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inventions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life,_work_and_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bauhaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bauhaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bauhaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bauhaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Massachusetts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>New York City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breuer's_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breuer's_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Breuer's work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breuer's_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marcel Breuer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="مارسيل بروير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارسيل بروير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BB_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Μαρσέλ Μπρόιερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρσέλ Μπρόιερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Lajos_Breuer" title="Marcel Lajos Breuer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marcel Lajos Breuer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="مارسل بروئر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارسل بروئر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Lajos_Breuer" title="Marcel Lajos Breuer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marcel Lajos Breuer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%85%80_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="마르셀 브로이어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르셀 브로이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մարսել Բրեյեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարսել Բրեյեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8" title="מרסל ברויאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרסל ברויאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breuer_Marcell" title="Breuer Marcell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Breuer Marcell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="مارسيل بروير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارسيل بروير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="マルセル・ブロイヤー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルセル・ブロイヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%91%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Брёйер, Марсель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брёйер, Марсель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8E%DA%B5_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B1" title="مارسێڵ برۆیەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مارسێڵ برۆیەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Марсел Бројер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марсел Бројер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marcel Breuer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D1%80" title="Марсель Броєр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марсель Броєр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E8%80%B6" title="马塞尔·布劳耶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马塞尔·布劳耶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hungarian-American architect and designer (1902–1981)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Marcel Breuer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Breuer-Main_entry_image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Breuer-Main_entry_image.png/220px-Breuer-Main_entry_image.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/56/Breuer-Main_entry_image.png 1.5x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="355" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Breuer in 1970</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Marcel Lajos Breuer</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1902-05-21</span>)</span>May 21, 1902<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1981<span style="display:none">(1981-07-01)</span> (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Hungarian, German, American (since 1944)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Architect</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AIA_Gold_Medal" title="AIA Gold Medal">AIA Gold Medal</a> (1968)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buildings</th><td class="infobox-data note"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Centre">World Heritage Centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/945_Madison_Avenue" title="945 Madison Avenue">945 Madison Avenue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_La_Gaude" title="IBM La Gaude">IBM La Gaude</a></li><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Marcel_Breuer_works" title="List of Marcel Breuer works">full list</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Chair" title="Wassily Chair">Wassily Chair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cesca_Chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesca Chair">Cesca Chair</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Marcel_Breuer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Signature_of_Marcel_Breuer.svg/150px-Signature_of_Marcel_Breuer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Signature_of_Marcel_Breuer.svg/225px-Signature_of_Marcel_Breuer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Signature_of_Marcel_Breuer.svg/300px-Signature_of_Marcel_Breuer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="74" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marcel Lajos Breuer</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BROY</span>-ər</i></a>; 21 May 1902 – 1 July 1981) was a Hungarian-German <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> architect and furniture designer. He moved to the United States in 1937 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> he designed the <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Chair" title="Wassily Chair">Wassily Chair</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cesca_Chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesca Chair">Cesca Chair</a>, which <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> have called some of the most important chairs of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breuer extended the sculpture vocabulary he had developed in the carpentry shop at the Bauhaus into a personal architecture that made him one of the