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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_fireplaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_fireplaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Types of fireplaces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_fireplaces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of fireplaces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_fireplaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_fireplace_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_fireplace_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolution of fireplace design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_fireplace_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heating_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Heating efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heating_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Wood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gases_and_ethanol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gases_and_ethanol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gases and ethanol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gases_and_ethanol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glossary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glossary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Glossary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glossary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fireplace</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AF" title="مستوقد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستوقد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogar_(fuego)" title="Fogar (fuego) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fogar (fuego)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llar" title="Llar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxar%C4%B1" title="Buxarı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buxarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Камін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Камина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Камина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llar_de_foc" title="Llar de foc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llar de foc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krb" title="Krb – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krb" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choto" title="Choto – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Choto" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lle_t%C3%A2n" title="Lle tân – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lle tân" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamin" title="Kamin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kamin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamin" title="Kamin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kamin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Τζάκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζάκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogar_(fuego)" title="Hogar (fuego) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hogar (fuego)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameno" title="Kameno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kameno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheko_su" title="Beheko su – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beheko su" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="شومینه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شومینه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82tre" title="Âtre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Âtre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagailt" title="Cagailt – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cagailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lareira" title="Lareira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lareira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%BD%EB%82%9C%EB%A1%9C" title="벽난로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벽난로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Բուխարի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուխարի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamin" title="Kamin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kamin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perapian" title="Perapian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perapian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldst%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Eldstæði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldstæði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camino_(edilizia)" title="Camino (edilizia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camino (edilizia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="קמין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קמין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბუხარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუხარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Камин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Камин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus" title="Focus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Focus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidinys" title="Židinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Židinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximineria" title="Ximineria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ximineria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandall%C3%B3" title="Kandalló – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kandalló" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Камин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბუხარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბუხარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendiang" title="Pendiang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendiang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_haard" title="Open haard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Open haard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_haard" title="Open haard – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Open haard" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9A%96%E7%82%89" title="暖炉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="暖炉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Товха – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Товха" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildsted" title="Ildsted – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ildsted" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldstad" title="Eldstad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eldstad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimena%C3%A9e" title="Chimenaée – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chimenaée" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogal" title="Fogal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fogal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamin" title="Kamin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kamin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parod" title="Parod – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Parod" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kominek" title="Kominek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kominek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lareira" title="Lareira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lareira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83min_(pentru_foc)" title="Cămin (pentru foc) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cămin (pentru foc)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Камин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Камин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%BA" title="Көмүлүөк – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көмүлүөк" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxhaku" title="Oxhaku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oxhaku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fireplace" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Камин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takka" title="Takka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Takka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldstad" title="Eldstad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eldstad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%B6mine" title="Şömine – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şömine" 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buildings</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_fireplace_with_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Open_fireplace_with_icon.jpg/220px-Open_fireplace_with_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Open_fireplace_with_icon.jpg/330px-Open_fireplace_with_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Open_fireplace_with_icon.jpg/440px-Open_fireplace_with_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Modern open fireplace</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outdoor_Fireplace.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Outdoor_Fireplace.JPG/220px-Outdoor_Fireplace.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Outdoor_Fireplace.JPG/330px-Outdoor_Fireplace.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Outdoor_Fireplace.JPG/440px-Outdoor_Fireplace.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_fireplace" title="Outdoor fireplace">outdoor fireplace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fireplace</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></b> is a structure made of <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> designed to contain a <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>. Fireplaces are used for the relaxing ambiance they create and for heating a room. Modern fireplaces vary in heat efficiency, depending on the design. </p><p>Historically, they were used for heating a <a href="/wiki/Dwelling" title="Dwelling">dwelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>, and heating water for <a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">laundry</a> and domestic uses. A fire is contained in a <a href="/wiki/Firebox_(architecture)" title="Firebox (architecture)">firebox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fire_pit" title="Fire pit">fire pit</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimney</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">flue</a> allows <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a> to escape. A fireplace may have the following: a foundation, a hearth, a firebox, a <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_mantel" title="Fireplace mantel">mantel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chimney_crane" title="Chimney crane">chimney crane</a> (used in kitchen and laundry fireplaces), a grate, a <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintel</a>, a lintel bar, an <a href="/wiki/Overmantel" class="mw-redirect" title="Overmantel">overmantel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">damper</a>, a smoke chamber, a throat, a flue, and a chimney <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filter</a> or afterburner.