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href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolved_resemblance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolved_resemblance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Evolved resemblance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolved_resemblance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_explanations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_explanations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Evolutionary explanations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_explanations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_and_non-living_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_and_non-living_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Living and non-living models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_and_non-living_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Defensive</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defensive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Defensive subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Defensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Batesian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batesian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Batesian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batesian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Müllerian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Müllerian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Müllerian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Müllerian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emsleyan/Mertensian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emsleyan/Mertensian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Emsleyan/Mertensian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emsleyan/Mertensian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wasmannian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wasmannian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Wasmannian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wasmannian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gilbertian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilbertian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Gilbertian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gilbertian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Browerian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Browerian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Browerian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Browerian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misdirection_by_automimicry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misdirection_by_automimicry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Misdirection by automimicry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misdirection_by_automimicry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aggressive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggressive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aggressive</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aggressive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aggressive subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aggressive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reproductive</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproductive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproductive subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproductive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bakerian_and_Dodsonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakerian_and_Dodsonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bakerian and Dodsonian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakerian_and_Dodsonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirbyan_mimicry,_brood_parasitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirbyan_mimicry,_brood_parasitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Kirbyan mimicry, brood parasitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirbyan_mimicry,_brood_parasitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pouyannian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pouyannian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pouyannian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pouyannian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vavilovian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vavilovian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Vavilovian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vavilovian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-sexual_mimicry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-sexual_mimicry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Inter-sexual mimicry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-sexual_mimicry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Children's</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mimicry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1" title="تنكر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنكر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="পতংগৰ অনুকাৰিতা আৰু ছদ্মাবৰণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পতংগৰ অনুকাৰিতা আৰু ছদ্মাবৰণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AD-th%C3%A0i" title="Gí-thài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gí-thài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мімікрыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мімікрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мимикрия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мимикрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetisme" title="Mimetisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mimetisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikry" title="Mimikry – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mimikry" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mimicry" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikry" title="Mimikry – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mimikry" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikri" title="Mimikri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mimikri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetismo" title="Mimetismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mimetismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamuflimito" title="Kamuflimito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kamuflimito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetismo" title="Mimetismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mimetismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="تقلید (جانوران) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقلید (جانوران)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mim%C3%A9tisme" title="Mimétisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mimétisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aithris_(bitheola%C3%ADocht)" title="Aithris (bitheolaíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aithris (bitheolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrishaght" title="Arrishaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Arrishaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetismo" title="Mimetismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mimetismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%ED%83%9C" title="의태 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의태" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Միմիկրիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միմիկրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="अनुहरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुहरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikrija" title="Mimikrija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mimikrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikri" title="Mimikri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mimikri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetismo" title="Mimetismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mimetismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2" title="חקיינות בטבע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חקיינות בטבע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მიმიკრია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიმიკრია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мимикрия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мимикрия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мимикрия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мимикрия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikrija" title="Mimikrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mimikrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikri" title="Mimikri – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mimikri" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мимикрија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мимикрија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="അനുകരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനുകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नकला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नकला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemimikan" title="Kemimikan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kemimikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mimicry" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B" title="擬態 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="擬態" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikry" title="Mimikry – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mimikry" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikry" title="Mimikry – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mimikry" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikriya" title="Mimikriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mimikriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikra" title="Mimikra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mimikra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetismo" title="Mimetismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mimetismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetism" title="Mimetism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mimetism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мимикрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мимикрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mimicry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikrija" title="Mimikrija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mimikrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мимикрија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мимикрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikry" title="Mimikry – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mimikry" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikry" title="Mimikry – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mimikry" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikri" title="Mimikri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mimikri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мімікрія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мімікрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFt_ch%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Bắt chước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắt chước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מימיקרי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מימיקרי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Evolutionary strategy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mimic" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mimic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mimic (disambiguation)">Mimic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wasp_mimicry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wasp_mimicry.jpg/260px-Wasp_mimicry.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wasp_mimicry.jpg/390px-Wasp_mimicry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wasp_mimicry.jpg/520px-Wasp_mimicry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2162" data-file-height="2886" /></a><figcaption>Many insects including <a href="/wiki/Hoverfly" title="Hoverfly">hoverflies</a> (C, D, E) and the <a href="/wiki/Wasp_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasp beetle">wasp beetle</a> (F) are <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimics</a> of stinging <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a> (A, B), which are <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian mimics</a> of each other.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>, <b>mimicry</b> is an evolved resemblance between an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. In the simplest case, as in <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a>, a mimic resembles a model, so as to deceive a dupe, all three being of different species. A Batesian mimic, such as a <a href="/wiki/Hoverfly" title="Hoverfly">hoverfly</a>, is harmless, while its model, such as a <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasp</a>, is harmful, and is avoided by the dupe, such as an insect-eating bird. Birds hunt by sight, so the mimicry in that case is visual, but in other cases mimicry may make use of any of the senses. Most types of mimicry, including Batesian, are deceptive, as the mimics are not harmful, but <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian mimicry</a>, where different harmful species resemble each other, is <a href="/wiki/Honest_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest signal">honest</a>, as when species of wasps and of bees all have genuinely <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematic</a> warning coloration. More complex types may be bipolar, involving only two species, such as when the model and the dupe are the same; this occurs for example in <a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">aggressive mimicry</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predator</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wolf_in_sheep%27s_clothing" title="Wolf in sheep's clothing">wolf-in-sheep's-clothing</a> style resembles its prey, allowing it to hunt undetected. Mimicry is not limited to animals; in <a href="/wiki/Pouyannian_mimicry" title="Pouyannian mimicry">Pouyannian mimicry</a>, an orchid flower is the mimic, resembling a female bee, its model; the dupe is the male bee of the same species, which tries to copulate with the flower, enabling it to transfer pollen, so the mimicry is again bipolar. In <a href="/wiki/Automimicry" title="Automimicry">automimicry</a>, another bipolar system, model and mimic are the same, as when blue <a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">lycaenid</a> butterflies have 'tails' or <a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">eyespots</a> on their wings that mimic their own heads, misdirecting predator dupes to strike harmlessly. Many other types of mimicry exist. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use of the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mimicry" class="extiw" title="wikt:mimicry">mimicry</a> dates to 1637. It derives from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> term <i>mimetikos</i>, "imitative", in turn from <i>mimetos</i>, the verbal adjective of <i>mimeisthai</i>, "to imitate".