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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_unification_under_the_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_unification_under_the_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First unification under the French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_unification_under_the_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1805:_Haitian_slave_revolts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1805:_Haitian_slave_revolts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1805: Haitian slave revolts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1805:_Haitian_slave_revolts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1806:_Struggle_to_unite_the_South_and_North_of_Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1806:_Struggle_to_unite_the_South_and_North_of_Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1806: Struggle to unite the South and North of Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1806:_Struggle_to_unite_the_South_and_North_of_Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1821:_Independence_from_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1821:_Independence_from_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1821: Independence from Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1821:_Independence_from_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_the_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_the_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Prelude to the occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_the_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Occupation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occupation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occupation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_black_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_black_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>American black migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_black_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_and_subsequent_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_and_subsequent_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Resistance and subsequent Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_and_subsequent_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_Dominican_Independence_(1844)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_Dominican_Independence_(1844)"> <div 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_haitiana_de_Santo_Domingo" title="Ocupación haitiana de Santo Domingo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ocupación haitiana de Santo Domingo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_ha%C3%AFtienne_de_Saint-Domingue" title="Occupation haïtienne de Saint-Domingue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occupation haïtienne de Saint-Domingue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyatuan_Hispaniola" title="Penyatuan Hispaniola – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyatuan Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okipasyon_Milit%C3%A8_Ayisyen_nan_Santo_Domingo" title="Okipasyon Militè Ayisyen nan Santo Domingo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Okipasyon Militè Ayisyen nan Santo Domingo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Hispaniola" title="Unificação de Hispaniola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unificação de Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Haitian rule in the Dominican Republic (1822 to 1844)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Haiti</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République d'Haïti</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1822–1844</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Haiti_(1807%E2%80%931849).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Haiti"><img alt="Flag of Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Haiti_%281807%E2%80%931849%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281807%E2%80%931849%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Haiti_%281807%E2%80%931849%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281807%E2%80%931849%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Haiti_%281807%E2%80%931849%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281807%E2%80%931849%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti" title="Flag of Haiti">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti_(1807%E2%80%931849).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Haiti"><img alt="Coat of arms of Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti_%281807%E2%80%931849%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti_%281807%E2%80%931849%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti_%281807%E2%80%931849%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti_%281807%E2%80%931849%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti_%281807%E2%80%931849%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti_%281807%E2%80%931849%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti" title="Coat of arms of Haiti"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispaniola_1822-1844.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Hispaniola from 1822 to 1844"><img alt="Map of Hispaniola from 1822 to 1844" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hispaniola_1822-1844.png/250px-Hispaniola_1822-1844.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hispaniola_1822-1844.png/375px-Hispaniola_1822-1844.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hispaniola_1822-1844.png/500px-Hispaniola_1822-1844.png 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="611" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of Hispaniola from 1822 to 1844</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">Annexed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820%E2%80%931849)" title="Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)">Haiti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">French <small>(official)</small><br />Spanish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Haitian<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti" title="Politics of Haiti">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1822–1843 <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Jean-Pierre Boyer</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1843–1844 <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivi%C3%A8re-H%C3%A9rard" title="Charles Rivière-Hérard">Charles Rivière-Hérard</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">February 9, 1822</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dominican Declaration of Independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 16, 1844</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">Dominican War of Independence</a> (end of occupation) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">February 27, 1844</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Gourde</a> (HTG)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:HT" title="ISO 3166-2:HT">HT</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Spanish_Haiti.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spanish_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Spanish_Haiti.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spanish_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Spanish_Haiti.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spanish_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Spanish_Haiti" title="Republic of Spanish Haiti">Republic of Spanish Haiti</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dominican_Republic" title="First Dominican Republic">First Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Spanish: <i lang="es">Ocupación haitiana de Santo Domingo</i>; French: <i lang="fr">Occupation haïtienne de Saint-Domingue</i>; <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Haitian Creole</a>: <i lang="ht">Okipasyon ayisyen nan Sen Domeng</i>) was the <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> and merger of <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">then-independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Spanish_Haiti" title="Republic of Spanish Haiti">Republic of Spanish Haiti</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>) into the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820%E2%80%931849)" title="Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)">Republic of Haiti</a>, that lasted twenty-two years, from February 9, 1822, to February 27, 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The part of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> under Spanish administration was first ceded to France and merged with the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint Domingue</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a> in 1795. However, with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> the French lost the western part of the island, while remaining in control of the eastern part of the island until the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo">recaptured Santo Domingo</a> in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Santo Domingo was regionally divided with many rival and competing provincial leaders. During this period, the Spanish crown had limited influence in the colony. Dominican military leaders had become rulers, where the "law of machete" governed the land. On November 9, 1821, the former captain general in charge of the colony, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_C%C3%A1ceres" title="José Núñez de Cáceres">José Núñez de Cáceres</a>, decided to overthrow the Spanish government and declared independence from Spain. Meanwhile the mulatto president of Haiti, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Jean-Pierre Boyer</a>, offered his support to the frontier governors, and thus they allowed him to enter the city of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> with around 10,000 soldiers in February 1822 which lead to the occupation. </p><p>After losing the support of the elites, the Haitian president Boyer was ousted in 1843, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivi%C3%A8re-H%C3%A9rard" title="Charles Rivière-Hérard">Charles Rivière-Hérard</a> replacing him as president.<sup id="cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationalist Dominican forces in eastern Hispaniola led by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Duarte" title="Juan Pablo Duarte">Juan Pablo Duarte</a> seized control of Santo Domingo on 27 February 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Haitian forces, unprepared for a significant uprising, surrendered to the Dominican rebels, effectively ending Haitian rule of eastern Hispaniola. In March Rivière-Hérard attempted to reimpose his authority, but the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominicans</a> inflicted heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-Bethell_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bethell-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivière-Hérard was removed from office by the mulatto hierarchy on May 3, 1844. </p><p>In the Dominican Republic Independence Day is celebrated on February 27, the day of revolt against Haitian occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 18th century the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> had been divided into two European colonies: <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, in the west, governed by France; and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, governed by Spain, occupying the eastern two-thirds of Hispaniola. By the 1790s, large-scale rebellions erupted in the western portion of the island, spearheaded by men such as <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a> which led to the eventual removal of the French and the independence of Haiti. Following the independence of Haiti, massive portions of the remaining French population were murdered. The eastern portion of the island was preparing itself for an eventual separation from Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_unification_under_the_French">First unification under the French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First unification under the French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Era de Francia</a></div> <p>During the second half of the eighteenth century, Saint-Domingue quickly developed into the most prosperous plantation colony of the New World. As a result of the sugar plantations of the French colony worked by <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">African slaves</a>; sugar had become an indispensable commodity