world's most popular architects at the peak of 20th-century design. His work includes art museums, libraries, college buildings, office buildings, and residences. Many are in a <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist architecture</a> style, including the former IBM Research and Development facility which was the birthplace of the first <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">personal computer</a>. He is regarded as one of the great innovators of <a href="/wiki/Modern_furniture" title="Modern furniture">modern furniture</a> design and one of the most-influential exponents of the <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life,_work_and_inventions"><span id="Life.2C_work_and_inventions"></span>Life, work and inventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Breuer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life, work and inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauhaus_Chair_Breuer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bauhaus_Chair_Breuer.png/220px-Bauhaus_Chair_Breuer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bauhaus_Chair_Breuer.png/330px-Bauhaus_Chair_Breuer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bauhaus_Chair_Breuer.png/440px-Bauhaus_Chair_Breuer.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Chair" title="Wassily Chair">Wassily Chair</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Commonly known to his friends and associates as Lajkó (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LY</span>-koh</i></a>; the diminutive of his middle name),<sup id="cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianBio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breuer was born in Pécs, Hungary, to a Jewish family.<sup id="cite_ref-Sennott2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sennott2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was forced to renounce his faith in order to marry Marta Erps due to anti-Semitism in Germany at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Breuer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bauhaus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marcel Breuer left his workplace at the age of 18 in search of artistic training and, after a short period spent at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna" title="Academy of Fine Arts Vienna">Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna</a>, became one of the first and youngest students at the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> – a radical arts and crafts school that <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a> had founded in Weimar just after the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodham-2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodham-2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was recognized by Gropius as a significant talent and was quickly put at the head of the Bauhaus carpentry shop.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gropius was to remain a lifelong mentor for a man who was 19 years his junior. </p><p>After the school moved from Weimar to Dessau in 1925, Breuer returned from a brief sojourn in Paris to join older faculty members such as <a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Josef Albers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a> as a Master, eventually teaching in its newly established department of architecture. </p><p>Recognized for his invention of bicycle-handlebar-inspired tubular steel furniture,<sup id="cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianBio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breuer lived off his design fees at a time in the late 1920s and early 1930s when the architectural commissions he was looking for were few and far-between. The structural characteristics of his wooden furniture showed the influence of Dutch designers <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Gerrit Rietveld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Theo van Doesburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodham-2005_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodham-2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known to such giants as <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mies van der Rohe">Mies van der Rohe</a>, whose architectural vocabulary he was later to adapt as part of his own, but hardly considered an equal by them who were his senior by 15 and 16 years.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianBio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the widespread popular belief that one of the most famous of Breuer's tubular steel chairs, the <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Chair" title="Wassily Chair">Wassily Chair</a> was designed for Breuer's friend<sup id="cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianBio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>, it was not; Kandinsky admired Breuer's finished chair design, and only then did Breuer make an additional copy for Kandinsky's use in his home. When the chair was re-released in the 1960s, it was named "Wassily" by its Italian manufacturer, who had learned that Kandinsky had been the recipient of one of the earliest post-prototype units. </p><p>It was Gropius who assigned Breuer interiors at the 1927 <a href="/wiki/Weissenhof_Estate" title="Weissenhof Estate">Weissenhof Estate</a>. In 1928 he opened a practice in Berlin, devoted himself to interior design and furniture design and in 1932 he built his first house, the Harnischmacher in Wiesbaden. The house was white, with two floors and a flat roof; part of it and the terraces rose freely on supports.