<sup id="cite_ref-EtymDict_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EtymDict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Mimicry" was first used in zoology by the English <a href="/wiki/Entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologist">entomologists</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Kirby_(entomologist)" title="William Kirby (entomologist)">William Kirby</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Spence_(entomologist)" title="William Spence (entomologist)">William Spence</a> in 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_Spence_1823_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_Spence_1823-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally used to describe people, "mimetic" was used in zoology from 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-EtymDict_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EtymDict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote in his <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i> that <a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridges</a> use a deceptive <a href="/wiki/Distraction_display" title="Distraction display">distraction display</a> to lure predators away from their flightless young:<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aristotle_on_distraction_display_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aristotle_on_distraction_display-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When a man comes by chance upon a young brood [of partridges], and tries to catch them, the hen-bird rolls in front of the hunter, pretending to be lame: the man every moment thinks he is on the point of catching her, and so she draws him on and on, until every one of her brood has had time to escape; hereupon she returns to the nest and calls the young back.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Aristotle, translated by <a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth_Thompson" title="D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson">D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson</a><sup id="cite_ref-Aristotle_on_distraction_display_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aristotle_on_distraction_display-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The behaviour is recognised as a form of mimicry by biologists.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fritz_M%C3%BCller_1891_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fritz_M%C3%BCller_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Fritz_M%C3%BCller_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fritz_M%C3%BCller_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Fritz_M%C3%BCller_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fritz_M%C3%BCller_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Fritz_M%C3%BCller_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="2605" /></a><figcaption>In 1879, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_M%C3%BCller" title="Fritz Müller">Fritz Müller</a> created the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry#Model" title="Müllerian mimicry">first mathematical model of mimicry</a> to explain why distasteful species should evolve similar appearances.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallet_on_Müller_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallet_on_Müller-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1823, Kirby and Spence, in their book <i>An Introduction to Entomology</i>, used the term "mimicry" informally to depict the way that the structure and coloration of some insects resembled objects in their environments:<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_Spence_1823_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_Spence_1823-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A jumping bug, very similar to the one figured by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolph_Schellenberg" title="Johann Rudolph Schellenberg">Schellenberg</a>, also much resembles the <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> of the oak on which I took it. The spectre tribe (<i><a href="/wiki/Phasma" title="Phasma">Phasma</a></i>) go still further in this mimicry, representing a small branch with its spray.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_Spence_1823_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_Spence_1823-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The English naturalist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> worked for several years on butterflies in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>. Returning home, he described multiple forms of mimicry in an 1862 paper at the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society</a> in London,<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_1862_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates_1862-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then in his 1863 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons">The Naturalist on the River Amazons</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bates_1863_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates_1863-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Batesian mimicry" has since been used in his honour, its usage becoming restricted to the situation in which a harmless mimic gains protection from its predators by resembling a distasteful model.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the observations in Bates's 1862 paper is the statement: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I was never able to distinguish the <a href="/wiki/Dismorphia" title="Dismorphia">Leptalides</a> from the species they imitated, although they belong to a family totally different in structure and metamorphosis from the <a href="/wiki/Heliconiinae" title="Heliconiinae">Heliconidae</a>, without examining them closely after capture.<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_1862_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates_1862-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The German naturalist <a href="/wiki/Fritz_M%C3%BCller" title="Fritz Müller">Fritz Müller</a> also spent many years studying butterflies in the Amazon rainforest. He first published a journal article on mimicry in German in 1878,<sup id="cite_ref-Müller_1878_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller_1878-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed in 1879 by a paper to the <a href="/wiki/Entomological_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomological Society of London">Entomological Society of London</a> (translated and presented by Ralph Meldola).<sup id="cite_ref-Müller_1879_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller_1879-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described a situation where different species were each unpalatable to predators, and shared similar, genuine, warning signals. Bates found it hard to explain why this should be so, asking why they should need to mimic each other if both were harmful and could warn off predators on their own. Müller put forward <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry#Model" title="Müllerian mimicry">the first mathematical model of mimicry</a> for this phenomenon: if a common predator confuses the two species, individuals in both those species are more likely to survive, as fewer individuals of either species are killed by the predator. The term <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian mimicry</a>, named in his honour, has since been used for this mutualistic form of mimicry.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallet_on_Müller_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallet_on_Müller-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sherratt_2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherratt_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Müller wrote that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The resemblance of the genera named [<i><a href="/wiki/Lycorea_ilione" title="Lycorea ilione">Ituna</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Thyridia" title="Thyridia">Thyridia</a></i>] is the more worthy of notice since it occurs between insects both belonging to the group of butterflies which are protected by distastefulness. The explanation which applies in ordinary cases of [Batesian] mimicry—and no other has, so far as I know, been offered—cannot obtain for this imitation among protected species.<sup id="cite_ref-Müller_1879_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller_1879-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batesplate_ArM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plate from Henry Walter Bates's 1862 paper illustrating Batesian mimicry between harmless Dismorphia species (top and third row) and distasteful Ithomiini (Nymphalidae, second and bottom row).[6]"><img alt="Plate from Henry Walter Bates's 1862 paper illustrating Batesian mimicry between harmless Dismorphia species (top and third row) and distasteful Ithomiini (Nymphalidae, second and bottom row).[6]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/220px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/330px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/440px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plate from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a>'s 1862 paper illustrating <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a> between harmless <i><a href="/wiki/Dismorphia" title="Dismorphia">Dismorphia</a></i> species (top and third row) and distasteful <a href="/wiki/Ithomiini" title="Ithomiini">Ithomiini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae</a>, second and bottom row).<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_1862_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates_1862-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mutual Müllerian mimicry in distasteful Heliconius butterflies. Plate LXII from Müller's collected writings, 1881"><img alt="Mutual Müllerian mimicry in distasteful Heliconius butterflies. Plate LXII from Müller's collected writings, 1881" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry.jpg/250px-M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry.jpg/330px-M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mutual <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian mimicry</a> in distasteful <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> butterflies. Plate LXII from Müller's collected writings, 1881</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwinism_1889_page_259_image_of_mimicry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page from Alfred Russel Wallace's 1889 book Darwinism, showing a beetle (below) mimicking a wasp"><img alt="Page from Alfred Russel Wallace's 1889 book Darwinism, showing a beetle (below) mimicking a wasp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Darwinism_1889_page_259_image_of_mimicry.jpg/250px-Darwinism_1889_page_259_image_of_mimicry.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Darwinism_1889_page_259_image_of_mimicry.jpg/330px-Darwinism_1889_page_259_image_of_mimicry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page from <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>'s 1889 book <i><a href="/wiki/Darwinism_(book)" title="Darwinism (book)">Darwinism</a></i>, showing a beetle (below) mimicking a wasp</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolved_resemblance">Evolved resemblance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolved resemblance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry.svg/500px-Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry.svg/960px-Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Batesian vs Müllerian mimicry: the former is <a href="/wiki/Deception_in_animals" title="Deception in animals">deceptive</a>, the latter <a href="/wiki/Honest_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest signal">honest</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mimicry is an <a href="/wiki/Evolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved">evolved</a> resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. Often, mimicry functions <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">to protect from predators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mimicry systems have three basic roles: a mimic, a model, and a dupe. When these correspond to three separate species, the system is called disjunct; when the roles are taken by just two species, the system is called bipolar.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KikuchiPfennig2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KikuchiPfennig2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mimicry evolves if a dupe (such as a predator) perceives a mimic (such as a palatable prey) as a model (the organism it resembles), and <a href="/wiki/Deception_in_animals" title="Deception in animals">is deceived to change its behaviour</a> to the mimic's selective advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalziell_2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalziell_2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resemblances can be via any sensory modality, including any combination of visual, acoustic, chemical, tactile, or electric.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalziell_2016_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalziell_2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mimicry may be to the advantage of both organisms that share a resemblance, in which case it is <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a>; or it can be to the detriment of one, making it <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competitive</a>. The evolutionary convergence between groups is driven by the <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">selective</a> action of a dupe.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_1965_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler_1965-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds, for example, use sight to identify palatable insects,<sup id="cite_ref-Radford_and_Frazier_(2017)_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radford_and_Frazier_(2017)-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst avoiding noxious ones. Over time, palatable insects may evolve to resemble noxious ones, making them mimics and the noxious ones models. Models do not have to be more abundant than mimics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruxton_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruxton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of mutualism, each model is also a mimic; all such species can be called "co-mimics".<sup id="cite_ref-Ruxton_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruxton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many harmless species such as hoverflies are <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimics</a> of strongly defended species such as wasps, while many such well-defended species form <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian mimicry</a> rings of co-mimics.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the evolution of wasp-like appearance, it has been argued that insects evolve to masquerade wasps since predatory wasps do not attack each other, and that this mimetic resemblance has had the useful side-effect of deterring vertebrate predators.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mimicry can result in an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">evolutionary arms race</a> if mimicry negatively affects the model, in which case the model can evolve a different appearance from the mimic.