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calves</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Holstein calves"> <meta name="keywords" content="Holstein calves"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Holstein calves"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 83</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Holstein calves</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">83</span> Growth Performance of New Born Holstein Calves Supplemented with Garlic (Allium sativum) Powder and Probiotics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20W.%20Kekana">T. W. Kekana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20J.%20Baloyi"> J. J. Baloyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20C.%20Muya"> M. C. Muya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20V.%20Nherera"> F. V. Nherera</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Secondary metabolites (thiosulphinates) from Allium sativum are able to stimulate the production of volatile fatty acids. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of feeding Garlic powder or probiotics or a combination of both on feed intake and growth performance of Holstein calves. Neonatal calves were randomly allocated, according to birth weight, to four dietary treatments, each with 8 calves. The treatments were: C control, no additive (C), G: supplemented with either 5g/d garlic powder (G) or 4 g/d probiotics (P) or GP 5g/d garlic powder and 4 g/d probiotics compound (GP) with the total viable count of 1.3 x 107 cfu/g. Garlic and probiotics were diluted in the daily milk allocation from day 4. Commercial (17.5% CP) starter feed and fresh water were available ad libitum from day 4 until day 42 of age. Calves fed GP (0.27 kg day-1) tended (P=0.055) to have higher DMI than C (0.22 kg day-1). Milk, water, CP, fat intake and FCR were not affected (P>0.05) by the treatments. Metibolisable energy (ME) intake for GP group tended (P=0.058) to be higher than C calves. Combination of G and P (60.3 kg) tended (P = 0.056) to be higher than C (56.0 kg) calves on final BW. Garlic, probiotics or their combination did not affect calve’s HG, ADG and BL (P>0.05). The results of the current study indicated that combination of garlic and probiotics may improve nutrients intake and body weight when fed to calves during the first 42 days of life. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=garlic%20powder" title="garlic powder">garlic powder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probiotics" title=" probiotics"> probiotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intake" title=" intake"> intake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth" title=" growth"> growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holstein%20calves" title=" Holstein calves"> Holstein calves</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14153/growth-performance-of-new-born-holstein-calves-supplemented-with-garlic-allium-sativum-powder-and-probiotics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14153.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">672</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">82</span> Genetics of Birth and Weaning Weight of Holstein, Friesians in Sudan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safa%20A.%20Mohammed%20Ali">Safa A. Mohammed Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ammar%20S.%20Ahamed"> Ammar S. Ahamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Khair%20Abdalla"> Mohammed Khair Abdalla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objectives of this study were to estimate the means and genetic parameters of birth and weaning weight of calves of pure Holstein-Friesian cows raised in Sudan. The traits studied were:*Weight at birth *Weight at weaning. The study also included some of the important factors that affected these traits. The data were analyzed using Harvey’s Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood programme. The results obtained showed that the overall mean weight at birth of the calves under study was 34.36±0.94kg. Male calves were found to be heavier than females; the difference between the sexes was highly significant (P<0.001). The mean weight at birth of male calves was 34.27±1.17 kg while that of females was 32.51±1.14kg. The effect of sex of calves, sire and parity of dam were highly significant (P<0.001). The overall mean of weight at weaning was 67.10 ± 5.05 kg, weight at weaning was significantly (p<0.001) effected by sex of calves, sire, year and season of birth have highly significant (P<0.001) effect on either trait. Also estimates heritabilities of birth weight was (0.033±0.015) lower than heritabilities of weaning weight (0.224±0.039), and genetic correlation was 0.563, the phenotypic correlation 0.281, and the environmental correlation 0.268. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=birth" title="birth">birth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weaning" title=" weaning"> weaning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weight" title=" weight"> weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=friesian" title=" friesian"> friesian</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28077/genetics-of-birth-and-weaning-weight-of-holstein-friesians-in-sudan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28077.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">665</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">81</span> Effect of an Oral Dose of M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125 on Lower Digestive Tract, Bacteria Count and Rumen Fermentation in Holstein Calves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20C.%20Muya">M. C. Muya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20J.