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London">London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Breuer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WALTER_GROPIUS_MARCEL_BREUER_L%C3%81SZL%C3%93_MOHOLY-NAGY_-_Lawn_Road_Flats_Hampstead_London_NW3_2XD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WALTER_GROPIUS_MARCEL_BREUER_L%C3%81SZL%C3%93_MOHOLY-NAGY_-_Lawn_Road_Flats_Hampstead_London_NW3_2XD_%282%29.jpg/220px-WALTER_GROPIUS_MARCEL_BREUER_L%C3%81SZL%C3%93_MOHOLY-NAGY_-_Lawn_Road_Flats_Hampstead_London_NW3_2XD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WALTER_GROPIUS_MARCEL_BREUER_L%C3%81SZL%C3%93_MOHOLY-NAGY_-_Lawn_Road_Flats_Hampstead_London_NW3_2XD_%282%29.jpg/330px-WALTER_GROPIUS_MARCEL_BREUER_L%C3%81SZL%C3%93_MOHOLY-NAGY_-_Lawn_Road_Flats_Hampstead_London_NW3_2XD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WALTER_GROPIUS_MARCEL_BREUER_L%C3%81SZL%C3%93_MOHOLY-NAGY_-_Lawn_Road_Flats_Hampstead_London_NW3_2XD_%282%29.jpg/440px-WALTER_GROPIUS_MARCEL_BREUER_L%C3%81SZL%C3%93_MOHOLY-NAGY_-_Lawn_Road_Flats_Hampstead_London_NW3_2XD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isokon_Flats" title="Isokon Flats">Isokon Flats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcel_Breuer._Long_Chair,_ca._1935-1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Marcel_Breuer._Long_Chair%2C_ca._1935-1936.jpg/220px-Marcel_Breuer._Long_Chair%2C_ca._1935-1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Marcel_Breuer._Long_Chair%2C_ca._1935-1936.jpg/330px-Marcel_Breuer._Long_Chair%2C_ca._1935-1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Marcel_Breuer._Long_Chair%2C_ca._1935-1936.jpg/440px-Marcel_Breuer._Long_Chair%2C_ca._1935-1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption>Marcel Breuer. Long Chair, ca. 1935–36 <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1935, at Gropius's suggestion, Breuer relocated to London.<sup id="cite_ref-Books-2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Books-2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldberger_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldberger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in London, Breuer was employed by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Pritchard" title="Jack Pritchard">Jack Pritchard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Isokon" title="Isokon">Isokon</a> company; one of the earliest proponents of modern design in the United Kingdom. Breuer designed his <a href="/wiki/Isokon_Long_Chair" title="Isokon Long Chair">Long Chair</a> as well as experimenting with bent and formed plywood, inspired by designs by Finnish architect <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodham-2005_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodham-2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1935 and 1937, he worked in practice with the English Modernist <a href="/wiki/F._R._S._Yorke" title="F. R. S. Yorke">F. R. S. Yorke</a> with whom he designed a number of houses. After a brief time as the Isokon's head of design in 1937, he emigrated to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodham-2005_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodham-2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Breuer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Massachusetts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1937, Gropius accepted the appointment as chairman of Harvard's Graduate School of Design and again Breuer followed his mentor to join the faculty in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianBio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men formed a partnership that was to greatly influence the establishment of an American way of designing modern houses – spread by their great collection of wartime students including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rudolph_(architect)" title="Paul Rudolph (architect)">Paul Rudolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Noyes" title="Eliot Noyes">Eliot Noyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Franzen" title="Ulrich Franzen">Ulrich Franzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_M._Johansen" title="John M. Johansen">John Johansen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianBio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most intact examples of Breuer's furniture and interior design work during this period is the Frank House in Pittsburgh, designed with Gropius as a <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a>. </p><p>Breuer broke with his father-figure, Walter Gropius, in 1941 over a very minor issue but the major reason may have been to get himself out from under the better-known name that dominated their practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Books-2003_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Books-2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breuer had married their secretary, Constance Crocker Leighton, and after a few more years in Cambridge, moved down to New York City in 1946<sup id="cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianBio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with <a href="/wiki/Harry_Seidler" title="Harry Seidler">Harry Seidler</a> as his chief draftsman) to establish a practice that was centered there for the rest of his life. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_City">New York City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Breuer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New York City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_Breuer_(48377070386).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MET_Breuer_%2848377070386%29.jpg/220px-MET_Breuer_%2848377070386%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MET_Breuer_%2848377070386%29.jpg/330px-MET_Breuer_%2848377070386%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MET_Breuer_%2848377070386%29.jpg/440px-MET_Breuer_%2848377070386%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/945_Madison_Avenue" title="945 Madison Avenue">945 Madison Avenue</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Geller_House_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Geller House I">Geller House I</a> of 1945 (demolished in 2022) was one of the first to employ Breuer's concept of the 'binuclear' house, with separate wings for the bedrooms and for the living / dining / kitchen area, separated by an entry hall, and with the distinctive 'butterfly' roof (two opposing roof surfaces sloping towards the middle, centrally drained) that became part of the popular modernist style vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breuer built two houses for himself in New Canaan, Connecticut: one from 1947 to 1948, and the other from 1951 to 1952. A demonstration house set up in the <a href="/wiki/MoMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MoMA">MoMA</a> garden in 1949 caused a flurry of interest in the architect's work, and an appreciation written by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Blake_(artist)" title="Peter Blake (artist)">Peter Blake</a>. When the show was over, the "House in the Garden" was dismantled and barged up the Hudson River for reassembly on the Rockefeller property, <a href="/wiki/Kykuit" title="Kykuit">Kykuit</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pocantico_Hills,_New_York" title="Pocantico Hills, New York">Pocantico Hills, New