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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region around Edinburgh</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg/250px-Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg/330px-Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg/500px-Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></i> (Old North) c. 550 – c. 650. The area marked <i><a href="/wiki/Lleuddiniawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Lleuddiniawn">Lleuddiniawn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a>) contained the region known as Eidyn</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Eidyn</b> was the region around modern <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> in Britain's <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Roman">sub-Roman</a> and early medieval periods, approximately the 5th–7th centuries. It centred on the stronghold of <b>Din Eidyn</b>, thought to have been at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock_(Edinburgh)" title="Castle Rock (Edinburgh)">Castle Rock</a>, now the site of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>, and apparently included much of the area below the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>. It was the most important district of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Gododdin" title="Gododdin">Gododdin</a>, and a significant power in the <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a>, or Old North, the Brittonic-speaking area of what is now southern Scotland and northern England. </p><p>The site of Din Eidyn has been nearly continuously occupied since the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age</a>, serving as a stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Votadini" title="Votadini">Votadini</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman era</a> and later the principal centre of their successors, the Gododdin kingdom. Eidyn's importance to the Hen Ogledd is reflected in the medieval poem <i><a href="/wiki/Y_Gododdin" title="Y Gododdin">Y Gododdin</a></i>, which concerns a war band that gathered there for a raid around AD 600. After years of decline, Eidyn was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> in 638. </p><p>Eidyn is the source of the <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Edinburgh" title="Etymology of Edinburgh">name of Edinburgh</a> in English, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>. It also remained prominent in Brittonic tradition throughout the Middle Ages. <i>Y Gododdin</i> evidently circulated in multiple manuscripts into the 13th century. Eidyn also features in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triads" title="Welsh Triads">Welsh Triads</a> and poetry, where it was often remembered as the Britons' northern frontier. Welsh genealogies of the figure <a href="/wiki/Clydno_Eidyn" title="Clydno Eidyn">Clydno Eidyn</a> may preserve Eidyn's royal pedigree. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_location">Name and location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eidyn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions of Eidyn's name and location are closely linked, as it is not entirely clear what area the name refers to. It certainly included the fortress of Din Eidyn (a <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> name meaning the <a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">dun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillfort</a> of Eidyn) in modern <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. Place-name evidence suggests Eidyn spread more widely, surviving also in the name of <a href="/wiki/Carriden" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriden">Carriden</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a> Eidyn</i>), located eighteen miles to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumville1994297_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumville1994297-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Kenneth H. Jackson</a> argued strongly that Eidyn referred exclusively to Din Eidyn, suggesting a different origin for Carriden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson196977–78_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson196977–78-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ifor_Williams" title="Ifor Williams">Ifor Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nora_K._Chadwick" title="Nora K. Chadwick">Nora K. Chadwick</a> argued for the <i>Caer Eidyn</i> etymology and believed that Eidyn represented a wider region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumville1994297_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumville1994297-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197247,_64_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197247,_64-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1968107_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1968107-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accepting the latter interpretation, <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Bromwich" title="Rachel Bromwich">Rachel Bromwich</a> wrote that Eidyn would have covered much of the area south of the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>, either abutting or possibly including the area known as <a href="/wiki/Manaw_Gododdin" title="Manaw Gododdin">Manaw Gododdin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006314_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006314-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eidyn is the source of the <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Edinburgh" title="Etymology of Edinburgh">name of Edinburgh</a> in English, Scots and Scottish Gaelic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelling,_Nicolaisen,_&_Richards197088–89_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelling,_Nicolaisen,_&_Richards197088–89-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, who conquered the area in the 7th century, replaced the Brittonic <i>din</i> in Din Eidyn with the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burh</a></i> to produce <i>Edinburgh</i>; similarly, the name became <i>Dùn Èideann</i> in Scottish Gaelic. The origin of the name <i>Eidyn</i> is not known. It may not have been known even in the 7th century, as both the Angles and Gaels adopted it into their languages more or less phonetically, even as they translated the term <i>Din</i> into their own languages. Some sources suggest it derives from an <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> form referring to <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a>, though modern scholarship refutes this, as the form <i>Eidyn</i> predates Edwin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelling,_Nicolaisen,_&_Richards197088–89_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelling,_Nicolaisen,_&_Richards197088–89-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Eidyn</i> is evidently the original form of the name, though <i>Eiddyn</i> appears in later poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006314,_456_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006314,_456-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Welsh sources also refer to <i><a href="/wiki/Lleuddiniawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Lleuddiniawn">Lleuddiniawn</a></i>, the region now known as <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a>. Celtic scholar <a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">John T. Koch</a> traces these names to the god <a href="/wiki/Lugus" title="Lugus">Lugus</a>. He argues that the original form was *<i>Luguduniana</i> ("Country of the Fort of [the god] Lugus"). This name implies the existence of a <i>Lugudunom</i>, or "Fort of Lugus", which Koch suggested was an alternative name or epithet of Din Eidyn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2007120_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2007120-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch1997131_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch1997131-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006b1191_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006b1191-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eidyn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Castle_(20).