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id="toc-Life_and_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education_(1818–1842)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education_(1818–1842)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and education (1818–1842)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education_(1818–1842)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_development_and_apostasy_(1842–1849)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_development_and_apostasy_(1842–1849)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Religious development and apostasy (1842–1849)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_development_and_apostasy_(1842–1849)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_England_(1850–1870)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_England_(1850–1870)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span><i>History of England</i> (1850–1870)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_England_(1850–1870)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Looking_abroad_(1870–1880)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looking_abroad_(1870–1880)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Looking abroad (1870–1880)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looking_abroad_(1870–1880)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_of_Carlyle_controversy_(1881–1903)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_of_Carlyle_controversy_(1881–1903)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span><i>Life of Carlyle</i> controversy (1881–1903)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_of_Carlyle_controversy_(1881–1903)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Froudacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Froudacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span><i>Froudacity</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Froudacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_(1885–1894)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_(1885–1894)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Later life (1885–1894)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_(1885–1894)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Non-fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Anthony Froude" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Anthony Froude" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James Anthony Froude" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Anthony Froude" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="چيمس انثونى فرود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چيمس انثونى فرود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Anthony Froude" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Froude" title="James Froude – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Froude" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Фруд, Джемс Энтони – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фруд, Джемс Энтони" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Anthony Froude" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="詹姆斯·安东尼·弗劳德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯·安东尼·弗劳德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1679958#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English historian, novelist and biographer (1818–1894)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">James Anthony Froude</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Anthony_Froude_by_Sir_George_Reid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Anthony_Froude_by_Sir_George_Reid.jpg/220px-James_Anthony_Froude_by_Sir_George_Reid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Anthony_Froude_by_Sir_George_Reid.jpg/330px-James_Anthony_Froude_by_Sir_George_Reid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Anthony_Froude_by_Sir_George_Reid.jpg/440px-James_Anthony_Froude_by_Sir_George_Reid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3543" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1818-04-23</span>)</span>23 April 1818<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Dartington" title="Dartington">Dartington</a> Rectory, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 October 1894<span style="display:none">(1894-10-20)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Woodcot, <a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge" title="Kingsbridge">Kingsbridge</a>, Devon, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Shadycombe Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Salcombe" title="Salcombe">Salcombe</a>, Devon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Historian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title"><a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Modern_History_(Oxford)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regius Professor of Modern History (Oxford)">Regius Professor of Modern History</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term</th><td class="infobox-data">1892–1894</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Freeman" title="Edward Augustus Freeman">Edward Augustus Freeman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_York_Powell" title="Frederick York Powell">Frederick York Powell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Froude" title="William Froude">William Froude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurrell_Froude" title="Hurrell Froude">Hurrell Froude</a> (brothers)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Anthony Froude</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">FROOD</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-WCTaO_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCTaO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus200714_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus200714-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 23 April 1818 – 20 October 1894) was an English <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biographer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literary_editor" title="Literary editor">editor</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine">Fraser's Magazine</a></i>. From his upbringing amidst the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>, Froude intended to become a clergyman, but doubts about the doctrines of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> church, published in his scandalous 1849 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nemesis_of_Faith" title="The Nemesis of Faith">The Nemesis of Faith</a></i>, drove him to abandon his religious career. Froude turned to writing history, becoming one of the best-known historians of his time for his <i>History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906110_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906110-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, Froude's historical writings were often fiercely <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemical</a>, earning him a number of outspoken opponents. Froude continued to be controversial up until his death for his <i>Life of Carlyle</i>, which he published along with personal writings of Thomas and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Welsh_Carlyle" title="Jane Welsh Carlyle">Jane Welsh Carlyle</a>. These publications led to persistent gossip and discussion of the couple's marital problems. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_works">Life and works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education_(1818–1842)"><span id="Early_life_and_education_.281818.E2.80.931842.29"></span>Early life and education (1818–1842)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education (1818–1842)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Froude" title="Robert Froude">Robert Hurrell Froude</a>, archdeacon of <a href="/wiki/Totnes" title="Totnes">Totnes</a>, and his wife Margaret Spedding (died 1821). James Anthony was born at <a href="/wiki/Dartington" title="Dartington">Dartington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, on 23 April 1818. He was the youngest of eight children, including engineer and naval architect <a href="/wiki/William_Froude" title="William Froude">William Froude</a> and Anglo-Catholic polemicist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hurrell_Froude" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hurrell Froude">Richard Hurrell Froude</a>, who was fifteen years his elder. By James's third year his mother and five of his siblings had died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">consumption</a>, leaving James to what biographer <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Paul" title="Herbert Paul">Herbert Paul</a> describes as a "loveless, cheerless boyhood"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190620_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190620-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with his cold, disciplinarian father and brother Richard. He studied at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a> from the age of 11 until he was 15; there he was "persistently bullied and tormented".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190611_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190611-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his unhappiness and his failure in formal education, Froude cherished the classics and read widely in history and theology. </p><p>Beginning in 1836, he was educated at <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a>, then the centre of the ecclesiastical revival now called the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>. Here Froude began to improve personally and intellectually, motivated to succeed by a brief engagement in 1839 (although this was broken off by the woman's father). He obtained a second-class degree in 1840 and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Delgany" title="Delgany">Delgany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, as a private tutor. He returned to Oxford in 1842, won the Chancellor's English <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a> prize for an essay on <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, and was elected a fellow of <a href="/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_development_and_apostasy_(1842–1849)"><span id="Religious_development_and_apostasy_.281842.E2.80.931849.29"></span>Religious development and apostasy (1842–1849)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious development and apostasy (1842–1849)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nemesis_Title_Page.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nemesis_Title_Page.png/220px-Nemesis_Title_Page.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nemesis_Title_Page.png/330px-Nemesis_Title_Page.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nemesis_Title_Page.png/440px-Nemesis_Title_Page.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <i>The Nemesis of Faith</i>, second edition</figcaption></figure> <p>Froude's brother <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hurrell_Froude" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hurrell Froude">Richard Hurrell</a> had been one of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>, a group which advocated a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a>. Froude grew up hearing the conversation and ideas of his brother with friends <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Keble" title="John Keble">John Keble</a>, although his own reading provided him with some critical distance from the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190615_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190615-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time at Oxford and in Ireland, Froude became increasingly dissatisfied with the Movement. Froude's experience living with an <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a> clergyman in Ireland conflicted with the Movement's characterisation of Protestantism, and his observations of Catholic poverty repulsed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190626–28_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190626–28-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He increasingly turned to the unorthodox religious views of writers such as <a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Friedrich_Strauss" class="mw-redirect" title="David Friedrich Strauss">David Friedrich Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>. </p><p>Froude retained a favourable impression of Newman, however, defending him in the controversy over <a href="/wiki/Tract_90" title="Tract 90">Tract 90</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190629–30_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190629–30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later in his essay "The Oxford Counter-Reformation" (1881). Froude agreed to contribute to Newman's <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lives_of_the_English_Saints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lives of the English Saints (page does not exist)">Lives of the English Saints</a></i>, choosing <a href="/wiki/Saint_Neot" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Neot">Saint Neot</a> as his subject. However, he found himself unable to credit the accounts of Neot or any other saint, ultimately considering them mythical rather than historical, a discovery which further shook his religious faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190633–35_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190633–35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Froude was ordained <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> in 1845, initially intending to help reform the church from within.