York</a>. In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Ariston_Club" title="Ariston Club">Ariston Club</a>, Breuer's only work in Latin America, was built in <a href="/wiki/Mar_del_Plata" title="Mar del Plata">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first two important institutional buildings were the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Centre">UNESCO Headquarters</a> in Paris<sup id="cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianBio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finished in 1955 and the monastic Master Plan and Church at <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Abbey,_Collegeville" title="Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville">Saint John's Abbey</a> in Minnesota<sup id="cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianBio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1954 (again, in part, on the recommendation of Gropius, a "competitor" for the job, who told the monks they needed a younger man who could finish the job.) These commissions were a turning point in Breuer's career: a move to larger projects after years of residential commissions and the beginning of Breuer's adoption of concrete as his primary medium. </p><p>Breuer was a supporter of the Council for the Advancement of the Negro in Architecture (CANA) and employed <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Lorraine_Greene" title="Beverly Lorraine Greene">Beverly Lorraine Greene</a>, the first African-American woman to be licensed as an architect in the United States. She is credited as draftsperson on a number of projects Breuer worked on in the 1950s including the Grosse Pointe Public Library.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, Breuer completed the <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum" title="Whitney Museum">Whitney Museum of American Art</a> at <a href="/wiki/945_Madison_Avenue" title="945 Madison Avenue">945 Madison Avenue</a> on Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a>. The Whitney collection maintained its home in the Breuer-designed building from 1966 to 2014, before moving to a new building designed by <a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a> at 99 <a href="/wiki/Gansevoort_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansevoort Street">Gansevoort Street</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Village" title="West Village">West Village</a>/<a href="/wiki/Meatpacking_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Meatpacking District">Meatpacking District</a> neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Books-2003_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Books-2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcel-Breuer-Robert-C-Weaver-Federal-Building-Department-of-Housing-and-Urban-Development-Headquarters-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Marcel-Breuer-Robert-C-Weaver-Federal-Building-Department-of-Housing-and-Urban-Development-Headquarters-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg/220px-Marcel-Breuer-Robert-C-Weaver-Federal-Building-Department-of-Housing-and-Urban-Development-Headquarters-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Marcel-Breuer-Robert-C-Weaver-Federal-Building-Department-of-Housing-and-Urban-Development-Headquarters-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg/330px-Marcel-Breuer-Robert-C-Weaver-Federal-Building-Department-of-Housing-and-Urban-Development-Headquarters-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Marcel-Breuer-Robert-C-Weaver-Federal-Building-Department-of-Housing-and-Urban-Development-Headquarters-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg/440px-Marcel-Breuer-Robert-C-Weaver-Federal-Building-Department-of-Housing-and-Urban-Development-Headquarters-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</figcaption></figure> <p>Breuer designed the Washington, D.C., headquarters building for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> which was completed in 1968. While the building received some initial praise, in recent decades it has received widespread criticism. Former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a> once described the building as "10 floors of basement."<sup id="cite_ref-Connelly_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connelly-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another former Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a>, has noted that "the building itself is among the most reviled in all of Washington—and with good reason."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many critics have argued that Breuer's design is unoriginal, and essentially mimics the UNESCO Headquarters and IBM Research Center which he designed several years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldberger_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldberger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the almost 30 years and nearly 100 buildings that followed, Breuer worked with a number of partners and associates with whom he openly and insistently shared design credit: <a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Pier Luigi Nervi</a> at UNESCO; Herbert Beckhard, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gatje" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Gatje">Robert Gatje</a>, Hamilton Smith and <a href="/wiki/Tician_Papachristou" title="Tician Papachristou">Tician Papachristou</a> in New York, Mario Jossa and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Seidler" title="Harry Seidler">Harry Seidler</a> in Paris. Their contribution to his life work has largely been credited properly, though the critics and public rightly recognized a "Breuer Building" when they saw one. </p><p>Breuer's architectural vocabulary moved through at least four recognizable phases: </p> <ol><li>The white box and glass school of the International style that he adapted for his early houses in Europe and the USA: the Harnischmacher House, <a href="/wiki/Gropius_House" title="Gropius House">Gropius House</a>, Frank House, and his own first house in Lincoln, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The punctured wooden walls that characterized his famous 1948 "House in the Garden" for MoMA and a series of relatively modest houses for knowledgeable university faculty families in the 50s. This included the first of his houses in New Canaan, Connecticut, with its balcony hung off a cantilever.