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the exterior, there is often a corbelled brick crown, in which the projecting courses of brick act as a drip course to keep rainwater from running down the exterior walls. A cap, hood, or shroud serves to keep rainwater out of the exterior of the chimney; rain in the chimney is a much greater problem in chimneys lined with impervious flue tiles or metal liners than with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> chimney, which soaks up all but the most violent rain. Some chimneys have a <a href="/wiki/Spark_arrestor" title="Spark arrestor">spark arrestor</a> incorporated into the crown or cap. </p><p>Organizations like the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) and the <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Ecology" title="Washington State Department of Ecology">Washington State Department of Ecology</a> warn that, according to various studies, fireplaces can pose health risks.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ecology_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EPA writes "<a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a> may smell good, but it's not good for you."<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_fireplaces">Types of fireplaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of fireplaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Manufactured fireplaces are made with <a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">sheet metal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> fire boxes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fireplace" title="Electric fireplace">Electric fireplaces</a> can be built-in replacements for <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> or gas or retrofit with log inserts or electric fireboxes.</li> <li>A few types are wall mounted electric fireplaces, electric fireplace stoves, electric mantel fireplaces, and fixed or free standing electric fireplaces.</li></ul> <p>Masonry and <a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">prefabricated</a> fireplaces can be fueled by: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> (carbonized biomass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> of various grades</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a> (carbonized coal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_fuel" title="Smokeless fuel">Smokeless fuel</a> of several types</li> <li>Flammable <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> is mostly methane, <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> mostly propane)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fireplace" title="Ethanol fireplace">Ethanol</a> (a liquid <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a>, also sold in gels)</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional Himalayan Tandoor"><img alt="Traditional Himalayan Tandoor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg/90px-Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg/135px-Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg/180px-Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional Himalayan Tandoor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireplace_Burning.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wood-burning fireplace with fire dogs"><img alt="Wood-burning fireplace with fire dogs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Fireplace_Burning.jpg/120px-Fireplace_Burning.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Fireplace_Burning.jpg/180px-Fireplace_Burning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Fireplace_Burning.jpg/240px-Fireplace_Burning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wood-burning fireplace with <a href="/wiki/Andiron" title="Andiron">fire dogs</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NT_Typical_gas_log_fireplace_(5114230942).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A gas-powered fireplace"><img alt="A gas-powered fireplace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/NT_Typical_gas_log_fireplace_%285114230942%29.jpg/120px-NT_Typical_gas_log_fireplace_%285114230942%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/NT_Typical_gas_log_fireplace_%285114230942%29.jpg/180px-NT_Typical_gas_log_fireplace_%285114230942%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/NT_Typical_gas_log_fireplace_%285114230942%29.jpg/240px-NT_Typical_gas_log_fireplace_%285114230942%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A gas-powered fireplace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_Fireplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electric fireplace"><img alt="Electric fireplace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Electric_Fireplace.jpg/120px-Electric_Fireplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Electric_Fireplace.jpg/180px-Electric_Fireplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Electric_Fireplace.jpg/240px-Electric_Fireplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Electric fireplace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireplace_(Serbia).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional Serbian Ognjište"><img alt="Traditional Serbian Ognjište" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Fireplace_%28Serbia%29.jpg/120px-Fireplace_%28Serbia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Fireplace_%28Serbia%29.jpg/180px-Fireplace_%28Serbia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Fireplace_%28Serbia%29.jpg/240px-Fireplace_%28Serbia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional Serbian Ognjište</div> </li> </ul> <p>Ventless fireplaces (duct free/room-venting fireplaces) are fueled by either gel, liquid propane, bottled gas or natural gas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the United States, some states and local counties have laws restricting these types of fireplaces. They must be properly sized to the area to be heated.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also air quality control issues due to the amount of <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a> they release into the room air, and an <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor" title="Oxygen sensor">oxygen sensor</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_detector" title="Carbon monoxide detector">carbon monoxide detector</a> are safety essentials. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Direct_vent_fireplace" title="Direct vent fireplace">Direct vent fireplaces</a> are fueled by either liquid propane or natural gas. They are completely sealed from the area that is heated, and vent all exhaust gasses to the exterior of the structure. </p><p>Chimney and flue types: </p> <ul><li>Masonry (brick or stone fireplaces and chimneys) with or without tile-lined flue.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a> chimneys. Fundamental design flaws bankrupted the US manufacturers and made the design obsolete. These chimneys often show vertical cracks on the exterior.</li> <li>Metal-lined flue: Double- or triple-walled metal pipe running up inside a new or existing wood-framed or masonry chase.</li></ul><p> Newly constructed flues may feature a chase cover, a cap, and a spark arrestor at the top to keep small animals out and to prevent <a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">sparks</a> from being broadcast into the atmosphere. All gas fireplaces require trained gas service members to carry out installations.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireplace_fender_(false_colour).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fireplace_fender_%28false_colour%29.jpg/220px-Fireplace_fender_%28false_colour%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fireplace_fender_%28false_colour%29.jpg/330px-Fireplace_fender_%28false_colour%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fireplace_fender_%28false_colour%29.jpg/440px-Fireplace_fender_%28false_colour%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>A fender (colorized) is set in front of the fireplace to contain embers, soot and ash</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S._Davis_fireplace_shovel_-_DPLA_-_88aea911b60216316756dae5a67469a6_(page_1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fireplace shovel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/S._Davis_fireplace_shovel_-_DPLA_-_88aea911b60216316756dae5a67469a6_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/50px-S._Davis_fireplace_shovel_-_DPLA_-_88aea911b60216316756dae5a67469a6_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/S._Davis_fireplace_shovel_-_DPLA_-_88aea911b60216316756dae5a67469a6_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-S._Davis_fireplace_shovel_-_DPLA_-_88aea911b60216316756dae5a67469a6_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/S._Davis_fireplace_shovel_-_DPLA_-_88aea911b60216316756dae5a67469a6_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-S._Davis_fireplace_shovel_-_DPLA_-_88aea911b60216316756dae5a67469a6_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="3438" /></a><figcaption>Fireplace shovel</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessories">Accessories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A wide range of accessories are used with fireplaces, which range between countries, regions, and historical periods. For the interior, common in recent Western cultures include grates, <a href="/wiki/Fireguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireguard">fireguards</a>, log boxes, <a href="/wiki/Andiron" title="Andiron">andirons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pellet_baskets" title="Pellet baskets">pellet baskets</a>, all of which cradle fuel and accelerate <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>. A grate (or fire grate) is a frame, usually of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> bars, to retain <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> for a fire. Heavy metal <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_fireback" title="Fireplace fireback">firebacks</a> are sometimes used to capture and re-radiate heat, to protect the back of the fireplace, and as decoration. Fenders are low metal frames set in front of the fireplace to contain <a href="/wiki/Ember" title="Ember">embers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">ash</a>. For fireplace tending, tools include <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_poker" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireplace poker">pokers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongs" title="Tongs">tongs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shovel" title="Shovel">shovels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brushes</a> and tool stands. Other wider accessories can include log baskets, companion sets, coal buckets, cabinet accessories and more.