarian request for an armistice, they had reached <a href="/wiki/Vrazhdebna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrazhdebna">Vrazhdebna</a>, 11 km (7 mi) from the center of <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>. </p><p>Seeing the military position of the Bulgarian army, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> decided to intervene. They attacked, and, finding no opposition, managed to win back all of their lands which had been officially ceded to Bulgaria as a part of the Sofia Conference in 1914, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> with its fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Adrianople</a>, regaining an area in Europe which was only slightly larger than the present-day European territory of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions_among_the_Great_Powers_during_the_wars">Reactions among the Great Powers during the wars</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bazar_Tirana_(ca._1900)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bazar_Tirana_%28ca._1900%292.jpg/220px-Bazar_Tirana_%28ca._1900%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bazar_Tirana_%28ca._1900%292.jpg/330px-Bazar_Tirana_%28ca._1900%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bazar_Tirana_%28ca._1900%292.jpg/440px-Bazar_Tirana_%28ca._1900%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a> at the turn of the 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbian_poster_celebrating_victory_over_Bulgaria_in_the_second_Balkan_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Serbian_poster_celebrating_victory_over_Bulgaria_in_the_second_Balkan_war.jpg/220px-Serbian_poster_celebrating_victory_over_Bulgaria_in_the_second_Balkan_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Serbian_poster_celebrating_victory_over_Bulgaria_in_the_second_Balkan_war.jpg/330px-Serbian_poster_celebrating_victory_over_Bulgaria_in_the_second_Balkan_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Serbian_poster_celebrating_victory_over_Bulgaria_in_the_second_Balkan_war.jpg/440px-Serbian_poster_celebrating_victory_over_Bulgaria_in_the_second_Balkan_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Serbian propaganda poster, depicting King Alexander I beating the losing Bulgarian ruler.</figcaption></figure> <p>The developments that led to the <b>First Balkan War</b> did not go unnoticed by the Great Powers. Although there was an official consensus between the European Powers over the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire</a>, which led to a stern warning to the Balkan states, unofficially each of them took a different diplomatic approach due to their conflicting interests in the area. As a result, any possible preventive effect of the common official warning was cancelled by the mixed unofficial signals, and failed to prevent or to stop the war: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> was a prime mover in the establishment of the Balkan League and saw it as an essential tool in case of a future war against its rival, the Austro-Hungarian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Stowell1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stowell1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was unaware of the Bulgarian plans over Thrace and Constantinople, territories on which it had long-held ambitions, and on which it had just secured a secret agreement of expansion from its allies France and Britain, as a reward for participating in the upcoming <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, not feeling ready for a war against Germany in 1912, took a totally negative position against the war, firmly informing its ally Russia that it would not take part in a potential conflict between Russia and Austria-Hungary if it resulted from the actions of the Balkan League. The French, however, failed to achieve British participation in a common intervention to stop the Balkan conflict.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a>, although officially a staunch supporter of the Ottoman Empire's integrity, took secret diplomatic steps encouraging Greek entry into the League in order to counteract Russian influence. At the same time, it encouraged Bulgarian aspirations over Thrace, preferring a Bulgarian Thrace to a Russian one, despite the assurances the British government had given to the Russians in regard to Russia's expansion there.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, struggling for a port on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> and seeking ways for expansion in the south at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, was totally opposed to any other nation's expansion in the area. At the same time, the Habsburg empire had its own internal problems with significant Slav populations that campaigned against German-Hungarian control of the multinational state. Serbia, whose aspirations in the direction of Austrian-held Bosnia were no secret, was considered an enemy and the main tool of Russian machinations that were behind the agitation of Austria's Slav subjects. But Austria-Hungary failed to secure German backup for a firm reaction. Initially, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> told the <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> that Germany was ready to support Austria in all circumstances — even at the risk of a world war, but the Austro-Hungarians hesitated. Finally, in the <a href="/wiki/German_Imperial_War_Council_of_8_December_1912" title="German Imperial War Council of 8 December 1912">German Imperial War Council of 8 December 1912</a> the consensus was that Germany would not be ready for war until at least mid-1914 and passed notes to that effect to the Habsburgs. Consequently, no actions could be taken when the Serbs acceded to the Austrian ultimatum of 18 October and withdrew from Albania.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, already heavily involved in internal Ottoman politics, officially opposed a war against the Empire. But, in her effort to win Bulgaria for the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, and seeing the <a href="/wiki/Sick_man_of_Europe" title="Sick man of Europe">inevitability</a> of Ottoman disintegration, was toying with the idea of replacing the Balkan area of the Ottomans with a friendly Greater Bulgaria in her <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">San Stefano</a> borders—an idea that was based on the German origin of the <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Bulgaria">Bulgarian King</a> and his anti-Russian sentiments.</li></ul> <p>The <b>Second Balkan war</b> was a catastrophic blow to Russian policies in the Balkans, which for centuries had focused on access to the "warm seas". First, it marked the end of the Balkan League, a vital arm of the Russian system of defense against Austria-Hungary. Second, the clearly pro-Serbian position Russia had been forced to take in the conflict, mainly due to the disagreements over land partitioning between Serbia and Bulgaria, caused a permanent break-up between the two countries. Accordingly, Bulgaria reverted its policy to one closer to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>' understanding over an anti-Serbian front, due to its new national aspirations, now expressed mainly against Serbia. As a result, Serbia was isolated militarily against its rival Austria-Hungary, a development that eventually doomed Serbia in the coming war a year later. Most damaging, the new situation effectively trapped Russian foreign policy: After 1913, Russia could not afford to lose its last ally in this crucial area and thus had no alternatives but to unconditionally support Serbia when the crisis between Serbia and Austria escalated in 1914. This was a position that inevitably drew Russia into an unwelcome World War with devastating results since it was less prepared (both militarily and socially) for that event than any other Great Power. </p><p>Austria-Hungary took alarm at the great increase in Serbia's territory at the expense of its national aspirations in the region, as well as Serbia's rising status, especially to Austria-Hungary's Slavic populations. This concern was shared by Germany, which saw Serbia as a satellite of Russia. These concerns contributed significantly to the two Central Powers' willingness to go to war against Serbia. This meant that when <a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Serbia)" title="Black Hand (Serbia)">a Serbian backed organization</a> assassinated <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the reform-minded heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne</a>, causing the 1914 <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a>, the conflict quickly escalated and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epilogue">Epilogue</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Treaty_of_Bucharest">The Treaty of Bucharest</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest (1913)</a></div> <p>The epilogue to this nine-month pan-Balkan war was drawn mostly by the treaty of Bucharest, 10 August 1913. Delegates of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria, hosted by the deputy of Romania arrived in Bucharest to settle negotiations. Ottoman's request to participate was rejected, on the basis that the talks were to deal with matters strictly among the Balkan allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Powers maintained a very influential presence, but they did not dominate the proceedings. The Treaty partitioned Macedonia, made changes to the Balkan borders and established the independent state of Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Jelavich_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jelavich-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbia gained the territory of north-east Macedonia, settled the eastern borders with Bulgaria and gained the eastern half of the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar, doubling its size.