</li> <li>The modular prefabricated concrete panel façades that first enclosed his favorite <a href="/wiki/IBM_La_Gaude" title="IBM La Gaude">IBM Laboratory in La Gaude</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France, and went on to be used in many of his institutional buildings plus the whole town at <a href="/wiki/Flaine" title="Flaine">Flaine</a>. Some critics spoke of repetitiveness but Breuer quoted a professional friend: "I can't design a whole new system every Monday morning."</li> <li>The stone and shaped concrete that he used for unique and memorable commissions: his best-known project, the <a href="/wiki/Met_Breuer" title="Met Breuer">Met Breuer</a> (formerly the Whitney Museum of American Art), the <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_de_Sales_Church_(Norton_Shores,_Michigan)" title="St. Francis de Sales Church (Norton Shores, Michigan)">St. Francis de Sales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Abbey,_Collegeville" title="Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville">St. John's Abbey</a> Churches, the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Central_Library" title="Atlanta Central Library">Atlanta Central Library</a>, and his second house in New Canaan.</li></ol> <p>Breuer was awarded the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects at their 100th annual convention in 1968 at Portland, Oregon. In an ironic timing of events, it coincided with general criticism of one of America's favorite architects for his willingness to design a multi-story office building on top of Grand Central Terminal. The project was never built. It cost him many friends and supporters although its defeat by the US Supreme Court established the right of New York and other cities to protect their landmarks. During his lifetime, Breuer rarely acknowledged the influence of other architects' work upon his own but he had certainly picked up the use of rough board-formed concrete from <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> and the noble dignity of his second New Canaan house seems to have directly descended from <a href="/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a>' <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Pavilion" title="Barcelona Pavilion">Barcelona Pavilion</a>. Shortly before his death, he told an interviewer that he considered his principal contribution to have been the adaptation of the work of older architects to the needs of modern society. He died in his apartment in Manhattan in 1981, leaving his wife Connie (died 2002) and his son Tamas. With his permission, his partners kept offices going in his name in Paris and New York for several years but, with their eventual retirement, both are now closed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breuer's_work"><span id="Breuer.27s_work"></span>Breuer's work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Breuer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breuer's work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Marcel_Breuer_works" title="List of Marcel Breuer works">List of Marcel Breuer works</a></div> <p>Breuer donated his professional papers and drawings to Syracuse University library beginning in the late 1960s. The remainder of his papers, including most of his personal correspondence, were donated to the <a href="/wiki/Archives_of_American_Art" title="Archives of American Art">Archives of American Art</a>, Washington, D.C., between 1985 and 1999 by Breuer's wife, Constance.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Breuer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Building_Museum" title="National Building Museum">National Building Museum</a> in Washington, D.C., held an exhibition in 2007–2008 dedicated to the work of Marcel Breuer titled <i>Marcel Breuer: Design and Architecture</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filmmaker <a href="/wiki/James_Crump" title="James Crump">James Crump</a> has directed <i>Breuer's Bohemia</i>, a feature documentary film that examines Breuer's experimental house designs in New England following the Second World War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Breuer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/marcel-breuer-bauhaus-architect-and-designer-177371">Marcel Breuer, Bauhaus Architect and Designer (1902–1981), Thought Co</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLouie1991" class="citation news cs1">Louie, Elaine (7 February 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/07/garden/the-many-lives-of-a-very-common-chair.html?mcubz=0">"The Many Lives of a Very Common Chair"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Many+Lives+of+a+Very+Common+Chair&rft.date=1991-02-07&rft.aulast=Louie&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F02%2F07%2Fgarden%2Fthe-many-lives-of-a-very-common-chair.html%3Fmcubz%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-1635">"Breuer, Marcel"</a>, <i>World Encyclopedia</i>, Philip's, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954609-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954609-1"><bdi>978-0-19-954609-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Breuer%2C+Marcel&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Philip%27s&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954609-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001%2Facref-9780199546091-e-1635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famous-architects.org/marcel-breuer/">"Marcel Breuer, Architect"</a>. <i>Famous Architects</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Famous+Architects&rft.atitle=Marcel+Breuer%2C+Architect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.famous-architects.org%2Fmarcel-breuer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithsonianBio-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithsonianBio_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/marcel-breuer-papers-5596/biographical-note">"Marcel Breuer papers, 1920–1986: Biographical Note"</a>. Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marcel+Breuer+papers%2C+1920%E2%80%931986%3A+Biographical+Note&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaa.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fmarcel-breuer-papers-5596%2Fbiographical-note&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sennott2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sennott2004_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSennott2004" class="citation book cs1">Sennott, Stephen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opvy1zGI2EcC&pg=PA170"><i>Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-433-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-433-7"><bdi>978-1-57958-433-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Twentieth+Century+Architecture&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-433-7&rft.aulast=Sennott&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dopvy1zGI2EcC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartstory.org/artist/breuer-marcel/life-and-legacy/">"Marcel Breuer - Biography and Legacy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marcel+Breuer+-+Biography+and+Legacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartstory.org%2Fartist%2Fbreuer-marcel%2Flife-and-legacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodham-2005-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodham-2005_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodham-2005_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodham-2005_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodham-2005_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodham2005" class="citation cs2">Woodham, Jonathan M. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800978.001.0001/acref-9780192800978-e-125">"Breuer, Marcel"</a>, <i>A Dictionary of Modern Design</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800978.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192800978.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280097-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280097-8"><bdi>978-0-19-280097-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+Design&rft.atitle=Breuer%2C+Marcel&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800978.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280097-8&rft.aulast=Woodham&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800978.001.0001%2Facref-9780192800978-e-125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump2021" class="citation book cs1">Crump, James (2021-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZEezgEACAAJ"><i>Breuer's Bohemia: The Architect, His Circle, and Midcentury Houses in New England</i></a>. Penguin Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58093-578-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58093-578-4"><bdi>978-1-58093-578-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breuer%27s+Bohemia%3A+The+Architect%2C+His+Circle%2C+and+Midcentury+Houses+in+New+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2021-09-14&rft.isbn=978-1-58093-578-4&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZEezgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Architect <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archxde.com/arquitectos/breuer-marcel/">Marcel Breuer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Books-2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Books-2003_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Books-2003_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Books-2003_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooks2003" class="citation cs2">Books, Market House Books Market House (2003-01-01), Books, Market House (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800916.001.0001/acref-9780192800916-e-264">"Breuer, Marcel Lajos"</a>, <i>Who's Who in the Twentieth Century</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800916.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192800916.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280091-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280091-6"><bdi>978-0-19-280091-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.atitle=Breuer%2C+Marcel+Lajos&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800916.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280091-6&rft.aulast=Books&rft.aufirst=Market+House+Books+Market+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800916.001.0001%2Facref-9780192800916-e-264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberger-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberger_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberger_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldberger, Paul (July 2, 1981). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/02/nyregion/marcel-breuer-79-dies-architect-and-designer.html">Marcel Breuer, 79, Dies</a>". <i>New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/marcel-breuer-bauhaus-architect-and-designer-177371">Marcel Breuer, Bauhaus Architect and Designer (1902–1981), Tought Co</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Ravenscroft, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dezeen.com/2022/01/28/marcel-breuer-geller-house-demolished/">"Overnight demolition of early Marcel Breuer house described as 'the most significant loss in recent memory'"</a>, <i>Dezeen</i>, January 28, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architecturalrecord.com/ext/resources/archives/backissues/1948-07.pdf?-678571200">"A beach club to sell a view"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Record" title="Architectural Record">Architectural Record</a></i>: 134–139. July 1948. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-858X">0003-858X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Record&rft.atitle=A+beach+club+to+sell+a+view&rft.pages=134-139&rft.date=1948-07&rft.issn=0003-858X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architecturalrecord.com%2Fext%2Fresources%2Farchives%2Fbackissues%2F1948-07.pdf%3F-678571200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalavecino2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Palavecino, Darío (3 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanacion.com.ar/buenos-aires/parador-ariston-otro-paso-para-recuperar-una-joya-escondida-en-mar-del-plata-nid2283959/">"Parador Ariston: otro paso para recuperar una joya escondida en Mar del Plata"</a> [Ariston Club: another step towards recovering a hidden gem in Mar del Plata]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n" title="La Nación">La Nación</a></i> (in Latin American Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Naci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Parador+Ariston%3A+otro+paso+para+recuperar+una+joya+escondida+en+Mar+del+Plata&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft.aulast=Palavecino&rft.aufirst=Dar%C3%ADo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2Fbuenos-aires%2Fparador-ariston-otro-paso-para-recuperar-una-joya-escondida-en-mar-del-plata-nid2283959%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblioteca.fadu.uba.ar/tiki/tiki-download_file.php?fileId=2323">"Parador