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kochen_%C3%BCber_offenem_Feuer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kochen_%C3%BCber_offenem_Feuer.JPG/220px-Kochen_%C3%BCber_offenem_Feuer.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kochen_%C3%BCber_offenem_Feuer.JPG/330px-Kochen_%C3%BCber_offenem_Feuer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kochen_%C3%BCber_offenem_Feuer.JPG/440px-Kochen_%C3%BCber_offenem_Feuer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Cooking over a fireplace</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient fire pits were sometimes built in the ground, within caves, or in the center of a hut or dwelling. Evidence of prehistoric, man-made fires exists on all five inhabited continents. The disadvantage of early indoor fire pits was that they produced toxic and/or irritating smoke inside the dwelling. </p><p>Fire pits developed into raised hearths in buildings, but venting smoke depended on open windows or holes in roofs. The medieval <a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">great hall</a> typically had a centrally located hearth, where an open fire burned with the smoke rising to the vent in the roof. <a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louvers</a> were developed during the Middle Ages to allow the roof vents to be covered so rain and snow would not enter. </p><p>Also during the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">smoke canopies</a> were invented to prevent smoke from spreading through a room and vent it out through a wall or roof. These could be placed against stone walls, instead of taking up the middle of the room, and this allowed smaller rooms to be heated. </p><p>Chimneys were invented in northern Europe in the 11th or 12th century and largely fixed the problem of smoke, more reliably venting it outside. They made it possible to give the fireplace a draft, and also made it possible to put fireplaces in multiple rooms in buildings conveniently. They did not come into general use immediately, however, as they were expensive to build and maintain. </p><p>In 1678, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert</a>, nephew of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, raised the grate of the fireplace, improving the airflow and venting system. The 18th century saw two important developments in the history of fireplaces. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">convection chamber for the fireplace</a> that greatly improved the efficiency of fireplaces and <a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">wood-burning stoves</a>. He also improved the <a href="/wiki/Airflow" title="Airflow">airflow</a> by pulling air from a basement and venting out a longer area at the top. In the later 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Count_Rumford" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Rumford">Count Rumford</a> designed a fireplace with a tall, shallow firebox that was better at drawing the smoke up and out of the building. The shallow design also improved greatly the amount of <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a> projected into the room. Rumford's design is the foundation for modern fireplaces. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aesthetic movement</a> of the 1870s and 1880s took on a more traditional spectra based on stone and deflected unnecessary ornamentation. Rather it relied on simple designs with little unnecessary ornamentation. In the 1890s, the Aesthetic movement gave way to the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a>, where the emphasis was still placed on providing quality stone. Stone fireplaces at this time were a symbol of prosperity, which to some degree is still the notion today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_fireplace_design">Evolution of fireplace design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Evolution of fireplace design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, the purpose of fireplaces has changed from one of necessity to one of visual interest.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early ones were more fire pits than modern fireplaces. They were used for warmth on cold days and nights, as well as for cooking. They also served as a <a href="/wiki/Gathering_place" title="Gathering place">gathering place</a> within the home. These fire pits were usually centered within a room, allowing more people to gather around it. </p><p>Many flaws were found in early fireplace designs. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, came large-scale housing developments, necessitating a standardization of fireplaces. The most renowned fireplace designers of this time were the Adam Brothers: <a href="/wiki/John_Adam_(architect)" title="John Adam (architect)">John Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Adam_(architect)" title="James Adam (architect)">James Adam</a>. They perfected a style of fireplace design that was used for generations. It was smaller, more brightly lit, with an emphasis on the quality of the materials used in their construction, instead of their size. </p><p>By the 1800s, most new fireplaces were made up of two parts, the surround and the <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">insert</a>. The surround consisted of the mantelpiece and side supports, usually in wood, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> or <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. The insert was where the fire burned, and was constructed of cast iron often backed with decorative <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a>. As well as providing heat, the fireplaces of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> were thought to add a cosy ambiance to homes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US state of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, some elementary classrooms would contain decorated fireplaces to ease children's transition from home to school.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourges_-_palais_du_duc_de_Berry,_salle_du_duc_Jean_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic fireplace in the Hôtel de préfecture du Cher, Bourges, France, by Guy de Dammartin or Drouet de Dammartin, 15th century"><img alt="Gothic fireplace in the Hôtel de préfecture du Cher, Bourges, France, by Guy de Dammartin or Drouet de Dammartin, 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bourges_-_palais_du_duc_de_Berry%2C_salle_du_duc_Jean_%2811%29.jpg/225px-Bourges_-_palais_du_duc_de_Berry%2C_salle_du_duc_Jean_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bourges_-_palais_du_duc_de_Berry%2C_salle_du_duc_Jean_%2811%29.jpg/337px-Bourges_-_palais_du_duc_de_Berry%2C_salle_du_duc_Jean_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bourges_-_palais_du_duc_de_Berry%2C_salle_du_duc_Jean_%2811%29.jpg/450px-Bourges_-_palais_du_duc_de_Berry%2C_salle_du_duc_Jean_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> fireplace in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_pr%C3%A9fecture_du_Cher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel de préfecture du Cher (page does not exist)">Hôtel de préfecture du Cher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>, France, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_de_Dammartin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy de Dammartin (page does not exist)">Guy de Dammartin</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drouet_de_Dammartin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drouet de Dammartin (page does not exist)">Drouet de Dammartin</a>, 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 293.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poitiers-FR-86-Trois_chemin%C3%A9es.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic fireplace in the Palace of Poitiers, Poitiers, France, unknown architect or sculptor, 15th century"><img alt="Gothic fireplace in the Palace of Poitiers, Poitiers, France, unknown architect or sculptor, 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Poitiers-FR-86-Trois_chemin%C3%A9es.jpg/440px-Poitiers-FR-86-Trois_chemin%C3%A9es.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Poitiers-FR-86-Trois_chemin%C3%A9es.jpg/660px-Poitiers-FR-86-Trois_chemin%C3%A9es.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Poitiers-FR-86-Trois_chemin%C3%A9es.jpg/880px-Poitiers-FR-86-Trois_chemin%C3%A9es.