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190639_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190639-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he soon found his situation untenable; although he never lost his faith in God or Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190656_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190656-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he could no longer submit to the doctrines of the Church. He began publicly airing his religious doubts through his semi-autobiographical works <i>Shadows of the Clouds</i>, published in 1847 under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> "Zeta", and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nemesis_of_Faith" title="The Nemesis of Faith">The Nemesis of Faith</a></i>, published under his own name in 1849. <i>The Nemesis of Faith</i> in particular raised a storm of controversy, being publicly burned in Oxford, at Exeter College, by <a href="/wiki/William_Sewell_(author)" title="William Sewell (author)">William Sewell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190647–48_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190647–48-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilley1956131_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilley1956131-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and deemed "a manual of infidelity" by the <i>Morning Herald</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton198976_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton198976-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Froude was forced to resign his fellowship, and officials at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> withdrew the offer of a mastership at <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, where Froude had hoped to work while reconsidering his situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190650_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190650-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Froude took refuge from the popular outcry by residing with his friend <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ilfracombe" title="Ilfracombe">Ilfracombe</a>. </p><p>His plight won him the sympathy of kindred spirits, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell" title="Elizabeth Gaskell">Elizabeth Gaskell</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Mrs_Humphry_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs Humphry Ward">Mrs Humphry Ward</a>. Ward's popular 1888 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsmere" title="Robert Elsmere">Robert Elsmere</a></i> was largely inspired by this era of Froude's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton198973_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton198973-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_England_(1850–1870)"><span id="History_of_England_.281850.E2.80.931870.29"></span><i>History of England</i> (1850–1870)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of England (1850–1870)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Ilfracombe, Froude met and soon married Charlotte Grenfell, Kingsley's sister-in-law, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Pascoe_Grenfell" title="Pascoe Grenfell">Pascoe Grenfell</a>. The couple moved first to <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a> in 1850, where Froude lived happily, supported by his friends <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">Arthur Hugh Clough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190657–58_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190657–58-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prevented from pursuing a political career because of legal restrictions on deacons (a position which was at the time legally indelible), he decided to pursue a literary career. He began by writing reviews and historical essays, with only sporadic publications on religious topics, for <i><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine">Fraser's Magazine</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Review">Westminster Review</a></i>. Froude soon returned to England, living at London and <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devonshire</a>, in order to research his <i>History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada</i>, on which he worked for the next twenty years. He worked extensively with original manuscript authorities at the <a href="/wiki/Public_Record_Office" title="Public Record Office">Record Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a>, and the village of <a href="/wiki/Simancas" title="Simancas">Simancas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190678_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190678-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Froude's historical writing was characterised by its dramatic rather than scientific treatment of history,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190672_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190672-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an approach Froude shared with Carlyle, and also by Froude's intention to defend the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> (which he asserted was "the hinge on which all modern history turned"; quotes in <a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 72 and the "salvation of England"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190695_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190695-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) against the interpretations of Catholic historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190673–74_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190673–74-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Froude focused on figures such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>, although he became increasingly unfavourable to Elizabeth over the course of his research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906119–120_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906119–120-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, he directly expressed both his antipathy towards Rome and his belief that the Church should be subordinated to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190673_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190673-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, when the first volumes of Froude's history were published in 1856 they drew the ire of liberals (who felt that Froude's depiction of Henry VIII celebrated <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>) and Oxford <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Churchmen</a> (who opposed his position on the Church); this hostility was expressed in reviews from the <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Remembrancer" title="Christian Remembrancer">Christian Remembrancer</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Review" title="Edinburgh Review">Edinburgh Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190690–91_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190690–91-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work was a popular success, however, and along with Froude's 1858 repudiation of his early novels helped him regain much of the esteem he had lost in 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190691–92,_97_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190691–92,_97-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay">Thomas Macaulay</a> in 1859, Froude became the most famous living historian in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906110_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906110-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1862, he was elected as a member to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1864, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Freeman" title="Edward Augustus Freeman">Edward Augustus Freeman</a>, a High Churchman, launched a critical campaign against Froude in the <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Review (London)">Saturday Review</a></i> and later in the <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Review">Contemporary Review</a></i>, somewhat damaging Froude's scholarly reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906147–148,_ch._5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906147–148,_ch._5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879, Freeman's review<sup id="cite_ref-Fea-1879-CR_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fea-1879-CR-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <i>Contemporary Review</i> of Froude's <i>Short Study of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></i> incited Froude to respond with a refutation in <i>The Nineteenth Century</i> which largely discredited Freeman's attacks and reaffirmed the value of Froude's manuscript research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906182–186_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906182–186-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1860, Froude's wife Charlotte died; in 1861, he married her close friend Henrietta Warre, daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_Ashley_Warre" title="John Ashley Warre">John Warre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Taunton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Taunton (UK Parliament constituency)">Taunton</a>. Also in 1861, Froude became editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine">Fraser's Magazine</a></i> following the death of former editor <a href="/wiki/John_William_Parker" title="John William Parker">John Parker</a>, who was also Froude's publisher. Froude retained this editorship for fourteen years, resigning it in 1874 at the request of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, with whom he was working.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906301_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906301-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869 Froude was elected Lord Rector of <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">St. Andrews</a>, defeating <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> by a majority of fourteen. In 1870, following the passage of the Clerical Disabilities Act (c. 91, Vict. XXXIII & XXXIV; "Bouverie's Act"), which permitted priests and deacons to resign from Holy Orders, Froude was finally able to officially rejoin the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>. </p><p>In a prize-winning work published in 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow1981_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow1981-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the historian <a href="/wiki/J._W._Burrow" title="J. W. Burrow">J. W. Burrow</a> remarked of Froude that he was a leading promoter of the imperialist excitement of the closing years of the century, but that in the mass of his work even empire took second place to religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Looking_abroad_(1870–1880)"><span id="Looking_abroad_.281870.E2.80.931880.29"></span>Looking abroad (1870–1880)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Looking abroad (1870–1880)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Anthony_Froude_Vanity_Fair_27_January_1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Anthony_Froude_Vanity_Fair_27_January_1872.jpg/220px-James_Anthony_Froude_Vanity_Fair_27_January_1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Anthony_Froude_Vanity_Fair_27_January_1872.jpg/330px-James_Anthony_Froude_Vanity_Fair_27_January_1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Anthony_Froude_Vanity_Fair_27_January_1872.jpg/440px-James_Anthony_Froude_Vanity_Fair_27_January_1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Caricature by <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Cecioni" title="Adriano Cecioni">Adriano Cecioni</a> published in <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanity Fair (UK magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> in 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after the completion of the <i>History of England</i> in 1870, Froude began research for a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">history of Ireland</a>. As with his earlier work, <i>English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century</i> was opinionated, favouring <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> over <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> and frequently attempting to justify <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a>, particularly under <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> (a deeply unpopular figure among Irish Catholics).