<sup id="cite_ref-Jelavich_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jelavich-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montenegro gained the western half of the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar and secured the borders with Serbia. Greece more than doubled its size by gaining southern Epirus, the biggest part of southern Macedonia, including the city-port of Kavala in its eastern border. The Aegean Islands were annexed by the Greek Kingdom, apart from the Dodecanese, and the Cretan unification was completed and formalized. Romania annexed the southern part of Dobruja province. Bulgaria, even though defeated, managed to hold some territorial gains from the First Balkan War. Bulgaria embraced a portion of Macedonia, including the town of Strumnitza, and western Thrace with a 70-mile Aegean coastline including the port-town of Alexandroupolis.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Final_Treaties">The Final Treaties</h3></div> <p>The Bulgarian delegates then met the Ottomans for negotiations in Constantinople. Bulgaria's hope to regain lost territories in Eastern Thrace, where the bulk of Bulgarian forces had struggled to conquer and many died, was dashed as the Turks retained the lands they had regained in the counter-attack. The straight line of Ainos-Midia was not accepted for the eastern Border; the regions of Lozengrad, Lyule Burgas-Buni Hisar, and Adrianople reverted to the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this Treaty of Constantinople, 30 September 1913, Bulgaria sought an alliance with the Ottoman Empire against Greece and Serbia (in support of their claims to Macedonia). </p><p>This was followed by the Treaty of Athens, 14 November 1913, between the Turks and Greeks, concluding the conflict between them. However, the status of the Aegean Islands, under Greek control, was left in question. Especially the islands of Imvros and Tenedos strategically positioned near the Dardanelles Straights. Even after signing this treaty, relations between the two countries remained very bad, and war almost broke out in spring 1914. </p><p>Finally, the second Treaty in Constantinople re-established the relations between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire, concluding officially the Balkan Wars. Montenegro never signed a pact with the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Balkan Wars brought to an end Ottoman rule of the Balkan Peninsula, except for eastern Thrace and Constantinople (now Istanbul). The Young Turk regime was unable to reverse their Empire's decline, but remained in power, establishing a dictatorship in June 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-Jelavich_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jelavich-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="All_Balkan_War_conflicts">All Balkan War conflicts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Balkan_War_conflicts">First Balkan War conflicts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgarian-Ottoman_battles">Bulgarian-Ottoman battles</h4></div> <table style="width:76%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:25%;">Battle </th> <th style="width:8%;">Year </th> <th style="width:10%;"><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span> Commander </th> <th style="width:15%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> Commander </th> <th style="width:12%;">Result </th></tr> <tr style="background:#D4F2CE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Battle of Kardzhali</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Vasil Delov</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Mehmed Pasha</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bulgarian Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D4F2CE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Battle of Kirk Kilisse</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Mahmut Pasha</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bulgarian Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D4F2CE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Battle of Lule Burgas</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Abdullah Pasha</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bulgarian Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D4F2CE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Battle of Merhamli</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Nikola Genev</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Mehmed Pasha</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bulgarian Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D4F2CE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Naval Battle of Kaliakra</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Dimitar Dobrev</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Hüseyin Bey</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bulgarian Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F2CECE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Battle of Çatalca</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ottoman Victory<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D4F2CE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Battle of Bulair</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal">Mustafa Kemal</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bulgarian Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D4F2CE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Battle of Şarköy</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bulgarian Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">Second Battle of Çatalca</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmet Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Indecisive </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D4F2CE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Adrianople (1913)">Siege of Adrianople</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Georgi Vazov</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Gazi Pasha</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bulgarian Victory </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek–Ottoman_battles"><span id="Greek.E2.80.93Ottoman_battles"></span>Greek–Ottoman battles</h4></div> <table style="width:76%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:25%;">Battle </th> <th style="width:8%;">Year </th> <th style="width:10%;"><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span> Commander </th> <th style="width:15%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> Commander </th> <th style="width:12%;">Result </th></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Battle of Sarantaporo</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Battle of Yenidje</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Battle of Pente Pigadia</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Sapountzakis</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esat Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F2CECE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Battle of Sorovich</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Matthaiopoulos" title="Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos">Matthaiopoulos</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Hasan Rıza Pasha">Hasan Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ottoman Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Revolt of Himara</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Sapountzakis</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esat Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lesbos_(1912)" title="Battle of Lesbos (1912)">Battle of Lesbos</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Kountouriotis</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Abdul