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic fireplace in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Poitiers" title="Palace of Poitiers">Palace of Poitiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a>, France, unknown architect or sculptor, 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chemin%C3%A9e_monumentale-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance fireplace, unknown architect or sculptor, 16th century, limestone, Château des ducs de Bar, Bar-le-Duc, France"><img alt="Renaissance fireplace, unknown architect or sculptor, 16th century, limestone, Château des ducs de Bar, Bar-le-Duc, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chemin%C3%A9e_monumentale-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_%282%29.jpg/227px-Chemin%C3%A9e_monumentale-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chemin%C3%A9e_monumentale-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_%282%29.jpg/341px-Chemin%C3%A9e_monumentale-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chemin%C3%A9e_monumentale-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_%282%29.jpg/454px-Chemin%C3%A9e_monumentale-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2673" data-file-height="3528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> fireplace, unknown architect or sculptor, 16th century, limestone, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_des_ducs_de_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Château des ducs de Bar (page does not exist)">Château des ducs de Bar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar-le-Duc" title="Bar-le-Duc">Bar-le-Duc</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Molinier-chemin%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance fireplace in the Hôtel Tornié-Barassy (Rue de la Madeleine no. 3), Toulouse, France, unknown architect or sculptor, 16th century[8]"><img alt="Renaissance fireplace in the Hôtel Tornié-Barassy (Rue de la Madeleine no. 3), Toulouse, France, unknown architect or sculptor, 16th century[8]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Molinier-chemin%C3%A9e.jpg/236px-Molinier-chemin%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Molinier-chemin%C3%A9e.jpg/355px-Molinier-chemin%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Molinier-chemin%C3%A9e.jpg/473px-Molinier-chemin%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="1868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renaissance fireplace in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Torni%C3%A9-Barassy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel Tornié-Barassy (page does not exist)">Hôtel Tornié-Barassy</a> (Rue de la Madeleine no. 3), <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, France, unknown architect or sculptor, 16th century<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_Versailles_Paris_Kamin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque fireplace in the Salon d'Hercule, Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, probably by Robert de Cotte, c.1710"><img alt="Baroque fireplace in the Salon d'Hercule, Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, probably by Robert de Cotte, c.1710" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Schloss_Versailles_Paris_Kamin.jpg/400px-Schloss_Versailles_Paris_Kamin.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Schloss_Versailles_Paris_Kamin.jpg/600px-Schloss_Versailles_Paris_Kamin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Schloss_Versailles_Paris_Kamin.jpg/800px-Schloss_Versailles_Paris_Kamin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> fireplace in the <a href="/wiki/Salon_d%27Hercule" title="Salon d'Hercule">Salon d'Hercule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, France, probably by <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotte" title="Robert de Cotte">Robert de Cotte</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1710</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_7e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin,_h%C3%B4tel_Biron,_chemin%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo fireplace in the Hôtel Biron (Rue de Varenne no. 77), Paris, by Jean Aubert, 1727–1732"><img alt="Rococo fireplace in the Hôtel Biron (Rue de Varenne no. 77), Paris, by Jean Aubert, 1727–1732" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Paris_7e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%2C_h%C3%B4tel_Biron%2C_chemin%C3%A9e.jpg/400px-Paris_7e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%2C_h%C3%B4tel_Biron%2C_chemin%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Paris_7e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%2C_h%C3%B4tel_Biron%2C_chemin%C3%A9e.jpg/600px-Paris_7e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%2C_h%C3%B4tel_Biron%2C_chemin%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Paris_7e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%2C_h%C3%B4tel_Biron%2C_chemin%C3%A9e.jpg/800px-Paris_7e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%2C_h%C3%B4tel_Biron%2C_chemin%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> fireplace in the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Biron" title="Hôtel Biron">Hôtel Biron</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_de_Varenne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue de Varenne (page does not exist)">Rue de Varenne</a> no. 77), Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Aubert_(architect)" title="Jean Aubert (architect)">Jean Aubert</a>, 1727–1732 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_with_mantel_in_the_Salon_Oval_de_la_Princesse_of_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_(Paris).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo fireplace in the Oval Salon of the Princesse in the Hôtel de Soubise (Rue des Francs-Bourgeois no. 60), Paris, by Germain Boffrand, 1740"><img alt="Rococo fireplace in the Oval Salon of the Princesse in the Hôtel de Soubise (Rue des Francs-Bourgeois no. 60), Paris, by Germain Boffrand, 1740" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mirror_with_mantel_in_the_Salon_Oval_de_la_Princesse_of_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_%28Paris%29.jpg/186px-Mirror_with_mantel_in_the_Salon_Oval_de_la_Princesse_of_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_%28Paris%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mirror_with_mantel_in_the_Salon_Oval_de_la_Princesse_of_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_%28Paris%29.jpg/279px-Mirror_with_mantel_in_the_Salon_Oval_de_la_Princesse_of_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_%28Paris%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mirror_with_mantel_in_the_Salon_Oval_de_la_Princesse_of_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_%28Paris%29.jpg/372px-Mirror_with_mantel_in_the_Salon_Oval_de_la_Princesse_of_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_%28Paris%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="4294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo fireplace in the Oval Salon of the Princesse in the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise" title="Hôtel de Soubise">Hôtel de Soubise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Francs-Bourgeois" title="Rue des Francs-Bourgeois">Rue des Francs-Bourgeois</a> no. 60), Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Germain_Boffrand" title="Germain Boffrand">Germain Boffrand</a>, 1740</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_Louis_XVI_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical fireplace in the Bibliothèque de Louis XVI, Palace of Versailles, designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel and decorated with bronzes made by Pierre Gouthière, 1774"><img alt="Neoclassical fireplace in the Bibliothèque de Louis XVI, Palace of Versailles, designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel and decorated with bronzes made by Pierre Gouthière, 1774" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_Louis_XVI_%282%29.jpg/450px-Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_Louis_XVI_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_Louis_XVI_%282%29.jpg/675px-Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_Louis_XVI_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_Louis_XVI_%282%29.jpg/900px-Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_Louis_XVI_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5554" data-file-height="3702" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> fireplace in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_Louis_XVI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibliothèque de Louis XVI (page does not exist)">Bibliothèque de Louis XVI</a>, Palace of Versailles, designed by <a href="/wiki/Ange-Jacques_Gabriel" title="Ange-Jacques Gabriel">Ange-Jacques Gabriel</a> and decorated with bronzes made by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gouthi%C3%A8re" title="Pierre Gouthière">Pierre Gouthière</a>, 1774</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_dining_room_-_fireplace_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical marble fireplace in the green dining room of Catherine Palace, Tsarskoye Selo, Russia, by Charles Cameron, 1779"><img alt="Neoclassical marble fireplace in the green dining room of Catherine Palace, Tsarskoye Selo, Russia, by Charles Cameron, 1779" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Green_dining_room_-_fireplace_01.jpg/225px-Green_dining_room_-_fireplace_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Green_dining_room_-_fireplace_01.jpg/337px-Green_dining_room_-_fireplace_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Green_dining_room_-_fireplace_01.jpg/450px-Green_dining_room_-_fireplace_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical marble fireplace in the green dining room of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Palace" title="Catherine Palace">Catherine Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cameron_(architect)" title="Charles Cameron (architect)">Charles Cameron</a>, 1779</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salle_de_lecture,_h%C3%B4tel_de_la_Pa%C3%AFva_(cropped_fireplace).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux-Arts fireplace in the Hôtel de la Païva (Avenue des Champs-Élysées no. 25), Paris, designed by Pierre Manguin and sculpted by Eugène Delaplanche, 1856–1866"><img alt="Beaux-Arts fireplace in the Hôtel de la Païva (Avenue des Champs-Élysées no. 25), Paris, designed by Pierre Manguin and sculpted by Eugène Delaplanche, 1856–1866" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salle_de_lecture%2C_h%C3%B4tel_de_la_Pa%C3%AFva_%28cropped_fireplace%29.jpg/179px-Salle_de_lecture%2C_h%C3%B4tel_de_la_Pa%C3%AFva_%28cropped_fireplace%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salle_de_lecture%2C_h%C3%B4tel_de_la_Pa%C3%AFva_%28cropped_fireplace%29.jpg/268px-Salle_de_lecture%2C_h%C3%B4tel_de_la_Pa%C3%AFva_%28cropped_fireplace%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salle_de_lecture%2C_h%C3%B4tel_de_la_Pa%C3%AFva_%28cropped_fireplace%29.jpg/358px-Salle_de_lecture%2C_h%C3%B4tel_de_la_Pa%C3%AFva_%28cropped_fireplace%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="1026" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> fireplace in the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Pa%C3%AFva" title="Hôtel de la Païva">Hôtel de la Païva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenue des Champs-Élysées">Avenue des Champs-Élysées</a> no. 25), Paris, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Manguin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Manguin (page does not exist)">Pierre Manguin</a> and sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delaplanche" title="Eugène Delaplanche">Eugène Delaplanche</a>, 1856–1866</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_538_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo Revival fireplace in the room 538 of the Louvre Palace, Paris, unknown architect or sculptor, 19th century"><img alt="Rococo Revival fireplace in the room 538 of the Louvre Palace, Paris, unknown architect or sculptor, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_538_%2801%29.jpg/400px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_538_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_538_%2801%29.jpg/600px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_538_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_538_%2801%29.jpg/800px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_538_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3946" data-file-height="2961" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">Rococo Revival</a> fireplace in the room 538 of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>, Paris, unknown architect or sculptor, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireplace_in_Great_Hall,_Cardiff_Castle3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic Revival fireplace in the banqueting hall of the Cardiff Castle, Cardiff, UK, by William Burges, 1873"><img alt="Gothic Revival fireplace in the banqueting hall of the Cardiff Castle, Cardiff, UK, by William Burges, 1873" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fireplace_in_Great_Hall%2C_Cardiff_Castle3.jpg/205px-Fireplace_in_Great_Hall%2C_Cardiff_Castle3.