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906200_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906200-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Froude argued that Ireland's issues were the result of too little control from authorities in London, and that an even greater amount of British control—an "<a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">enlightened despotism</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906210_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906210-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—was needed to alleviate problems that were present in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroude1873445_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroude1873445-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1872, Froude accepted an invitation to lecture in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where his work was also well-known. At that time, many Americans (particularly <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a>) were opposed to British rule in Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906202_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906202-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Froude hoped to change their views. The lectures, widely discussed, raised the expected controversy, with opposition led by the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friar <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nicholas_Burke" title="Thomas Nicholas Burke">Thomas Nicholas Burke</a>. Opposition caused Froude to cut his trip short, and he returned to England disappointed both by his impression of America and by the results of his lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906227_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906227-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, too, Froude's Irish history had its critics, most notably <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Hartpole_Lecky" title="William Edward Hartpole Lecky">William Edward Hartpole Lecky</a> in his <i>History of England in the Eighteenth Century</i>, the first volumes of which were published in 1878, and in reviews in <i>Macmillan's Magazine</i>. </p><p>In February 1874, shortly before completion of <i>English in Ireland</i>, Froude's wife Henrietta died, after which Froude moved from London to Wales. As a means of diversion, Froude travelled to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern African</a> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Colony of Natal</a>, unofficially for <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon" title="Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon">Lord Carnarvon</a>, to report on the best means of promoting a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> of the colonies and states of southern Africa. This region, seen as vital for the security of the Empire, was only partially under British control. Confederating the various states under British rule was seen as the best way of peacefully establishing total imperial control and ending the autonomy of the remaining independent states.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon.jpg/170px-4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon.jpg/255px-4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon.jpg/340px-4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Howard Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon">Lord Carnavon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On his second trip to Southern Africa in 1875, Froude was an imperial emissary charged with promoting confederation, a position which conflicted at times with his habit of lecturing on his personal political opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906263–265,_273–274_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906263–265,_273–274-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, his public statements advocating the use of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> on the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa people</a> were particularly controversial given that the Cape Colony was under the rule of the relatively inclusive <a href="/wiki/John_Molteno" class="mw-redirect" title="John Molteno">Molteno</a>-<a href="/wiki/John_X._Merriman" title="John X. Merriman">Merriman</a> Government, whose stated policy to treat its Xhosa citizens as "fellow subjects with white men" Froude accused of being "rabid in its anti-Imperialist stance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewsen198255_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewsen198255-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations were not improved by Froude's disdain for the Cape's local politics and of the "Cape politicians [who] strut about with their Constitution as a schoolboy newly promoted to a tail coat, and ... imagine that they have the privileges of perfect independence, while we are to defend their coasts and keep troops to protect them in case of Kaffir insurrection."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1963441Vol.2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1963441Vol.2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, though, the confederation scheme as promoted by Carnavon was not popular in the Southern African states, which were still simmering from the last bout of British imperial expansion (<a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brand" title="Johannes Brand">President Brand</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> refused outright to even consider it). </p><p> However, in his travels through different parts of southern Africa, Froude gained some support through publicly agitating for pet local causes. "Chameleon-like, his politics assumed the colour of his surroundings," was how the <i><a href="/wiki/Cape_Argus" title="Cape Argus">Cape Argus</a></i> newspaper described his strategy.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">Froude was acclaimed nearly everywhere he went on his speaking tour, but the support he found was not so much for the conference as for his endorsement of pet local causes. Separatists would have separation; the Cape Dutch would have redress for their cousins in the Dutch Republics over Griqualand West; and conservatives would have a strict disciplinary native policy. "Chameleon-like, his politics assumed the colour of his surroundings," said a Cape Argus editorial. Froude became more confident of the success of his mission when his Lord and Master Carnarvon decided to switch the site of the conference to Natal. That decision contained the threat–empty as it turned out because Natal and the Republics would not play ball–that the Confederation might comprise Natal, Griqualand West and one or both Dutch Republics, leaving the Cape out in the cold. These hardball tactics produced exactly the opposite of their intended effect upon the Molteno Ministry. It became more rabid in its anti-Imperialist stance. John X. Merriman, who had come to accept responsible government and had become Molteno's Commissioner of Crown Lands and Public Works, mounted slashing counter-attacks upon Froude, "the Imperial Agent." The rhetoric culminated in the famous "Bread-roll War." Suffice it to say that, with emotions running very high, it was imprudent for the Mayor of Uitenhage to invite the Imperial Agent to a luncheon in honour of the Minister of Crown Lands and Public Works. As Merriman got warmed up on the subject of Imperial agitation, guests–including Paterson–interrupted the Minister, to the annoyance of his supporters. The culmination was a bombardment of the top table with bread rolls, and fist fights among guests. Merriman's remarks may have been ill-advised and intemperate, but the incident did at least persuade Froude to stop making speeches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Specific_recommendations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations"><span title="WP:NPS (November 2024)">excessive quote</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="#CITEREFHone1993">Hone 1993</a>, p. 61</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Cape Colony was by far the largest and most powerful state in the region, and Froude thus sought audience with its <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">prime minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Molteno" class="mw-redirect" title="John Molteno">John Molteno</a>, to convey Carnarvon's request that he lead the region's states into Carnarvon's confederation scheme. However, Molteno rebuffed Froude, telling him that the confederation attempt was premature, that the country was "not ripe for it" and that his government would not support it in the politically volatile region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalherbe1971144–145_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalherbe1971144–145-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewton192424–29_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewton192424–29-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made the additional point that any federation with the illiberal Boer republics would endanger the rights and franchise of the Cape's black citizens,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMostert19931247_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMostert19931247-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that overall "the proposals for confederation should emanate from the communities to be affected, and not be pressed upon them from outside."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheal1902402–403_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheal1902402–403-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg/170px-1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg/255px-1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg/340px-1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> of the Cape, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Molteno" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Molteno">Sir John Molteno</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Froude responded by openly allying with a radical white opposition party, the "Eastern Cape Separatists," promising a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronetcy</a> to its leader <a href="/wiki/John_Paterson_(Cape_politician)" title="John Paterson (Cape politician)">Paterson</a> if he would overthrow the Cape's elected government. In a public speech on 25 July 1876, challenging the Cape Government, he declared, "We want you to manage your natives as they do in Canada and Australia." He also promised to create a separate white Eastern Cape, and to impose a forced labour system onto the Cape's African population along "Transvaal lines" while confiscating Xhosa and <a href="/wiki/Basotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Basotho">Basotho</a> land for redistribution to white farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewsen198254_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewsen198254-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molteno, furious, condemned Froude's statements, accused Froude of imperial interference in the Cape Colony's democracy, and told the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> that he was prepared to sacrifice his job to keep the Cape out of such a confederation. Meanwhile, Merriman wrote to London accusing the "Imperial Agent" of desiring to subject and exterminate the Cape's Xhosa citizens. The Ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope">Cape Parliament</a> went on to accuse Carnarvon of attempting to use the Cape to oppress the region and bring upon a war with the neighbouring Xhosa and Boer states. After Merriman confronted Froude in person, at an Uitenhage event which degenerated into fist fights, Froude gave no further public speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolteno1900vol._2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolteno1900vol._2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Froude's mission was thus ultimately considered unsuccessful, and caused considerable uproar in southern Africa. Nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon" title="Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon">Lord Carnarvon</a> pushed ahead with his Confederation plan, which predictably failed and led to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Colony_from_1870_to_1899" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Cape Colony from 1870 to 1899">confederation wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906274_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906274-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1992182_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1992182-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEybers1918448–453_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEybers1918448–453-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On his return to London, Froude announced, </p><blockquote><p>If anybody had told me two years ago that I should be leading an agitation within Cape Colony, I should have thought my informant delirious. The (Cape) Ministers have the appearance of victory, but we have the substance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichell1910113_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell1910113-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Froude's observations on Africa were presented in a Report to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)">Secretary of State</a> and a series of lectures for the Philosophical Society of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, both of which were adapted into essays for inclusion in Froude's essay collection <i>Short Studies on Great Subjects</i>. </p><p>In 1876 he was appointed to two <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commissions</a>, the first into the "Laws and Regulations relating to Home, Colonial, and International Copyright"<sup id="cite_ref-LG24316_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG24316-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the second "into various matters connected with the Universities of Scotland."