%20Erasmus"> L. J. Erasmus</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Twenty four new born male Holstein calves were divided into two treatments groups and used to evaluate the effects of M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125. The first groups were dosed with 50 ml containing 108 CFU/mL of M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125 (Me) and the control calves were not dosed. Within each of the two treatments groups, calves were divided into three treatment groups (Not dosed: 7 d, 14 d and 21 d vs dosed Me 7 d, Me14 and Me21 d (treatments), each groups contained 4 calves within which two calves were euthanized at 24 h and two calves at 72 h. Calves entered the trial until euthanize at whether 24 or 72 H after dosing time. After receiving colostrum for 3 consecutive days after birth, calves were fed whole milk and had free access to a commercial calf starter pellet and fresh water. Fecal grab samples were taken from each calf in duplicate +24 h or +72 h relative to dosing. Immediately after euthanizing, the digestive tract was harvested, and duplicate rumen and colon digesta samples collected for VFA’s determination and DNA extraction for bacteria count using 16s RNA PCR probe technique. Independent two t-test was performed to compare mean volatile fatty acids. Mixed-effects linear regressions were performed to establish relationships between: 1) M. elsdenii and Me, and between VFA’s and Me using SAS (2009). M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125 was detected in the faeces, colon and rumen of dosed calves at both +24H and +72H and ranged from 1.6 x 106 to 4.9 x 109 cfu/ml, indicating its potential to colonize in the digestive tract of calves. There was a strong positive relationship (R²=0.96; P < 0.0001) between M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125 and M. elsdenii population (cfu/ml) in the rumen, suggesting that the increase in M. elsdenii was due to increased M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125. An increase in butyrate was observed from +24 h to +72 h when calves were dosed on both d 7 and 14. Results showed that Me presented a positive relationship with butyrate (P < 0.001, R² = 0.43) and a concomitant negative relationship with acetate (P = 0.017, R² = -0.33). These results suggest that dosing pre-weaned dairy calves with M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125 has the potential to alter ruminal VFA production through increasing proportions of butyrate at the expense of propionate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calves" title="calves">calves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=megasphaera%20elsdenii" title=" megasphaera elsdenii"> megasphaera elsdenii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rumen%20fermentation" title=" rumen fermentation"> rumen fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title=" bacteria"> bacteria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37345/effect-of-an-oral-dose-of-m-elsdenii-ncimb-41125-on-lower-digestive-tract-bacteria-count-and-rumen-fermentation-in-holstein-calves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37345.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">80</span> Clinical Signs of Neonatal Calves in Experimental Colisepticemia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samad%20Lotfollahzadeh">Samad Lotfollahzadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Escherichia coli (E.coli) is the most isolated bacteria from blood circulation of septicemic calves. Given the prevalence of septicemia in animals and its economic importance in veterinary practice, better understanding of changes in clinical signs following disease, may contribute to early detection of the disorder. The present study has been carried out to detect changes of clinical signs in induced sepsis in calves with E.coli. Colisepticemia has been induced in 10 twenty-day old healthy Holstein- Frisian calves with intravenous injection of 1.5 X 109 colony forming units (cfu) of O111: H8 strain of E.coli. Clinical signs including rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, shock, appetite, sucking reflex, feces consistency, general behavior, dehydration and standing ability were recorded in experimental calves during 24 hours after induction of colisepticemia. Blood culture was also carried out from calves four times during the experiment. ANOVA with repeated measure is used to see changes of calves’ clinical signs to experimental colisepticemia, and values of P≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Mean values of rectal temperature and heart rate as well as median values of respiratory rate, appetite, suckling reflex, standing ability and feces consistency of experimental calves increased significantly during the study (P<0.05). In the present study, median value of shock score was not significantly increased in experimental calves (P> 0.05). The results of present study showed that total score of clinical signs in calves with experimental colisepticemia increased significantly, although the score of some clinical signs such as shock did not change significantly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calves" title="calves">calves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinical%20signs%20scoring" title=" clinical signs scoring"> clinical signs scoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20coli%20O111%3AH8" title=" E. coli O111:H8"> E. coli O111:H8</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20colisepticemia" title=" experimental colisepticemia"> experimental colisepticemia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37741/clinical-signs-of-neonatal-calves-in-experimental-colisepticemia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37741.