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fireplace_in_Great_Hall%2C_Cardiff_Castle3.jpg/307px-Fireplace_in_Great_Hall%2C_Cardiff_Castle3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fireplace_in_Great_Hall%2C_Cardiff_Castle3.jpg/410px-Fireplace_in_Great_Hall%2C_Cardiff_Castle3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2579" data-file-height="3776" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> fireplace in the banqueting hall of the <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, UK, by <a href="/wiki/William_Burges" title="William Burges">William Burges</a>, 1873</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 297.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 295.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherlock_Holmes_Museum_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victorian style "sitting room" with a fireplace in the Sherlock Holmes Museum, London"><img alt="Victorian style "sitting room" with a fireplace in the Sherlock Holmes Museum, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum_001.jpg/443px-Sherlock_Holmes_Museum_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="296" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum_001.jpg/664px-Sherlock_Holmes_Museum_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum_001.jpg/886px-Sherlock_Holmes_Museum_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4044" data-file-height="2740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_decorative_arts" title="Victorian decorative arts">Victorian style</a> "sitting room" with a fireplace in the <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum" title="Sherlock Holmes Museum">Sherlock Holmes Museum</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 263.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lille_PdBA_vroubel_cheminee.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian Revival fireplace, by Mikhail Vrubel, 1899–1900, majolica, Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille, Lille, France"><img alt="Russian Revival fireplace, by Mikhail Vrubel, 1899–1900, majolica, Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille, Lille, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lille_PdBA_vroubel_cheminee.JPG/395px-Lille_PdBA_vroubel_cheminee.JPG" decoding="async" width="264" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lille_PdBA_vroubel_cheminee.JPG/592px-Lille_PdBA_vroubel_cheminee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lille_PdBA_vroubel_cheminee.JPG/789px-Lille_PdBA_vroubel_cheminee.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="1837" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian Revival</a> fireplace, by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Vrubel" title="Mikhail Vrubel">Mikhail Vrubel</a>, 1899–1900, <a href="/wiki/Majolica" title="Majolica">majolica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Lille" title="Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille">Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 231.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 229.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chemin%C3%A9e_Les_Flammes_-_%C3%89mile_Muller_-_93.16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau fireplace, by Émile Muller & Cie, c.1900, stoneware and enamel, Musée départemental de l'Oise, Beauvais, France"><img alt="Art Nouveau fireplace, by Émile Muller & Cie, c.1900, stoneware and enamel, Musée départemental de l'Oise, Beauvais, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chemin%C3%A9e_Les_Flammes_-_%C3%89mile_Muller_-_93.16.jpg/344px-Chemin%C3%A9e_Les_Flammes_-_%C3%89mile_Muller_-_93.16.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chemin%C3%A9e_Les_Flammes_-_%C3%89mile_Muller_-_93.16.jpg/516px-Chemin%C3%A9e_Les_Flammes_-_%C3%89mile_Muller_-_93.16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chemin%C3%A9e_Les_Flammes_-_%C3%89mile_Muller_-_93.16.jpg/687px-Chemin%C3%A9e_Les_Flammes_-_%C3%89mile_Muller_-_93.16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3528" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> fireplace, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Muller_%26_Cie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Muller & Cie (page does not exist)">Émile Muller & Cie</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1900, <a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">stoneware</a> and enamel, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%C3%A9partemental_de_l%27Oise" title="Musée départemental de l'Oise">Musée départemental de l'Oise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beauvais">Beauvais</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4_Strada_Boc%C8%99a,_Bucharest_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo Revival fireplace in Strada Bocșa no. 4, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect, c.1900"><img alt="Rococo Revival fireplace in Strada Bocșa no. 4, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect, c.1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/4_Strada_Boc%C8%99a%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/211px-4_Strada_Boc%C8%99a%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/4_Strada_Boc%C8%99a%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/317px-4_Strada_Boc%C8%99a%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/4_Strada_Boc%C8%99a%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/423px-4_Strada_Boc%C8%99a%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="3694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo Revival fireplace in Strada Bocșa no. 4, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, unknown architect, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83,_Bucharest_(35).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanian Revival fireplace in the Gheorghe Petrașcu House (Piața Romană no. 5), Bucharest, by Spiru Cegăneanu, 1912[9]"><img alt="Romanian Revival fireplace in the Gheorghe Petrașcu House (Piața Romană no. 5), Bucharest, by Spiru Cegăneanu, 1912[9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2835%29.jpg/220px-5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2835%29.jpg/330px-5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2835%29.jpg/440px-5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="3999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival</a> fireplace in the Gheorghe Petrașcu House (<a href="/wiki/Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83" title="Piața Romană">Piața Romană</a> no. 5), Bucharest, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiru_Ceg%C4%83neanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiru Cegăneanu (page does not exist)">Spiru Cegăneanu</a>, 1912<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur,_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition,_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco fireplace in the boudoir from the Hôtel du Collectionneur at the 1925 Paris Exhibition, by Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann"><img alt="Art Deco fireplace in the boudoir from the Hôtel du Collectionneur at the 1925 Paris Exhibition, by Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur%2C_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition%2C_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg/217px-Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur%2C_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition%2C_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur%2C_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition%2C_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg/325px-Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur%2C_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition%2C_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur%2C_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition%2C_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg/433px-Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur%2C_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition%2C_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> fireplace in the boudoir from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel du Collectionneur (page does not exist)">Hôtel du Collectionneur</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1925_Paris_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="1925 Paris Exhibition">1925 Paris Exhibition</a>, by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann" title="Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann">Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 358px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 356px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg/534px-seek%3D1-Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="356" height="200" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg/Fireplace_in_Akita_City_Akarenga-kan_Museum_2024_march_28.