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruxton_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruxton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p161</sup> Mimics may have different models for different <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> stages, or they may be <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphic</a>, with different individuals imitating different models, as occurs in <a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a> butterflies. Models tend to be relatively closely related to their mimics,<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but mimicry can be of vastly different species, for example when spiders mimic ants. Most known mimics are insects,<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though many other examples including <a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_vertebrates" title="Mimicry in vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, plants, and fungi exist.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_explanations">Evolutionary explanations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evolutionary explanations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is widely accepted that mimicry evolves as a positive adaptation. The <a href="/wiki/Lepidopterology" title="Lepidopterology">lepidopterist</a> and novelist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> however argued that although natural selection might stabilize a "mimic" form, it would not be necessary to create it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most widely accepted model used to explain the evolution of mimicry in butterflies is the two-step hypothesis. The first step involves <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modifier_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Modifier gene">modifier genes</a> that regulate a complex cluster of linked genes that cause large changes in morphology. The second step consists of selections on genes with smaller <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a> effects, creating an increasingly close resemblance. This model is supported by empirical evidence that suggests that a few single point mutations cause large phenotypic effects, while numerous others produce smaller effects. Some regulatory elements collaborate to form a <a href="/wiki/Supergene" title="Supergene">supergene</a> for the development of butterfly color patterns. The model is supported by computational simulations of <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Batesian mimicry in <i>Papilio polytes</i> is controlled by the <i><a href="/wiki/Doublesex" title="Doublesex">doublesex</a></i> gene.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some mimicry is imperfect. Natural selection drives mimicry only far enough to deceive predators. For example, when predators avoid a mimic that imperfectly resembles a coral snake, the mimic is sufficiently protected.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergent evolution</a> is an alternative explanation for why coral reef fish have come to resemble each other;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same applies to benthic marine invertebrates such as <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranchs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Masquerade"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_and_non-living_models">Living and non-living models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Living and non-living models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its broadest definition, mimicry can include non-living models. The specific terms <b>masquerade</b> and <a href="/wiki/Mimesis_(biology)" title="Mimesis (biology)">mimesis</a> are sometimes used when the models are inanimate, and the mimicry's purpose is <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">crypsis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, animals such as <a href="/wiki/Flower_mantis" title="Flower mantis">flower mantises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planthoppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Planthoppers">planthoppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygonia_c-album" title="Polygonia c-album">comma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geometer_moth" title="Geometer moth">geometer moth</a> caterpillars resemble twigs, bark, leaves, bird droppings or flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruxton_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruxton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, predators may make use of resemblance to harmless objects in aggressive masquerade, to enable them to approach prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Pembury_Smith_Ruxton_2020_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pembury_Smith_Ruxton_2020-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Wolf_in_sheep%27s_clothing" title="Wolf in sheep's clothing">wolf in sheep's clothing</a> strategy differs from the more specific resemblance to the prey in <a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">aggressive mimicry</a>, where the prey is both model and dupe.<sup id="cite_ref-Pembury_Smith_Ruxton_2020_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pembury_Smith_Ruxton_2020-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many animals bear <a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">eyespots</a>, which are hypothesized to resemble the eyes of larger animals. They may not resemble any specific organism's eyes, and whether or not animals respond to them as eyes is also unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_2007_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_2007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The model is usually another species, except in <a href="/wiki/Automimicry" title="Automimicry">automimicry</a>, where members of the species mimic other members, or other parts of their own bodies, and in inter-sexual mimicry, where members of one sex mimic members of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruxton_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruxton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many types of mimicry have been described. An overview of each follows, highlighting the similarities and differences between the various forms. Classification is often based on <a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">function</a> with respect to the mimic (e.g., avoiding harm). Some cases may belong to more than one class, e.g., automimicry and aggressive mimicry are not mutually exclusive, as one describes the species relationship between model and mimic, while the other describes the function for the mimic (obtaining food). The terminology used has been debated, as classifications have differed or overlapped; attempts to clarify definitions have led to the partial replacement of old terms with new ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption>Some kinds of mimicry classified by Pasteur 1982<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>No. of<br />spp.</th> <th>Function</th> <th>Dupe finds<br />Model</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Deception_in_animals" title="Deception in animals">Deception</a></th> <th>Description (mimic, model, dupe) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Distraction_display" title="Distraction display">Aristotelian</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>Protective</td> <td>Agreeable</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td>Brooding bird mimics itself with broken wing, luring predator away from nest<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Automimicry" title="Automimicry">Automimicry</a></td> <td>1 or 2</td> <td>Protective</td> <td>Agreeable</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td>Multiple forms, e.g. one sex mimics the other, tail mimics head, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bakerian_mimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakerian mimicry">Bakerian</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>Reproductive</td> <td>Forbidding</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td>Female flower resembles male flower, cheating pollinator </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>Protective</td> <td>Forbidding</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td>Palatable mimic resembles distasteful model, deceives dupe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Browerian_mimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Browerian mimicry">Browerian</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>Protective</td> <td>Forbidding</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td>Palatable butterfly resembles toxic member of same species </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emsleyan_mimicry" title="Emsleyan mimicry">Emsleyan</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>Protective</td> <td>Forbidding</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td>Deadly <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a> resembles less deadly species, predators get chance to learn to avoid them </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilbertian_mimicry" title="Gilbertian mimicry">Gilbertian</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>Protective</td> <td>Forbidding</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">Host</a>/prey mimics and so repels <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirbyan_mimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirbyan mimicry">Kirbyan</a></td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Aggressive</a></td> <td>Agreeable</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">Brood parasite</a> adult or egg mimics host which raises the young as its own </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian</a></td> <td>3 or more</td> <td>Protective</td> <td>Forbidding</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Honest_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest signal">Honest</a></td> <td>Distasteful co-mimics resemble each other, <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematically</a> warning off predators<sup id="cite_ref-Rowland_Thalainen_Lindström_2007_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowland_Thalainen_Lindström_2007-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pouyannian_mimicry" title="Pouyannian mimicry">Pouyannian</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>Reproductive</td> <td>Agreeable</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td>Plant mimic resembles female bee, deceives male, gets itself pollinated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vavilovian_mimicry" title="Vavilovian mimicry">Vavilovian</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>Reproductive</td> <td>Agreeable</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td>Mimic resembles <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crop</a>, deceives <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wasmannian_mimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasmannian mimicry">Wasmannian</a></td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">Commensalist</a></td> <td>Agreeable</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td>Mimic resembles and deceives <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant</a>, lives in ant nest </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Wicklerian</a></td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Aggressive</a></td> <td>Agreeable</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predator</a> or parasite resembles and attacks prey or host; parasite may get itself swallowed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>Protective</td> <td>Uninteresting</td> <td>Deceptive</td> <td>Mimic resembles background (plant parts, or inanimate) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defensive">Defensive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Defensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mimicry is defensive or protective when organisms are able to avoid harmful encounters by deceiving enemies into treating them as something else. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batesian">Batesian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Batesian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg/250px-Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg/330px-Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg/500px-Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Macroxiphus" title="Macroxiphus">Macroxiphus</a></i>, a harmless bush cricket, mimics a well-defended <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>In Batesian mimicry, the mimic resembles the model, but does not have the attribute that makes it unprofitable to predators (e.g., unpalatability, or the ability to sting). In other words, a Batesian mimic is a <a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_in_Sheep%27s_Clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing">sheep in wolf's clothing</a>. Mimics are less likely to be found out (for example by predators) when in low proportion to their model. Such <a href="/wiki/Negative_frequency-dependent_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative frequency-dependent selection">negative frequency-dependent selection</a> applies in most forms of mimicry. Specifically, Batesian mimicry can only be maintained if the harm caused to the predator by eating a model outweighs the benefit of eating a mimic. The nature of learning is weighted in favor of the mimics, for a predator that has a bad first experience with a model tends to avoid anything that looks like it for a long time, and does not re-sample soon to see whether the initial experience was a false negative. However, if mimics become more abundant than models, then the probability of a young predator having a first experience with a mimic increases. Batesian systems are therefore most likely to be stable where the model is more abundant than the mimic.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many Batesian mimics among <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">butterflies and moths</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Consul_fabius" title="Consul fabius">Consul fabius</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eresia_(butterfly)" title="Eresia (butterfly)">Eresia eunice</a></i> imitate unpalatable <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> butterflies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius_ismenius" title="Heliconius ismenius">H. ismenius</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pinheiro_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinheiro-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Limenitis_arthemis" title="Limenitis arthemis">Limenitis arthemis</a></i> imitate the poisonous pipevine swallowtail (<i><a href="/wiki/Battus_philenor" title="Battus philenor">Battus philenor</a></i>). Several palatable moths produce ultrasonic click calls to mimic unpalatable tiger moths.