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Edinburgh_Castle_%2820%29.jpg/250px-Edinburgh_Castle_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Edinburgh_Castle_%2820%29.jpg/500px-Edinburgh_Castle_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> on <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock_(Edinburgh)" title="Castle Rock (Edinburgh)">Castle Rock</a>, the most likely location of Din Eidyn</figcaption></figure> <p>Fortified communities appeared around Edinburgh in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Britain">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997220–223_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997220–223-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain's early Roman era</a>, the area was recorded as part of the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Votadini" title="Votadini">Votadini</a>. The Votadini were largely independent but subject to Roman influence in the 2nd century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth19898–9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth19898–9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 143, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> commenced the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> north of the Votadini and what would become Eidyn, with its eastern terminus likely at Carriden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumville1994295–297_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumville1994295–297-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Votadini may have become a <a href="/wiki/Roman_client_kingdoms_in_Britain" title="Roman client kingdoms in Britain">Roman client kingdom</a>, tasked with defending the border against the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth198915_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth198915-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conception of Eidyn as Britain's northern border against the barbarians remained popular for hundreds of years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2007120_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2007120-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the post-Roman era, the Votadini polity transitioned into the <a href="/wiki/Gododdin" title="Gododdin">Gododdin</a> kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth19899_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth19899-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eidyn's importance to the Gododdin and the Hen Ogledd in general is attested in the early medieval poem <i><a href="/wiki/Y_Gododdin" title="Y Gododdin">Y Gododdin</a></i>. The work relates that a force of 300 distinguished warriors from across the Brittonic world assembled at Din Eidyn for a raid on <a href="/wiki/Catraeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Catraeth">Catraeth</a> (probably <a href="/wiki/Catterick,_North_Yorkshire" title="Catterick, North Yorkshire">Catterick</a>) around AD 600.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006456–458_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006456–458-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem's dense language and convoluted history make it difficult to interpret the historical events underlying the work. According to <a href="/wiki/Ifor_Williams" title="Ifor Williams">Ifor Williams</a>' interpretation, the warriors were summoned by <a href="/wiki/Mynydawc_Eidyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mynydawc Eidyn">Mynydawc Eidyn</a>, perhaps a Gododdin ruler, to attack the Angles holding Catraeth. The warriors feasted for a year before setting out on the expedition, during which almost all were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006456–458_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006456–458-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later scholars such as John Koch and Graham Isaac have challenged elements of this interpretation, and read <i>Mynydawc</i> as a place name referring to a mountain, not as a ruler. Koch suggested that the Eidyn ruler was Ureui or Gwylget Gododdin, who are mentioned in the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997227_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997227-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Arthur_Seat_dsc06165.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Edinburgh_Arthur_Seat_dsc06165.jpg/250px-Edinburgh_Arthur_Seat_dsc06165.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Edinburgh_Arthur_Seat_dsc06165.jpg/375px-Edinburgh_Arthur_Seat_dsc06165.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Edinburgh_Arthur_Seat_dsc06165.jpg/500px-Edinburgh_Arthur_Seat_dsc06165.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Seat" title="Arthur's Seat">Arthur's Seat</a> in Edinburgh, another possible location for Din Eidyn</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 7th century, the Gododdin kingdom was in decline. At this time, Eidyn may have been a sub-kingdom within Gododdin, and its lords may have controlled only their own territory, and not all of Gododdin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997227_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997227-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a> record the "siege of <i>Etin</i>" in the year 638. This may refer to the final Anglian conquest of Lothian. This is also the earliest relatively certain historical reference to Eidyn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll2006624_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll2006624-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eidyn appears to have remained in Anglian hands for most of the next three centuries, although historical and archaeological evidence is scant, and it is unclear if a fortress remained at Din Eidyn. The <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Annals of Clonmacnoise">Annals of Clonmacnoise</a> indicate that <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> of England "spoiled the kingdom of Edinburgh" in 934, suggesting a fortification of some note existed at that time. The <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Kings_of_Alba" title="Chronicle of the Kings of Alba">Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</a> says that the Scots conquered Eidyn and its fort under King <a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a>, who ruled from 954–962. Around this time a noble estate was built there, paving the way for the royal castle