Ghani</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(1912)" title="Battle of Chios (1912)">Battle of Chios</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Damianos" title="Ioannis Damianos">Damianos</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Zihne Bey</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F2CECE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Battle of Driskos</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Matthaiopoulos" title="Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos">Matthaiopoulos</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esat Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ottoman Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Battle of Elli</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Kountouriotis</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Remzi Bey</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Capture of Korytsa</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Damianos" title="Konstantinos Damianos">Damianos</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Davit Pasha</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Battle of Lemnos</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Kountouriotis</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Remzi Bey</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Battle of Bizani</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esat Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbian–Ottoman_battles"><span id="Serbian.E2.80.93Ottoman_battles"></span>Serbian–Ottoman battles</h4></div> <table style="width:76%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:25%;">Battle </th> <th style="width:8%;">Year </th> <th style="width:10%;"><span data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></span> Commander </th> <th style="width:15%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> Commander </th> <th style="width:12%;">Result </th></tr> <tr style="background:plum;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Battle of Kumanovo</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Serbian Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:plum;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Battle of Prilep</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Serbian Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:plum;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Battle of Monastir</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Serbian Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F2CECE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lum%C3%AB" title="Battle of Lumë">Battle of Lumë</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Jankovic</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bajram_Curri" title="Bajram Curri">Bajram Curri</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ottoman victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Siege of Scutari</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nikola_I_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš">Nikola I</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Riza_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Riza Pasha">Hasan Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">Status quo ante bellum</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:plum;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Adrianople (1913)">Siege of Adrianople</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepa Stepanovic">Stepa Stepanovic</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Gazi Pasha</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Serbian Victory </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Balkan_War_conflicts">Second Balkan War conflicts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgarian–Greek_battles"><span id="Bulgarian.E2.80.93Greek_battles"></span>Bulgarian–Greek battles</h4></div> <table style="width:76%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:25%;">Battle </th> <th style="width:8%;">Date </th> <th style="width:10%;"><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span> Commander </th> <th style="width:15%;"><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span> Commander </th> <th style="width:12%;">Result </th></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis-Lahanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas">Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">19–21 June 1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1913)" title="Battle of Doiran (1913)">Battle of Doiran</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 June 1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSkyBlue;"> <td align="left">Battle of Demir Hisar</td> <td style="text-align:center;">26–27 June 1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Greek Victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Battle of Kresna Gorge</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">27–31 July 1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Stalemate </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgarian–Serbian_battles"><span id="Bulgarian.E2.80.93Serbian_battles"></span>Bulgarian–Serbian battles</h4></div> <table style="width:76%; text-align:center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Battle </th> <th style="width:13%;">Date </th> <th style="width:13%;"><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span> Commander </th> <th style="width:12%;"><span data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></span> Commander </th> <th style="width:12%;">Result </th></tr> <tr style="background:plum;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Battle of Bregalnica</a> </td> <td align="right">30 June–9 July 1913 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a> </td> <td>Serbian victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D4F2CE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Battle of Knjaževac</a> </td> <td align="right">4–7 July 1913 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a> </td> <td>Vukoman Aračić </td> <td>Bulgarian victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:plum;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Battle of Pirot</a> </td> <td align="right">6–8 July 1913 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a> </td> <td>Serbian victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:plum;"> <td align="left">Battle of Belogradchik </td> <td align="right">8 July 1913 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a> </td> <td>Serbian victory </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Siege of Vidin</a> </td> <td align="right">12–18 July 1913 </td> <td>Krastyu Marinov </td> <td>Vukoman Aračić </td> <td>Peace treaty </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D4F2CE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Battle of Kalimanci</a> </td> <td align="right">18–19 July 1913 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a> </td> <td>Bulgarian victory </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgarian–Ottoman_battles"><span id="Bulgarian.E2.80.93Ottoman_battles"></span>Bulgarian–Ottoman battles</h4></div> <table style="width:76%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:25%;">Battle </th> <th style="width:8%;">Year </th> <th style="width:10%;"><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span> Commander </th> <th style="width:15%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> Commander </th> <th style="width:12%;">Result </th></tr> <tr style="background:#F2CECE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1913)">Siege of Adrianople</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">First Armistice </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F2CECE;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War#Treaty_of_Constantinople" title="Second Balkan War">Ottoman Advance of Thrace</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Vulko Velchev</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Pasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Final Armistice</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgarian–Romanian_battles"><span id="Bulgarian.E2.80.93Romanian_battles"></span>Bulgarian–Romanian battles</h4></div> <table style="width:76%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:25%;">Battle </th> <th style="width:8%;">Year </th> <th style="width:10%;"><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span> Commander </th> <th style="width:15%;"><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></span> Commander </th> <th style="width:12%;">Result </th></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_landings_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanian landings in Bulgaria">Romanian landings in Bulgaria</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I of Romania</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">First Armistice </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Southern Dobruja Offensive</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I of Romania</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Final Armistice</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p>Citizens of Turkey regard the Balkan Wars as a major disaster (<i>Balkan harbi faciası</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#Defeat_and_dissolution_(1908–1922)" title="Ottoman Empire">nation's history</a>. The Ottoman Empire lost all its European territories west of the River <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Maritsa</a> as a result of the two Balkan Wars, which thus delineated present-day Turkey's western border. By 1923, only 38% of the Muslim population of 1912 still lived in the Balkans and majority of Balkan Turks had been killed or expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unexpected fall and sudden relinquishing of Turkish-dominated European territories created a <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">traumatic</a> event amongst many Turks that triggered the ultimate <a href="/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire">collapse</a> of the empire itself within five years. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mojzes" title="Paul Mojzes">Paul Mojzes</a> has called the Balkan Wars an ''unrecognized genocide''.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Naz%C4%B1m_Pasha" title="Nazım Pasha">Nazım Pasha</a>, Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a>, was held responsible for the failure and was assassinated on 23 January 1913 during the <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Greeks regard the Balkan Wars as a period of epic achievements. They managed to liberate and gain territories that had been inhabited by Greeks since ancient times and doubled the size of the Greek Kingdom, capturing major cities such as <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a> that had been under Ottoman rule for almost half a millennium. The Greek Army, small and ill-equipped compared to the superior Ottoman but also Bulgarian and Serbian armies, won very important battles. That made Greece a viable pawn in the Great Powers' chess play. Two great personalities rose in the Greek political arena, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>, the leading mind behind the Greek foreign policy, and Crown Prince, and later King, <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos I">Konstantinos I</a>, the Major General of the Greek Army.<sup id="cite_ref-HellenicNation_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HellenicNation-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1910">Albanian Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1911">Albanian Revolt of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1912" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1912">Albanian Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkans Campaign (World War I)">Balkans Campaign (World War I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkans Campaign (World War II)">Balkans Campaign (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="List of places burned during the Balkan Wars">List of places burned during the Balkan Wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tc-america_org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tc-america_org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tc-america_org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tc-america.org/files/news/pdf/balkan-wars-map.pdf">"1912–1913 Balkan Wars, Death and Forced Exile of Ottoman Muslims"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tc-america.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tc-america.org&rft.atitle=1912%E2%80%931913+Balkan+Wars%2C+Death+and+Forced+Exile+of+Ottoman+Muslims&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc-america.org%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2Fpdf%2Fbalkan-wars-map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hupchick, Dennis P., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sQGIDAAAQBAJ">The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. p. 321.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mother_Teresa-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mother_Teresa_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mother_Teresa_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpion2021" class="citation book cs1">Alpion, Gëzim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sylOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22120,000+albanians%22+%221912%22&pg=PA11"><i>Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation</i></a>. Bloomsbury. pp. 11, 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9389812466" title="Special:BookSources/978-9389812466"><bdi>978-9389812466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+Teresa%3A+The+Saint+and+Her+Nation&rft.pages=11%2C+19&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9389812466&rft.aulast=Alpion&rft.aufirst=G%C3%ABzim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsylOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522120%2C000%2Balbanians%2522%2B%25221912%2522%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKe" class="citation journal cs1">Ke, Jing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kppcenter.org/WBPReview2012-2-2-Ke.pdf">"Change the Hostile Other into Ingroup Partner: On the Albanian-Serb Relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kosovo Public Policy Center</i>: 83. <q>120,000–270,000 Albanians were killed and approximately 250,000 Albanians were expelled between 1912 and 1914.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kosovo+Public+Policy+Center&rft.atitle=Change+the+Hostile+Other+into+Ingroup+Partner%3A+On+the+Albanian-Serb+Relations&rft.pages=83&rft.aulast=Ke&rft.aufirst=Jing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kppcenter.org%2FWBPReview2012-2-2-Ke.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQirezi2017" class="citation book cs1">Qirezi, Arben (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWMqDwAAQBAJ&q=1912&pg=PT74">"Settling the self-determination dispute in Kosovo"</a>. In Mehmeti, Leandrit I.; Radeljić, Branislav (eds.). <i>Kosovo and Serbia: Contested Options and Shared Consequences</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822981572" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822981572"><bdi>978-0822981572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Settling+the+self-determination+dispute+in+Kosovo&rft.btitle=Kosovo+and+Serbia%3A+Contested+Options+and+Shared+Consequences&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0822981572&rft.aulast=Qirezi&rft.aufirst=Arben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWMqDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1912%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201345,_559-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201345,_559_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2013">Clark 2013</a>, pp. 45, 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston_Churchill1931" class="citation book cs1">Winston Churchill (1931). <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Crisis" title="The World Crisis">The World Crisis</a>, 1911–1918</i>. Thornton Butterworth. p. 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Crisis%2C+1911%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Thornton+Butterworth&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Winston+Churchill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiondich2016" class="citation journal cs1">Biondich, Mark (20 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2016.1226019">"The Balkan Wars: violence and nation-building in the Balkans, 1912–13"</a>. <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 389–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2016.1226019">10.1080/14623528.2016.1226019</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:79322539">79322539</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+Balkan+Wars%3A+violence+and+nation-building+in+the+Balkans%2C+1912%E2%80%9313&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=389-404&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2016.1226019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A79322539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Biondich&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2016.1226019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevene2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Levene, Mark</a> (2018). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Bulgarians Were the Worst!' Reconsidering the Holocaust in Salonika within a Regional History of Mass Violence". <i>The Holocaust in Greece</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47467-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47467-2"><bdi>978-1-108-47467-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+Bulgarians+Were+the+Worst%21%27+Reconsidering+the+Holocaust+in+Salonika+within+a+Regional+History+of+Mass+Violence&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+in+Greece&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47467-2&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrar,_L_L_Jr.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Farrar, L L Jr. (2003). "Aggression versus apathy: The limits of nationalism during the Balkan Wars, 1912–1913". <i>East European Quarterly</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 257–280. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/195176627">195176627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Aggression+versus+apathy%3A+The+limits+of+nationalism+during+the+Balkan+Wars%2C+1912%E2%80%931913&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-280&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Farrar%2C+L+L+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichail2017" class="citation book cs1">Michail, Eugene (2017). "The Balkan Wars in Western Historiography, 1912–2012". <i>The Balkan Wars from Contemporary Perception to Historic Memory</i>. Springer International Publishing. pp. 319–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-44642-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-44642-4"><bdi>978-3-319-44642-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Balkan+Wars+in+Western+Historiography%2C+1912%E2%80%932012&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Wars+from+Contemporary+Perception+to+Historic+Memory&rft.pages=319-340&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-44642-4&rft.aulast=Michail&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmreich1938-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmreich1938_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelmreich1938">Helmreich 1938</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HellenicNation-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HellenicNation_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HellenicNation_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HellenicNation_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HellenicNation_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HellenicNation_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους</i> [<i>History of the Hellenic Nation</i>] (in Greek) (Vol. 14 ed.). Athens, Greece: Ekdotiki Athinon. 1974. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789602131107" title="Special:BookSources/9789602131107"><bdi>9789602131107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%88%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82&rft.place=Athens%2C+Greece&rft.edition=Vol.+14&rft.pub=Ekdotiki+Athinon&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9789602131107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.S. Anderson, <i>The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations</i> (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PsdsAAAAIAAJ">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. A. R. Marriott, <i>The Eastern Question An Historical Study In European Diplomacy</i> (1940), pp 408–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.75728/page/n6/mode/2up">Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasan Unal, "Ottoman policy during the Bulgarian independence crisis, 1908–9: Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria at the outset of the Young Turk revolution." <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> 34.4 (1998): 135–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marriott, <i>The Eastern Question An Historical Study In European Diplomacy</i> (1940), pp 433–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052680">"Military League"</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bulgaria/12.htm">"THE BALKAN WARS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Library of Congress">US Library of Congress</a>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+BALKAN+WARS&rft.pub=US+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbulgaria%2F12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonHershey1918" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Frank Maloy; Hershey, Amos Shartle (1918). <i>Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914</i>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+the+Diplomatic+History+of+Europe%2C+Asia%2C+and+Africa+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Frank+Maloy&rft.au=Hershey%2C+Amos+Shartle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200061-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200061_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BA01-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BA01_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011972">Balkan Wars</a> Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003333-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003333_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003333_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003333_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200065-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200065_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000101-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000101_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000537-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000537_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geshov-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geshov_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeshov1915" class="citation cs2">Geshov, Ivan (1915), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/ig/ig_app.htm"><i>The Balkan League</i></a>, London: John Murray, pp. 115–118</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+League&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115-118&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Geshov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacedonia.kroraina.com%2Fen%2Fig%2Fig_app.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003285-289-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003285-289_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 285-289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoekhDE-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoekhDE_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geshov1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeshov1915" class="citation cs2">Geshov, Ivan (1915), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/ig/ig_app.htm"><i>The Balkan League</i></a>, London: John Murray, pp. 137–138</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+League&rft.place=London&rft.pages=137-138&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Geshov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacedonia.kroraina.com%2Fen%2Fig%2Fig_app.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markov-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markov_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markov_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkov1989" class="citation cs2">Markov, Georgi (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.promacedonia.org/gm_bw1/gm_4_2.html"><i>България в Балканския съюз срещу Османската Империя, 1912-1913 г.</i></a> [<i>Bulgaria's Participation in the Balkan League v. the Ottoman Empire, 1912-1913</i>], Sofia: Наука и изкуство, pp. Глава 4. Залезът на Османския полумесец в Европа. Раздел: Разпра със съюзниците / Chapter 4. The Decline of the Ottoman Crescent in Europe. 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"Съединението на Княжество България и Източна Румелия от 1885 г.". <i>Руската империя срещу България - Част 1</i> [<i>The Russian Empire Against Bulgaria - Part I</i>] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Анико. pp. Русия и Съединението на Княжество България и Източна Румелия от 1885 г./Russia and the Unification of the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia of 1885. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789549185225" title="Special:BookSources/9789549185225"><bdi>9789549185225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%82+1885+%D0%B3.&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%83+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+-+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82+1&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%82+1885+%D0%B3.