<sup id="cite_ref-tigermoth_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tigermoth-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Octopuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopuses">Octopuses</a> of the genus <i>Thaumoctopus</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Mimic_octopus" title="Mimic octopus">mimic octopus</a>) are able to intentionally alter their body shape and coloration to resemble dangerous <a href="/wiki/Sea_snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea snakes">sea snakes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pterois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterois">lionfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Amazon, the <a href="/wiki/Helmeted_woodpecker" title="Helmeted woodpecker">helmeted woodpecker</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Helmeted_woodpecker" title="Helmeted woodpecker">Dryocopus galeatus</a></i>), a rare species which lives in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, has a similar red crest, black back, and barred underside to two larger woodpeckers: <a href="/wiki/Lineated_woodpecker" title="Lineated woodpecker"><i>Dryocopus lineatus</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Robust_woodpecker" title="Robust woodpecker">Campephilus robustus</a></i>. This mimicry reduces attacks on <i>D. galeatus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batesian mimicry occurs in the plant kingdom, where the <a href="/wiki/Boquila" title="Boquila">chameleon vine</a> adapts its leaf shape and colour to match that of the plant it is climbing.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Müllerian"><span id="M.C3.BCllerian"></span>Müllerian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Müllerian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian mimicry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_Mimicry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_Mimicry.svg/400px-Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_Mimicry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_Mimicry.svg/600px-Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_Mimicry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_Mimicry.svg/800px-Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_Mimicry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, illustrated with a <a href="/wiki/Hoverfly" title="Hoverfly">hoverfly</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasp</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Müllerian mimicry, two or more species have similar warning or <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematic</a> signals and both share genuine <a href="/wiki/Anti-predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-predation">anti-predation</a> attributes (e.g. being unpalatable), as first described in <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> butterflies.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of mimicry is unique in several respects. Firstly, both the mimic and the model benefit from the interaction, which could thus be classified as <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualism</a>. The signal receiver also benefits by this system, despite being deceived about species identity, as it is able to generalize the pattern to potentially harmful encounters. The distinction between mimic and model that is clear in <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a> is also blurred. Where one species is scarce and another abundant, the rare species can be said to be the mimic. When both are present in similar numbers, however, it makes more sense to speak of each as a <i>co-mimic</i> than of distinct 'mimic' and 'model' species, as their warning signals tend to converge.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowland_Thalainen_Lindström_2007_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowland_Thalainen_Lindström_2007-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the mimetic species may exist on a continuum from harmless to highly noxious, so Batesian mimicry grades smoothly into Müllerian convergence.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Emsleyan"></span><span class="anchor" id="Mertensian"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emsleyan/Mertensian"><span id="Emsleyan.2FMertensian"></span>Emsleyan/Mertensian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Emsleyan/Mertensian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emsleyan_mimicry" title="Emsleyan mimicry">Emsleyan mimicry</a></div> <p>Emsleyan or Mertensian mimicry describes the unusual case where a deadly prey mimics a less dangerous species.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first proposed by M. G. Emsley in 1966 as a possible explanation for how a predator can learn to avoid a very dangerous aposematic animal, such as a <a href="/wiki/Coral_snake" title="Coral snake">coral snake</a>, when the predator is very likely to die, making learning unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory was developed by the German biologist <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a> who named it after the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Herpetologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetologist">herpetologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mertens" title="Robert Mertens">Robert Mertens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mertens_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mertens-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hecht_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hecht-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheppard_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scenario is unlike Müllerian mimicry, where the most harmful species is the model. But if a predator dies on its first encounter with a deadly snake, it has no occasion to <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learn</a> to recognize the snake's warning signals. There would then be no advantage for an extremely deadly snake in being aposematic: any predator that attacked it would be killed before it could learn to avoid the deadly prey, so the snake would be better off being camouflaged to avoid attacks. But if the predator first learnt to avoid a less deadly warning-coloured snake, the deadly species could profit by mimicking the less dangerous snake.<sup id="cite_ref-Hecht_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hecht-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheppard_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some harmless <a href="/wiki/Milk_snake" title="Milk snake">milk snakes</a> (<i>Lampropeltis triangulum</i>), the moderately toxic false coral snakes (<i><a href="/wiki/Erythrolamprus_aesculapii" title="Erythrolamprus aesculapii">Erythrolamprus aesculapii</a></i>), and the deadly <a href="/wiki/Coral_snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral snakes">coral snakes</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Micrurus" title="Micrurus">Micrurus</a></i>) all have a red background color with black and white/yellow rings. In this system, both the milk snakes and the deadly coral snakes are mimics, while the false coral snakes are the model.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrurus_tener.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The deadly Texas coral snake, Micrurus tener, (the Emsleyan/Mertensian mimic)"><img alt="The deadly Texas coral snake, Micrurus tener, (the Emsleyan/Mertensian mimic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Micrurus_tener.jpg/187px-Micrurus_tener.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Micrurus_tener.jpg/280px-Micrurus_tener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Micrurus_tener.jpg/373px-Micrurus_tener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The deadly Texas coral snake,<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Micrurus_tener" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrurus tener">Micrurus tener</a></i>,<br />(the Emsleyan/Mertensian mimic)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erythrolamprus_aesculapii_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The moderately toxic Erythrolamprus aesculapii (the model for both types of mimicry)"><img alt="The moderately toxic Erythrolamprus aesculapii (the model for both types of mimicry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Erythrolamprus_aesculapii_%28cropped%29.jpg/139px-Erythrolamprus_aesculapii_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Erythrolamprus_aesculapii_%28cropped%29.jpg/208px-Erythrolamprus_aesculapii_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Erythrolamprus_aesculapii_%28cropped%29.jpg/278px-Erythrolamprus_aesculapii_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The moderately toxic<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Erythrolamprus_aesculapii" title="Erythrolamprus aesculapii">Erythrolamprus aesculapii</a></i><br />(the model for both types of mimicry)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The harmless Mexican milk snake, Lampropeltis triangulum annulata (the Batesian mimic)"><img alt="The harmless Mexican milk snake, Lampropeltis triangulum annulata (the Batesian mimic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg/170px-Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg/255px-Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg/340px-Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The harmless Mexican milk snake,<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampropeltis triangulum annulata">Lampropeltis triangulum annulata</a></i><br />(the Batesian mimic)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wasmannian">Wasmannian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wasmannian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ant_mimicry" title="Ant mimicry">Ant mimicry</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Wasmannian_mimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasmannian mimicry">Wasmannian mimicry</a>, the mimic resembles a model that it <a href="/wiki/Inquiline" title="Inquiline">lives along with</a> in a nest or colony. Most of the models here are <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">eusocial</a> insects, principally ants.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasmann_1894_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasmann_1894-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HölldoblerWilson1990_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HölldoblerWilson1990-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gilbertian">Gilbertian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gilbertian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gilbertian_mimicry" title="Gilbertian mimicry">Gilbertian mimicry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heliconiinae_-_Heliconius_numata.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Heliconiinae_-_Heliconius_numata.JPG/250px-Heliconiinae_-_Heliconius_numata.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Heliconiinae_-_Heliconius_numata.JPG/330px-Heliconiinae_-_Heliconius_numata.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Heliconiinae_-_Heliconius_numata.JPG/500px-Heliconiinae_-_Heliconius_numata.JPG 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Some <i><a href="/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">Passiflora</a></i> flower species use Gilbertian mimicry, defending against being eaten by larvae of <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> butterflies with leaf <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a> (not shown) that resemble the butterfly's eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Gilbertian mimicry is bipolar, involving only two species. The potential host (or prey) drives away its parasite (or predator) by mimicking it, the reverse of host-parasite aggressive mimicry. It was coined by Pasteur as a phrase for such rare mimicry systems,<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is named after the American <a href="/wiki/Ecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologist">ecologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Gilbert" title="Lawrence E. Gilbert">Lawrence E. Gilbert</a> who described it in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classical instance of Gilbertian mimicry is in the plant genus <i><a href="/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">Passiflora</a></i>, which is grazed by the <a href="/wiki/Micropredator" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropredator">micropredator</a> larvae of some <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> butterflies. The host plants have evolved <a href="/wiki/Stipules" class="mw-redirect" title="Stipules">stipules</a> that mimic mature <i>Heliconius</i> eggs near the point of hatching. The butterflies avoid laying eggs near existing ones, reducing <a href="/wiki/Intraspecific_competition" title="Intraspecific competition">intraspecific competition</a> between caterpillars, which are also <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (zoology)">cannibalistic</a>, so those that lay on vacant leaves provide their offspring with a greater chance of survival. The stipules thus appear to have evolved as Gilbertian mimics of butterfly eggs, under selection pressure from these caterpillars.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Browerian">Browerian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Browerian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automimicry" title="Automimicry">Automimicry</a></div> <p>Browerian mimicry, named after <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_P._Brower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln P. Brower">Lincoln P. Brower</a> and Jane Van Zandt Brower who first described it in 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a postulated form of <i>automimicry</i>; where the model belongs to the same species as the mimic. This is the analogue of Batesian mimicry within a single species, and occurs when there is a palatability spectrum within a population. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_(butterfly)" title="Queen (butterfly)">queen</a> from the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Milkweed_butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkweed butterfly">Danainae</a>, which feed on <a href="/wiki/Milkweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkweed">milkweed</a> species of varying toxicity. These species store toxins from its host plant, which are maintained even in the adult. As levels of toxin vary depending on diet, some individuals are more toxic than the rest, which profit from the toxicity of those individuals, just as hoverflies benefit from mimicking well-defended wasps.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misdirection_by_automimicry">Misdirection by automimicry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Misdirection by automimicry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg/130px-Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg/195px-Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg/260px-Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespots</a> of <a href="/wiki/Foureye_butterflyfish" title="Foureye butterflyfish">foureye butterflyfish</a> (<i>Chaetodon capistratus</i>) mimic its own eyes, deflecting attacks from the vulnerable head.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Automimicry" title="Automimicry">Automimicry</a></div> <p>One form of automimicry is where one part of an organism's body resembles another part. For example, the tails of some snakes resemble their heads; they move backwards when threatened and present the predator with the tail, improving their chances of escape without fatal harm. Some fishes have <a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">eyespots</a> near their tails, and when mildly alarmed swim slowly backwards, presenting the tail as a head. Some insects such as some <a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">lycaenid</a> butterflies have tail patterns and appendages of various degrees of sophistication that promote attacks at the rear rather than at the head. Several species of <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_owl" title="Pygmy owl">pygmy owl</a> bear "false eyes" on the back of the head, misleading predators into reacting as though they were the subject of an aggressive stare.