in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, Santo Domingo, the eastern side that had once been the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">headquarters</a> of Spanish colonial power in the New World, had long fallen into decline. The economy was stalled, the land largely unexploited and used for subsistence agriculture and cattle ranching, and the population was much lower than in Saint-Domingue. The accounts by the Dominican essayist and politician <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_C%C3%A1ceres" title="José Núñez de Cáceres">José Núñez de Cáceres</a> cite the Spanish colony's population at around 80,000, mainly composed of <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollos</a>, mulattos, freedmen, and a few black slaves. Saint-Domingue, on the other hand, was nearing a million slaves. </p><p>In the aftermath of the war between the new French Republic and Spain, the latter, by the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a> of 22 July 1795, ceded its two-thirds of the island to France in exchange for the evacuation of the province of <a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Guipuzcoa">Guipuzcoa</a> occupied by the French since 1793. However, due to the near chaotic situation in Saint-Domingue resulting from uprisings by mulattos and freedmen since 1791, the expected armed opposition of the Spanish settlers of Santo Domingo who feared the abolition of slavery if the French were to take over, and under the belief that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> would seize Santo Domingo if the transfer was effected, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a> decided to delay the occupation until such time as it had enough military and naval forces to take possession of the eastern part of the island. This was to occur in January 1801 when <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a>, then still loyal to France, occupied Santo Domingo in the name of the French Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1804 the leader of the Haitian revolution, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">declared Haiti's independence</a>. Independence did not come easily given the fact that Haiti had been France's most profitable colony. </p><p>Under Toussaint Louverture's government, slavery was abolished for the first time on the eastern portion of Hispaniola until the colony was ceded to France. While the French had lost their former colony of Saint-Domingue by 1804, the French commander of the former Spanish side had been able to repulse the attacks of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, but in 1808, the Dominicans, led by <a href="/wiki/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Juan Sánchez Ramírez">Juan Sánchez Ramírez</a>, revolted and the following year, with the help of a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> squadron, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo">ended French control</a> of the city of Santo Domingo. Spanish rule was <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_Boba" title="España Boba">reestablished</a>. However, this short period under which the whole of Hispaniola was <i>de jure</i> under French rule was to be the chief justification of the freed Haitians in their quest to reunite the island under their rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1805:_Haitian_slave_revolts">1805: Haitian slave revolts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1805: Haitian slave revolts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_(1805)" title="Siege of Santo Domingo (1805)">Siege of Santo Domingo (1805)</a></div> <p>In February 1805, Haitian forces, under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a>, invaded from the southern route in opposition of French-led approved <a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">slave raiding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to overpower the Spanish–French defense, and intimidated by the arrival of a French fleet in support of Borgella in Santo Domingo, the army of Dessalines along with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Christophe" title="Henri Christophe">Henri Christophe</a> raided through the interior Dominican towns <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros" title="Santiago de los Caballeros">Santiago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moca,_Espaillat" class="mw-redirect" title="Moca, Espaillat">Moca</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_P%C3%A9tion" title="Alexandre Pétion">Alexandre Pétion</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Azua_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azua (city)">Azua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricourt2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricourt2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Domínguez2014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domínguez2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his retreat from Santo Domingo, Dessalines arrived in Santiago on 12 April 1805. While in Santiago, Haitian forces set fire to the town, including churches and convents.<sup id="cite_ref-Monte1890_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monte1890-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army killed approximately 400 inhabitants including some priests and took prisoners to Haiti.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More people were killed on Dessalines' orders in the French-held portions of the island,<sup id="cite_ref-MartínezFernández2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartínezFernández2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the towns of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Plata" title="Monte Plata">Monte Plata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotu%C3%AD" title="Cotuí">Cotuí</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Vega,_Dominican_Republic" title="La Vega, Dominican Republic">La Vega</a> and approximately 500 people of the northern town of Moca.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricourt2016_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricourt2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monte1890_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monte1890-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a> Gaspar de Arredondo y Pichardo wrote, "40 [Dominican] children had their throats cut at the church in Moca, and the bodies found at the presbytery, which is the space that encircles the church's altar..."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Survivors from the raids fled to western locations including <a href="/wiki/Hig%C3%BCey,_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Higüey, Dominican Republic">Higüey</a> through Cotuí as well as to other territories of the Spanish Antilles. Prisoners rounded up by the troops were forced to accompany the army back to Haiti, where, once they arrived, were either killed or forced to work on plantations. In total, over the course of a few weeks, nearly half of Santo Domingo's population were slaughtered by the Haitian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haitian rebel leaders encouraged fugitive African slaves to move into Hispaniola and they formed communities such as San Lorenzo de Los Mina, which is currently part of the "city" of Santo Domingo. Fugitives arrived from other parts of the West Indies as well, especially from the various islands of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-colonialzone_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colonialzone-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Alloza_-_La_intervenci%C3%B3n,_1801.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jos%C3%A9_Alloza_-_La_intervenci%C3%B3n%2C_1801.png/220px-Jos%C3%A9_Alloza_-_La_intervenci%C3%B3n%2C_1801.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jos%C3%A9_Alloza_-_La_intervenci%C3%B3n%2C_1801.png/330px-Jos%C3%A9_Alloza_-_La_intervenci%C3%B3n%2C_1801.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Jos%C3%A9_Alloza_-_La_intervenci%C3%B3n%2C_1801.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Haitians in Santo Domingo.</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the political instability and volatile environment in the island, many of the wealthiest white families in Santo Domingo fled between 1795 and 1820. They settled in Venezuela, Puerto Rico, and Cuba resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">human capital flight</a>. The white families who stayed on the island did not consider owning slaves due to the political crisis in the island but the few rich white elites that did, fled the colony. Many of these white families that stayed on the island settled in the <a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a> region owning land. Historians state that "Santo Domingo lost most of its <i>best</i> families" at that era, specially during the slave revolts.<sup id="cite_ref-Historia-Dominicana_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historia-Dominicana-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sagas_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sagas-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, during the Dominican independence movement many whites returned back to the island to reclaim their territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1806:_Struggle_to_unite_the_South_and_North_of_Haiti">1806: Struggle to unite the South and North of Haiti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1806: Struggle to unite the South and North of Haiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#The_struggle_for_unity_(1806–1820)" title="History of Haiti">History of Haiti § The_struggle_for_unity_(1806–1820)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispaniola_1808-1820.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hispaniola_1808-1820.png/220px-Hispaniola_1808-1820.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hispaniola_1808-1820.png/330px-Hispaniola_1808-1820.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hispaniola_1808-1820.png/440px-Hispaniola_1808-1820.png 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Map of Hispaniola from 1808 to 1820</figcaption></figure><p> On October 17, 1806, Dessalines was assassinated, an act which was instigated by his own generals <a href="/wiki/Henri_Christophe" title="Henri Christophe">Henri Christophe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_P%C3%A9tion" title="Alexandre Pétion">Alexandre Pétion</a>. Afterward, both Christophe and Pétion failed to agree on who was going to be the next <a href="/wiki/President_for_Life#List_of_leaders_who_became_President_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="President for Life">leader-for-life</a> (a title created by Dessalines himself), so they went separate ways: Christophe took the North of Haiti (which he named <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">Kingdom of Haiti</a>), while Pétion got for himself the South part of Haiti (the newly created <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1806%E2%80%931820)" title="Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)">Republic of Haiti</a>); and immediately they started a series of wars to take over the other's side. The internal military conflicts lasted until 1820 when Haitian president <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Jean-Pierre Boyer</a> finally unified both the South and North of Haiti. After this, Boyer aimed his sights on the struggling Spanish-side of the island. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo">Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Sanchez_Ramirez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Juan_Sanchez_Ramirez.jpg/220px-Juan_Sanchez_Ramirez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Juan_Sanchez_Ramirez.jpg/330px-Juan_Sanchez_Ramirez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Juan_Sanchez_Ramirez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Juan Sánchez Ramírez, painted in the early 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Juan Sánchez Ramírez">Juan Sánchez Ramírez</a> a Dominican general commanded the troops that fought against the French in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> between 1808 and 1809 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Hincado" title="Battle of Palo Hincado">Battle of Palo Hincado</a>, resulting in a victory against the French, and the return of Santo Domingo to Spanish governance. </p><p>Sánchez Ramírez, an agricultural landowner, had already fought against the French in the War of the Convention, and in 1803 he had emigrated to Puerto Rico, from where he returned in 1807 to foment the insurrection. To do this, he requested the help of the governor of Puerto Rico, <a href="/wiki/Toribio_Montes" title="Toribio Montes">Toribio Montes</a>, and of Dominican settlers who had fled to that island, with whose forces he revolted against the French troops of general and governor Jean-Louis Ferrand, whom he defeated on 11 July 1808 in the battle of Palo Hincado.