in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997229_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997229-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Din_Eidyn">Din Eidyn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eidyn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Din Eidyn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eidyn's most significant location was the stronghold of Din Eidyn. The initial Iron Age settlement at Din Eidyn was presumably a <a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">dun</a> or hill fort. Remains of such structures exist at <a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Seat" title="Arthur's Seat">Arthur's Seat</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock_(Edinburgh)" title="Castle Rock (Edinburgh)">Castle Rock</a> (now the site of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>), and some other hilltops in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich_&_Evans1992xxxvi–xxxvii_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich_&_Evans1992xxxvi–xxxvii-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these, archaeologists generally identify the Castle Rock site as Din Eidyn, as the evidence indicates it was an important centre continuously from Roman times into the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll2006624_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll2006624-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997229_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997229-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaing2006297_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing2006297-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence suggests Castle Rock has been inhabited since the Bronze Age, possibly making it the oldest site in Scotland that has been nearly continuously occupied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman19972,_226–227_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman19972,_226–227-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the earliest evidence suggests the site was initially minor compared to other contemporary locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997220_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997220-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the site was apparently a fortified village, though only one of several in the Edinburgh region. Its easily defended location appears to have given it an advantage over other nearby sites such as Arthur's Seat, where settlement was evidently unstable and not continuous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997222_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997222-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Roman era, the site supported a prosperous settlement that likely included a hillfort, perhaps featuring a <a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">broch</a> (roundhouse).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997223–224,_226_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997223–224,_226-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this period, Castle Rock was apparently one of the major centres of the Votadini, though it was dwarfed by <a href="/wiki/Traprain_Law" title="Traprain Law">Traprain Law</a>, which was ten times larger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997224–225_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997224–225-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early medieval period, Din Eidyn emerged as the principal political centre of the Gododdin kingdom, especially after the abandonment of Traprain Law in the early 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997227_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997227-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll2006624_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll2006624-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006a824_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006a824-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 7th century, when the Gododdin kingdom was in decline, the lords of Din Eidyn may have only controlled only the Eidyn district rather than the entire Gododdin territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997227_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997227-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Anglian conquest of Eidyn, the Din Eidyn location remained a fortified settlement of the Angles, and later of the Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997227_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997227-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eidyn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gododdin1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gododdin1.jpg/250px-Gododdin1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gododdin1.jpg/330px-Gododdin1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>A page from <i><a href="/wiki/Y_Gododdin" title="Y Gododdin">Y Gododdin</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Aneirin" title="Book of Aneirin">Book of Aneirin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Eidyn remained prominent in Brittonic tradition long after its conquest by the Angles. Several works invoke Eidyn's position as the northern frontier of the Britons. The poem <i><a href="/wiki/Pa_gur_yv_y_porthaur%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa gur yv y porthaur?">Pa gur yv y porthaur?</a></i> (<i>What man is the gatekeeper?</i>), dating to the 10th century or earlier, contains several allusions to <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> and his warriors defending "Eidyn at the border". The poem describes Arthur's company fighting <i><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">cinbin</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Dogheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogheads">dogheads</a>) on the "Mountain of Eidyn". It also mentions <a href="/wiki/Bedwyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedwyr">Bedwyr</a> (the Sir Bedivere of later tradition) sparring with <a href="/wiki/Garwlwyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Garwlwyd">Garwlwyd</a> ("Rough-Grey"), evidently one of the monsters, at the "shores of <a href="/wiki/Tryfrwyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Tryfrwyd">Tryfrwyd</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich_&_Evans1992xxxvi–xxxvii_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich_&_Evans1992xxxvi–xxxvii-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen200784–85,_119–122_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200784–85,_119–122-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims-Williams199141–43_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims-Williams199141–43-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triad" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Triad">Welsh Triad</a> 33 includes a certain Llawgat Trwm Bargod Eidyn (Heavy Battle-Hand of the Border of Eidyn), who killed <a href="/wiki/Afaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Afaon">Afaon</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a>, in one of the "Three Unfortunate Slaughters of the Island of Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich200675–78,_410_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich200675–78,_410-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Y