<sup id="cite_ref-LG24319_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG24319-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_of_Carlyle_controversy_(1881–1903)"><span id="Life_of_Carlyle_controversy_.281881.E2.80.931903.29"></span><i>Life of Carlyle</i> controversy (1881–1903)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Life of Carlyle controversy (1881–1903)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JA_Froude_cartoon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/JA_Froude_cartoon.png/220px-JA_Froude_cartoon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/JA_Froude_cartoon.png/330px-JA_Froude_cartoon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/JA_Froude_cartoon.png/440px-JA_Froude_cartoon.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Caricature from <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i>, 30 December 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>Froude had been a close personal friend as well as an intellectual disciple of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> since 1861, and the two became even closer after the death of Carlyle's wife <a href="/wiki/Jane_Welsh_Carlyle" title="Jane Welsh Carlyle">Jane</a> on 21 April 1866. Reading Jane's diaries and letters, Carlyle was struck by her unhappiness and his own irritability and inconsideration for her, and he decided to atone by writing her a memorial. In 1871, Carlyle gave Froude this memorial along with a bundle of Jane's personal papers, to be published after Carlyle's death, if Froude so decided. Also, Carlyle appointed Froude one of his own <a href="/wiki/Literary_executor" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary executor">literary executors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LG24988_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG24988-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he was (perhaps intentionally) ambiguous in his instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906302–303_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906302–303-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after Carlyle's death in 1881, Froude published Carlyle's <i><a href="/wiki/Reminiscences_(Carlyle)" title="Reminiscences (Carlyle)">Reminiscences of Jane Welsh Carlyle</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroude1881385–428_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroude1881385–428-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carlyle's niece, Mrs. Alexander Carlyle, presented a note written by Carlyle in 1866 stating that the volume should not be published. On the basis of this note, she accused Froude of misconduct in publishing the volume, even though the fact that Carlyle had given the volume to Froude five years later suggested that he had changed his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906306–307_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906306–307-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mrs. A. Carlyle also made claims of ownership over her uncle's papers, and over the profits from their publication. </p><p>The conflict discouraged Froude from continuing his biography of Carlyle, as he wrote in 1881, "So much ill will has been shown me in the case of the other letters that I walk as if on hot ashes, and often curse the day when I undertook the business." (quoted in <a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 312) However, he was implored by Carlyle's brother James and sister Mrs. Austin to continue the work,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906309_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906309-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1882, published the first two volumes. Froude wrote his <i>Life of Carlyle</i> according to what he understood as Carlyle's own biographical principles, describing not only Carlyle's intellectual greatness but also his personal failings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906313–314_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906313–314-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many readers, however, focused upon the latter, particularly Carlyle's unhappy relationship with his wife<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906304,_312,_320–321_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906304,_312,_320–321-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which soon became a widely used illustration in discussions of the sexual politics of marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1995567_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1995567-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controversy was heightened by Froude's publication in 1883 of the <i>Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle</i>, Jane's own writings, and the completion of the <i>Life of Carlyle</i> in 1884. Among the strongest critics of Froude's biographical work was novelist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Oliphant" title="Margaret Oliphant">Margaret Oliphant</a>, who wrote in the <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Review">Contemporary Review</a></i> of 1883 that biography ought to be the "art of moral portrait painting" and described the publication of Jane Carlyle's papers as the "betrayal and exposure of the secret of a woman’s weakness." (quoted in <a href="#CITEREFHeidt2006">Heidt 2006</a>, pp. 31–32) After Froude finished his work, ownership of the manuscript material was passed to Mrs. Alexander Carlyle, who quickly authorised alternative biographical volumes by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton" title="Charles Eliot Norton">Charles Eliot Norton</a> that excised the offensive material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1995556_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1995556-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The controversy persisted for so long that in 1903, nearly ten years after Froude's death, his daughters decided to publish <i>My Relations with Carlyle</i>, which their father had written in 1887; in this pamphlet Froude attempted to justify his decisions as biographer, yet went further than his official biography had by speculating, based on "gossip and rumor" circulated by <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Jewsbury" title="Geraldine Jewsbury">Geraldine Jewsbury</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumming2004184_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumming2004184-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Carlyle's marriage was <a href="/wiki/Unconsummated" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconsummated">unconsummated</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Impotence" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotence">impotence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1997503_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1997503-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was disputed by <a href="/wiki/James_Crichton-Browne" title="James Crichton-Browne">James Crichton-Browne</a>, who published "Froude and Carlyle: The Imputation Considered Medically" (1903) in <i><a href="/wiki/The_British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Medical Journal">The British Medical Journal</a></i>, which gave Jewsbury's unreliability, Jane's unfitness to bear children, and the virility of Carlyle's writings as arguments against Froude.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crichton-Browne later corroborated that after one of Jane's illnesses, her personal doctor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Quain_(Irish_physician)" title="Richard Quain (Irish physician)">Richard Quain</a> sent word to Carlyle that he could "resume marital relations with his wife."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumming2004211_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumming2004211-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aileen_Christianson" title="Aileen Christianson">Aileen Christianson</a>, citing the correspondence of both Carlyles, states: "It seems probable that they did have a sexual relationship, however curtailed in later marriage by illness and inclination, and that the later controversies over Thomas's 'impotence' or Jane's 'frigidity' were more to do with the posturing of the defenders of each side in the marriage than with the truth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumming200471_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumming200471-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Froudacity"><i>Froudacity</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Froudacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Froudacity" title="Froudacity">Froudacity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Froudacity-by-JJ-Thomas-10470_e_26_front_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Froudacity-by-JJ-Thomas-10470_e_26_front_cover.jpg/220px-Froudacity-by-JJ-Thomas-10470_e_26_front_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Froudacity-by-JJ-Thomas-10470_e_26_front_cover.jpg/330px-Froudacity-by-JJ-Thomas-10470_e_26_front_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Froudacity-by-JJ-Thomas-10470_e_26_front_cover.jpg/440px-Froudacity-by-JJ-Thomas-10470_e_26_front_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Front cover of <i>Froudacity</i> (1889)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following completion of the <i>Life of Carlyle</i>, Froude turned to travel, particularly to the British colonies, visiting <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the United States, and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">West Indies</a>. From these travels he produced two books, <i>Oceana, or, England and Her Colonies</i> (1886) and <i>The English in the West Indies, or The Bow of Ulysses</i> (1888), which mixed personal anecdotes with Froude's thoughts on the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Froude intended with these writings "to kindle in the public mind at home that imaginative enthusiasm for the Colonial idea of which his own heart was full".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906364_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906364-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these books caused great controversy, stimulating rebuttals and the coining of the term <i><a href="/wiki/Froudacity" title="Froudacity">Froudacity</a></i> by Afro-Trinidadian intellectual <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Thomas" title="John Jacob Thomas">John Jacob Thomas</a>, who used it as the title of, <i>Froudacity. West Indian fables by J. A. Froude explained by J. J. Thomas</i>, his book-length critique of <i>The English in the West Indies</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_(1885–1894)"><span id="Later_life_.281885.E2.80.931894.29"></span>Later life (1885–1894)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life (1885–1894)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this time Froude also wrote a <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a>, <i>The Two Chiefs of Dunboy</i>, which was the least popular of his mature works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906365_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906365-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with his earlier book on Irish history, Froude used the book to turn an Irish hero into a villain with historical distortion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerresford_Ellis2009_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerresford_Ellis2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the death of his adversary <a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Freeman" title="Edward Augustus Freeman">Edward Augustus Freeman</a> in 1892, Froude was appointed, on the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>, to succeed him as <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Modern_History_at_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford">Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LG26280_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG26280-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice was controversial, for Froude's predecessors had been among his harshest critics, and his works were generally considered literary works rather than books of serious history suited for academia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906382,_395_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906382,_395-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, his lectures were very popular, largely because of the depth and variety of Froude's experience<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906385–388_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906385–388-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he soon became a Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel</a>. Froude lectured mainly on the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, "English Sea-Men in the Sixteenth Century", and <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>. </p><p>The demanding lecture schedule was too much for the ageing Froude. In 1894 he retired to Woodcot in <a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge" title="Kingsbridge">Kingsbridge</a>, Devonshire. He died on 20 October 1894 and is buried in <a href="/wiki/Salcombe" title="Salcombe">Salcombe</a> Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-RSS2006_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSS2006-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Froude was married twice: first in 1849 to Charlotte Maria Grenfell (d.1860), and upon her death, in 1861 to Henrietta Elizabeth Wade (d.1874).