Ariston"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nuestra Arquitectura</i> (in Latin American Spanish) (224). Buenos Aires. April 1948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuestra+Arquitectura&rft.atitle=Parador+Ariston&rft.issue=224&rft.date=1948-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblioteca.fadu.uba.ar%2Ftiki%2Ftiki-download_file.php%3FfileId%3D2323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grossepointelibrary.org/central-library">"Grosse Pointe Public Library"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grosse+Pointe+Public+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrossepointelibrary.org%2Fcentral-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington" class="citation web cs1">Washington, Roberta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/beverly-lorraine-greene">"Pioneering Woman of American Architecture: Beverly Lorraine Greene"</a>. <i>Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beverly+Willis+Architecture+Foundation&rft.atitle=Pioneering+Woman+of+American+Architecture%3A+Beverly+Lorraine+Greene&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpioneeringwomen.bwaf.org%2Fbeverly-lorraine-greene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connelly-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Connelly_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connelly, "As Suburbs Reach Limit, People Are Moving Back to the Cities", <i>Seattle Post-Intelligencer</i>, February 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donovan, "Prepared Remarks for Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan at the HUD Summer Intern Event", June 24, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, <i>Remaking Cities: Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference in Pittsburgh</i>, 1989, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dezeen.com/2018/11/27/marcel-breuer-bauhaus-100-furniture-designer-architect/">"Marcel Breuer: the Bauhaus furniture master with a passion for architecture"</a>. <i>Dezeen</i>. 2018-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dezeen&rft.atitle=Marcel+Breuer%3A+the+Bauhaus+furniture+master+with+a+passion+for+architecture&rft.date=2018-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dezeen.com%2F2018%2F11%2F27%2Fmarcel-breuer-bauhaus-100-furniture-designer-architect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyman, Isabelle. <i>Marcel Breuer, Architect: The Career and the Buildings</i>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbm.org/exhibitions-collections/exhibitions/marcel-breuer.html"><i>Marcel Breuer: Design and Architecture (November 3, 2007 – February 17, 2008)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140712013106/http://www.nbm.org/exhibitions-collections/exhibitions/marcel-breuer.html">Archived</a> July 12, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Breuer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiellFiell2005" class="citation book cs1">Fiell, Charlotte; Fiell, Peter (2005). <i>Design of the 20th Century</i> (25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. pp. 134–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783822840788" title="Special:BookSources/9783822840788"><bdi>9783822840788</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809539744">809539744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+of+the+20th+Century&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=134-139&rft.edition=25th+anniversary&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F809539744&rft.isbn=9783822840788&rft.aulast=Fiell&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Fiell%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Breuer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Breuer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57588#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57588#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108687976">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9899554">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54801/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRFTVpJxyry7qm9ktR8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11867398X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80057388">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122204307">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122204307">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00434320">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35021724">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153780&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1212195">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/26928">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068793502">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90207804">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000223725&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000471737&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=256330">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810547865405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/171486">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259053405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514494206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14492608">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02012408?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500118800">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/12442">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/cb05e2cd-a382-4fa2-a00b-2431b04707f2">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/3146/">Victoria</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/769">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/14882">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/3022/">South Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/795867">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/1000905">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Breuer, Marcel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11867398X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11867398X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030876362">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Marcel Breuer"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027320">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69g5qj6">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/29520">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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