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<span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasive_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Invasive status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_enemies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_enemies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Natural enemies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_enemies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Phragmites australis</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluitjiesriet" title="Fluitjiesriet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fluitjiesriet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="قيصوب جنوبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قيصوب جنوبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stufu" title="Stufu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Stufu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="قمیش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قمیش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নলখাগড়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নলখাগড়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88_(%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Ҡамыш (тростник) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡамыш (тростник)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Трыснёг звычайны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трыснёг звычайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senill" title="Senill – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Senill" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1kos_obecn%C3%BD" title="Rákos obecný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rákos obecný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsen_cyrs" title="Corsen cyrs – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Corsen cyrs" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagr%C3%B8r" title="Tagrør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tagrør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilfrohr" title="Schilfrohr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schilfrohr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3k%CA%BCaa%CA%BC" title="Lókʼaaʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Lókʼaaʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_pilliroog" title="Harilik pilliroog – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik pilliroog" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9" title="Καλάμι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλάμι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezka_arrunt" title="Lezka arrunt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lezka arrunt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C_(%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87)" title="نی (گیاه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نی (گیاه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseau_commun" title="Roseau commun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roseau commun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid" title="Reid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Reid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%8C%80" title="갈대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%B6" title="Եղեգն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եղեգն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%A1%C4%9Bdna_s%C4%87ina" title="Wšědna sćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wšědna sćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eakreyr" title="Þakreyr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þakreyr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99" title="קנה מצוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנה מצוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbu" title="Timbu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Timbu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtete" title="Mtete – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtete" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parast%C4%81_niedre" title="Parastā niedre – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parastā niedre" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABsch" title="Lësch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lësch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprastoji_nendr%C4%97" title="Paprastoji nendrė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paprastoji nendrė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reet" title="Reet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Reet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%B6ns%C3%A9ges_n%C3%A1d" title="Közönséges nád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közönséges nád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bararata" title="Bararata – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bararata" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="قيصوب جنوبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قيصوب جنوبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8E_%D9%84%D9%90%D9%87" title="لَ لِه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لَ لِه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Эгэл нишингэ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эгэл нишингэ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acatl" title="Acatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Acatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuta" title="Kuta – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kuta" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riet" title="Riet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Riet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B7" title="ヨシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_(slach)" title="Raid (slach) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Raid (slach)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takr%C3%B8r" title="Takrør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Takrør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takr%C3%B8yr" title="Takrøyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Takrøyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qamish" title="Qamish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qamish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzcina_pospolita" title="Trzcina pospolita – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzcina pospolita" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuf" title="Stuf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stuf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suqus" title="Suqus – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Suqus" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Тростник обыкновенный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тростник обыкновенный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/hinaliti" title="hinaliti – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="hinaliti" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trs%C5%A5_oby%C4%8Dajn%C3%A1" title="Trsť obyčajná – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trsť obyčajná" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%C4%8Dna_trska" title="Obična trska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obična trska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rviruoko" title="Järviruoko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Järviruoko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladvass" title="Bladvass – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bladvass" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/lmiquy" title="lmiquy – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="lmiquy" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Kamış – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamış" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Очерет звичайний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Очерет звичайний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phragmites australis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%AD" title="葭 – Literary Chinese" 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data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97ndr%C4%97" title="Lėndrė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėndrė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%A6%E8%8B%87" title="芦苇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="芦苇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Над – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Над" data-language-autonym="Руски" 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_australis&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Phragmites_australis" title="Talk:Phragmites australis">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of grass commonly known as reed</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Common reed </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Phragmites_australis_-_NASA_Tracks_an_Environmental_Invader_(48049936657).