<sup id="cite_ref-RSS2006_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSS2006-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was survived by one daughter (Margaret) of his first wife Charlotte Maria, née Grenfell, and by a son (Ashley Anthony Froude, C.M.G.) and a daughter (May) of his second wife Henrietta Elizabeth, née Warre. </p><p>Ashley Anthony Froude was born in 1863 at Paddington, London, England. He married Ethel Aubrey Hallifax, daughter of Albert Praed Hallifax and Isabella Aubrey Coker, in 1897 at Chelsea, London, England. He died on 17 April 1949. He was appointed Companion, Order of St. Michael and St. George (C.M.G.) and held the office of Justice of the Peace (J.P.). His son, John Aubrey Froude (b. 1898, d. 22 September 1914), died when H.M.S. Cressy on which he was serving was torpedoed by U.9. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFroude1847" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadowsofclouds00frourich"><i>Shadows of the Clouds</i></a>. London: J. Ollivier. 1847.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+of+the+Clouds&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Ollivier&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshadowsofclouds00frourich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Nemesis_of_Faith" title="The Nemesis of Faith"><i>The Nemesis of Faith</i></a>. New York: D. M. Bennett. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nemesis+of+Faith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+M.+Bennett&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nemesisoffaith01frou">download</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1889" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twochiefsdunboy02frougoog"><i>The Two Chiefs of Dunboy</i></a>. New York: C. Scribnerʹs Sons. 1889.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Chiefs+of+Dunboy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%CA%B9s+Sons&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwochiefsdunboy02frougoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1856–1870" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007138047"><i>History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth</i></a>. Vol. in 12 volumes. C. Scribner and company. 1856–1870.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+England+from+the+Fall+of+Wolsey+to+the+Death+of+Elizabeth&rft.pub=C.+Scribner+and+company&rft.date=1856%2F1870&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F007138047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mYNAAAAIAAJ">Vol 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyenglandf09frougoog">Vol 2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bTZZAAAAIAAJ">Vol 3</a> <ul><li>Revised as <i>History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada</i>, in 12 volumes (1893)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1867–1882" class="citation book cs1"><i>Short Studies on Great Subjects</i>. 1867–1882.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+Studies+on+Great+Subjects&rft.date=1867%2F1882&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><i>The Oxford Counter-Reformation</i> (1881)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1873" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishinireland01frouuoft"><i>The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century</i></a>. Scribner, Armstrong. 1873. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishinireland01frouuoft/page/445">445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+in+Ireland+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=445&rft.pub=Scribner%2C+Armstrong&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishinireland01frouuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1879" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographyofcaesa1954frou"><i>Caesar: A Sketch</i></a>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar%3A+A+Sketch&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographyofcaesa1954frou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span> (biography of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1880" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924013169937"><i>Bunyan</i></a>. 1880.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bunyan&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924013169937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span> (Biography of <a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1881" class="citation journal cs1">Froude, James Anthony, ed. (April 1881). "Review of <i>Reminiscences by Thomas Carlyle</i>". <i>The Quarterly Journal</i>. <b>151</b>: 385–428. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.c031996020">2027/uc1.c031996020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal&rft.atitle=Review+of+Reminiscences+by+Thomas+Carlyle&rft.volume=151&rft.pages=385-428&rft.date=1881-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.c031996020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1882" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomascarlyleah05frougoog"><i>Thomas Carlyle</i></a>. New York, C. Scribner's sons. 1882.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Carlyle&rft.pub=New+York%2C+C.+Scribner%27s+sons&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomascarlyleah05frougoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924065563524;view=1up;seq=88">"Review of <i>Thomas Carlyle: a History of the First Forty Years of his Life</i>, 1795–1835 by J. A. Froude, 1882 and <i>Thomas Carlyle: a History of his Life in London</i>, 1834–1881 by J. A. Froude, 1884"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Review</i>. <b>159</b>: 76–112. January 1885.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Thomas+Carlyle%3A+a+History+of+the+First+Forty+Years+of+his+Life%2C+1795%E2%80%931835+by+J.+A.+Froude%2C+1882+and+Thomas+Carlyle%3A+a+History+of+his+Life+in+London%2C+1834%E2%80%931881+by+J.+A.+Froude%2C+1884&rft.volume=159&rft.pages=76-112&rft.date=1885-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dcoo.31924065563524%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomascarlyleah02frougoog">Volume 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomascarlyleah05frougoog">Volume 2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1884" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luthershortbiogr00frou"><i>Luther: A Short Biography</i></a>. 1884.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%3A+A+Short+Biography&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fluthershortbiogr00frou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span> (biography of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1886" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalessays00frourich"><i>Historical Essays</i></a>. 1886.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Essays&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalessays00frourich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1886" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oceanaorenglandh00frouiala"><i>Oceana, or, England and Her Colonies</i></a>. 1886.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oceana%2C+or%2C+England+and+Her+Colonies&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foceanaorenglandh00frouiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1888" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishinwestin01frougoog"><i>The English in the West Indies or The Bow of Ulysses</i></a>. Longmans, Green, and Co. 1888.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+in+the+West+Indies+or+The+Bow+of+Ulysses&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishinwestin01frougoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1890" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordbeaconsfield00infrou"><i>Lord Beaconsfield</i></a>. 1890.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Beaconsfield&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flordbeaconsfield00infrou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span> (Biography of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1914" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlofbeaconsfie00frourich"><i>The Earl of Beaconsfield</i></a>. 1914 [1890].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earl+of+Beaconsfield&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlofbeaconsfie00frourich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1891" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/divorceofcathari00frou"><i>The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon</i></a>. New York, C. Scribner's sons. 1891.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divorce+of+Catherine+of+Aragon&rft.pub=New+York%2C+C.+Scribner%27s+sons&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdivorceofcathari00frou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1894" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofera00frouuoft"><i>Life and Letters of Erasmus</i></a>. New York Scribner. 1894.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Letters+of+Erasmus&rft.pub=New+York+Scribner&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifelettersofera00frouuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1895" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishseamencent00frouuoft"><i>English Sea-Men in the Sixteenth Century</i></a>. 1895.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Sea-Men+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishseamencent00frouuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1887" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myrelationswithc00frouuoft"><i>My Relations with Carlyle</i></a> (published 1903). 1887.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Relations+with+Carlyle&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyrelationswithc00frouuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Elective_Affinities" title="Elective Affinities">Elective Affinities</a></i> (<i>Die Wahlverwandtschaften</i>) (1854, published anonymously)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WCTaO-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCTaO_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=WCT18730327.2.14&e=-------10--1----0-all">"Miscellaneous Items"</a>. <i>West Coast Times and Observer</i>. No. 2337. New Zealand. 27 March 1873. p. 3. <q>For he swears by the rood/That his name it is Froude</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+Coast+Times+and+Observer&rft.atitle=Miscellaneous+Items&rft.issue=2337&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1873-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpaperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DWCT18730327.2.14%26e%3D-------10--1----0-all&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkus200714-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkus200714_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkus2007">Markus 2007</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906110-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906110_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906110_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190620-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190620_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190611-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190611_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190615-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190615_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190626–28-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190626–28_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 26–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190629–30-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190629–30_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190633–35-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190633–35_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 33–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190639-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190639_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190656-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190656_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190647–48-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190647–48_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilley1956131-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilley1956131_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilley1956">Willey 1956</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton198976-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton198976_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshton1989">Ashton 1989</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190650-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190650_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton198973-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton198973_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshton1989">Ashton 1989</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190657–58-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190657–58_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190678-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190678_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190672-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190672_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190695-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190695_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190673–74-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190673–74_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906119–120-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906119–120_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190673-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190673_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190690–91-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190690–91_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul190691–92,_97-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul190691–92,_97_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 91–92, 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1862&year-max=1862&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3D%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D1862%26year-max%3D1862%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906147–148,_ch._5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906147–148,_ch._5_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 147–148, ch. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fea-1879-CR-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fea-1879-CR_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1878" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman, Edward Augustus (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2972933&view=1up&seq=10&q1=freeman">"Froude's Study of Thomas Becket 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Review">Contemporary Review</a></i>. <b>XXXI</b>. A. Strahan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=Froude%27s+Study+of+Thomas+Becket+1&rft.volume=XXXI&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Edward+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b2972933%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D10%26q1%3Dfreeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1878" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman, Edward Augustus (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrICAAAAIAAJ">"Froude's Study of Thomas Becket 2 & 3"</a>. <i>Contemporary Review</i>. <b>XXXII</b>. A. Strahan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=Froude%27s+Study+of+Thomas+Becket+2+%26+3&rft.volume=XXXII&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Edward+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrICAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Augustus_Freeman1878" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Freeman" title="Edward Augustus Freeman">Edward Augustus Freeman</a> (1878), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rG5xwR9D-S4C">"Froude's Study of Thomas Becket 2 & 3"</a>, <i>Contemporary Review</i>, vol. XXXII, p. 216</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=Froude%27s+Study+of+Thomas+Becket+2+%26+3&rft.volume=XXXII&rft.pages=216&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Edward+Augustus+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrG5xwR9D-S4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1878" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman, Edward Augustus (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrICAAAAIAAJ">"Froude's Study of Thomas Becket 2 & 3"</a>. <i>Contemporary Review</i>. <b>32</b>. A. Strahan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=Froude%27s+Study+of+Thomas+Becket+2+%26+3&rft.volume=32&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Edward+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrICAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906182–186-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906182–186_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 182–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906301-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906301_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow1981-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow1981_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurrow1981">Burrow 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906200-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906200_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906210-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906210_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroude1873445-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroude1873445_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroude1873">Froude 1873</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906202-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906202_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906227-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906227_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Froude, James Anthony". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10202">10.1093/ref:odnb/10202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Froude%2C+James+Anthony&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906263–265,_273–274-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906263–265,_273–274_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 263–265, 273–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewsen198255-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewsen198255_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewsen1982">Lewsen 1982</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1963441Vol.2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1963441Vol.2_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn1963">Dunn 1963</a>, p. 441, Vol.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalherbe1971144–145-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalherbe1971144–145_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalherbe1971">Malherbe 1971</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewton192424–29-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewton192424–29_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewton1924">Newton 1924</a>, pp. 24–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMostert19931247-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMostert19931247_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMostert1993">Mostert 1993</a>, p. 1247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheal1902402–403-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheal1902402–403_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheal1902">Theal 1902</a>, pp. 402–403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewsen198254-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewsen198254_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewsen1982">Lewsen 1982</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolteno1900vol._2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolteno1900vol._2_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolteno1900">Molteno 1900</a>, vol. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906274-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906274_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1992182-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1992182_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon1992">Anon 1992</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEybers1918448–453-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEybers1918448–453_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEybers1918">Eybers 1918</a>, pp. 448–453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell1910113-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichell1910113_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichell1910">Michell 1910</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LG24316-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LG24316_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette24316" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24316/page/2574">"No. 24316"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 21 April 1876. p. 2574.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+24316&rft.pages=2574&rft.date=1876-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F24316%2Fpage%2F2574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LG24319-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LG24319_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette24319" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24319/page/2668">"No. 24319"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 28 April 1876. p. 2668.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+24319&rft.pages=2668&rft.date=1876-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F24319%2Fpage%2F2668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LG24988-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LG24988_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette24988" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24988/page/3208">"No. 24988"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 24 June 1881. p. 3208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+24988&rft.pages=3208&rft.date=1881-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F24988%2Fpage%2F3208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906302–303-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906302–303_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 302–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroude1881385–428-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroude1881385–428_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroude1881">Froude 1881</a>, pp. 385–428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906306–307-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906306–307_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 306–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906309-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906309_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906313–314-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906313–314_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 313–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906304,_312,_320–321-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906304,_312,_320–321_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 304, 312, 320–321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1995567-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1995567_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1995">Broughton 1995</a>, p. 567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1995556-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1995556_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1995">Broughton 1995</a>, p. 556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumming2004184-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumming2004184_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCumming2004">Cumming 2004</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1997503-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1997503_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1997">Broughton 1997</a>, p. 503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrichton-Browne1903" class="citation journal cs1">Crichton-Browne, James (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2514250">"Froude And Carlyle. The Imputation Considered Medically"</a>. <i>The British Medical Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (2217): 1498–1502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2217.1498-a">10.1136/bmj.1.2217.1498-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1447">0007-1447</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20276911">20276911</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2514250">2514250</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20760987">20760987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Froude+And+Carlyle.+The+Imputation+Considered+Medically&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2217&rft.pages=1498-1502&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2514250%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20276911%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2217.1498-a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20760987&rft.issn=0007-1447&rft.aulast=Crichton-Browne&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2514250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumming2004211-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumming2004211_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCumming2004">Cumming 2004</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumming200471-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumming200471_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCumming2004">Cumming 2004</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906364-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906364_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906365-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906365_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerresford_Ellis2009-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerresford_Ellis2009_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerresford_Ellis2009">Berresford Ellis 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LG26280-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LG26280_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette26280" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26280/page/2318">"No. 26280"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 19 April 1892. p. 2318.