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Video of an antique fireplace in a historical building in <a href="/wiki/Akita_Prefecture" title="Akita Prefecture">Akita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heating_efficiency">Heating efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heating efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_row_grate_heater_with_ash_tray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2_row_grate_heater_with_ash_tray.jpg/220px-2_row_grate_heater_with_ash_tray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2_row_grate_heater_with_ash_tray.jpg/330px-2_row_grate_heater_with_ash_tray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2_row_grate_heater_with_ash_tray.jpg/440px-2_row_grate_heater_with_ash_tray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Fireplace with tubular <a href="/wiki/Grate_heater" title="Grate heater">grate heater</a>, with a high surface area in its heat exchanger and a lift out ash tray to simplify cleanup</figcaption></figure> <p>Some fireplace units incorporate a blower, which transfers more of the fireplace's heat to the air via <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>, resulting in a more evenly heated space and a lower heating load. Fireplace <a href="/wiki/Efficiency" title="Efficiency">efficiency</a> can also be increased with the use of a fireback, a piece of metal that sits behind the fire and reflects heat back into the room. Firebacks are traditionally made from <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>, but are also made from <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lennox_Ladera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lennox_Ladera.jpg/220px-Lennox_Ladera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lennox_Ladera.jpg/330px-Lennox_Ladera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lennox_Ladera.jpg/440px-Lennox_Ladera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Enclosed wood-fueled fireplace equipped with a blower fan which takes in air through the bottom vent, blows it around the firebox to heat it, and releases it via the top vent</figcaption></figure> <p>Most older fireplaces have a relatively low efficiency rating. Standard, modern, wood-burning <a href="/wiki/Masonry_heater" title="Masonry heater">masonry fireplaces</a> though have an efficiency rating of at least 80% (legal minimum requirement, for example, in Salzburg, Austria).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To improve efficiency, fireplaces can also be modified by inserting special heavy fireboxes designed to burn much cleaner and can reach efficiencies as high as 80% in heating the air. These modified fireplaces are often equipped with a large fire window, enabling an efficient heating process in two phases. During the first phase the initial heat is provided through a large glass window while the fire is burning. During this time the structure, built of refractory bricks, absorbs the heat. This heat is then evenly radiated for many hours during the second phase. Masonry fireplaces without a glass fire window only provide heat radiated from its surface. Depending on the outside <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, 1 to 2 daily firings are sufficient to ensure a constant <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood">Wood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A literature review published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Toxicology_and_Environmental_Health" title="Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health">Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health</a></i> concludes that there are a wide variety of health risks posed by residential wood combustion. It states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>With regard to adults, studies show that prolonged inhalation of <a href="/wiki/Wood_smoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood smoke">wood smoke</a> contributed to <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">chronic bronchitis</a>, chronic interstitial <a href="/wiki/Lung_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung disease">lung disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_arterial_hypertension" title="Pulmonary arterial hypertension">pulmonary arterial hypertension</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpulmonale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpulmonale (page does not exist)">corpulmonale</a> (Pulmonary heart disease), and altered pulmonary immune defense mechanisms. While adverse effects on adults are notable, children appear to be at greatest risk. Many studies that focused specifically on RWC [Residential Wood Combustion] have concluded that young children living in homes heated by a wood-burning stove had a greater occurrence of moderate and severe chronic respiratory symptoms than children of the same age and sex who did not live in homes heated with a wood burning stove. Exposure of preschool children living in homes heated with wood burning stoves or in houses with open fireplaces yielded these effects: decreased pulmonary <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> function in young <a href="/wiki/Asthmatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthmatics">asthmatics</a>; increased incidence of acute <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a> and severity/frequency of <a href="/wiki/Wheezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheezing">wheezing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Coughing">coughing</a>; and increased incidence, duration, and possibly severity of acute <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory infections">respiratory infections</a>. Residential wood combustion <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">emissions</a> also contain <a href="/wiki/Lower_sulfur_oxides" title="Lower sulfur oxides">sulfur oxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oxides">nitrogen oxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and potentially <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a> compounds including <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">dioxins</a>. Some of these pollutants are known to cause cancer but their effects on human health via exposure to wood smoke have not been extensively studied.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Washington State Department of Ecology also published a booklet explaining why wood smoke can be dangerous. It explains that human lung and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory systems</a> are unable to filter <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a> emitted by wood combustion, which penetrate deeply into the lungs. For months, <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a> can continue to cause changes and structural damage within the respiratory system. Young children, seniors, pregnant women, smokers and individuals with <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory diseases</a> are most vulnerable. Wood smoke can cause disease and even death in children, because it is associated with <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">lower respiratory tract infections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecology_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Home fireplaces have caused fatal <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gases_and_ethanol">Gases and ethanol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gases and ethanol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Propane, butane, and methane are all flammable gases used in fireplaces (natural gas is mostly methane, liquefied petroleum gas mostly propane). If they are allowed to accumulate unburned, gases can cause <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxia</a> by displacing air,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gas explosions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> (a liquid, also sold in gels) fires can also cause severe burns.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burning hydrocarbons can decrease <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air quality</a>. Emissions include airborne particulate matter (such as <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a>) and gases like <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxide</a>. These harm health: they weaken the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, and increase <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a>. Some forms of fuel are more harmful than others.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burning hydrocarbon fuels <a href="/wiki/Combustion#Incomplete" title="Combustion">incompletely</a> can produce carbon monoxide, which is highly poisonous and can cause death and long-term <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">neurological disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environmental effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burning any hydrocarbon fuel releases <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>. Other emissions, such as nitrogen oxides and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_oxide" title="Sulfur oxide">sulfur oxides</a>, can be harmful to the environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glossary">Glossary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Glossary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_forged_andirons_-_DPLA_-_abb54ce9f09b34d806e389211703dafc_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hand forged andirons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hand_forged_andirons_-_DPLA_-_abb54ce9f09b34d806e389211703dafc_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Hand_forged_andirons_-_DPLA_-_abb54ce9f09b34d806e389211703dafc_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hand_forged_andirons_-_DPLA_-_abb54ce9f09b34d806e389211703dafc_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Hand_forged_andirons_-_DPLA_-_abb54ce9f09b34d806e389211703dafc_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hand_forged_andirons_-_DPLA_-_abb54ce9f09b34d806e389211703dafc_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Hand_forged_andirons_-_DPLA_-_abb54ce9f09b34d806e389211703dafc_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="3316" /></a><figcaption>Hand forged andirons</figcaption></figure> <p>Several of these terms may be compounded with chimney or fireplace such as <i>chimney-back</i>. </p> <ul><li>Andiron—Either one of two horizontal metal bars resting on short legs intended to support firewood in a hearth.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Arch—An arched top of the fireplace opening.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ash dump—An opening in a hearth to sweep ashes for later removal from the <i>ash pit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Back (fireback)—The inside, rear wall of the fireplace of masonry or metal that reflects heat into the room.