%2FRussia+and+the+Unification+of+the+Principality+of+Bulgaria+and+Eastern+Rumelia+of+1885&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789549185225&rft.aulast=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ignatyev1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ignatyev1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolay_Pavlovich_Ignatyev1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Pavlovich_Ignatyev" title="Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev">Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev</a> (1986). <i>Diaries 1875-1878 (Записки 1875-1878)</i> (in Bulgarian). София: Отечествен фронт. pp. 51–53, 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaries+1875-1878+%28%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+1875-1878%29&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pages=51-53%2C+56&rft.pub=%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Nikolay+Pavlovich+Ignatyev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrianos2000539-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStavrianos2000539_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStavrianos2000">Stavrianos 2000</a>, p. 539.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFДървингов1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Дървингов, Петър (1925). <i>История на Македоно-одринското опълчение</i> [<i>History of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian-Adrianopolitan_Volunteer_Corps" title="Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps">Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps</a></i>] (in Bulgarian). Vol. II. p. 607.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.pages=607&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilipov1941" class="citation book cs1">Filipov, I. (1941). <i>Войната между България и другите балкански държави през 1913 г.</i> [<i>The War Between Bulgaria and the Other Balkan states in 1913</i>]. Vol. I. p. 309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7+1913+%D0%B3.&rft.pages=309&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Filipov&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2005279-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazower2005279_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazower2005">Mazower 2005</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2005280-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazower2005280_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazower2005">Mazower 2005</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000117-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000117_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000117_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000117_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macedonia-istinata-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macedonia-istinata_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Phillipov1995" class="citation web cs1">George Phillipov (Winter 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420191403/http://macedonia-istinata.hit.bg/MacEnigma.html">"THE MACEDONIAN ENIGMA"</a>. Magazine: Australia &World Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macedonia-istinata.hit.bg/MacEnigma.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+MACEDONIAN+ENIGMA&rft.pub=Magazine%3A+Australia+%26World+Affairs&rft.date=1995&rft.au=George+Phillipov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacedonia-istinata.hit.bg%2FMacEnigma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_to_Inquire_into_the_Causes_and_Conduct_of_the_Balkan_Wars1914" class="citation book cs1">International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keWGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA279"><i>Report of the International Commission to Inquire Into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars</i></a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+International+Commission+to+Inquire+Into+the+Causes+and+Conduct+of+the+Balkan+Wars&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=1914&rft.au=International+Commission+to+Inquire+into+the+Causes+and+Conduct+of+the+Balkan+Wars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkeWGAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, published by the Endowment Washington, D.C. 1914, p. 97–99 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/carnegie/chapter2_2.html">pp.79–95</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, published by the Endowment Washington, D.C. 1914, p. 99-106 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/carnegie/chapter2_2.html">pp.79–95</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2000121-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2000121_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stowell1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stowell1_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStowell2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellery_Cory_Stowell" title="Ellery Cory Stowell">Stowell, Ellery Cory</a> (2009). <i>The Diplomacy Of The War Of 1914: The Beginnings Of The War (1915)</i>. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-104-48758-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-104-48758-4"><bdi>978-1-104-48758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+Of+The+War+Of+1914%3A+The+Beginnings+Of+The+War+%281915%29&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing%2C+LLC.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-104-48758-4&rft.aulast=Stowell&rft.aufirst=Ellery+Cory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jelavich-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jelavich_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jelavich_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jelavich_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (1983). <i>History of the Balkans (Twentieth Century) Vol. 2</i>. NYC, USA: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521274593" title="Special:BookSources/9780521274593"><bdi>9780521274593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans+%28Twentieth+Century%29+Vol.+2&rft.place=NYC%2C+USA&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780521274593&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vŭchkov, pp. 99–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somel, Selçuk Akşin. <i>Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire</i>. Scarecrow Press Inc. 2003. lxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/forced-ethnic-migration/berna-pekesen-expulsion-and-emigration-of-the-muslims-from-the-balkans">"Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans"</a>. <i>EGO(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu">http://www.ieg-ego.eu</a>)</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EGO%28http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieg-ego.eu%29&rft.atitle=Expulsion+and+Emigration+of+the+Muslims+from+the+Balkans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieg-ego.eu%2Fen%2Fthreads%2Feurope-on-the-road%2Fforced-ethnic-migration%2Fberna-pekesen-expulsion-and-emigration-of-the-muslims-from-the-balkans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mojzes, Paul (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cicerofoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Paul_Mojzes_Ethnic_Cleansing_In_The_Balkans.pdf">"Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans, why did it happen and could it happen again"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cicero Foundation</i>: 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cicerofoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Paul_Mojzes_Ethnic_Cleansing_In_The_Balkans.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cicero+Foundation&rft.atitle=Ethnic+cleansing+in+the+Balkans%2C+why+did+it+happen+and+could+it+happen+again&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2013-11&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicerofoundation.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FPaul_Mojzes_Ethnic_Cleansing_In_The_Balkans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gul Tokay. "Ottoman diplomacy, the Balkan Wars and the Great Powers". In Dominik Geppert, William Mulligan, Andreas Rose, eds. <i>The Wars before the Great War</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06347-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06347-1">978-1-107-06347-1</a>, 2015, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavrogordatos2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mavrogordatos, Georgios (2015). <i>1915, Ο Εθνικός Διχασμός</i> [<i>1915, The National Division</i>] (in Greek) (VIII ed.). Athens: Ekdoseis Patakis. pp. 33–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789601664989" title="Special:BookSources/9789601664989"><bdi>9789601664989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1915%2C+%CE%9F+%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=33-35&rft.edition=VIII&rft.pub=Ekdoseis+Patakis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789601664989&rft.aulast=Mavrogordatos&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2013" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Christopher (2013). "Balkan Entanglements". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061146657"><i>The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062199225" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062199225"><bdi>978-0062199225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balkan+Entanglements&rft.btitle=The+Sleepwalkers%3A+How+Europe+Went+to+War+in+1914&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0062199225&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780061146657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2003" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Edward J. (2003). <i>Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275978885" title="Special:BookSources/0275978885"><bdi>0275978885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeat+in+Detail%3A+The+Ottoman+Army+in+the+Balkans%2C+1912%E2%80%931913&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0275978885&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2000" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Richard C. (2000). <i>The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War</i> (1st ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415229464" title="Special:BookSources/0415229464"><bdi>0415229464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Wars%2C+1912%E2%80%931913%3A+Prelude+to+the+First+World+War&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0415229464&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmreich1938" class="citation book cs1">Helmreich, Ernst Christian (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AvVMMQAACAAJ"><i>The Diplomacy of the Balkan Wars, 1912–1913</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674209008" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674209008"><bdi>978-0674209008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+of+the+Balkan+Wars%2C+1912%E2%80%931913&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-0674209008&rft.aulast=Helmreich&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAvVMMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazower2005" class="citation book cs1">Mazower, Mark (2005). <i>Salonica, City of Ghosts</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375727388" title="Special:BookSources/0375727388"><bdi>0375727388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salonica%2C+City+of+Ghosts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0375727388&rft.aulast=Mazower&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrianos2000" class="citation book cs1">Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanssince145300lsst"><i>The Balkans Since 1453</i></a>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814797662" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814797662"><bdi>978-0814797662</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+Since+1453&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0814797662&rft.aulast=Stavrianos&rft.aufirst=Leften+Stavros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkanssince145300lsst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Antić, Čedomir. <i>Ralph Paget: a diplomat in Serbia</i> (Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/200195225.pdf">online free</a>.</li> <li>Bobroff, Ronald. (2000) "Behind the Balkan Wars: Russian Policy toward Bulgaria and the Turkish Straits, 1912–13." <i>Russian Review</i> 59.1 (2000): 76–95 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/50021482/0036-0341.0010920161031-23658-1cqbbgq.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Boeckh, Katrin, and Sabine Rutar. eds. (2020) <i>The Wars of Yesterday: The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912–13</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-843-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-843-6">978-1-78920-843-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeckhRutar2017" class="citation book cs1">Boeckh, Katrin; Rutar, Sabina (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IhaDQEACAAJ"><i>The Balkan Wars from Contemporary Perception to Historic Memory</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319446417" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319446417"><bdi>978-3319446417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Wars+from+Contemporary+Perception+to+Historic+Memory&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3319446417&rft.aulast=Boeckh&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rft.au=Rutar%2C+Sabina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IhaDQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆirković2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Ćirković, Sima</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC"><i>The Serbs</i></a>. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405142915" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405142915"><bdi>978-1405142915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1405142915&rft.aulast=%C4%86irkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Wc-DWRzoeIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton1980" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, R. J. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pRhFAQAAIAAJ"><i>The hollow detente: Anglo-German relations in the Balkans, 1911–1914</i></a>. G. Prior. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391021594" title="Special:BookSources/978-0391021594"><bdi>978-0391021594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hollow+detente%3A+Anglo-German+relations+in+the+Balkans%2C+1911%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=G.+Prior&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0391021594&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpRhFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dakin, Douglas. (1962) "The diplomacy of the Great Powers and the Balkan States, 1908–1914." <i>Balkan Studies</i> 3.2 (1962): 327–374. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/viewFile/123/132">online</a></li> <li>Farrar Jr, Lancelot L. (2003) "Aggression versus apathy: the limits of nationalism during the Balkan wars, 1912–1913." <i>East European Quarterly</i> 37.3 (2003): 257.</li> <li>Ginio, Eyal. <i>The Ottoman Culture of Defeat: The Balkan Wars and their Aftermath</i> (Oxford UP, 2016) 377 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=52198">online review</a></li> <li>Hall, Richard C. ed. <i>War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia</i> (2014)</li> <li>Howard, Harry N. "The Balkan Wars in perspective: their significance for Turkey." <i>Balkan Studies</i> 3.2 (1962): 267–276 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/download/119/128">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC"><i>History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century</i></a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521274593" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521274593"><bdi>978-0521274593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0521274593&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd-or3qtqrsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirályRothenberg1987" class="citation book cs1">Király, Béla K.; Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HfAAAAMAAJ"><i>War and Society in East Central Europe: East Central European Society and the Balkan Wars</i></a>. Brooklyn College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0880330992" title="Special:BookSources/978-0880330992"><bdi>978-0880330992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Society+in+East+Central+Europe%3A+East+Central+European+Society+and+the+Balkan+Wars&rft.pub=Brooklyn+College+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0880330992&rft.aulast=Kir%C3%A1ly&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la+K.&rft.au=Rothenberg%2C+Gunther+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq2HfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMillan2013" class="citation book cs1">MacMillan, Margaret (2013). "The First Balkan Wars". <i>The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914</i>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812994704" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812994704"><bdi>978-0812994704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Balkan+Wars&rft.btitle=The+War+That+Ended+Peace%3A+The+Road+to+1914&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0812994704&rft.aulast=MacMillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1913" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Alfred (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGTOAAAAMAAJ"><i>Der Balkankrieg, 1912–13: Unter Benutzung zuverlässiger Quellen kulturgeschichtlich und militärisch dargestellt</i></a>. Vossische Buchhandlung.