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+26280&rft.pages=2318&rft.date=1892-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F26280%2Fpage%2F2318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906382,_395-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906382,_395_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 382, 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1906385–388-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1906385–388_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1906">Paul 1906</a>, p. 385–388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSS2006-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSS2006_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSS2006_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"><i>Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X"><bdi>0-902-198-84-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Index+of+Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=0-902-198-84-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015015749206;view=1up;seq=338">"Review of <i>Oceana</i> by James Anthony Froude"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>VII</b> (164): 292–294. 26 March 1886.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Review+of+Oceana+by+James+Anthony+Froude&rft.volume=VII&rft.issue=164&rft.pages=292-294&rft.date=1886-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015015749206%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1992" class="citation book cs1">Anon (1992). "Confederation from the Barrel of a Gun". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NIuOz-ZasoC"><i>Illustrated history of South Africa: the real story</i></a>. Reader's Digest Association South Africa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947008-90-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947008-90-1"><bdi>978-0-947008-90-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confederation+from+the+Barrel+of+a+Gun&rft.btitle=Illustrated+history+of+South+Africa%3A+the+real+story&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest+Association+South+Africa&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-947008-90-1&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NIuOz-ZasoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton1989" class="citation cs2">Ashton, Rosemary (1989), "Doubting Clerics: From James Anthony Froude to Robert Elsmere via George Eliot", in Jasper and Wright (ed.), <i>The Critical Spirit and the Will to Believe</i>, New York: St. Martins</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Doubting+Clerics%3A+From+James+Anthony+Froude+to+Robert+Elsmere+via+George+Eliot&rft.btitle=The+Critical+Spirit+and+the+Will+to+Believe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martins&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerresford_Ellis2009" class="citation web cs1">Berresford Ellis, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929074212/http://www.irishabroad.com/news/irishpost/featurearticles/ninetteenduelfromgalway.asp">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Nineteen Duel Dick' from Galway"</a>. <i>Irish Abroad</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishabroad.com/news/irishpost/featurearticles/ninetteenduelfromgalway.asp">the original</a> on 29 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Abroad&rft.atitle=%27Nineteen+Duel+Dick%27+from+Galway&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Berresford+Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishabroad.com%2Fnews%2Firishpost%2Ffeaturearticles%2Fninetteenduelfromgalway.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1995" class="citation journal cs1">Broughton, Trev Lynn (1995). "The Froude-Carlyle Embroilment: Married Life as a Literary Problem". <i>Victorian Studies: A Journal of the Humanities, Arts and Sciences</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 551–585. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3829381">3829381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Studies%3A+A+Journal+of+the+Humanities%2C+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Froude-Carlyle+Embroilment%3A+Married+Life+as+a+Literary+Problem&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=551-585&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3829381%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Trev+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1997" class="citation journal cs1">Broughton, Trev Lynn (1997). "Impotence, Biography, and the Froude-Carlyle Controversy: 'Revelations on Ticklish Topics'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of the History of Sexuality</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 502–536. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704159">3704159</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11619115">11619115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Impotence%2C+Biography%2C+and+the+Froude-Carlyle+Controversy%3A+%27Revelations+on+Ticklish+Topics%27&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=502-536&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3704159%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11619115&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Trev+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrow1981" class="citation book cs1">Burrow, J.W. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberaldescentvi0000burr"><i>A Liberal Descent: Victorian Historians and the English Past</i></a></span>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24079-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24079-4"><bdi>0-521-24079-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Liberal+Descent%3A+Victorian+Historians+and+the+English+Past&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-521-24079-4&rft.aulast=Burrow&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliberaldescentvi0000burr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumming2004" class="citation book cs1">Cumming, Mark, ed. (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Nvdx-4-CzoC"><i>The Carlyle Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. Madison, NJ / Teaneck, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3792-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3792-0"><bdi>978-0-8386-3792-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carlyle+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Madison%2C+NJ+%2F+Teaneck%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3792-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Nvdx-4-CzoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1963" class="citation cs2">Dunn, Waldo Hilary (1963), <i>James Anthony Froude, A Biography</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Anthony+Froude%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Waldo+Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidt2006" class="citation journal cs1">Heidt, Sarah J. 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"The Materials for a 'Life': Collaboration, Publication, and the Carlyles' Afterlives". <i>Nineteenth-Century Contexts</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 21–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08905490600691473">10.1080/08905490600691473</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220354720">220354720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nineteenth-Century+Contexts&rft.atitle=The+Materials+for+a+%27Life%27%3A+Collaboration%2C+Publication%2C+and+the+Carlyles%27+Afterlives&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-33&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08905490600691473&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220354720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heidt&rft.aufirst=Sarah+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHone1993" class="citation book cs1">Hone, Basil T. (1993). <i>The First Son of South Africa to be Premier: Thomas Charles Scanlen</i>. Oldwick, NJ: Longford Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Son+of+South+Africa+to+be+Premier%3A+Thomas+Charles+Scanlen&rft.place=Oldwick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Longford+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Hone&rft.aufirst=Basil+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalherbe1971" class="citation book cs1">Malherbe, Vertrees Canby (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHWbGAAACAAJ"><i>What They Said, 1795–1910: A Selection of Documents from South African History</i></a>. Cape Town: Maskew Miller. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-623-00457-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-623-00457-9"><bdi>978-0-623-00457-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+They+Said%2C+1795%E2%80%931910%3A+A+Selection+of+Documents+from+South+African+History&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Maskew+Miller&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-623-00457-9&rft.aulast=Malherbe&rft.aufirst=Vertrees+Canby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHWbGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus2007" class="citation book cs1">Markus, Julia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=shhtd8asdIIC&pg=PP14"><i>J. 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Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-8643-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-8643-2"><bdi>978-1-4165-8643-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+Anthony+Froude%3A+The+Last+Undiscovered+Great+Victorian&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-8643-2&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dshhtd8asdIIC%26pg%3DPP14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell1910" class="citation book cs1">Michell, Sir Lewis (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEPp2GhzNqIC"><i>The Life and Times of the Right Honourable Cecil John Rhodes 1853-1902</i></a>. 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G., First Premier of Cape Colony, Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape</i>, vol. 2 (Confederation), London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+times+of+Sir+John+Charles+Molteno%2C+K.+C.+M.+G.%2C+First+Premier+of+Cape+Colony%2C+Comprising+a+History+of+Representative+Institutions+and+Responsible+Government+at+the+Cape&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co.&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Molteno&rft.aufirst=Percy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewsen1982" class="citation cs2">Lewsen, Phyllis (1982), <i>John X. Merriman: paradoxical South African statesman</i>, Johannesburg: Ad.Donker, pp. 54–55 (Froude in South Africa)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+X.+Merriman%3A+paradoxical+South+African+statesman&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pages=54-55+%28Froude+in+South+Africa%29&rft.pub=Ad.Donker&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Lewsen&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEybers1918" class="citation cs2">Eybers, G.W. (1918), <i>Select Constitutional Documents Illustrating South African History, 1795–1910</i>, Routledge & Sons, pp. 448–453</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Select+Constitutional+Documents+Illustrating+South+African+History%2C+1795%E2%80%931910&rft.pages=448-453&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Sons&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Eybers&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1906" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Paul" title="Herbert Paul">Paul, Herbert</a> (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14992"><i>The Life of Froude</i></a>, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Froude&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F14992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheal1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_McCall_Theal" title="George McCall Theal">Theal, George McCall</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/progressofsoutha00theauoft/page/n402"><i>Progress of South Africa in the Century</i></a>. London: Linscott Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progress+of+South+Africa+in+the+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Linscott+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Theal&rft.aufirst=George+McCall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprogressofsoutha00theauoft%2Fpage%2Fn402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilley1956" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Willey" title="Basil Willey">Willey, Basil</a> (1956), "J.A. Froude", <i>More Nineteenth Century Studies: A Group of Honest Doubters</i>, London: Chatto and Windus</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=J.A.+Froude&rft.btitle=More+Nineteenth+Century+Studies%3A+A+Group+of+Honest+Doubters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+and+Windus&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Willey&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadger1952" class="citation journal cs1">Badger, Kingsbury (1952). "The Ordeal of Anthony Froude, Protestant Historian". <i>Modern Language Quarterly</i>. <b>13</b>: 41–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00267929-13-1-41">10.1215/00267929-13-1-41</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Ordeal+of+Anthony+Froude%2C+Protestant+Historian&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=41-55&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00267929-13-1-41&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=Kingsbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bell, Duncan (2009) "Republican Imperialism: J. A. Froude and the Virtue of Empire", <i>History of Political Thought</i>, Vol. 30, 166–91</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2013" class="citation cs2">Brady, Ciaran (2013), <i>James Anthony Froude: An Intellectual Biography of a Victorian Prophet</i>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Anthony+Froude%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography+of+a+Victorian+Prophet&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Ciaran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1966" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Chadwick" title="Owen Chadwick">Chadwick, Owen</a> (1966), <i>An Ecclesiastical History of England: The Victorian Church</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ecclesiastical+History+of+England%3A+The+Victorian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1991" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Elliot L. (1991). "Rescuing Reality: Carlyle, Froude, and Biographical Truth-Telling". <i>Victorian Studies: A Journal of the Humanities, Arts and Sciences</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 295–314.