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many insects have filamentous "tails" at the ends of their wings and patterns of markings on the wings themselves. These combine to create a "false head". This misdirects predators such as birds and <a href="/wiki/Salticidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salticidae">jumping spiders</a>. Spectacular examples occur in the <a href="/wiki/Theclinae" title="Theclinae">hairstreak</a> butterflies; when perching on a twig or flower, they commonly do so upside down and shift their rear wings repeatedly, causing antenna-like movements of the "tails" on their wings. Studies of rear-wing damage support the hypothesis that this strategy is effective in deflecting attacks from the insect's head.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aggressive">Aggressive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aggressive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Aggressive mimicry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators">Predators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Aggressive mimicry</a> is found in predators or <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> that share some of the characteristics of a harmless species, allowing them to avoid detection by their prey or <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a>; the strategy resembles a <a href="/wiki/Wolf_in_sheep%27s_clothing" title="Wolf in sheep's clothing">wolf in sheep's clothing</a>, though no conscious deceptive intent is involved. The mimic may resemble the prey or host itself, or another organism that does not threaten the prey or host. <sup id="cite_ref-Ecology_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecology-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a> use aggressive mimicry to lure prey.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species such as the silver argiope (<i><a href="/wiki/Argiope_argentata" title="Argiope argentata">Argiope argentata</a></i>) employ prominent patterns in the middle of their webs, such as zigzags. These may reflect ultraviolet light, and mimic the pattern seen in many flowers known as <a href="/wiki/Nectar_guide" title="Nectar guide">nectar guides</a>. Spiders change their web day to day, which can be explained by the ability of bees to remember web patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another case is where males are lured towards what seems to be a <a href="/wiki/Sexually_receptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually receptive">sexually receptive</a> female. The model in this situation is the same species as the dupe. Female <a href="/wiki/Firefly" title="Firefly">fireflies</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Photuris_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Photuris (genus)">Photuris</a></i> emit light signals that mimic the mating signals of females of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Photinus_(beetle)" title="Photinus (beetle)">Photinus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male fireflies from several different <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> are attracted to these "<a href="/wiki/Femmes_fatales" class="mw-redirect" title="Femmes fatales">femmes fatales</a>", and are captured and eaten. Each female has a repertoire of signals matching the delay and duration of the flashes of the female of the corresponding species.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivorous plants</a> may be able to increase their rate of capturing insect prey through mimicry.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg/250px-Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg/330px-Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg/500px-Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Bluestreak_cleaner_wrasse" title="Bluestreak cleaner wrasse">bluestreak cleaner wrasse</a> cleaning a <a href="/wiki/Potato_grouper" title="Potato grouper">potato grouper</a>, <i>Epinephelus tukula</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A different aggressive strategy is to mimic a mutualistic <a href="/wiki/Symbiont" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiont">symbiont</a> of the prey. <a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">Cleaner fish</a> eat parasites and dead skin from client fish. Some allow the cleaner to venture inside their body to hunt these parasites. However, the sabre-toothed blenny or <a href="/wiki/False_cleanerfish" title="False cleanerfish">false cleanerfish</a> (<i>Aspidontus taeniatus</i>) mimics the <a href="/wiki/Bluestreak_cleaner_wrasse" title="Bluestreak cleaner wrasse">bluestreak cleaner wrasse</a> (<i>Labroides dimidiatus</i>), which is recognized by other fishes as a cleaner. The false cleanerfish resembles the cleaner, and mimics the cleaner's "dance". Once it is allowed close to the client, it attacks, biting off a piece of its fin before fleeing. Fish wounded in this fashion soon learn to distinguish mimic from model, but because the similarity is close they also become much more cautious of the model.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mechanism that does not involve any luring is seen in the <a href="/wiki/Zone-tailed_hawk" title="Zone-tailed hawk">zone-tailed hawk</a>, which resembles the <a href="/wiki/Turkey_vulture" title="Turkey vulture">turkey vulture</a>. It flies amongst the vultures, effectively camouflaged as a vulture which poses no threat to the hawk's prey. It hunts by suddenly breaking from the formation and ambushing its prey.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasites">Parasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parasites can be aggressive mimics, though the situation is somewhat different from those outlined previously. They can mimic their hosts' natural prey, allowing themselves to be eaten as a pathway into their host. <i><a href="/wiki/Leucochloridium" title="Leucochloridium">Leucochloridium</a></i>, a genus of <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworm</a>, matures in the digestive system of <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbirds</a>, their eggs then passing out of the bird in the <a href="/wiki/Faeces" class="mw-redirect" title="Faeces">faeces</a>. They are then taken up by <i><a href="/wiki/Succinea" title="Succinea">Succinea</a></i>, a terrestrial snail. The eggs develop in this <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate host">intermediate host</a>, and must then find a suitable bird to mature in. Since the host birds do not eat snails, the <a href="/wiki/Trematode_life_cycle_stages" title="Trematode life cycle stages">sporocyst</a> has another strategy to reach its host's intestine. They are brightly coloured and move in a pulsating fashion. A sporocyst-sac pulsates in the snail's eye stalks,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coming to resemble an irresistible meal for a songbird. In this way, it can bridge the gap between hosts, allowing it to complete its life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A nematode (<i><a href="/wiki/Myrmeconema_neotropicum" title="Myrmeconema neotropicum">Myrmeconema neotropicum</a></i>) changes the colour of the abdomen of workers of the canopy ant <i>Cephalotes atratus</i> to make it appear like the ripe fruits of <i>Hyeronima alchorneoides</i>. It also changes the behaviour of the ant so that the <a href="/wiki/Gaster_(insect_anatomy)" title="Gaster (insect anatomy)">gaster</a> (rear part) is held raised. This presumably increases the chances of the ant being eaten by birds.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproductive">Reproductive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reproductive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reproductive mimicry occurs when the actions of the dupe directly aid in the mimic's <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>. This is common in plants with deceptive flowers that do not provide the reward they seem to offer and it may occur in Papua New Guinea fireflies, in which the signal of <i>Pteroptyx effulgens</i> is used by <i>P. tarsalis</i> to form aggregations to attract females.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohba_&_Shimoyama_2009_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohba_&_Shimoyama_2009-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forms of mimicry have a reproductive component, such as <a href="/wiki/Vavilovian_mimicry" title="Vavilovian mimicry">Vavilovian mimicry</a> involving seeds, vocal mimicry in birds,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aggressive and Batesian mimicry in brood parasite-host systems.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakerian_and_Dodsonian">Bakerian and Dodsonian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bakerian and Dodsonian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_plants" title="Mimicry in plants">Mimicry in plants</a></div> <p>Bakerian mimicry, named after <a href="/wiki/Herbert_G._Baker" title="Herbert G. Baker">Herbert G. Baker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a form of automimicry where female <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> mimic male flowers of their own species, cheating pollinators out of a reward. This reproductive mimicry may not be readily apparent as members of the same species may still exhibit some degree of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>. It is common in many species of <a href="/wiki/Caricaceae" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Dodsonian mimicry, named after <a href="/wiki/Calaway_H._Dodson" title="Calaway H. Dodson">Calaway H. Dodson</a>, the model belongs to a different species than the mimic.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By resembling the model, a flower can lure its pollinators without offering nectar. The mechanism occurs in several orchids, including <i><a href="/wiki/Epidendrum_ibaguense" title="Epidendrum ibaguense">Epidendrum ibaguense</a></i> which mimics flowers of <i><a href="/wiki/Lantana_camara" title="Lantana camara">Lantana camara</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_curassavica" title="Asclepias curassavica">Asclepias curassavica</a></i>, and is pollinated by monarch butterflies and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kirbyan_mimicry,_brood_parasitism"><span id="Kirbyan_mimicry.2C_brood_parasitism"></span>Kirbyan mimicry, brood parasitism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kirbyan mimicry, brood parasitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">Brood parasitism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">Brood parasitism</a> or Kirbyan mimicry is a two species system where a brood parasite mimics its host. <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">Cuckoos</a> are a canonical example; the female cuckoo has its offspring raised by a bird of a different species, cutting down the biological mother's <a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">parental investment</a>. The ability to lay eggs that mimic the host eggs is the key <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a>. The adaptation to different hosts is inherited through the female line in so-called <a href="/wiki/Gens_(behaviour)" title="Gens (behaviour)">gentes</a> (gens, singular). <i>Intraspecific</i> brood parasitism, where a female lays in a conspecific's nest, as illustrated by the <a href="/wiki/Goldeneye_(duck)" title="Goldeneye (duck)">goldeneye</a> duck (<i>Bucephala clangula</i>), do not involve mimicry<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parasitic butterfly <i><a href="/wiki/Phengaris_rebeli" title="Phengaris rebeli">Phengaris rebeli</a></i> parasitizes the ant species <i><a href="/wiki/Myrmica_schencki" title="Myrmica schencki">Myrmica schencki</a></i> by releasing chemicals that fool the worker ants to believe that the caterpillar larvae are ant larvae. This enables the larvae to be brought directly into the ant's nest.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Cuckoo_Mimics_Sparrowhawk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mimicry in a brood parasite: Cuckoo mimics sparrowhawk, alarming small birds enough to give time to lay eggs.[90]"><img alt="Mimicry in a brood parasite: Cuckoo mimics sparrowhawk, alarming small birds enough to give time to lay eggs.[90]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/European_Cuckoo_Mimics_Sparrowhawk.jpg/250px-European_Cuckoo_Mimics_Sparrowhawk.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/European_Cuckoo_Mimics_Sparrowhawk.jpg/337px-European_Cuckoo_Mimics_Sparrowhawk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/European_Cuckoo_Mimics_Sparrowhawk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mimicry in a brood <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a>: <a href="/wiki/Common_cuckoo" title="Common cuckoo">Cuckoo</a> mimics <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_sparrowhawk" title="Eurasian sparrowhawk">sparrowhawk</a>, alarming small birds enough to give time to lay eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FinnBirdMimic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common hawk-cuckoo resembles a predator, the shikra.[91]"><img alt="Common hawk-cuckoo resembles a predator, the shikra.[91]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FinnBirdMimic.jpg/250px-FinnBirdMimic.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FinnBirdMimic.jpg/500px-FinnBirdMimic.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="830" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hierococcyx_varius" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierococcyx varius">Common hawk-cuckoo</a> resembles a predator, the <a href="/wiki/Shikra" title="Shikra">shikra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Egg mimicry: cuckoo eggs (larger) mimic many species of host birds' eggs, in this case of reed warbler."><img alt="Egg mimicry: cuckoo eggs (larger) mimic many species of host birds' eggs, in this case of reed warbler." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG/274px-Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG" decoding="async" width="183" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG/410px-Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG/547px-Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">Egg mimicry</a>: cuckoo eggs (larger) mimic many species of host birds' eggs, in this case of <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_reed_warbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian reed warbler">reed warbler</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pouyannian">Pouyannian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pouyannian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pouyannian_mimicry" title="Pouyannian mimicry">Pouyannian mimicry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dasyscolia_ciliata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dasyscolia_ciliata.jpg/220px-Dasyscolia_ciliata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dasyscolia_ciliata.jpg/330px-Dasyscolia_ciliata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dasyscolia_ciliata.jpg/440px-Dasyscolia_ciliata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dasyscolia_ciliata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasyscolia ciliata">Dasyscolia ciliata</a></i>, a scoliid wasp, <a href="/wiki/Pseudocopulation" title="Pseudocopulation">attempting to copulate</a> with a flower of the orchid <i><a href="/wiki/Ophrys_speculum" title="Ophrys speculum">Ophrys speculum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In Pouyannian mimicry, a flower mimics a <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a> of a certain <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> species, inducing the <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">males</a> of that species to try to copulate with the flower. This is much like aggressive mimicry in fireflies, but with a more benign outcome for the pollinator. The mechanism is named after <a href="/wiki/Maurice-Alexandre_Pouyanne" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice-Alexandre Pouyanne">Maurice-Alexandre Pouyanne</a>, who first described the phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most common in orchids, which mimic females of the order <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> (generally bees and wasps), and may account for around 60% of pollinations. Depending on the morphology of the flower, a pollen sac called a <a href="/wiki/Pollinium" title="Pollinium">pollinium</a> is attached to the head or abdomen of the male. This is then transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stigma (flower)">stigma</a> of the next flower the male tries to inseminate, resulting in pollination. The mimicry is a combination of visual, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_mimicry" title="Chemical mimicry">by olfaction</a>, and by touch.