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">79</span> Effect of Food Supplies Holstein Calves Supplemented with Bacillus Subtilis PB6 in Morbidity and Mortality </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Banca%20Patricia%20Pena%20Revuelta">Banca Patricia Pena Revuelta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramiro%20Gonzalez%20Avalos"> Ramiro Gonzalez Avalos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juan%20Leonardo%20Rocha%20Valdez"> Juan Leonardo Rocha Valdez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jose%20%20Gonzalez%20Avalos"> Jose Gonzalez Avalos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karla%20Rodriguez%20Hernandez"> Karla Rodriguez Hernandez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Probiotics are a promising alternative to improve productivity and animals' health. In addition, they can be part of the composition of different types of products, including foods (functional foods), medicines, and dietary supplements. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of the feeding of Holstein calves supplemented with bacillus subtilis PB6 in morbidity and mortality. 60 newborn animals were used, randomly included in 1 of 3 treatments. The treatments were as follows: T1 = control, T2 = 10 g / calf / day. The first takes within 20 min after birth, T3 = 10 g / calf/day. The first takes between 12 and 24 h after birth. In all the treatments, 432 L of pasteurized whole milk divided into two doses/day 07:00 and 15:00, respectively, were given for 60 days. The addition of bacillus subtilis PB6 was carried out in the milk tub at the time of feeding them. The first colostrum intake (2 L • intake) was given within 2 h after birth, after which they were given a second 6 h after the first one. The diseases registered to monitor the morbidity and mortality of the calves were: diarrhea and pneumonia. The registry was carried out from birth to 60 days of life. The parameter evaluated was food consumption. The variable statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance, and comparison of means was performed using the Tukey test. The value of P < 0.05 was used to consider the statistical difference. The results of the present study in relation to the consumption of food show no statistical difference P < 0.05 between treatments (14,762, 11,698, and 12,403 kg of food average, respectively). Calves group to which they were not provided Bacillus subtilis PB6 obtained higher feed intake. The addition of Bacillus subtilis PB6 in feeding calves does not increase feed intake. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feeding" title="feeding">feeding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk" title=" milk"> milk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probiotic" title=" probiotic "> probiotic </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118983/effect-of-food-supplies-holstein-calves-supplemented-with-bacillus-subtilis-pb6-in-morbidity-and-mortality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118983.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">78</span> Effects of a Bacteria-Based Probiotic on Subpopulations of Peripheral Leukocytes and Their Interleukin mRNA Expression in Calves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Qadir%20Qadis">Abdul Qadir Qadis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satoru%20Goya"> Satoru Goya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minoru%20Yatsu"> Minoru Yatsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-uki%20Yoshida"> Yu-uki Yoshida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshihiro%20Ichijo"> Toshihiro Ichijo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shigeru%20Sato"> Shigeru Sato</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacterial probiotics are known to modulate the gut-associated lymphoid and epithelial tissue response to enhance the activities of intestinal and systemic immune system in human and animals. In cattle, the immune-stimulatory effects of probiotics have been evaluated during intestinal disorders. To investigate the effects of probiotic on the function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, eight healthy Holstein calves (10 ± 3 weeks) were assigned to a 4 × 2 experimental design. The probiotic, consisting of Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium and Clostridium butyricum, was administered orally at 3.0 g/100 kg body weight to calves once daily for 5 consecutive days. Calves given no probiotic served as the control. In the treatment group, increases in numbers of CD282+ monocytes, CD3+ T-cells and CD4+, CD8+ and WC1+ γδ T- cell subsets were noted on day 7 post-placement compared to pre-dose day and the control group. Expression of interleukin-6, interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was elevated in peripheral leukocytes on days 7 and 14. These results suggest that peripheral blood leukocytes in healthy calves may be stimulated via the gastrointestinal microbiota, which was increased by the oral probiotic treatment. The 5-day repeated administration of a bacterial probiotic may enhance cellular immune function in weaned calves. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacterial-probiotic" title="bacterial-probiotic">bacterial-probiotic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calf" title=" calf"> calf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interleukin" title=" interleukin"> interleukin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leukocyte" title=" leukocyte"> leukocyte</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6561/effects-of-a-bacteria-based-probiotic-on-subpopulations-of-peripheral-leukocytes-and-their-interleukin-mrna-expression-in-calves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6561.