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Studies%3A+A+Journal+of+the+Humanities%2C+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=Rescuing+Reality%3A+Carlyle%2C+Froude%2C+and+Biographical+Truth-Telling&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-314&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Elliot+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesketh2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hesketh, Ian (2008). "Diagnosing Froude's Disease: Boundary Work and the Discipline of History in Late-Victorian Britain". <i>History and Theory</i>. <b>47</b> (3): 373–395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2303.2008.00460.x">10.1111/j.1468-2303.2008.00460.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Diagnosing+Froude%27s+Disease%3A+Boundary+Work+and+the+Discipline+of+History+in+Late-Victorian+Britain&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373-395&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2303.2008.00460.x&rft.aulast=Hesketh&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Hunt_(priest)" title="William Hunt (priest)">Hunt, William</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Froude, James Anthony"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Froude,_James_Anthony">"Froude, James Anthony" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 252–253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Froude%2C+James+Anthony&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=252-253&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinnick1951" class="citation journal cs1">Minnick, Wayne C. (1951). "The Froude-Burke Controversy". <i>Speech Monographs</i>. <b>18</b>: 31–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03637755109375023">10.1080/03637755109375023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speech+Monographs&rft.atitle=The+Froude-Burke+Controversy&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=31-36&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03637755109375023&rft.aulast=Minnick&rft.aufirst=Wayne+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Anthony+Froude" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jann, Rosemary. <i>The Art and Science of Victorian History</i> (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiostatepress.org/books/Complete%20PDFs/Jann%20Art/06.pdf">online free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowse,_A._L." class="mw-redirect" title="Rowse, A. L.">Rowse, A. L.</a>, <i>Froude the Historian: Victorian Man of Letters</i>, Alan Sutton, Gloucester, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86299-384-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86299-384-9">0-86299-384-9</a></li> <li>Van Auken, Sheldon. "Froude: A Collision of Principles", <i>History Today</i> (July 1951) 1#7 pp. 51–58</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Anthony_Froude&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Froude%2C%20James%20Anthony%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Froude%2C%20James%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Froude%2C%20J%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Anthony%20Froude%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20A%2E%20Froude%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20A%2E%20Froude%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Froude%2C%20James%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Froude%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Anthony%20Froude%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20A%2E%20Froude%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20A%2E%20Froude%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Anthony%20Froude%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Froude%2C%20James%20Anthony%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Froude%2C%20James%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Froude%2C%20J%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Froude%2C%20J%2E%20Anthony%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Froude%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Froude%2C%20James%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Anthony%20Froude%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20A%2E%20Froude%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20A%2E%20Froude%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Froude%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Anthony%20Froude%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20A%2E%20Froude%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20A%2E%20Froude%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Froude%2C%20James%20Anthony%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Froude%2C%20James%20A%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Froude%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Froude%2C%20James%22%29%20OR%20%28%221818-1894%22%20AND%20Froude%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about James Anthony Froude</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16665">Works by James Anthony Froude</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01690">Portraits of James Anthony Froude</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1679958#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openplaques.org/plaques/195">Plaque #195 on <i>Open Plaques</i></a> at Onslow Gardens</li> <li>Quotations of James Anthony Froude at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rubyquote.com/author/james_anthony_froude">RubyQuote</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n80045851">James Anthony Froude</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, with 122 library catalogue records</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Rector of the University of St Andrews">Rector of the University of St Andrews</a> </b><br />1868–1871 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Neaves">Charles Neaves</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Freeman" title="Edward Augustus Freeman">Edward Augustus Freeman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Modern_History_at_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford">Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford</a> </b><br />1892–1894 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_York_Powell" title="Frederick York Powell">Frederick York Powell</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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class="navbox-group" style="background: #010963; color: white;;width:1%;background: #6190FF;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">University of St Andrews</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anstruther_baronets" title="Anstruther baronets">Sir Ralph Abercromby Anstruther, 4th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Stirling-Maxwell,_9th_Baronet" title="Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet">Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Anthony Froude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neaves,_Lord_Neaves" title="Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves">Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penrhyn_Stanley" title="Arthur Penrhyn Stanley">Arthur Penrhyn Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundell_Palmer,_1st_Earl_of_Selborne" title="Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne">Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Theodore_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Theodore Martin">Sir Theodore Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Mackay,_11th_Lord_Reay" title="Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay">Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crichton-Stuart,_3rd_Marquess_of_Bute" title="John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute">John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart_(scientist)" title="James Stuart (scientist)">James Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">Sir J. M. Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Wilfred_Grenfell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Wilfred Grenfell">Wilfred Grenfell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_MacGregor_Mitchell,_Lord_MacGregor_Mitchell" title="Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell">Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Munro_(physician)" title="David Munro (physician)">Sir David Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cunningham_(civil_servant)" title="George Cunningham (civil servant)">Sir George Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter">David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay,_28th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford">David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boothby,_Baron_Boothby" title="Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby">Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rothenstein" title="John Rothenstein">Sir John Rothenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learie_Constantine" title="Learie Constantine">Learie Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Coren" title="Alan Coren">Alan Coren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Muir" title="Frank Muir">Frank Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Brooke-Taylor" title="Tim Brooke-Taylor">Tim Brooke-Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Whitehorn" title="Katharine Whitehorn">Katharine Whitehorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Adams_(whistleblower)" title="Stanley Adams (whistleblower)">Stanley Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Parsons" title="Nicholas Parsons">Nicholas Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Campbell" title="Nicky Campbell">Nicky Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Findlay" title="Donald Findlay">Donald Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Neil" title="Andrew Neil">Andrew Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Freud" title="Clement Freud">Sir Clement Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Pepper" title="Simon Pepper">Simon Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Dunion" title="Kevin Dunion">Kevin Dunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Moffat" title="Alistair Moffat">Alistair Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Stihler" title="Catherine Stihler">Catherine Stihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sr%C4%91a_Popovi%C4%87_(activist)" title="Srđa Popović (activist)">Srđa Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla_Hussein" title="Leyla Hussein">Leyla Hussein</a></li> <li>Stella Maris</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1679958#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1679958#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012123762X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/103145857814423020380">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/53448/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGWh4mW6gf6C7hBM6kDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118536478">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80045851">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12404465s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12404465s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00521802">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35105998">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20090903006&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1226003">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/92863">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068674937">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90261306">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000128778&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=151900">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwwzh13v4pktn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810538929705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/90430">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261317205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615046706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14430120">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03164401?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/828277">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/froude-james-anthony-3578">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Froude, James Anthony"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.003382.v1">Ireland</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118536478.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118536478">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028654161">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qf8qz3">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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