<sup id="cite_ref-Pramanik_Dorst_Meesters_Spaans_2020_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pramanik_Dorst_Meesters_Spaans_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vavilovian">Vavilovian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Vavilovian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vavilovian_mimicry" title="Vavilovian mimicry">Vavilovian mimicry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secale_cereale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Secale_cereale.jpg/250px-Secale_cereale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Secale_cereale.jpg/330px-Secale_cereale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Secale_cereale.jpg/500px-Secale_cereale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a> is a secondary crop, originally being a mimetic weed of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vavilovian mimicry is found in <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a> that come to share characteristics with a <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">domesticated plant</a> through <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">unintentional selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is named after Russian <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geneticist" title="Geneticist">geneticist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov" title="Nikolai Vavilov">Nikolai Vavilov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vavilov_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vavilov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selection against the weed may occur either by manually killing the weed, or by separating its seeds from those of the crop by <a href="/wiki/Winnowing" title="Winnowing">winnowing</a>. Vavilovian mimicry illustrates unintentional <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selection by man</a>. Weeders do not want to select weeds and their seeds that look increasingly like cultivated plants, yet there is no other option. For example, early barnyard grass, <i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_oryzoides" title="Echinochloa oryzoides">Echinochloa oryzoides</a></i>, is a weed in <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> fields and looks similar to rice; its seeds are often mixed in rice and have become difficult to separate through Vavilovian mimicry.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vavilovian mimics may eventually be domesticated themselves, as in the case of rye in wheat; Vavilov called these weed-crops <i>secondary crops</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vavilov_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vavilov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-sexual_mimicry">Inter-sexual mimicry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Inter-sexual mimicry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_mimicry" title="Sexual mimicry">Sexual mimicry</a></div> <p>Inter-sexual mimicry (a type of automimicry, as it is within a single species) occurs when individuals of one sex in a species mimic members of the opposite sex to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Alternative_mating_strategy#Sneaking" title="Alternative mating strategy">sneak mating</a>. An example is the three male forms of the marine <a href="/wiki/Isopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopod">isopod</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Paracerceis_sculpta" title="Paracerceis sculpta">Paracerceis sculpta</a></i>. Alpha males are the largest and guard a <a href="/wiki/Harem_(zoology)" title="Harem (zoology)">harem</a> of females. Beta males mimic females and manage to enter the harem of females without being detected by the alpha males allowing them to mate. Gamma males are the smallest males and mimic juveniles. This also allows them to mate with the females without the alpha males detecting them.<sup id="cite_ref-Shuster_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuster-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, among <a href="/wiki/Common_side-blotched_lizard" title="Common side-blotched lizard">common side-blotched lizards</a>, some males mimic the yellow throat coloration and even mating rejection behaviour of the other sex to sneak matings with guarded females. These males look and behave like unreceptive females. This <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">strategy</a> is effective against "usurper" males with orange throats, but ineffective against blue throated "guarder" males, which chase them away.<sup id="cite_ref-S&L1996_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&L1996-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyenas</a> have <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena#Female_genitalia" title="Spotted hyena">pseudo-penises</a> that make them look like males.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">Attitude (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimicry">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_mimicry" title="Chemical mimicry">Chemical mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotor_mimicry" title="Locomotor mimicry">Locomotor mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimic_octopus" title="Mimic octopus">Mimic octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mimicry" title="Molecular mimicry">Molecular mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preadaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Preadaptation">Preadaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EtymDict-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EtymDict_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EtymDict_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=mimicry&searchmode=none">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dmimicry%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasteur_1982-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_1982_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPasteur1982" class="citation journal cs1">Pasteur, G. (1982). "A Classificatory Review of Mimicry Systems". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Ecology_and_Systematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics">Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</a></i>. <b>13</b>: <span class="nowrap">169–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.13.110182.001125">10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2097066">2097066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.atitle=A+Classificatory+Review+of+Mimicry+Systems&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.es.13.110182.001125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2097066%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pasteur&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby_Spence_1823-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_Spence_1823_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_Spence_1823_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_Spence_1823_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirbySpence1823" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Kirby_(entomologist)" title="William Kirby (entomologist)">Kirby, William</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Spence_(entomologist)" title="William Spence (entomologist)">Spence, William</a> (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ItZjam0xBBYC"><i>An Introduction to Entomology</i></a>. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Longman,_Hurst,_Rees,_Orme_%26_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown">Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown</a>. p. 405.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Entomology&rft.pages=405&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme+%26+Brown&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Spence%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DItZjam0xBBYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aristotle_on_distraction_display-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aristotle_on_distraction_display_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aristotle_on_distraction_display_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiaanimaliu00aris_0/page/n417/mode/2up">book 9, chapter 8.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallet_on_Müller-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallet_on_Müller_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallet_on_Müller_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMallet" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallet" title="James Mallet">Mallet, James</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/Mim/Muller.html">"Fritz Müller in 1891"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630163011/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/Mim/Muller.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fritz+M%C3%BCller+in+1891&rft.aulast=Mallet&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Ftaxome%2Fjim%2FMim%2FMuller.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bates_1862-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bates_1862_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bates_1862_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bates_1862_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBates1862" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Bates, Henry W.</a> (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1447544">"Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>23</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">495–</span>566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1860.tb00146.x">10.1111/j.1096-3642.1860.tb00146.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Contributions+to+an+insect+fauna+of+the+Amazon+valley.+Lepidoptera%3A+Heliconidae&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E495-%3C%2Fspan%3E566&rft.date=1862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1860.tb00146.x&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1447544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bates_1863-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bates_1863_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBates1863" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Bates, Henry W.</a> (1863). <a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons"><i>The naturalist on the river Amazons</i></a>. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+naturalist+on+the+river+Amazons&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Müller_1878-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Müller_1878_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller1878" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_M%C3%BCller" title="Fritz Müller">Müller, Fritz</a> (1878). 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41467428">"Sexual Mimicry in Hyenas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quarterly_Review_of_Biology" title="The Quarterly Review of Biology">The Quarterly Review of Biology</a></i>. <b>77</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F339199">10.1086/339199</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11963460">11963460</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43440407">43440407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Sexual+Mimicry+in+Hyenas&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43440407%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11963460&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F339199&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=M.+N.&rft.au=Wrangham%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A41467428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Brower" title="Lincoln Brower">Brower, L. P.</a>, ed. (1988). <i>Mimicry and the evolutionary process</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-07608-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-07608-3"><bdi>0-226-07608-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mimicry+and+the+evolutionary+process&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-226-07608-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span> (a supplement of volume 131 of the journal <i><a href="/wiki/American_Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="American Naturalist">American Naturalist</a></i> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/E._B._Ford" title="E. B. Ford">E. B. Ford</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Douglas_Hale_Carpenter" title="Geoffrey Douglas Hale Carpenter">Carpenter, G. D. Hale</a>; <a href="/wiki/E.B._Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="E.B. Ford">Ford, E. B.</a> (1933). <i>Mimicry</i>. London: Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mimicry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=G.+D.+Hale&rft.au=Ford%2C+E.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Cott, H. B.</a> (1940) <i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i>. Methuen and Co, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-30050-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-30050-2">0-416-30050-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Dafni, A. (1984). "Mimicry and Deception in Pollination". <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">259–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.15.110184.001355">10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.001355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.atitle=Mimicry+and+Deception+in+Pollination&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.es.15.110184.001355&rft.aulast=Dafni&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Edmunds, M. 1974. <i>Defence in Animals: a survey of anti-predator defences</i>. Harlow, Essex and New York, <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-44132-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-44132-3">0-582-44132-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Evans, M. A. (1965). "Mimicry and the Darwinian Heritage". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">211–</span>220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708228">10.2307/2708228</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708228">2708228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Mimicry+and+the+Darwinian+Heritage&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2708228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2708228%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Owen, D. (1980) <i>Camouflage and Mimicry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-217683-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-217683-8">0-19-217683-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Pasteur, Georges (1982). "A classificatory review of mimicry systems". <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i>. <b>13</b>: <span class="nowrap">169–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.13.110182.001125">10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.atitle=A+classificatory+review+of+mimicry+systems&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.es.13.110182.001125&rft.aulast=Pasteur&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stevens, M. (2016). <i>Cheats and deceits: how animals and plants exploit and mislead</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870789-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870789-9">978-0-19-870789-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Wiens, D. (1978). "Mimicry in Plants". In Max K. Hecht; William C. Steere; Bruce Wallace (eds.). <i>Evolutionary Biology</i>. Vol. 11. pp. <span class="nowrap">365–</span>403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-6956-5_6">10.1007/978-1-4615-6956-5_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-6958-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-6958-9"><bdi>978-1-4615-6958-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282713">3282713</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22182416">22182416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mimicry+in+Plants&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Biology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3282713%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22182416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-6956-5_6&rft.isbn=978-1-4615-6958-9&rft.aulast=Wiens&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Vane-Wright, R. I. (1976). "A unified classification of mimetic resemblances". <i>Biol. J. Linn. Soc</i>. <b>8</b>: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1976.tb00240.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00240.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biol.+J.+Linn.+Soc.&rft.atitle=A+unified+classification+of+mimetic+resemblances&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1976.tb00240.x&rft.aulast=Vane-Wright&rft.aufirst=R.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimicry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wickler, W.</a> (1968) <i>Mimicry in Plants and Animals</i> (translated from the German), McGraw-Hill, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-070100-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-070100-8">0-07-070100-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's"><span id="Children.27s"></span>Children's</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimicry&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Children's"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hoff, M. K. (2003) <i>Mimicry and Camouflage</i>. Creative Education. 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href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception_in_animals" title="Deception in animals">Deception in animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_deception_in_animals" title="Tactical deception in animals">Tactical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquilinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquilinism">Inquilinism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction#Neutralism" title="Biological interaction">Neutralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction#Competition" title="Biological interaction">Synnecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior-altering_parasite" title="Behavior-altering parasite">Behavior-altering parasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">Brood parasitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host%E2%80%93parasite_coevolution" title="Host–parasite coevolution">Host–parasite coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperparasite" title="Hyperparasite">Hyperparasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">Kleptoparasitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_castration" title="Parasitic castration">Parasitic castration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">Parasitoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">Carnivore</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Intraguild_predation" title="Intraguild predation">Intraguild</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">Symbiosis</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_symbiosis" title="Cleaning symbiosis">Cleaning symbiosis</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">Mycorrhiza</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mimicry217" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mimicry" title="Template:Mimicry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mimicry" title="Template talk:Mimicry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mimicry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mimicry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mimicry217" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mimicry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Classification">In animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Aggressive/Wicklerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_mimicry" title="Ant mimicry">Ant/Myrmecomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distraction_display" title="Distraction display">Aristotelian/Distraction display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automimicry" title="Automimicry">Automimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locomotor_mimicry" title="Locomotor mimicry">Locomotor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">Brood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_mimicry" title="Chemical mimicry">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsleyan_mimicry" title="Emsleyan mimicry">Emsleyan/Mertensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_mimicry" title="Sexual mimicry">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_vertebrates" title="Mimicry in vertebrates">In vertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasmannian_mimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasmannian mimicry">Wasmannian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batesplate_ArM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Batesian mimicry in butterflies"><img alt="Batesian mimicry in butterflies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/70px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/105px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/140px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_plants" title="Mimicry in plants">In plants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_plants#Bakerian" title="Mimicry in plants">Bakerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_plants#Dodsonian" title="Mimicry in plants">Dodsonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbertian_mimicry" title="Gilbertian mimicry">Gilbertian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouyannian_mimicry" title="Pouyannian mimicry">Pouyannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavilovian_mimicry" title="Vavilovian mimicry">Vavilovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Co-evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloration_evidence_for_natural_selection" title="Coloration evidence for natural selection">Coloration evidence for natural selection</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dazzled_and_Deceived" title="Dazzled and Deceived">Dazzled and Deceived</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception_in_animals" title="Deception in animals">Deception in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Evolution">Mimicry#Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-dependent_selection" title="Frequency-dependent selection">Frequency-dependent selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagomimicry" title="Phagomimicry">Phagomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mimicry" title="Category:Mimicry">Category mimicry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vision_in_animals86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vision_in_animals" title="Template:Vision in animals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vision_in_animals" title="Template talk:Vision in animals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vision_in_animals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vision in animals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vision_in_animals86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Vision in animals</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Vision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameleon_vision" title="Chameleon vision">Chameleons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_vision" title="Dinosaur vision">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fish" title="Vision in fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_toads" title="Vision in toads">Toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalian_vision" title="Mammalian vision">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equine_vision" title="Equine vision">horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy#Vision" title="Dog anatomy">dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_senses#Sight" title="Cat senses">cats</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fish surveying its world"><img alt="Fish surveying its world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/140px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/210px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/280px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">Eyes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">Arthropod eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">Compound eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_eye" title="Eagle eye">Eagle eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">Eye shine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">Simple eye in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalian_eye" title="Mammalian eye">Mammalian eye</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusc_eye" title="Mollusc eye">Mollusc eye</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye" title="Cephalopod eye">cephalopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropod_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod eye">gastropod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holochroal_eye" title="Holochroal eye">Holochroal eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_eye" title="Parietal eye">Parietal eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizochroal_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizochroal eye">Schizochroal eye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Evolution of the eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Evolution of color vision in primates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coloration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">Albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">Counter-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">Countershading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">Disruptive coloration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincident_disruptive_coloration" title="Coincident disruptive coloration">coincident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot (mimicry)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Animal senses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blindness_in_animals" title="Blindness in animals">Blindness in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_apparatus" title="Eyespot apparatus">Eyespot apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_detection_(nervous_system)" title="Feature detection (nervous system)">Feature detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocular_deprivation" title="Monocular deprivation">Monocular deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommatidium" title="Ommatidium">Ommatidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpebral_(bone)" title="Palpebral (bone)">Palpebral (bone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudopupil" title="Pseudopupil">Pseudopupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhopalium" title="Rhopalium">Rhopalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_ecology52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evo_ecol" title="Template:Evo ecol"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evo_ecol" title="Template talk:Evo ecol"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evo_ecol" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evo ecol"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_ecology52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns of evolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloration_evidence_for_natural_selection" title="Coloration evidence for natural selection">Coloration evidence for natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergent evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_examples_of_convergent_evolution" title="List of examples of convergent evolution">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergent evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predator_satiation" title="Predator satiation">Predator satiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarm_signal" title="Alarm signal">Alarm signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distraction_display" title="Distraction display">Distraction display</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkenreflex" title="Unkenreflex">Unkenreflex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Camouflage106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Camouflage" title="Template:Camouflage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Camouflage" title="Template talk:Camouflage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Camouflage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Camouflage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camouflage106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_camouflage_methods" title="List of camouflage methods">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">Countershading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_camouflage" title="Active camouflage">Active camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">Counter-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">Disruptive coloration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincident_disruptive_coloration" title="Coincident disruptive coloration">Coincident disruptive coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_eye_mask" title="Disruptive eye mask">Disruptive eye mask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distractive_markings" title="Distractive markings">Distractive markings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_camouflage" title="Motion camouflage">Motion camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-scale_camouflage" title="Multi-scale camouflage">Multi-scale camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-spectral_camouflage" title="Multi-spectral camouflage">Multi-spectral camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-decoration_camouflage" title="Self-decoration camouflage">Self-decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_camouflage" title="Snow camouflage">Snow camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_camouflage" title="Urban camouflage">Urban camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_(vertical).