Gododdin</i> and its account of Eidyn apparently circulated in multiple manuscripts during the Middle Ages. The only existing version is in the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Aneirin" title="Book of Aneirin">Book of Aneirin</a>, but textual evidence suggests the scribes copied from two or three earlier manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarman1988lxvi_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1988lxvi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, figures associated with Eidyn, including <a href="/wiki/Clyddno_Eidyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Clyddno Eidyn">Clyddno Eidyn</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Cynon_ap_Clydno" title="Cynon ap Clydno">Cynon ap Clydno</a> – a survivor of Catraeth – featured in poetry, the Welsh Triads, and Arthurian material throughout the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006314–315,_326–327_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006314–315,_326–327-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pedigree of Clyddno's family recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Harleian_genealogies" title="Harleian genealogies">Harleian genealogies</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bonedd_Gw%C5%B7r_y_Gogledd" title="Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd">Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd</a></i> may record Eidyn's kingly line.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006256–257_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006256–257-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eidyn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumville1994297-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumville1994297_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumville1994297_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumville1994">Dumville 1994</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson196977–78-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson196977–78_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1969">Jackson 1969</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197247,_64-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197247,_64_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1972">Williams 1972</a>, pp. 47, 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1968107-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1968107_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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href="http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/history/harleian_genealogies/7.html">Harleian Genealogy 7</a>. www.kmatthews.org.uk. Retrieved January 8, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006256–257-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromwich2006256–257_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromwich2006">Bromwich 2006</a>, pp. 256–257.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eidyn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBromwich_&_Evans1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Bromwich" title="Rachel Bromwich">Bromwich, Rachel</a>; Evans, D. Simon (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culhwcholwenedit00brom"><i>Culhwch and Olwen: An edition and study of the oldest Arthurian tale</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-1127-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7083-1127-X"><bdi>0-7083-1127-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culhwch+and+Olwen%3A+An+edition+and+study+of+the+oldest+Arthurian+tale&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7083-1127-X&rft.aulast=Bromwich&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Evans%2C+D.+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculhwcholwenedit00brom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromwich2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Bromwich" title="Rachel Bromwich">Bromwich, Rachel</a> (2006). <i>Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211696-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211696-7"><bdi>0-19-211696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trioedd+Ynys+Prydein%3A+The+Triads+of+the+Island+of+Britain&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-211696-7&rft.aulast=Bromwich&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nora_Kershaw_Chadwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Nora Kershaw Chadwick">Chadwick, Nora Kershaw</a> (1968). <i>The British Heroic Age: the Welsh and the Men of the North</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-0465-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7083-0465-6"><bdi>0-7083-0465-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Heroic+Age%3A+the+Welsh+and+the+Men+of+the+North&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-7083-0465-6&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Nora+Kershaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll_&_Yeoman1997" class="citation book cs1">Driscoll, Stephen; Yeoman, Peter A. (1997). <i>Excavations within Edinburgh Castle in 1988-91</i>. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland monograph series. Vol. 12. <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Scotland" title="Society of Antiquaries of Scotland">Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903-903121" title="Special:BookSources/0-903-903121"><bdi>0-903-903121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excavations+within+Edinburgh+Castle+in+1988-91&rft.series=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland+monograph+series&rft.pub=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-903-903121&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Yeoman%2C+Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Driscoll, Stephen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=eidyn&pg=PA541">"Dùn Èideann"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (ed.). <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">623–</span>625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851094407" title="Special:BookSources/1851094407"><bdi>1851094407</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D%C3%B9n+%C3%88ideann&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E623-%3C%2Fspan%3E625&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1851094407&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC%26q%3Deidyn%26pg%3DPA541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDumville1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Dumville" title="David Dumville">Dumville, David</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_124/124_293_298.pdf">"The eastern terminus of the Antonine Wall: 12th- or 13th-century evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>. <b>124</b>: <span class="nowrap">293–</span>298<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=The+eastern+terminus+of+the+Antonine+Wall%3A+12th-+or+13th-century+evidence&rft.volume=124&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Dumville&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2FarchiveDS%2FarchiveDownload%3Ft%3Darch-352-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol_124%2F124_293_298.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGelling,_Nicolaisen,_&_Richards1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Gelling" title="Margaret Gelling">Gelling, Margaret</a>; <a href="/wiki/W._F._H._Nicolaisen" title="W. F. H. Nicolaisen">Nicolaisen, W. F. H.