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Balkankrieg%2C+1912%E2%80%9313%3A+Unter+Benutzung+zuverl%C3%A4ssiger+Quellen+kulturgeschichtlich+und+milit%C3%A4risch+dargestellt&rft.pub=Vossische+Buchhandlung&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGTOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossos1981" class="citation book cs1">Rossos, Andrew (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7K6AAAAIAAJ"><i>Russia and the Balkans: inter-Balkan rivalries and Russian foreign policy, 1908–1914</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802055163" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802055163"><bdi>978-0802055163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Balkans%3A+inter-Balkan+rivalries+and+Russian+foreign+policy%2C+1908%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0802055163&rft.aulast=Rossos&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7K6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudićMilkić2013" class="citation book cs1">Rudić, Srđan; Milkić, Miljan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBKDQAAQBAJ"><i>Balkanski ratovi 1912–1913: Nova viđenja i tumačenja</i></a> [<i>The Balkan Wars 1912/1913: New Views and Interpretations</i>]. Istorijski institut, Institut za strategijska istrazivanja. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8677431037" title="Special:BookSources/978-8677431037"><bdi>978-8677431037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkanski+ratovi+1912%E2%80%931913%3A+Nova+vi%C4%91enja+i+tuma%C4%8Denja&rft.pub=Istorijski+institut%2C+Institut+za+strategijska+istrazivanja&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-8677431037&rft.aulast=Rudi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sr%C4%91an&rft.au=Milki%C4%87%2C+Miljan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ZBKDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurman1914" class="citation book cs1">Schurman, Jacob Gould (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanwars19121900schuuoft"><i>The Balkan Wars 1912–1913</i></a> (1st ed.). Princeton University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Wars+1912%E2%80%931913&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Schurman&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Gould&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkanwars19121900schuuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmy_History_Directorate_(Greece)1998" class="citation book cs1">Army History Directorate (Greece) (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4-RAAAAIAAJ"><i>A concise history of the Balkan Wars, 1912–1913</i></a>. Army History Directorate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9607897077" title="Special:BookSources/978-9607897077"><bdi>978-9607897077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+the+Balkan+Wars%2C+1912%E2%80%931913&rft.pub=Army+History+Directorate&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9607897077&rft.au=Army+History+Directorate+%28Greece%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4-RAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Balkan_Wars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos143.htm">U.S. State Department. "The Formation of the Balkan Alliance of 1912" (1918)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801192934/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos143.htm">Archived</a> 1 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>C. Hall, Richard: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/balkan_wars_1912-1913/">Balkan Wars 1912–1913</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/">1914–1918-online. <i>International Encyclopedia of the First World War</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11676/11676.txt">Project Gutenberg's The Balkan Wars: 1912–1913, by Jacob Gould Schurman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bulgaria/12.htm">US Library of Congress in the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnparm.home.texas.net/Wars/BalkanCrises/BalkanCrises00.htm">The Balkan crises, 1903–1914</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040804082107/http://cnparm.home.texas.net/Wars/BalkanCrises/BalkanCrises00.htm">Archived</a> 4 August 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081231100539/http://www.turkeyswar.com/prelude/balkanwars1.htm">Balkan Wars from a Turkish perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/The_Balkans_and_the_Peace_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/The Balkans and the Peace of Europe">The New Student's Reference Work/The Balkans and the Peace of Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914%20balkan%20war/multilingual:1/showOnly:video">Historic films about the Balkan Wars at europeanfilmgateway.eu</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Balkan_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_Wars" title="Template talk:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Balkan_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balkan Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li>Annexation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMRO</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgarian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">Second Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">London Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albanian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis%E2%80%93Lachanas" title="Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas">Kilkis–Lachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1913)" title="Battle of Doiran (1913)">Doiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Kresna Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Southern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_landings_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanian landings in Bulgaria">Romanian landings in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Vidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Pirot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1913" title="Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913">Greek–Serbian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace" title="Provisional Government of Western Thrace">Provisional Government of Western Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Treaty of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Romanian_Army_cholera_outbreak" title="1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak">1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>General</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomy of Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_crisis_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914">Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo Assassination</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Bulgarian_alliance" title="Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance">Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans campaign of WWI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_International_Commission_on_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars">Carnegie Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Bulgarians deportation program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Ottoman_civilians_during_the_Balkan_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacres of Ottoman civilians during the Balkan Wars (page does not exist)">Massacres of Civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide#Events" title="Greek genocide">Initial phase of the Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="List of places burned during the Balkan Wars">Places burned down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Evstratiev_Geshov" title="Ivan Evstratiev Geshov">Ivan Geshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Danev" title="Stoyan Danev">Stoyan Danev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fichev" title="Ivan Fichev">Ivan Fichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis" title="Panagiotis Danglis">Panagiotis Danglis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Konstantinos Sapountzakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dousmanis" title="Viktor Dousmanis">Viktor Dousmanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro" title="Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro">Crown Prince Danilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Janko Vukotić">Janko Vukotić</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Kölemen Abdullah Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Crown Prince Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Serbia in the Balkan Wars">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Crown Prince Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other Balkan states: <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balkan_Wars" title="Category:Balkan Wars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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