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Brick trimmer—A brick arch supporting a hearth or shielding a joist in front of a fireplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_breast" title="Chimney breast">Chimney breast</a>—The part of the chimney which projects into a room to accommodate a fireplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crane—Metal arms mounted on pintles, which swing and hold pots above a fire.</li> <li>Damper—A metal door to close a flue when a fireplace is not in use.</li> <li>Flue—The passageway in the chimney.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hearth—The floor of a fireplace. The part of a hearth which projects into a room may be called the <i>front</i> or <i>outer hearth</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hearthstone—A large stone or other materials used as the hearth material.</li> <li>Insert—The fireplace insert is a device inserted into an existing masonry or prefabricated wood fireplace.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jamb—The side of a fireplace opening.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mantel—Either the shelf above a fireplace or the structure to support masonry above a fireplace<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Smoke shelf—A shelf below the smoke chamber and behind the damper. It collects debris and water falling down the flue.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Throat (waist)—The narrow area above a fireplace usually where the damper is located.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wing—The sides of a fireplace above the opening near the throat.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_liner" title="Chimney liner">Chimney liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_screen" title="Fire screen">Fire screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_home_appliances" class="mw-redirect" title="List of home appliances">List of home appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantel_clock" title="Mantel clock">Mantel clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micathermic_heater" title="Micathermic heater">Micathermic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_fireplace" title="Outdoor fireplace">Outdoor fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_fireplace" title="Rumford fireplace">Rumford fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_dog_figurine" title="Staffordshire dog figurine">Staffordshire dog figurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSkøtt2007" class="citation web cs1">Skøtt, Torben (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biopress.dk/PDF/FiB%20nr.%2021-2007_05%20-%20UK.pdf">"Chimney filters can save billions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>BioPress</i>. pp. 10–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216132403/http://www.biopress.dk/PDF/FiB%20nr.%2021-2007_05%20-%20UK.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Salvi, Sundeep (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089137">"Household air pollution and its effects on health"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/F1000Research" class="mw-redirect" title="F1000Research">F1000Research</a></i>. <b>5</b>: 2593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.7552.1">10.12688/f1000research.7552.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402">2046-1402</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089137">5089137</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27853506">27853506</a>. <q>Burning of natural gas not only produces a variety of gases such as sulfur oxides, mercury compounds, and particulate matter but also leads to the production of nitrogen oxides, primarily nitrogen dioxide...The burning of biomass fuel or any other fossil fuel increases the concentration of black carbon in the air...<i>[rest of material in linked fulltext]</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=F1000Research&rft.atitle=Household+air+pollution+and+its+effects+on+health&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=2593&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5089137%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2046-1402&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27853506&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12688%2Ff1000research.7552.1&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Komalkirti&rft.au=Salvi%2C+Sundeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5089137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireplace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasillasGalindoCamarillo-ReyesVaron2019" class="citation journal cs1">Casillas, Sebastian; Galindo, Antonio; Camarillo-Reyes, Luis A.; Varon, Joseph; Surani, Salim R. (October 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6855999">"Effectiveness of Hyperbaric Oxygenation Versus Normobaric Oxygenation Therapy in Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Systematic Review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cureus" title="Cureus">Cureus</a></i>. <b>11</b> (10): e5916. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.5916">10.7759/cureus.5916</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-8184">2168-8184</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6855999">6855999</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31788375">31788375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cureus&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+of+Hyperbaric+Oxygenation+Versus+Normobaric+Oxygenation+Therapy+in+Carbon+Monoxide+Poisoning%3A+A+Systematic+Review.&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e5916&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6855999%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2168-8184&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31788375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7759%2Fcureus.5916&rft.aulast=Casillas&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Galindo%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Camarillo-Reyes%2C+Luis+A.&rft.au=Varon%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Surani%2C+Salim+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6855999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireplace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/andiron">"Definition of Andiron"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210409044627/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/andiron">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Andiron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fandiron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireplace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Means-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Means_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Means_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Means_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Means_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Means_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Means_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Means_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Means_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Means_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Means_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRSMeans2009" class="citation book cs1">RSMeans (September 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp7ONAAACAAJ"><i>RSMeans Illustrated Construction Dictionary: The Complete Source of Construction Terms and Concept</i></a> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780876290927" title="Special:BookSources/9780876290927"><bdi>9780876290927</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/793656918">793656918</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514175146/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp7ONAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RSMeans+Illustrated+Construction+Dictionary%3A+The+Complete+Source+of+Construction+Terms+and+Concept&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009-09-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F793656918&rft.isbn=9780876290927&rft.au=RSMeans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKp7ONAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireplace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryman2021" class="citation web cs1">Perryman, Oliver (January 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dehumidifiercritic.com/best-wood-burning-fireplace-insert/">"Wood Burning Fireplace Insert (2021 Reviews Updated)"</a>. <i>Dehumidifier Critic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514175158/https://dehumidifiercritic.com/best-wood-burning-fireplace-insert/">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dehumidifier+Critic&rft.atitle=Wood+Burning+Fireplace+Insert+%282021+Reviews+Updated%29&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft.aulast=Perryman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdehumidifiercritic.com%2Fbest-wood-burning-fireplace-insert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireplace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mantel">"Definition of mantel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509205945/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mantel">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+mantel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmantel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireplace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockfordchimneysupply.com/chimney-diagram?info=smokeshelf">"Chimney and Fireplace Configuration"</a>. <i>Rockford Chimney Supply</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514175125/https://www.rockfordchimneysupply.com/chimney-diagram?info=smokeshelf">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rockford+Chimney+Supply&rft.atitle=Chimney+and+Fireplace+Configuration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockfordchimneysupply.com%2Fchimney-diagram%3Finfo%3Dsmokeshelf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireplace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2014" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Sean Patrick (May 15, 2014). <i>Home Fires: How Americans Kept Warm in the Nineteenth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421413570" title="Special:BookSources/9781421413570"><bdi>9781421413570</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/917156248">917156248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Fires%3A+How+Americans+Kept+Warm+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F917156248&rft.isbn=9781421413570&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Sean+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireplace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam1882" class="citation book cs1">Putnam, John Pickering (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWE1AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Open Fire-place in All Ages</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_R._Osgood" title="James R. Osgood">James R. Osgood</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Open+Fire-place+in+All+Ages&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=James+R.