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">660</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">77</span> Importance of Cryptosporidiosis in Dairy Calves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Asadpour">Mohammad Asadpour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cryptosporidium spp. is zoonotic pathogens transmissible from a variety of animals to humans and is a considerable public health concern. Calves have been identified in numerous reports as a major source of environmental contamination with this pathogen. Parasite has a different species that are the cases of zoonotic disease in immunodeficient people and neonatal calves. Cryptosporidium oocysts are extremely resistant to chlorine and other physical cases that commonly used in drinking water. Reproduction of resistant oocytes is a way for this monoxenous parasite to remain in the environment. Cryptosporidium parvum is the most important species that has human and cattle genotypes. Cryptosporidium is one of the most important causes of diarrhea in neonatal calves and also, one of the four causes of diarrhea symptoms in pre-weaned calves. Because of the incompetent immune system in calves, Cryptosporidium infection is the cause of a lot of problems in raising farms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cryptosporidium%20spp" title="Cryptosporidium spp">Cryptosporidium spp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20calves" title=" dairy calves"> dairy calves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=importance" title=" importance"> importance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=veterinary%20medicine" title=" veterinary medicine"> veterinary medicine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5549/importance-of-cryptosporidiosis-in-dairy-calves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">583</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">76</span> Effects of Ig Y Supplementation to Colostrum Having Insufficient Antibodies on Calves Metabolism and Costs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cangir%20Uyarlar">Cangir Uyarlar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eyup%20Eren%20Gultepe"> Eyup Eren Gultepe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Kabu"> Mustafa Kabu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hac%C4%B1%20Ahmet%20Celik"> Hacı Ahmet Celik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aimed to evaluate the effects of orally Immunoglobulin (Ig) Y treatments to calves were fed with colostrum having insufficient antibodies before first suckling. A total of 28 Holstein calves were fed assigned into control and treatment groups. The calves were fed fresh colostrum from their respective mother for the first 4 days. The treatment group calves were orally administered IgLock (10 g/d/calf) immediately before the first colostrum feeding and IgLock was administered just one time in treatment group calves. Then, the calves were offered normal milk until weaning. After weaning, all calves kept same paddock and were fed same ration. Diarrhea and respiratoric diseases were recorded for one year. Blood was collected from all calves in the study on birth day (0 day) before vaccination and IgLock administration, then, collected for the following 2 days in all groups. Albumin (ALB), Total Protein (TP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotrasferase (ALT), Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), Serum Amyloid A (SAA), Haptoglobin (HPT) and Ig G analyses were performed on all samples. Although serum ALB, ALT, GGT and Ig G levels were not shown a time dependent-change within control group; serum TP, AST, HPT and SAA levels were significantly changed by the time within mentioned group. Serum TP level was steady at first 2 days, then, it was increased significantly at 3rd day. Also, serum AST level was significantly increased at 2nd day, then it was descended to first day levels again at 3rd day. Although serum HPT levels were shown a significant gradually decreasing within control group, serum SAA levels were decreased rapidly after first day and there were no significance differences between 2nd and 3rd day in SAA levels. Serum ALB, ALT, HPT and SAA levels were not shown a time dependent-change within treatmet group. After first day Serum TP, GGT, AST and Ig G levels were shown an significant increasing at 2nd day. Serum TP, GGT and Ig G levels were higher as compared to 1st day within treatment group at 3rd day. But, serum AST level was less significantly 3rd day as compared to 2nd day values. The total numbers of calves suffered from diarrhea were significantly less in treatment group as compared to control group (p < 0,05). The pneumonia reappear ratio in calves suffered the diseases is 33,3% in control group and 11,11% in treatment group. Total cost of diseases and additives was 2339,36 $ for control and 1276,4 $ for treatment. As a conclusion, the immunity enhancers like IgLock are important and cost-effective to boost up immunity status in the early age which would be having positive effects on calves were received colostrum included insufficient antibodies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20calves" title="dairy calves">dairy calves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ig%20Y" title=" Ig Y"> Ig Y</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pneumonia" title=" pneumonia"> pneumonia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scours" title=" scours"> scours</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27697/effects-of-ig-y-supplementation-to-colostrum-having-insufficient-antibodies-on-calves-metabolism-and-costs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27697.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">494</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">75</span> Agent-Based Modelling to Improve Dairy-origin Beef Production: Model Description and Evaluation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Addisu%20H.