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after, with the help of the English fleet that came to support him from <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, he managed to take the capital of the island. He was therefore appointed captain general and mayor of the island by the <a href="/wiki/Junta_of_Seville" class="mw-redirect" title="Junta of Seville">Junta of Seville</a>, thereby reestablishing Spanish sovereignty. During his government he harshly repressed any independence attempt, acting with total impunity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanchez convened the board of Bondillo, which established new laws and declared null and void the Treaty of Basel. So the board confirmed the permanence of Santo Domingo in Spanish hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Rincon_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rincon-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santo Domingo was declared Spanish by Ramírez in July 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-Moya2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moya2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under his government, Santo Domingo again traded with the allied countries to Spain, and the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Aquino" title="Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino">Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino</a> (UASD) was reopened.<sup id="cite_ref-JYL_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JYL-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He suspended the confiscations that the French government had executed against the colony. He also allowed the British to trade in the ports of Santo Domingo.<sup id="cite_ref-Rincon_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rincon-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">However, Ramirez established the slave system, which had been abolished by the Haitians, and the poor population grew in Santo Domingo. So several attempts coup d'état to expel to Sánchez Ramírez of the Santo Domingo's government took place. The people who rebelled against their government were executed by the army, which was at the service of Ramirez, or sent to <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Ramírez also tried to restore the Dominican economy, but Spain was engaged in the war against the then <a href="/wiki/South_American" class="mw-redirect" title="South American">South American</a> colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-JYL_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JYL-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mismanagement led to the period known as <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_Boba" title="España Boba">España Boba</a> (Foolish Spain), in which the Ramirez government punished all those who promoted or fought for the independence of the colony.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ramírez was ill and died on February 11, 1811, at the age of fifty, while still ruling the colony,<sup id="cite_ref-Moya2010_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moya2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was buried in the <a href="/wiki/National_Pantheon_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="National Pantheon of the Dominican Republic">National Pantheon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tejera1878_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tejera1878-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1821:_Independence_from_Spain">1821: Independence from Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1821: Independence from Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nunezcaceres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nunezcaceres.jpg/220px-Nunezcaceres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Nunezcaceres.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Jose Nuñez de Cáceres, the first and only governor of The Republic of Spanish Haiti from 1821 to 1822</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 November 1821, Spanish colonial rule over Santo Domingo was overthrown by a group led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_C%C3%A1ceres" title="José Núñez de Cáceres">José Núñez de Cáceres</a>, the colony's former administrator,<sup id="cite_ref-allempires_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allempires-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-flag_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the rebels proclaimed independence from the Spanish crown on 1 December 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-africana_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africana-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new nation was known as <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Spanish_Haiti" title="Republic of Spanish Haiti">Republic of Spanish Haiti</a> (Spanish: <i>República del Haití Español</i>), as <i>Haiti</i> had been the indigenous name of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-flag_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 December 1821 a constitutive act was ordered to petition the union of Spanish Haiti with <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_to_the_occupation">Prelude to the occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prelude to the occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trait%C3%A9_France_Ha%C3%AFti_1825.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Trait%C3%A9_France_Ha%C3%AFti_1825.jpg/220px-Trait%C3%A9_France_Ha%C3%AFti_1825.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Trait%C3%A9_France_Ha%C3%AFti_1825.jpg/330px-Trait%C3%A9_France_Ha%C3%AFti_1825.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Trait%C3%A9_France_Ha%C3%AFti_1825.jpg/440px-Trait%C3%A9_France_Ha%C3%AFti_1825.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption> 19th-century French print showing <a href="/wiki/Ange_Ren%C3%A9_Armand,_baron_de_Mackau" title="Ange René Armand, baron de Mackau">Mackau</a> forcing <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Boyer</a> to agree to pay <a href="/wiki/Haiti_indemnity_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti indemnity controversy">150 million francs</a> to compensate French planters.</figcaption></figure> <p>A group of Dominican politicians and military officers in the frontier region favored uniting the newly independent nation with Haiti, as they sought political support from Haitian president <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Jean-Pierre Boyer</a> against their enemies. A large faction based in the northern <a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a> region were opposed to the union with Gran Colombia and also sided with Haiti. Boyer, on the other hand, had several objectives in the island that he proclaimed to be "one and indivisible": to maintain Haitian independence against potential French or Spanish attack or reconquest and to maintain the freedom of its former slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-africana_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africana-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Counterpoint_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Counterpoint-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franco_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franco-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While appeasing the Dominican frontier officers, Jean-Pierre Boyer was already in negotiations with France to prevent an attack by fourteen French warships stationed near <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, the Haitian capital. The Dominicans were unaware that Boyer made a concession to the French, and agreed to pay France 150 million gold francs destined to compensated the former French slave owners. Thus, Haiti would essentially be forced into paying reparations for its freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support of the unification found itself to be more popular among the Black population who believed that Boyers government would usher an era of social reform, including the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition of slavery</a>. In contrast, the white and multiracial populations, however, found themselves split on the idea of merging with the neighboring country. After deals with Bolivar fell through and receiving messages of economic and military support from Boyer, Caceres found himself more obliged to side with Creole Haiti. The idea had been gaining some traction among members of the military, and in 1821 Governor <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Kindel%C3%A1n_y_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastián Kindelán y Oregon">Sebastián Kindelán y Oregon</a> discovered that some of the Dominican military officers in Azua and Santo Domingo had already become part of the plan for unification with Haiti. A defining moment took place on November 15, 1821, when the leaders of several Dominican frontier towns, particularly Dajabón and Montecristi, adopted the Haitian flag.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dominican nationalists who were against the unification of the island were at a serious disadvantage compared to the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti#19th_century" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Haitian military</a>, having at their disposal only an untrained infantry force. Haiti's population was eight to ten times larger than that of the Dominican population, and the Dominicans had to also contend with a <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">severely underdeveloped economy</a>. The Haitian military had been hardened after decades of conflict with European powers and rival political factions in Haiti, and memories of the numerous racial massacres of the Revolution were still fresh in the mind of Haitian troops, increasing their determination to never lose a battle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupation">Occupation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Pierre_Boyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jean-Pierre_Boyer.jpg/220px-Jean-Pierre_Boyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jean-Pierre_Boyer.jpg/330px-Jean-Pierre_Boyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Jean-Pierre_Boyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Jean-Pierre Boyer, the ruler of Haiti</figcaption></figure><p>After promising his full support to several Dominican frontier governors and securing their allegiance,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyer ceremoniously <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">marched into the country</a> with 12,000 soldiers in February 1822, against a significantly smaller, untrained army serving some 70,000 Dominican souls (Haiti had a population around 600,000 people).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 February 1822, Boyer formally entered the capital city, Santo Domingo after its ephemeral independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Franco_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franco-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island was thus united from "Cape Tiburon to Cape Samana in possession of one government."<sup id="cite_ref-africana_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africana-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon unification of both French-side (Haitï) and Spanish-side (<i>then</i> Spanish Haiti) nations under the Haitian flag, Boyer divided the island into six departments, that were subdivided into <i>arrondissements</i> (administrative districts) and communes. The departments established in the west were, Nord, Ouest, Sud, and Artibonite, while the east was divided into Ozama and Cibao.<sup id="cite_ref-Coupeau_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coupeau-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period led to large-scale land expropriations and failed efforts to force production of export crops, impose military services, restrict the use of the Spanish language, and suppress traditional customs <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. There was also a resurgence of the decades-old rivalries between the governing Haitian elite (<a href="/wiki/Mulatto_Haitians" title="Mulatto Haitians">mulattoes</a>) and the masses of the black population, most notably throughout the western end.