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Phragmites_australis_-_NASA_Tracks_an_Environmental_Invader_%2848049936657%29.jpg/220px-Phragmites_australis_-_NASA_Tracks_an_Environmental_Invader_%2848049936657%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Phragmites_australis_-_NASA_Tracks_an_Environmental_Invader_%2848049936657%29.jpg/330px-Phragmites_australis_-_NASA_Tracks_an_Environmental_Invader_%2848049936657%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Phragmites_australis_-_NASA_Tracks_an_Environmental_Invader_%2848049936657%29.jpg/440px-Phragmites_australis_-_NASA_Tracks_an_Environmental_Invader_%2848049936657%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1130" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive</a> common reed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Phragmites" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites"><i>Phragmites</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. australis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Phragmites australis</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_Cavanilles" title="Antonio José Cavanilles">Cav.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernhard_von_Trinius" title="Carl Bernhard von Trinius">Trin.</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gottlieb_von_Steudel" title="Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel">Steud.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Arundo australis</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_Cavanilles" title="Antonio José Cavanilles">Cav.</a></small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Phragmites australis</b></i>, known as the <b>common reed</b>, is a species of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> in the grass family <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>. It is a wetland grass that can grow up to 20 feet (6 metres) tall and has a cosmopolitan distribution worldwide. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_australis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Phragmites australis</i> commonly forms extensive stands (known as <a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">reed beds</a>), which may be as much as 1 square kilometre (0.39 square miles) or more in extent. Where conditions are suitable it can also spread at 5 metres (16 feet) or more per year by horizontal <a href="/wiki/Runner_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runner (botany)">runners</a>, which put down <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> at regular intervals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It can grow in damp ground, in standing water up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) or so deep, or even as a floating mat. The erect stems grow to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2–4 m (<span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–13 ft) tall,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the tallest plants growing in areas with hot summers and fertile growing conditions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">18–60 centimetres (7–<span class="frac">23<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) long and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1–6 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) broad.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are produced in late summer in a dense, dark purple <a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">panicle</a>, about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">15–40 cm (6–<span class="frac">15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the numerous long, narrow, sharp pointed spikelets appear greyer due to the growth of long, silky hairs. These eventually help disperse the minute seeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_australis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent studies have characterized <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> distinctions between the introduced and native stands of <i>Phragmites australis</i> in North America. The Eurasian phenotype can be distinguished from the North American phenotype by its shorter <a href="/wiki/Ligule" title="Ligule">ligules</a> of up to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">0.9 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) as opposed to over 1 mm, shorter glumes of under <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3.2 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) against over 3.2 mm (although there is some overlap in this character), and in <a href="/wiki/Culm_(botany)" title="Culm (botany)">culm</a> characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-saltonstall2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saltonstall2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Phragmites australis</i> subsp. <i>americanus</i> – the North American genotype has been described as a distinct species, <i><a href="/wiki/Phragmites_americanus" title="Phragmites americanus">Phragmites americanus</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Phragmites australis</i> subsp. <i>australis</i> – the Eurasian genotype</li> <li><i>Phragmites australis</i> subsp. <i>berlandieri</i> <small>(E.Fourn.) Saltonst. & Hauber</small><sup id="cite_ref-powo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Phragmites australis</i> subsp. <i>isiacus</i> <small>(Arcang.) ined.</small><sup id="cite_ref-powo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_australis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a helophyte (<a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plant</a>), especially common in <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline</a> habitats, and it also tolerates <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> water,<sup id="cite_ref-issg_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so is often found at the upper edges of <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> and on other wetlands (such as <a href="/wiki/Grazing_marsh" title="Grazing marsh">grazing marsh</a>) which are occasionally inundated by the sea. A study demonstrated that <i>P. australis</i> has similar <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gas emission">greenhouse gas emissions</a> to native <i><a href="/wiki/Spartina_alterniflora" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartina alterniflora">Spartina alterniflora</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AQB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AQB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other studies have demonstrated that it is associated with larger <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> and greater carbon dioxide uptake than native <a href="/wiki/Great_Marsh" title="Great Marsh">New England</a> salt marsh vegetation that occurs at higher marsh elevations.