+Osgood&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=John+Pickering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWE1AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireplace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrton1969" class="citation book cs1">Orton, Vrest (January 1969). <i>Observations on the Forgotten Art of Building a Good Fireplace: The Story of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, an American Genius & His Principles of Fireplace Design which Have Remained Unchanged for 174 Years</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_C._Hood_%26_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan C. Hood & Company (page does not exist)">Alan C. Hood & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780911469172" title="Special:BookSources/9780911469172"><bdi>9780911469172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observations+on+the+Forgotten+Art+of+Building+a+Good+Fireplace%3A+The+Story+of+Sir+Benjamin+Thompson%2C+Count+Rumford%2C+an+American+Genius+%26+His+Principles+of+Fireplace+Design+which+Have+Remained+Unchanged+for+174+Years&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Alan+C.+Hood+%26+Company&rft.date=1969-01&rft.isbn=9780911469172&rft.aulast=Orton&rft.aufirst=Vrest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireplace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireplace&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Fireplace">"Fireplace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Fireplace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FFireplace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireplace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Room" title="Template:Room"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Room" title="Template talk:Room"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Room" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Room"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Room" title="Room">Rooms</a> and spaces of a <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">house</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_area" title="Common area">Shared rooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_room" title="Bonus room">Bonus room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_room" title="Common room">Common room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(room)" title="Den (room)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_room" title="Family room">Family room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_room" title="Great room">Great room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_kitchen" title="Dirty kitchen">dirty kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_room" title="Living room">Living room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andron_(architecture)" title="Andron (architecture)">Andron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_cave" title="Man cave">man cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">Recreation room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_(room)" title="Study (room)">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">Sunroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a> / Guest room <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">closet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedsit" title="Bedsit">Bedsit / Miniflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">Nursery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">Atrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeway" title="Breezeway">Breezeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_pit" title="Conversation pit">Conversation pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubby-hole" title="Cubby-hole">Cubby-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbwaiter" title="Dumbwaiter">dumbwaiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entryway">Entryway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fireplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">Foyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallway" title="Hallway">Hallway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai_(architecture)" title="Lanai (architecture)">Lanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">Loggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(architecture)" title="Overhang (architecture)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screened_porch" title="Screened porch">screened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_porch" title="Sleeping porch">sleeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairs" title="Stairs">Stairs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staircase" title="Staircase">Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veranda" title="Veranda">Veranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">Vestibule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical room">Technical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">utility</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carport" title="Carport">Carport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloakroom" title="Cloakroom">Cloakroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">Closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawl_space" title="Crawl space">Crawl space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">Electrical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_room" title="Equipment room">Equipment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace room">Furnace room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Boiler room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_(residential)" title="Garage (residential)">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janitorial_closet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitorial closet">Janitorial closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larder" title="Larder">Larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">Utility room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_floor" title="Mechanical floor">floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantry" title="Pantry">Pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">Wiring closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">Antechamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">Ballroom</a></li> <li>Kitchen-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's pantry">butler's pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttery_(room)" title="Buttery (room)">buttery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucery" title="Saucery">saucery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullery" title="Scullery">scullery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spicery" title="Spicery">spicery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_room" title="Still room">still room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">Conservatory</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">Drawing room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chamber" title="Great chamber">Great chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">Long gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlour" title="Parlour">Parlour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_hall" title="Servants' hall">Servants' hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">Servants' quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_(room)" title="Solar (room)">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_room" title="State room">State room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">Undercroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">Hidden room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_plan" title="House plan">house plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_styles" title="List of house styles">styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">Secondary suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_apartment" title="Studio apartment">Studio apartment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a><br />elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balconet" title="Balconet">Balconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">Baluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_course" title="Belt course">Belt course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">Ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">Colonnade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">Cornice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ell_(architecture)" title="Ell (architecture)">Ell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor" title="Floor">Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate" title="Gate">Gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoin" title="Quoin">Quoins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(architecture)" title="Threshold (architecture)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">Transom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">Window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard" title="Backyard">Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_improvement" title="Home improvement">Home improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_repair" title="Home repair">Home repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_house" title="Tree house">Tree house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rooms" title="Category:Rooms">Category: Rooms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029417-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85048564">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cheminées"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931171h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cheminées"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931171h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01181137">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="krby"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121935&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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