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Hayti_Island_(1839).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_Hayti_Island_%281839%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_Hayti_Island_%281839%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_Hayti_Island_%281839%29.jpg/330px-Map_of_Hayti_Island_%281839%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_Hayti_Island_%281839%29.jpg/440px-Map_of_Hayti_Island_%281839%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Map of the island of Haiti (1839)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinitarios.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Trinitarios.jpeg/220px-Trinitarios.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Trinitarios.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>La Trinitaria meeting.</figcaption></figure> <p>To raise funds for the huge indemnity of 150 million francs that Haiti agreed to pay the former French colonists, and which was subsequently lowered to 60 million francs, the Haitian government imposed heavy taxes on the Dominicans. Since Haiti was unable to adequately provision its army, the occupying forces largely survived by commandeering or confiscating food and supplies at gunpoint <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Attempts to <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">redistribute</a> land conflicted with the system of communal land tenure (<i>terrenos comuneros</i>), which had arisen with the ranching economy, and some people resented being forced to grow cash crops under Boyer and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Balthazar_Inginac" title="Joseph Balthazar Inginac">Joseph Balthazar Inginac</a>'s <i>Code Rural</i> instituted in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the rural and rugged mountainous areas, the Haitian administration was usually too inefficient to enforce its own laws. It was in the city of Santo Domingo that the effects of the occupation were most acutely felt, and it was there that the movement for independence originated. Dominican citizens also had more rights than the Haitians who were under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Jean-Pierre Boyer</a>'s code rural, and often functioned as their own overseers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haiti's constitution also forbade white elites from owning land, and the major landowning families were forcibly deprived of their properties. Many emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (these two being <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish possessions</a> at the time) or <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>, usually with the encouragement of Haitian officials, who acquired their lands<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The Haitians, who associated the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> with the French slave-masters who had exploited them before independence, confiscated all church property, deported all foreign clergy, and severed the ties of the remaining clergy to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Aquino" title="Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino">Santo Domingo's university</a>, the oldest in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>, lacking both students and teachers had to close down, and thus the country suffered from a massive case of <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">human capital flight</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although the occupation instated a constitution modeled after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> throughout the island, and led to the abolition of slavery as an institution in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">forms of slavery</a> persisted in Haitian society.<sup id="cite_ref-Coupeau_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coupeau-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the annexation of the whole island by Haiti, United States' efforts headed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>, to send formally enslaved Africans from the United States to Haiti was supported and embraced by the Haitian government in attempts to "blacken" the eastern Dominican side and make Haiti seem like a safe haven for black people. Various trips were made from the United States to Haiti, and in 1824, the largest trip to the Dominican side consisted of 6,000 enslaved Africans, went to Samana, creating the <a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black refugees who had been subjected to slavery in other foreign territories (including Puerto Rico and Martinique) escaped to Santo Domingo and successfully claimed freedom under Haitian law. They testified to local Dominican officials (who now worked for the Haitian government) that they had sought to travel to Santo Domingo because they viewed it as a "free country" after annexation by Haiti.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several resolutions and written dispositions were expressly aimed at converting average Dominicans into second-class citizens as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Boyer</a> had done with the Haitian peasantry under the aforementioned <i>Code Rural</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> restrictions of movement, prohibition to run for public office, night curfews, inability to travel in groups, banning of civilian organizations, and the indefinite closure of the state university (on the alleged grounds of its being a subversive organization) all led to the creation of movements advocating a forceful separation from Haiti with no compromises.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_black_migration">American black migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: American black migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_negroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negroes">Free negroes</a></div> <p>Boyer was heavily involved with the massive migration of black Americans to island in 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> (ACS) noticed the recruitment effort. Concerned that free blacks could never assimilate to the United States, its members founded their society in 1816 to send American blacks to Africa and elsewhere. It was an uneasy collaboration between abolitionists and slaveholders, who approached the issue from differing viewpoints. The ACS planned colonization in what became <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> for former slaves. In 1817 <a href="/wiki/Loring_D._Dewey" title="Loring D. Dewey">Loring D. Dewey</a> toured the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> to recruit emigrants, starting in New York. The organization hoped to resettle 100,000 free blacks within 10 years. Haiti was recommended as the ideal black homeland, due to its moderate weather conditions and black government. After Dewey wrote to Boyer to determine if he was still interested in receiving American immigrants, Boyer proposed that Haiti would seek blacks exclusively from the United States. </p><p>The ACS sent Boyer questions related to its goal of a colony for American free blacks. Boyer was confident that his government would be able to receive these people. The ACS tried to negotiate to have the Haitian government pay transportation costs for the emigrants. Boyer responded that the government would pay for those who could not afford it, but the ACS would have to take care of the rest of the finances. Beginning in September 1824, nearly 6,000 Americans, mostly free blacks, migrated to the island within a year, with ships departing from New York, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance_and_subsequent_Independence">Resistance and subsequent Independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Resistance and subsequent Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Padres_de_la_Patria_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Los_Padres_de_la_Patria_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg/220px-Los_Padres_de_la_Patria_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Los_Padres_de_la_Patria_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg/330px-Los_Padres_de_la_Patria_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Los_Padres_de_la_Patria_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg/440px-Los_Padres_de_la_Patria_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2868" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Ram%C3%B3n_Mella" title="Matías Ramón Mella">Matías Ramón Mella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Duarte" title="Juan Pablo Duarte">Juan Pablo Duarte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_del_Rosario_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Francisco del Rosario Sánchez">Francisco del Rosario Sánchez</a> are remembered as the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic</figcaption></figure><p>In 1838 a group of educated nationalists, among them, <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Ram%C3%B3n_Mella" title="Matías Ramón Mella">Matías Ramón Mella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Duarte" title="Juan Pablo Duarte">Juan Pablo Duarte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_del_Rosario_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Francisco del Rosario Sánchez">Francisco del Rosario Sánchez</a> founded a secret society called <i><a href="/wiki/La_Trinitaria_(Dominican_Republic)" title="La Trinitaria (Dominican Republic)">La Trinitaria</a></i> to gain independence from Haiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Rout_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rout-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After they revealed themselves as revolutionaries working for Dominican independence, the new Haitian president, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivi%C3%A8re-H%C3%A9rard" title="Charles Rivière-Hérard">Charles Rivière-Hérard</a>, exiled or imprisoned the leading <i>Trinitarios</i>. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_B%C3%A1ez" title="Buenaventura Báez">Buenaventura Báez</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Azua_Province" title="Azua Province">Azua</a> mahogany exporter and deputy in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Ha%C3%AFti" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Haïti">Haitian National Assembly</a>, was negotiating with the French Consul-General for the establishment of a French protectorate. </p><p>In an uprising timed to preempt Báez, on February 27, 1844, the Trinitarios declared independence from Haiti, backed by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Santana" title="Pedro Santana">Pedro Santana</a>, a wealthy cattle-rancher from <a href="/wiki/El_Seibo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Seibo">El Seibo</a> who commanded a private army of <a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">peons</a> who worked on his estates. This marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">Dominican War of Independence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_Dominican_Independence_(1844)"><span id="Aftermath_and_Dominican_Independence_.281844.29"></span>Aftermath and Dominican Independence (1844)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath and Dominican Independence (1844)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">Dominican War of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Alloza_-_Cabral,_Santom%C3%A9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jos%C3%A9_Alloza_-_Cabral%2C_Santom%C3%A9.png/220px-Jos%C3%A9_Alloza_-_Cabral%2C_Santom%C3%A9.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jos%C3%A9_Alloza_-_Cabral%2C_Santom%C3%A9.png/330px-Jos%C3%A9_Alloza_-_Cabral%2C_Santom%C3%A9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Jos%C3%A9_Alloza_-_Cabral%2C_Santom%C3%A9.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Dominican general Jose M. Cabral in the battle of Santome.</figcaption></figure> <p>Santo Domingo attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. Dominican nationalists led an insurrection against the Haitians. On the morning of 27 February 1844, the gates of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> rang with the shots of the plotters, who had emerged from their meetings to openly challenge the Haitians. Their efforts were successful, and for the next ten years, Dominican military strongmen fought to preserve their country's independence from the Haitian government. After ousting the Haitian occupying force from the country, Dominican nationalists fought against a series of attempted Haitian invasions that served to consolidate their independence from 1844 to 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the command of <a href="/wiki/Faustin_Soulouque" title="Faustin Soulouque">Faustin Soulouque</a> Haitian soldiers tried to gain back control of lost territory, but this effort was to no avail as the Dominicans would go on to decisively win every battle henceforth. In March 1844, a 30,000-strong two-pronged attack by Haitians was successfully repelled by an under-equipped Dominican army under the command of the wealthy rancher Gen. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Santana" title="Pedro Santana">Pedro Santana</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Four years later, Dominican fleets attacked Haitian towns, and land reinforcements in the south to force the determined <a href="/wiki/Faustin_Soulouque" title="Faustin Soulouque">Haitian leader</a> to concede.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the most thorough and intense encounter of all, Dominicans armed with swords sent Haitian troops into flight on all three fronts in 1855.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_disputes">Territorial disputes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Territorial disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neighboring towns and cities like Hincha (now <i><a href="/wiki/Hinche" title="Hinche">Hinche</a></i>), Juana Méndez (now <i><a href="/wiki/Ouanaminthe" title="Ouanaminthe">Ouanaminthe</a></i>), San Rafael de La Angostura (now <i><a href="/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl,_Haiti" title="Saint-Raphaël, Haiti">Saint-Raphaël</a></i>), San Miguel de la Atalaya (now <i><a href="/wiki/Saint-Michel-de-l%27Atalaye" title="Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye">Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye</a></i>), Las Caobas (now <i><a href="/wiki/Lascahobas" title="Lascahobas">Lascahobas</a></i>), and Veladero (now <i><a href="/wiki/Bellad%C3%A8re" title="Belladère">Belladère</a></i>), among others, remained isolated with little communication with the Dominican capital while there were a growing Haitian influence, as the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">gourde</a> circulated and in addition to the Spanish language, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> was also spoken; eventually becoming Haitian territories; however, these cities would often be disputed between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boundary was finally set in 1929, and demarcated in 1935–1936.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governors">Governors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me-Maximilien_Borgella" title="Jérôme-Maximilien Borgella">Jérôme-Maximilien Borgella</a> (9 February 1822 – 1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard-Philippe-Alexis_Carri%C3%A9" title="Bernard-Philippe-Alexis Carrié">Bernard-Philippe-Alexis Carrié</a> (1832 – February 1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivi%C3%A8re-H%C3%A9rard" title="Charles Rivière-Hérard">Charles Rivière-Hérard</a> (1843)</li> <li>Léo Hérard (1843 – 27 February 1844)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic" title="Portal:Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">Dominican War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">History of the Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">History of Haiti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To which the Spanish-speaking inhabitants of the island were also incorporated by, are today known as <i><a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">Dominican</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Santo Domingo" is the name under which what today constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> was known during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-firstcolony_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstcolony-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Dominican Republic" only began to be used as the most common name for the country in English in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-firstcolony-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-firstcolony_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/3.htm">"Dominican Republic – The first colony"</a>. <i>Country Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>; Federal Research Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Studies&rft.atitle=Dominican+Republic+%E2%80%93+The+first+colony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fdominican-republic%2F3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLpoeD3cbBkC&pg=PA1">Hand Book of Santo Domingo:</a> Bulletin, Issue 52. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1892. Digitized 14 August 2012. p. 3. <i>"...the Republic of Santo Domingo or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">República Dominicana</i></span> (Dominican Republic) as it is officially designated."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Geographic_Board1890–1891" class="citation book cs1">United States Geographic Board, ed. (1890–1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/report08boargoog"><i>First Report of the United States – Board of Geographic Names 1890–1891</i></a>. Washington Government Printing Office. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/report08boargoog/page/n52">45</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>haiti; island.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Report+of+the+United+States+%E2%80%93+Board+of+Geographic+Names+1890%E2%80%931891&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Washington+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1890%2F1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freport08boargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620022925/http://www.worldleadersindex.org/LatinAmerica/DominicanRepublic.html">"World Leaders Index: Dominican Republic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldleadersindex.org/LatinAmerica/DominicanRepublic.html">the original</a> on 2015-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Leaders+Index%3A+Dominican+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldleadersindex.org%2FLatinAmerica%2FDominicanRepublic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present</i>. David Marley, 1998. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Haiti">"Haiti"</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bethell-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bethell_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell1984" class="citation book cs1">Bethell, Leslie (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000beth"><i>The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume 3</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000beth/page/267">267–269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Latin+America%3A+Volume+3&rft.pages=267-269&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory0000beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.donquijote.org/dominican-culture/holidays/dominican-independence-day/">Dominican Independence Day</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggerty,_Richard_A.1989" class="citation web cs1">Haggerty, Richard A., ed. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/haiti/45.htm">"Haiti: Growth and Structure of the Economy"</a> (Haiti: A Country Study ed.). Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Growth+and+Structure+of+the+Economy&rft.edition=Haiti%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fhaiti%2F45.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yves Benot, "Comment Santo Domingo n'a pas été occupé par la République française en 1795–1796", <i>Annales historiques de la Révolution française</i>, 1998, No. 311, pp. 79–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahrf_0003-4436_1998_num_311_1_2089">https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahrf_0003-4436_1998_num_311_1_2089</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangley1996" class="citation book cs1">Langley, Lester D. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasinageofr00lang"><i>The Americas in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1850</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasinageofr00lang/page/136">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300077262" title="Special:BookSources/0300077262"><bdi>0300077262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Americas+in+the+Age+of+Revolution%2C+1750%E2%80%931850&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0300077262&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Lester+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasinageofr00lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricourt2016-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricourt2016_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricourt2016_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicourt2016" class="citation book cs1">Ricourt, Milagros (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzJ9DQAAQBAJ"><i>The Dominican Racial Imaginary: Surveying the Landscape of Race and Nation in Hispaniola</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813584508" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813584508"><bdi>978-0813584508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dominican+Racial+Imaginary%3A+Surveying+the+Landscape+of+Race+and+Nation+in+Hispaniola&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0813584508&rft.aulast=Ricourt&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzJ9DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domínguez2014-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Domínguez2014_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Domínguez, Ángel (2014-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diariolibre.com/opinion/el-degello-de-moca-CIDL552671">"Opinión: El Degüello de Moca"</a>. <i>Diario Libre</i> (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220160528/http://www.diariolibre.com/opinion/2014/04/03/i552671_degello-moca.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diario+Libre&rft.atitle=Opini%C3%B3n%3A+El+Deg%C3%BCello+de+Moca&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=%C3%81ngel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariolibre.com%2Fopinion%2Fel-degello-de-moca-CIDL552671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monte1890-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monte1890_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monte1890_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdel_Monte_y_Tejada1890" class="citation book cs1">del Monte y Tejada, Antonio (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiadesanto00tejagoog"><i>Historia de Santo domingo</i></a>. Book digitized by Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the Internet Archive. Imprenta de Garcia hermanos. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiadesanto00tejagoog/page/n208">196</a>–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Santo+domingo&rft.series=Book+digitized+by+Google+from+the+library+of+Harvard+University+and+uploaded+to+the+Internet+Archive&rft.pages=196-198&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+Garcia+hermanos&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=del+Monte+y+Tejada&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoriadesanto00tejagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1830" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackenzie_(diplomat)" title="Charles Mackenzie (diplomat)">Mackenzie, Charles</a> (1830). <i>Notes on Haiti: Made During a Residence in that Republic, Volume 1</i>. Digitized by Harvard University on May 25, 2007. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. pp. 212–213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Haiti%3A+Made+During+a+Residence+in+that+Republic%2C+Volume+1&rft.series=Digitized+by+Harvard+University+on+May+25%2C+2007&rft.pages=212-213&rft.pub=H.+Colburn+and+R.+Bentley&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MartínezFernández2012-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MartínezFernández2012_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Fernández2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez Fernández, Héctor (2012-01-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208072637/http://elcaribe.com.do/2012/01/28/1805-deguello-moca">"1805: ¿Degüello en Moca?"