<sup id="cite_ref-WTL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common reed is suppressed where it is <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazed</a> regularly by <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. Under these conditions it either grows as small shoots within the grassland sward, or it disappears altogether. In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, common reed is rarely invasive, except in damp <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> where traditional <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> has been abandoned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reedbeach_edit1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Reedbeach_edit1.JPG/625px-Reedbeach_edit1.JPG" decoding="async" width="625" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Reedbeach_edit1.JPG/938px-Reedbeach_edit1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Reedbeach_edit1.JPG/1250px-Reedbeach_edit1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5063" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption> A previously sandy beach in <a href="/wiki/Hanko,_Finland" title="Hanko, Finland">Hanko, Finland</a> now dominated by <i>Phragmites australis</i> reeds</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_status">Invasive status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_australis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Invasive status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the status of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_australis_subsp._australis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phragmites australis subsp. australis (page does not exist)"><i>Phragmites australis</i> subsp. <i>australis</i></a> is a source of confusion and debate. It is commonly considered a <a href="/wiki/Exotic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic species">non-native</a> and often <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, introduced from Europe in the 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-invspinfo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invspinfo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is evidence of the existence of <i>Phragmites</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Native_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Native plant">native plant</a> in North America long before European colonization of the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-saltonstall2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saltonstall2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North American native subspecies, <i>P. a.</i> subsp. <i>americanus</i> (sometimes considered a separate species, <i><a href="/wiki/Phragmites_americanus" title="Phragmites americanus">P. americanus</a></i>), is markedly less vigorous than European forms. The expansion of <i>Phragmites</i> in North America is due to the more vigorous, but similar-looking European subsp. <i>australis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-catlin2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catlin2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-invspinfo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invspinfo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Phragmites australis</i> subsp. <i>australis</i> outcompetes native vegetation and lowers the local plant <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. It forms dense thickets of vegetation that are unsuitable <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for native <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. It displaces native plants species such as <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typha" title="Typha">cattails</a>, and native <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">orchids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usfs_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usfs-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Phragmites</i> has a high above ground biomass that blocks light to other plants allowing areas to turn into <i>Phragmites</i> <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> very quickly. Decomposing <i>Phragmites</i> increases the rate of marsh <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">accretion</a> more rapidly than would occur with native marsh vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-USFWS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFWS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Phragmites australis</i> subsp. <i>australis</i> is causing serious problems for many other North American <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">hydrophyte</a> wetland plants, including the native <i>P. australis</i> subsp. <i>americanus</i>. <a href="/wiki/Gallic_acid" title="Gallic acid">Gallic acid</a> released by phragmites is degraded by <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Mesoxalic_acid" title="Mesoxalic acid">mesoxalic acid</a>, effectively hitting susceptible plants and seedlings with two harmful toxins.<sup id="cite_ref-issg_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Phragmites</i> is so difficult to control that one of the most effective methods of eradicating the plant is to burn it over 2–3 seasons. The roots grow so deep and strong that one burn is not enough.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ongoing research suggests that goats could be effectively used to control the species.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_enemies">Natural enemies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_australis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Natural enemies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2017, over 80% of the beds of <i>Phragmites</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Pass_a_Loutre_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Pass a Loutre Wildlife Management Area">Pass a Loutre Wildlife Management Area</a> have been damaged by the invasive roseau cane scale (<i><a href="/wiki/Nipponaclerda_biwakoensis" title="Nipponaclerda biwakoensis">Nipponaclerda biwakoensis</a></i>), threatening wildlife habitat throughout the affected regions of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-NOLA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOLA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While typically considered a noxious weed, in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> the reed beds are considered critical to the stability of the shorelines of <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> areas and waterways of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi River Delta</a>, and the die-off of reed beds is believed to accelerate <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NOLA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOLA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_australis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The entire plant is edible raw or cooked. The young stems can be boiled, or later on be used to make flour. The underground stems can be used but are tough, as can the seeds but they are hard to find.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stems can be made into eco-friendly <a href="/wiki/Drinking_straw" title="Drinking straw">drinking straws</a>. Many parts of the plant can be eaten. The young shoots can be consumed raw or cooked. The hardened sap from damaged stems can be eaten fresh or toasted. The stems can be dried, ground, sifted, hydrated, and toasted like marshmallows. The seeds can be crushed, mixed with berries and water, and cooked to make a gruel. The roots can be prepared similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Cattails" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattails">cattails</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common reed is the primary source of thatch for traditional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thatch_housing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thatch housing (page does not exist)">thatch housing</a> in Europe and beyond. The plant is extensively used in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phytodepuration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phytodepuration (page does not exist)">phytodepuration</a>, or natural water treatment systems, since the root hairs are excellent at filtering out impurities in waste water. It also shows excellent potential as a source of biomass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_australis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEliasDykeman2009" class="citation book cs1">Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing" title="Sterling Publishing">Sterling</a>. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6715-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6715-9"><bdi>978-1-4027-6715-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244766414">244766414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edible+Wild+Plants%3A+A+North+American+Field+Guide+to+Over+200+Natural+Foods&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244766414&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9&rft.aulast=Elias&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft.au=Dykeman%2C+Peter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F244766414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhragmites+australis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saltonstall2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saltonstall2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltonstallPetersonSoreng2004" class="citation journal cs1">Saltonstall, K; Peterson, PM; Soreng, RJ (2004). "Recognition of Phragmites australis subsp. americanus (Poacaeae: Arundinoideae) in North America. Evidence from morphological and genetic analyses". <i>SIDA, Contributions to Botany</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">683–</span>692.