</a>; Richards, Melville (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/namesoftownsciti0000nico"><i>The Names of Towns and Cities in Britain</i></a></span>. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-5235-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-5235-8"><bdi>0-7134-5235-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Names+of+Towns+and+Cities+in+Britain&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-7134-5235-8&rft.aulast=Gelling&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Nicolaisen%2C+W.+F.+H.&rft.au=Richards%2C+Melville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnamesoftownsciti0000nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2007" class="citation book cs1">Green, Thomas (2007). <i>Concepts of Arthur</i>. Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4461-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4461-1"><bdi>978-0-7524-4461-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Arthur&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4461-1&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Jackson, Kenneth H.</a> (1969). <i>The Gododdin: The Oldest Scottish Poem</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852240496" title="Special:BookSources/9780852240496"><bdi>9780852240496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gododdin%3A+The+Oldest+Scottish+Poem&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780852240496&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJarman1988" class="citation book cs1">Jarman, A.O.H. (1988). <i>Y Gododdin: Britain's Oldest Heroic Poem</i>. Gomer Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86383-354-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86383-354-3"><bdi>0-86383-354-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Y+Gododdin%3A+Britain%27s+Oldest+Heroic+Poem&rft.pub=Gomer+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-86383-354-3&rft.aulast=Jarman&rft.aufirst=A.O.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (1997). <i>The Gododdin of Aneirin</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0708313744" title="Special:BookSources/0708313744"><bdi>0708313744</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gododdin+of+Aneirin&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0708313744&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Koch, John T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=eidyn&pg=PA541">"Gododdin"</a>. In Koch, John T. (ed.). <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">823–</span>826. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851094407" title="Special:BookSources/1851094407"><bdi>1851094407</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gododdin&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E823-%3C%2Fspan%3E826&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1851094407&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC%26q%3Deidyn%26pg%3DPA541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Koch, John T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=eidyn&pg=PA541">"Lothian"</a>. In Koch, John T. (ed.). <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">1190–</span>1191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851094407" title="Special:BookSources/1851094407"><bdi>1851094407</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lothian&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1190-%3C%2Fspan%3E1191&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1851094407&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC%26q%3Deidyn%26pg%3DPA541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaing2006" class="citation book cs1">Laing, Lloyd Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcDmHwcv4jMC&q=%22traprain+law%22+eidyn&pg=PA297"><i>The Archaeology of Celtic Britain and Ireland: C.AD 400 - 1200</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521838622" title="Special:BookSources/0521838622"><bdi>0521838622</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Celtic+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+C.AD+400+-+1200&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0521838622&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcDmHwcv4jMC%26q%3D%2522traprain%2Blaw%2522%2Beidyn%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sims-Williams, Patrick (1991). "The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems". In <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Bromwich" title="Rachel Bromwich">Bromwich, Rachel</a>; Jarman, A. O. H.; Roberts, Brynley F. (eds.). <i>The Arthur of the Welsh</i>. University of Wales Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0708311075" title="Special:BookSources/0708311075"><bdi>0708311075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Welsh+Arthurian+Poems&rft.btitle=The+Arthur+of+the+Welsh&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0708311075&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Smyth" title="Alfred P. Smyth">Smyth, Alfred P.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mxxwmg48bFgC&q=Votadini"><i>Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-1000</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748601007" title="Special:BookSources/0748601007"><bdi>0748601007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Holy+Men%3A+Scotland+AD+80-1000&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0748601007&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Alfred+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmxxwmg48bFgC%26q%3DVotadini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ifor_Williams" title="Ifor Williams">Williams, Ifor</a> (1972). <i>The Beginnings of Welsh Poetry: Studies</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-0035-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7083-0035-9"><bdi>0-7083-0035-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Welsh+Poetry%3A+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7083-0035-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ifor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEidyn" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eidyn&oldid=1264659534">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eidyn&oldid=1264659534</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Edinburgh" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Edinburgh">Archaeological sites in Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edinburgh_Castle" title="Category:Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_the_British_Isles" title="Category:Former countries in the British Isles">Former countries in the British Isles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hen_Ogledd" title="Category:Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Edinburgh" title="Category:History of Edinburgh">History of Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_associated_with_Arthurian_legend" title="Category:Locations associated with Arthurian legend">Locations associated with Arthurian legend</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lothian" title="Category:Lothian">Lothian</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text">Articles containing Welsh-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 December 2024, at 21:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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