</a>. <i>El Caribe</i> (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Multimedios del Caribe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elcaribe.com.do/2012/01/28/1805-deguello-moca">the original</a> on 2015-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Caribe&rft.atitle=1805%3A+%C2%BFDeg%C3%BCello+en+Moca%3F&rft.date=2012-01-28&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9ctor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felcaribe.com.do%2F2012%2F01%2F28%2F1805-deguello-moca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia1985" class="citation book cs1">Julia, Julio Jaime (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2NhtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Notas para la historia de Moca: 1er centenario de la Provincia Espaillat (1885–1985)</i></a>. Digitized by Indiana University on Aug 28, 2008. Editora Universitaria. pp. 137–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notas+para+la+historia+de+Moca%3A+1er+centenario+de+la+Provincia+Espaillat+%281885%E2%80%931985%29&rft.series=Digitized+by+Indiana+University+on+Aug+28%2C+2008&rft.pages=137-139&rft.pub=Editora+Universitaria&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Julia&rft.aufirst=Julio+Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2NhtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaspar de Arredondo y Pichardo, <i>Memoria de mi salida de la isla de Santo Domingo el 28 de abril de 1805</i> (Memoirs of my leaving the island of Santo Domingo 28 April 1805)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatibag2003" class="citation book cs1">Matibag, E (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rSbIAAAAQBAJ"><i>Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint: Nation, State, and Race on Hispaniola</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403973806" title="Special:BookSources/1403973806"><bdi>1403973806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haitian-Dominican+Counterpoint%3A+Nation%2C+State%2C+and+Race+on+Hispaniola&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1403973806&rft.aulast=Matibag&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrSbIAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colonialzone-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colonialzone_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialzone-dr.com/people_history-sanchez.html">Francisco del Rosario Sánchez One of the Padres de la Patria / Fathers of the Patriotism</a> – Colonial Zone-Dominican Republic (DR) – Retrieved 3 November 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historia-Dominicana-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historia-Dominicana_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Moya_Pons2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moya_Pons" title="Frank Moya Pons">Frank Moya Pons</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wor3UqsHkToC&pg=PA50"><i>Historia de la República Dominicana</i></a> (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Santo Domingo: CSIC. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788400092405" title="Special:BookSources/9788400092405"><bdi>9788400092405</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+Dominicana&rft.place=Santo+Domingo&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=CSIC&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788400092405&rft.au=Frank+Moya+Pons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWor3UqsHkToC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sagas-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sagas_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_E._Weil1973" class="citation book cs1">Thomas E. Weil (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vACo6-3CnmsC"><i>Dominican Republic: A Country Study</i></a>. Washington, DC: American University. pp. 37–38, 40, 51–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominican+Republic%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=37-38%2C+40%2C+51-52&rft.pub=American+University&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Thomas+E.+Weil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvACo6-3CnmsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnesto_Sagás" class="citation web cs1">Ernesto Sagás. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/misctopic/dominican/antihaiti.htm">"A Case of Mistaken Identity: Antihaitianismo in Dominican Culture"</a>. St. Louis, Missouri: Webster University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Case+of+Mistaken+Identity%3A+Antihaitianismo+in+Dominican+Culture&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Webster+University&rft.au=Ernesto+Sag%C3%A1s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.webster.edu%2F~corbetre%2Fhaiti%2Fmisctopic%2Fdominican%2Fantihaiti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islandluminous.fiu.edu/part04-slide03.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Boyer Invades Eastern Hispaniola' by Juan Camilo Vera"</a>. <i>islandluminous.fiu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=islandluminous.fiu.edu&rft.atitle=%27Boyer+Invades+Eastern+Hispaniola%27+by+Juan+Camilo+Vera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislandluminous.fiu.edu%2Fpart04-slide03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rincon-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rincon_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rincon_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://html.rincondelvago.com/gobernates-de-santo-domingo.html">"Governors of Santo Domingo"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/El_Rinc%C3%B3n_del_Vago" title="El Rincón del Vago">El Rincón del Vago</a>. 9 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governors+of+Santo+Domingo&rft.pub=El+Rinc%C3%B3n+del+Vago&rft.date=2006-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhtml.rincondelvago.com%2Fgobernates-de-santo-domingo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moya2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moya2010_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moya2010_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoya_Pons,_Frank2010" class="citation book cs1">Moya Pons, Frank (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wor3UqsHkToC&q=Juan+S%C3%A1nchez+Ram%C3%ADrez&pg=PA97"><i>Historia de la República Dominicana, Volumen 2</i></a>. Academia Dominicana de la Historia. Editorial Doce Calles. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788400092405" title="Special:BookSources/9788400092405"><bdi>9788400092405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+Dominicana%2C+Volumen+2&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Academia+Dominicana+de+la+Historia.+Editorial+Doce+Calles&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788400092405&rft.au=Moya+Pons%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWor3UqsHkToC%26q%3DJuan%2BS%25C3%25A1nchez%2BRam%25C3%25ADrez%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JYL-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JYL_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JYL_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417042254/http://wikidominicana.edu.do/wiki/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Ram%C3%ADrez">"José Núñez de Cáceres – Enciclopedia – Virtual de Cáceres. (José Núñez de Cáceres – Encyclopedia – Virtual Cáceres) (In Spanish)"</a>. Encyclopedia – Virtual Cáceres. July 29, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikidominicana.edu.do/wiki/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Ram%C3%ADrez">the original</a> on April 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jos%C3%A9+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+C%C3%A1ceres+%E2%80%93+Enciclopedia+%E2%80%93+Virtual+de+C%C3%A1ceres.+%28Jos%C3%A9+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+C%C3%A1ceres+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Virtual+C%C3%A1ceres%29+%28In+Spanish%29&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikidominicana.edu.do%2Fwiki%2FJuan_S%25C3%25A1nchez_Ram%25C3%25ADrez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tejera1878-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tejera1878_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTejera,_Emiliano1878" class="citation book cs1">Tejera, Emiliano (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSEuAAAAYAAJ&q=Juan+S%C3%A1nchez+Ram%C3%ADrez&pg=PA22"><i>Los restos de Colón en Santo Domingo</i></a>. Imprenta de Garcia Hermanos. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+restos+de+Col%C3%B3n+en+Santo+Domingo&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+Garcia+Hermanos&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Tejera%2C+Emiliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSEuAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DJuan%2BS%25C3%25A1nchez%2BRam%25C3%25ADrez%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allempires-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allempires_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancer" class="citation web cs1">Lancer, Jalisco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043043/http://www.allempires.info/article/index.php?q=conflict_haiti_dominican">"The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic"</a>. All Empires Online History Community. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allempires.info/article/index.php?q=conflict_haiti_dominican">the original</a> on 2018-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Conflict+Between+Haiti+and+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.pub=All+Empires+Online+History+Community&rft.aulast=Lancer&rft.aufirst=Jalisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allempires.info%2Farticle%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dconflict_haiti_dominican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flag-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flag_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flag_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flagspot.net/flags/ht-hist.html">"Haiti – Historical Flags"</a>. <i>Flags of the World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Haiti+%E2%80%93+Historical+Flags&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflagspot.net%2Fflags%2Fht-hist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-africana-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-africana_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africana_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africana_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatesAppiah,_Anthony1999" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Henry Louis; Appiah, Anthony (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xE-N8hh-VNQC&q=spanish+haiti&pg=PA617"><i>Dominican-Haitian Relations</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465000715" title="Special:BookSources/9780465000715"><bdi>9780465000715</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominican-Haitian+Relations&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780465000715&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&rft.au=Appiah%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxE-N8hh-VNQC%26q%3Dspanish%2Bhaiti%26pg%3DPA617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Counterpoint-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Counterpoint_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatibag2003" class="citation book cs1">Matibag, Eugenio (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EswJ7t1B0XgC&q=spanish+haiti&pg=PA95"><i>Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint: Nation, State, and Race on Hispaniola</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312294328" title="Special:BookSources/9780312294328"><bdi>9780312294328</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haitian-Dominican+Counterpoint%3A+Nation%2C+State%2C+and+Race+on+Hispaniola&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780312294328&rft.aulast=Matibag&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEswJ7t1B0XgC%26q%3Dspanish%2Bhaiti%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corbett-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corbett_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett" class="citation web cs1">Corbett, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43a/108.html">"1818–1843 The rule of Jean-Pierre Boyer"</a>. <i>The History of Haiti</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Haiti&rft.atitle=1818%E2%80%931843+The+rule+of+Jean-Pierre+Boyer&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartford-hwp.com%2Farchives%2F43a%2F108.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franco-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franco_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franco_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranco_Pichardo2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Franco" title="Franklin Franco">Franco Pichardo, Franklin J.