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SIDA%2C+Contributions+to+Botany&rft.atitle=Recognition+of+Phragmites+australis+subsp.+americanus+%28Poacaeae%3A+Arundinoideae%29+in+North+America.+Evidence+from+morphological+and+genetic+analyses&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E683-%3C%2Fspan%3E692&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Saltonstall&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Peterson%2C+PM&rft.au=Soreng%2C+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhragmites+australis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-powo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-powo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30337627-2">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Phragmites australis' (Cav.) 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune&rft.atitle=Scientists+identify+pest+laying+waste+to+Mississippi+River+Delta+wetlands+grass&rft.date=2017-04-14&rft.au=Tristan+Baurick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2Farticle_f804450e-d2ef-5999-b402-82499e5bc4c0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhragmites+australis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364"><i>The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">United States Department of the Army</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Skyhorse Publishing</a>. 2009. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-692-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-692-0"><bdi>978-1-60239-692-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364">277203364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+Edible+Wild+Plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F277203364&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-692-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F277203364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhragmites+australis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_australis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q28557" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q28557"><b>Phragmites australis <small>(Q28557)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206172159/http://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Phragmites-BMP-2020.pdf"><i>Invasive Phragmites (</i>Phragmites australis<i>) Best Management Practices in Ontario</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Phragmites-BMP-2020.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invasive+Phragmites+%28Phragmites+australis%29+Best+Management+Practices+in+Ontario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F01%2FPhragmites-BMP-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhragmites+australis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers10825" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers10825" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Phragmites australis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28557" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q28557">Q28557</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Phragmites australis">Phragmites australis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1310">1310</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=5421">5421</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/128794">128794</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/84530">84530</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/phragmites-australis/">phragmites-australis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id42664">42664</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=120994">120994</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6465">6465</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4GTZX">4GTZX</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=8532">8532</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Phragmites_australis">Phragmites_australis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1114576">1114576</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PHRCO">PHRCO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/192412">192412</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phraus/all.html">phraus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/555">555</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242337323">242337323</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Phragmites%20australis">Phragmites australis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242337323">242337323</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FoIO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/phraus">phraus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5290149">5290149</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=301">301</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/GrassBase" title="GrassBase">GrassBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp07985">imp07985</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28091">28091</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/64237">64237</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3062">3062</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30337627-2">30337627-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11167447">11167447</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40514">40514</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=41072">41072</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/164494">164494</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2184">2184</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.134146/">2.134146</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000461214">NHMSYS0000461214</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=29695">29695</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraNT" title="FloraNT">NTFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eflora.nt.gov.au/factsheet?id=4713">4713</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/aaf26e9a-bb22-4bb9-8594-634596fd128a">aaf26e9a-bb22-4bb9-8594-634596fd128a</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3041">3041</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/7175/">7175</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/416209">416209</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=712330">712330</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phragmites+australis">Phragmites australis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=7643">7643</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-433921">kew-433921</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PHAU7">PHAU7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30337627-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30337627-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/54026/wd/Details">54026</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">SANBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1145-1">1145-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/25511373">25511373</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/7829">7829</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/53fba474-8d64-4488-a8d3-28b1ed218314">53fba474-8d64-4488-a8d3-28b1ed218314</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=4485">4485</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WoI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=184">184</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000890172">wfo-0000890172</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=416209">416209</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Arundo australis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39575306" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q39575306">Q39575306</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/185406">185406</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/102900">102900</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4111841">4111841</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=452865">452865</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/399699">399699</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=786817">786817</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/6454760c-457f-4bd5-914f-569960d75205">6454760c-457f-4bd5-914f-569960d75205</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/25509119">25509119</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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