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/100px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/150px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/200px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="6438" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloration_evidence_for_natural_selection" title="Coloration evidence for natural selection">As evidence for natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorator_crab" title="Decorator crab">Decorator crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_mantis" title="Flower mantis">Flower mantis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mimicry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Edward Bagnall Poulton</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals" title="The Colours of Animals">The Colours of Animals</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Handerson Thayer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camoufleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Camoufleurs">Camoufleurs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Taylor_Brush" title="Mary Taylor Brush">Mary Taylor Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien-Victor_Guirand_de_Sc%C3%A9vola" title="Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola">Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Kerr" title="John Graham Kerr">John Graham Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Warner" title="Everett Warner">Everett Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Underwood" title="Leon Underwood">Leon Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Otto_Schick" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Otto Schick">Johann Georg Otto Schick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh Cott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barkas" title="Geoffrey Barkas">Geoffrey Barkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_O%27Neill_(camoufleur)" title="Timothy O'Neill (camoufleur)">Timothy O'Neill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Behrens" title="Roy Behrens">Roy Behrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Caro" title="Tim Caro">Tim Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_Cuthill" title="Innes Cuthill">Innes Cuthill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_N._Sherratt" title="Thomas N. Sherratt">Thomas N. Sherratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stevens_(biologist)" title="Martin Stevens (biologist)">Martin Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Military camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_camouflage" title="Aircraft camouflage">Aircraft camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_clothing_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago">Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">Dazzle camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_prohibit_camouflage_clothing" title="List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing">List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Directorate" title="Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate">Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_camouflage" title="Ship camouflage">Ship camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_ship_camouflage_measures_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy">USN WWII camouflage measures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">Patterns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Up to WWII</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_World_War_II_camouflage_patterns" title="German World War II camouflage patterns">German<br />WWII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splittertarnmuster" title="Splittertarnmuster">Splittertarnmuster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanenmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Platanenmuster">Platanenmuster</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauchtarnmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rauchtarnmuster">Rauchtarnmuster</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmenmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmenmuster">Palmenmuster</a> (c 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpfmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumpfmuster">Sumpfmuster</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbsenmuster" title="Erbsenmuster">Erbsenmuster</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibermuster" title="Leibermuster">Leibermuster</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_tree" title="Camouflage tree">Camouflage tree</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_camouflage" title="Lozenge camouflage">Lozenge</a> (1917 aircraft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telo_mimetico" title="Telo mimetico">Telo mimetico</a> (1929 tent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_smock" title="Denison smock">Denison smock</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Skin" title="Frog Skin">Frog Skin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_(camouflage)" title="Lizard (camouflage)">Lizard</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strichtarn" title="Strichtarn">Strichtarn</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamuflirovannyi_Letnyi_Maskirovochnyi_Kombinezon" title="Kamuflirovannyi Letnyi Maskirovochnyi Kombinezon">KLMK</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_camouflage" title="Jigsaw camouflage">Jigsaw</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripe_camouflage" title="Tiger stripe camouflage">Tiger stripe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Brushstroke" title="Rhodesian Brushstroke">Rhodesian Brushstroke</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERDL_pattern" title="ERDL pattern">ERDL</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Material" title="Disruptive Pattern Material">Disruptive Pattern Material</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._68_Moro" title="Wz. 68 Moro">wz. 68 Moro</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Battle_Dress_Uniform" title="Desert Battle Dress Uniform">Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip)</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Woodland" title="U.S. Woodland">U.S. "M81" Woodland</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform">Australian Disruptive Pattern</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAZ_83" title="TAZ 83">TAZ 83</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M84_camouflage_pattern" title="M84 camouflage pattern">M84</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_87_(camouflage)" title="Type 87 (camouflage)">Type 87 (China)</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._89_Puma" title="Wz. 89 Puma">wz. 89 Puma</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_Daguet" title="Camouflage Daguet">Camouflage Daguet</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M90_(camouflage)" title="M90 (camouflage)">M90</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Night_Camouflage" title="Desert Night Camouflage">Desert Night Camouflage</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flecktarn" title="Flecktarn">Flecktarn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropentarn" title="Tropentarn">Tropentarn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Desert Camouflage Uniform">Desert Camouflage Pattern</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_Central-Europe" title="Camouflage Central-Europe">Camouflage Central-Europe</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier_2000" title="Soldier 2000">Soldier 2000</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAZ_90" title="TAZ 90">TAZ 90</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._93_Pantera" title="Wz. 93 Pantera">wz. 93 Pantera</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CADPAT" title="CADPAT">CADPAT</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubok_(camouflage)" title="Dubok (camouflage)">Dubok</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M98_camouflage_pattern" title="M98 camouflage pattern">M98</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_camouflage" title="Flora camouflage">Flora</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARPAT" title="MARPAT">MARPAT</a> (2001) (<a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Utility_Uniform" title="Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform">Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform</a> (2002))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiCam" title="MultiCam">MultiCam</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Assault_Camouflage" title="Tactical Assault Camouflage">Tactical Assault Camouflage</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Camouflage_Pattern" title="Universal Camouflage Pattern">Universal Camouflage Pattern</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESTDCU" title="ESTDCU">ESTDCU</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M05" title="M05">M05</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman_Battle_Uniform" title="Airman Battle Uniform">Airman Battle Uniform</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_07" title="Type 07">Type 07</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR_camouflage" title="EMR camouflage">EMR</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Terrain_Pattern" title="Multi-Terrain Pattern">Multi-Terrain Pattern</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Multicam_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform">Australian Multicam</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MM-14" title="MM-14">MM-14</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varan_(camouflage)" title="Varan (camouflage)">Varan (camouflage)</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_camouflage_pattern_2015M" title="Hungarian camouflage pattern 2015M">HunCam</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Camouflage_Pattern" title="Operational Camouflage Pattern">Operational Camouflage Pattern</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Fractal_Pattern" title="Netherlands Fractal Pattern">Netherlands Fractal Pattern</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingkong_(camouflage)" title="Xingkong (camouflage)">Xingkong</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berberys-R" title="Berberys-R">Berberys-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakidka" title="Nakidka">Nakidka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_lighting_camouflage" title="Diffused lighting camouflage">Diffused lighting camouflage</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_lights" title="Yehudi lights">Yehudi lights</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptiv" title="Adaptiv">Adaptiv</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dazzled_and_Deceived" title="Dazzled and Deceived">Dazzled and Deceived</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaking_device" title="Cloaking device">Cloaking device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility" title="Invisibility">Invisibility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patterns_in_nature49" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patterns_in_nature" title="Template:Patterns in nature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patterns_in_nature" title="Template talk:Patterns in nature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patterns_in_nature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patterns in nature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patterns_in_nature49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">Crack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">Foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parastichy" title="Parastichy">Parastichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllotaxis" title="Phyllotaxis">Phyllotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap_bubble" title="Soap bubble">Soap bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">Symmetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">in crystals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasicrystal" title="Quasicrystal">Quasicrystals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">in flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology" title="Symmetry in biology">in biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_vortex_street" title="Kármán vortex street">Vortex street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern" title="Widmanstätten pattern">Widmanstätten pattern</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_Chameleon_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Yemen_Chameleon_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Yemen_Chameleon_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Yemen_Chameleon_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Yemen_Chameleon_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, 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theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_spiral" title="Logarithmic spiral">Logarithmic spiral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">Crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau%27s_laws" title="Plateau's laws">Plateau's laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibonacci" title="Fibonacci">Fibonacci</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Abaci" title="Liber Abaci">Liber Abaci</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Zeising" title="Adolf Zeising">Adolf Zeising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plateau" title="Joseph Plateau">Joseph Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Bentley" title="Wilson Bentley">Wilson Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth_Thompson" title="D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson">D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Growth_and_Form" title="On Growth and Form">On Growth and Form</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chemical_Basis_of_Morphogenesis" title="The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis">The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristid_Lindenmayer" title="Aristid Lindenmayer">Aristid Lindenmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/How_Long_Is_the_Coast_of_Britain%3F_Statistical_Self-Similarity_and_Fractional_Dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension">How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition_(psychology)" title="Pattern recognition (psychology)">Pattern recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics and art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192627#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1816" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192627#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1816" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192627#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85085457">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mimétisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119468230">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mimétisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119468230">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="擬態 (生物)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562498">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mimetismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph234836&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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