</a> (2009). "<b>Capítulo XVIII:</b> Período de Integración con Haití". <i>Historia del Pueblo Dominicano</i> (in Spanish) (8th ed.). Santo Domingo: Ediciones Taller. pp. 175–178. <q>La actividad de los agentes haitianos, más los pronunciamentos de los pueblos de la zona Norte y de otras en la zona fronteriza, en favor de la unidad con Haití, y los constantes rumores sobre la entrada a la colonia del ejército de Boyer,... (...) El 15 de diciembre, Andrés Amarante, comandante de Dajabón, comunicó al presidente Boyer que la bandera de Haití había sido enarbolada en aquella ciudad y cinco días después, una junta popular organizada en Santiago denunció la obra de Núñez de Cáceres como "antisocial", llamando en su auxilio a Boyer. (...) En Haití, donde el movimiento unionista de los pueblos del Cibao Central y fronterizos había sido recibido calurosamente, el movimiento independentista de Núñez de Cáceres no encontró simpatía. Por ello, el periódico La Concordia "gazeta del gobierno de Haití" (...) censura la proclamación de la independencia de Núñez de Cáceres, cuestionando la confederación del nuevo Estado con Colombia. El periódico resaltaba que la confederación debió hacerse con Haití pues a su entender era "la confederación legítima preparada por la naturaleza"... (...) Boyer salió de Puerto Príncipe a finales de enero con su ejército que se dividió en dos partes: una que cruzó la frontera por el Norte y otra por el Sur, y el día 9 de febrero de 1822 hizo su entrada a la ciudad de Santo Domingo, donde luego de los actos de recibimiento oficiales de rigor que encabezó el Dr. Núñez de Cáceres, que envolvieron un tedéum en la Catedral y la entrega de la llave de la ciudad, que no quiso aceptar expresando «que no había entrado en ella como conquistador sino por la voluntad de sus habitantes»; poco después, en acto público solemne efectuado en la plaza principal, tomó su primera ejecutoria como Gobernador del territorio antiguamente español, proclamando la abolición de la esclavitud.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cap%C3%ADtulo+XVIII%3A+Per%C3%ADodo+de+Integraci%C3%B3n+con+Hait%C3%AD&rft.btitle=Historia+del+Pueblo+Dominicano&rft.place=Santo+Domingo&rft.pages=175-178&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Ediciones+Taller&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Franco+Pichardo&rft.aufirst=Franklin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor,_Ishaan2015" class="citation news cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan, ed. (11 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/13/does-france-owe-haiti-reparations/">"Is it time for France to pay its real debt to Haiti?"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Is+it+time+for+France+to+pay+its+real+debt+to+Haiti%3F&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2015%2F05%2F13%2Fdoes-france-owe-haiti-reparations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diariolibre.com/especiales/dia-independencia/para-saber-mas-BJ9092399">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Huyó todo el que pudo" tras invasión haitiana de 1822"</a>. 2 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Huy%C3%B3+todo+el+que+pudo%22+tras+invasi%C3%B3n+haitiana+de+1822&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariolibre.com%2Fespeciales%2Fdia-independencia%2Fpara-saber-mas-BJ9092399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coupeau-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coupeau_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coupeau_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoupeau,_Steeve2008" class="citation book cs1">Coupeau, Steeve, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tA-XfYZFNvkC&q=Ozama+and+Cibao&pg=PA52"><i>The History of Haiti</i></a>. Bloomsbury. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313340895" title="Special:BookSources/9780313340895"><bdi>9780313340895</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Haiti&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780313340895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtA-XfYZFNvkC%26q%3DOzama%2Band%2BCibao%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Terrenos comuneros</i> arose because of "scarce population, low value of the land, the absence of officials qualified to survey the lands, and the difficulty of dividing up the ranch in such a way that each would receive a share of the grasslands, forests, streams, palm groves, and small agricultural plots that, only when combined, made possible the exploitation of the ranch." (Hoetink, <i>The Dominican People: Notes for a Historical Sociology</i> transl. Stephen Ault Pg. 83 (Johns Hopkins Press: Baltimore, 1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2012" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Michael R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3RbzX4PjxtgC&q=mulatto+black+haiti+code+rural&pg=PA65"><i>Historical Dictionary of Haiti</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810878105" title="Special:BookSources/9780810878105"><bdi>9780810878105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Haiti&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780810878105&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3RbzX4PjxtgC%26q%3Dmulatto%2Bblack%2Bhaiti%2Bcode%2Brural%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrouillot,_Michel-Rolph1990" class="citation book cs1">Trouillot, Michel-Rolph (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xd1WCgAAQBAJ&q=haiti+boyer+ends+slavery&pg=PA48"><i>Haiti: State Against Nation</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853457558" title="Special:BookSources/9780853457558"><bdi>9780853457558</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+State+Against+Nation&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780853457558&rft.au=Trouillot%2C+Michel-Rolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxd1WCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhaiti%2Bboyer%2Bends%2Bslavery%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan,_Patrick_E.1984" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, Patrick E. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q9owdkOc0wgC&q=haiti+boyer+ends+slavery&pg=PA43"><i>The Haitian Revolution and Its Effects</i></a>. Heinemann. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0435983016" title="Special:BookSources/0435983016"><bdi>0435983016</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haitian+Revolution+and+Its+Effects&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0435983016&rft.au=Bryan%2C+Patrick+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9owdkOc0wgC%26q%3Dhaiti%2Bboyer%2Bends%2Bslavery%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-samana-americans/">"Expedition Magazine | the Samana Americans"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expedition+Magazine+%26%23124%3B+the+Samana+Americans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fexpedition%2Fthe-samana-americans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2019" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Andrew (12 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2019.1565438">"All Spirits Are Roused: The 1822 Antislavery Revolution in Haitian Santo Domingo"</a>. <i>Slavery & Abolition</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 12–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0144039X.2019.1565438">10.1080/0144039X.2019.1565438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150460930">150460930</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavery+%26+Abolition&rft.atitle=All+Spirits+Are+Roused%3A+The+1822+Antislavery+Revolution+in+Haitian+Santo+Domingo&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=12-14&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0144039X.2019.1565438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150460930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F0144039X.2019.1565438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundahl,_Mats2015" class="citation book cs1">Lundahl, Mats, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbFhCQAAQBAJ&q=code+rural+haiti+restriction&pg=PA350"><i>Peasants and Poverty (Routledge Revivals): A Study of Haiti</i></a>. Routledge. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317593911" title="Special:BookSources/9781317593911"><bdi>9781317593911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasants+and+Poverty+%28Routledge+Revivals%29%3A+A+Study+of+Haiti&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317593911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbFhCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcode%2Brural%2Bhaiti%2Brestriction%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidalgo,_Dennis2003" class="citation book cs1">Hidalgo, Dennis (2003) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/567462"><i>From North America to Hispaniola</i></a>. Mt. Pleasant, Michigan: Central Michigan University. pp. 2–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+North+America+to+Hispaniola&rft.place=Mt.+Pleasant%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=2-50&rft.pub=Central+Michigan+University&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Hidalgo%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F567462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti-archive/msg00868.html"><i>US Gazette</i>, Philadelphia, 1824</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130910113052/http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti-archive/msg00868.html">Archived</a> 2013-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from Girard Alphonse Firire, PhD, "HAITI AND ITS DIASPORA: NEW HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC FRONTIERS", 27 August 1999, accessed 15 January 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rout-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rout_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRout1976" class="citation book cs1">Rout, Leslie B. (July 30, 1976). <i>The African Experience in Spanish America</i>. CUP Archive. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Experience+in+Spanish+America&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1976-07-30&rft.aulast=Rout&rft.aufirst=Leslie+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moya, Pons Frank. 1977. Historia Colonial de Santo Domingo. 3rd ed. Santiago: Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212926/http://www.groupeimmobilierdhaiti.com/Hinche-n3672.html">"Groupe Immobilier d'Haiti"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groupeimmobilierdhaiti.com/Hinche-n3672.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Groupe+Immobilier+d%27Haiti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.groupeimmobilierdhaiti.com%2FHinche-n3672.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+occupation+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123080255/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP08C01297R000300250005-9.pdf">Dominican Republic-Haiti Boundary</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms_of_Hispaniola" title="Chiefdoms of Hispaniola">Cacicazgo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Santo_Domingo" title="List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devastations_of_Osorio" title="Devastations of Osorio">Devastations of Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons#Dominican_Republic" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Era de Francia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo">Spanish reconquest</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_Boba" title="España Boba">España Boba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Spanish_Haiti" title="Republic of Spanish Haiti">Spanish Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hispaniola">Unification of Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Trinitaria_(Dominican_Republic)" title="La Trinitaria (Dominican Republic)">La Trinitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic">Spanish occupation 1861–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">U.S. occupation 1916–1924</a></li> <li>Trujillo Era (<a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Trujillo" title="Héctor Trujillo">Héctor Trujillo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOMREP" title="DOMREP">DOMREP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Dominican Republic"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Geography of the Dominican Republic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_border" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of cities in the Dominican Republic">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Colonial_(Santo_Domingo)" title="Ciudad Colonial (Santo Domingo)">Ciudad Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of islands of the Dominican Republic">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain peaks of the Caribbean">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of municipalities of the Dominican Republic">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of national parks of the Dominican Republic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Provinces of the Dominican Republic">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Regions_of_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geographic Regions of the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of rivers of the Dominican Republic">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Fauna of the Dominican Republic">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Politics of the Dominican Republic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Cabinet of the Dominican Republic">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Congress of the Dominican Republic">Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Senate of the Dominican Republic">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Dominican_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies (Dominican Republic)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Constitution of the Dominican Republic">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Elections in the Dominican Republic">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Human rights in the Dominican Republic">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Dominican Republic">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Law of the Dominican Republic">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican National Police">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Dominican Republic">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Politics of the Dominican Republic">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of political parties in the Dominican Republic">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_peso" title="Dominican peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of banks in the Dominican Republic">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Central Bank of the Dominican Republic">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of companies of the Dominican Republic">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Electricity sector in the Dominican Republic">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Dominican Republic">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Tourism in the Dominican Republic">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Transport in the Dominican Republic">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Society of the Dominican Republic">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Crime in the Dominican Republic">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Demographics of the Dominican Republic">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Health in the Dominican Republic">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Public holidays in the Dominican Republic">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Dominican Republic">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Culture of the Dominican Republic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="National Anthem of the Dominican Republic">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_art" title="Dominican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_films" title="List of Dominican Republic films">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Dominican Republic">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Flag of the Dominican Republic">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_literature" title="Dominican Republic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in the Dominican Republic">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Outline of the Dominican Republic">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Dominican Republic–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Dominican Republic">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic" title="Portal:Dominican Republic">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haiti_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Haiti_topics" title="Template:Haiti topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Haiti_topics" title="Template talk:Haiti topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haiti_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Haiti topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Haiti_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Haiti-related_articles" title="Index of Haiti-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Haitian_history" title="Timeline of Haitian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms_of_Hispaniola" title="Chiefdoms of Hispaniola">Taíno chiefdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Captaincy General of Santo Domingo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Santo_Domingo" title="List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Maroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Saint-Domingue" title="List of colonial governors of Saint-Domingue">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Jeune_Case" title="Le Jeune Case">Le Jeune Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haiti_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1804 Haiti massacre">1804 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Haiti" title="State of Haiti">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">Kingdom</a></li> <li>Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1806%E2%80%931820)" title="Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)">1806–1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820%E2%80%931849)" title="Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)">1820–1849</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unification of Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1859%E2%80%931957)" title="Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)">Post-imperial Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" title="Duvalier dynasty">Duvalier dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Duvalier_protest_movement" title="Anti-Duvalier protest movement">Anti-Duvalier protest movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">1991 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">2004 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">2010s cholera outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Matthew_in_Haiti" title="Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti">Hurricane Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Haitian crisis (2018–present)">Crisis (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Gang war in Haiti">Gang war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Haitian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Haitian crisis">2022 crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Haiti_earthquake" title="2021 Haiti earthquake">2021 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Haiti" title="List of massacres in Haiti">List of massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Haiti" title="List of revolutions and coups d'état in Haiti">List of revolutions and coups d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti" title="Geography of Haiti">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Haiti" title="Administrative divisions of Haiti">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti" title="Arrondissements of Haiti">Arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_border" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Haiti" title="List of cities in Haiti">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti" title="Deforestation in Haiti">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti" title="Departments of Haiti">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Haiti" title="List of earthquakes in Haiti">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Haiti" title="Environment of Haiti">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Haiti" title="List of islands of Haiti">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Haiti" title="List of national parks of Haiti">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Haiti" title="List of rivers of Haiti">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Haiti" title="Wildlife of Haiti">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti" title="Politics of Haiti">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti" title="Constitution of Haiti">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Haiti" title="Elections in Haiti">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Haiti" title="Foreign relations of Haiti">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Haiti" title="Government of Haiti">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Haiti" title="Human rights in Haiti">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Haiti">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Haiti" title="Law enforcement in Haiti">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="List of commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti">Commanders-in-chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Haiti)" title="National Assembly (Haiti)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)" title="Senate (Haiti)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Haiti">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Haiti" title="List of heads of state of Haiti">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Haiti" title="List of prime ministers of Haiti">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Haiti" title="Supreme Court of Haiti">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Haiti" title="Agriculture in Haiti">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Haiti" title="Bank of the Republic of Haiti">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_Haiti" title="External debt of Haiti">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Haiti" title="Foreign aid to Haiti">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Gourde <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Haiti" title="Poverty in Haiti">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Haiti" title="Tourism in Haiti">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Haiti" title="Transport in Haiti">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Haiti" title="Category:Society of Haiti">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Haiti" title="Crime in Haiti">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti" title="Demographics of Haiti">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Haiti" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Haiti">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Haiti" title="Health in Haiti">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Haitians" title="List of Haitians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Haiti" title="Squatting in Haiti">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Haiti" title="Water supply and sanitation in Haiti">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti" title="Culture of Haiti">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti" title="Coat of arms of Haiti">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Citadelle Laferrière">Citadelle Laferrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti" title="Flag of Haiti">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Haiti">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_literature" title="Haitian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Haiti" title="Mass media in Haiti">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_mythology" title="Haitian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Dessalinienne" title="La Dessalinienne">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-Souci_Palace" title="Sans-Souci Palace">Sans-Souci Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Haiti" title="Public holidays in Haiti">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Haiti" title="Television in Haiti">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">The Unknown Maroon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Haiti" title="Outline of Haiti">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Haiti-related_articles" title="Index of Haiti-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haiti" title="Category:Haiti">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&oldid=1252831902">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo&oldid=1252831902</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Haiti" title="Category:19th century in 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