%20Addis">Addisu H. Addis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hugh%20T.%20Blair"> Hugh T. Blair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20R.%20Kenyon"> Paul R. Kenyon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20T.%20Morris"> Stephen T. Morris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicola%20M.%20Schreurs"> Nicola M. Schreurs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dorian%20J.%20Garrick"> Dorian J. Garrick</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Agent-based modeling (ABM) enables an in silico representation of complex systems and cap-tures agent behavior resulting from interaction with other agents and their environment. This study developed an ABM to represent a pasture-based beef cattle finishing systems in New Zea-land (NZ) using attributes of the rearer, finisher, and processor, as well as specific attributes of dairy-origin beef cattle. The model was parameterized using values representing 1% of NZ dairy-origin cattle, and 10% of rearers and finishers in NZ. The cattle agent consisted of 32% Holstein-Friesian, 50% Holstein-Friesian–Jersey crossbred, and 8% Jersey, with the remainder being other breeds. Rearers and finishers repetitively and simultaneously interacted to determine the type and number of cattle populating the finishing system. Rearers brought in four-day-old spring-born calves and reared them until 60 calves (representing a full truck load) on average had a live weight of 100 kg before selling them on to finishers. Finishers mainly attained weaners from rearers, or directly from dairy farmers when weaner demand was higher than the supply from rearers. Fast-growing cattle were sent for slaughter before the second winter, and the re-mainder were sent before their third winter. The model finished a higher number of bulls than heifers and steers, although it was 4% lower than the industry reported value. Holstein-Friesian and Holstein-Friesian–Jersey-crossbred cattle dominated the dairy-origin beef finishing system. Jersey cattle account for less than 5% of total processed beef cattle. Further studies to include re-tailer and consumer perspectives and other decision alternatives for finishing farms would im-prove the applicability of the model for decision-making processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agent-based%20modelling" title="agent-based modelling">agent-based modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cattle" title=" dairy cattle"> dairy cattle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beef%20finishing" title=" beef finishing"> beef finishing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rearers" title=" rearers"> rearers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finishers" title=" finishers"> finishers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159011/agent-based-modelling-to-improve-dairy-origin-beef-production-model-description-and-evaluation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159011.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">74</span> The Effects on Abomasal Emtying Rate of Erythromycin and Bethanechol in Healthy, Premature and Diarrheic Calves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sebnem%20Canikli%20Engin">Sebnem Canikli Engin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mutlu%20Sevinc"> Mutlu Sevinc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hasan%20Guzelbektes"> Hasan Guzelbektes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, we aim to define the effects of erythromycin and bethanechol which are prokinetic agents, on the value of abomasal discharge in healthy, diarrhea and premature calves. In the work, 5 healty calves, 12 diarrheaic calves and 12 premature calves, amounting to a total of 29 calves. In healty calves work; the same 5 calves were used for controlled, erythromycin and bethanechol studies (there was a 48-hour waiting period between each work). In diarrheic calves work; 12 diarrheic calves were used during the study (4 of them for control group, 4 of them bethanechol group and last 4 calves erythromycin group). In premature calves works; 12 premature calves were used during the study (4 of them for control group, 4 of them bethanechol group and last 4 calves erythromycin group). 10 mg/kg IM dose of erythromycin were applied to each erythromycin group, 0,07 mg/kg IM dose of bethanechol were applied on bethanechol group. No drugs were applied to the control group and substitution milk was given to all calves. 50 mg/kg acetominophen and 25 gram/L glucose have been added into the substitution milk to evaluate the speed of gastrointestinal motility with the test results of absorptions of acetominophen and glucose. The blood samples have been taken before substitution milk application and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 minutes after substitution milk application. Respiratory rates and number of heartbeats were also recorded during the test time. No changes were observed in the number of heartbeats, respiratory rates and general conditions for all groups after drug application. It is observed that, the feces of some calves became slightly watery and viscous and premature calves generaly defecated after 180 minutes. When Cmax, Tmax and AUC values of acetaminophen and glucose are compared with control group’s after applying erythromycin on the calves in the premature group, we obtain higher Cmax (P<0,05), shorter Tmax and greather AUC (P>0,05) values. In conclusion, according to clinical and laboratory findings, it may be stated that the application of 10 mg/kg doze of erythromycin IM has provided faster abomazal emptying in premature calves. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abomazal%20emptying" title="abomazal emptying">abomazal emptying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bethanechol" title=" bethanechol"> bethanechol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calf" title=" calf"> calf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=erythromycin" title=" erythromycin"> erythromycin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43802/the-effects-on-abomasal-emtying-rate-of-erythromycin-and-bethanechol-in-healthy-premature-and-diarrheic-calves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43802.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">73</span> Effect of Immunocastration Vaccine Administration at Different Doses on Performance of Feedlot Holstein Bulls</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Bolacali">M. Bolacali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the study is to determine the effect of immunocastration vaccine administration at different doses on fattening performance of feedlot Holstein bulls. Bopriva® is a vaccine that stimulates the animals' own immune system to produce specific antibodies against gonadotropin releasing factor (GnRF). Ninety four Holstein male calves (309.5 ± 2.58 kg body live weight and 267 d-old) assigned to the 4 treatments. Control group; 1 mL of 0.9% saline solution was subcutaneously injected to intact bulls on 1st and 60th days of the feedlot as placebo. On the same days of the feedlot, Bopriva® at two doses of 1 mL and 1 mL for Trial-1 group, 1.5 mL, and 1.5 mL for Trial-2 group, 1.5 mL, and 1 mL for Trial-3 group were subcutaneously injected to bulls. The study was conducted in a private establishment in the Sirvan district of Siirt province and lasted 180 days. The animals were weighed at the beginning of fattening and at 30-day intervals to determine their live weights at various periods. The statistical analysis for normal distribution data of the treatment groups was carried out with the general linear model procedure of SPSS software. The fattening initial live weight in Control, Trial-1, Trial-2 and Trial-3 groups was respectively 309.21, 306.62, 312.11, and 315.39 kg. The fattening final live weight was respectively 560.88, 536.67, 548.56, and 548.25 kg. The daily live weight gain during the trial was respectively 1.40, 1.28, 1.31, and 1.29 kg/day. The cold carcass yield was respectively 51.59%, 50.32%, 50.85%, and 50.77%. Immunocastration vaccine administration at different doses did not affect the live weights and cold carcass yields of Holstein male calves reared under intensive conditions (P > 0.05). However, it was determined to reduce fattening performance between 61-120 days (P < 0.05) and 1-180 days (P < 0.01). In addition, it was determined that the best performance among the vaccine-treated groups occurred in the group administered a 1.5 mL of vaccine on the 1st and 60th study days. In animals, castration is used to control fertility, aggressive and sexual behaviors. As a result, the fact that stress is induced by physical castration in animals and active immunization against GnRF maintains performance by maximizing welfare in bulls improves carcass and meat quality and controls unwanted sexual and aggressive behavior. Considering such features, it may be suggested that immunocastration vaccine with Bopriva® can be administered as a 1.5 mL dose on the 1st and 60th days of the fattening period in Holstein bulls. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-GnRF" title="anti-GnRF">anti-GnRF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fattening" title=" fattening"> fattening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth" title=" growth"> growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunocastration" title=" immunocastration"> immunocastration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87917/effect-of-immunocastration-vaccine-administration-at-different-doses-on-performance-of-feedlot-holstein-bulls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">192</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">72</span> Comparison of Serum Protein Fraction between Healthy and Diarrhea Calf by Electrophoretogram</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinhee%20Kang">Jinhee Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwangman%20Park"> Kwangman Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruhee%20Song"> Ruhee Song</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suhee%20Kim"> Suhee Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Do-Hyeon%20Yu"> Do-Hyeon Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyoungseong%20Choi"> Kyoungseong Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinho%20Park"> Jinho Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Statement of the Problem: Animal blood components maintain homeostasis when animals are healthy, and changes in chemical composition of the blood and body fluids can be observed if animals have a disease. In particular, newborn calves are susceptible to disease and therefore hematologic tests and serum chemistry tests could become an important guideline to the diagnosis and the treatment of diseases. Diarrhea in newborn calves is the most damaging to cattle ranch, whether dairy or cattle fattening, and is a large part of calf atrophy and death. However, since the study on calf electrophoresis was not carried out, a survey analysis was conducted on it. Methodology and Theoretical Orientation: The calves were divided into healthy calves and disease (diarrhea) calves, and calves were classified by 1-14d, 15-28d, and more than 28d, respectively. The fecal state was classified by solid (0-value), semi-solid (1-value), loose (2-value) and watery (3-value). In the solid (0-value) and semi-solid (1-value) feces valuable pathogen was not detected, but loose (2-value) and watery (3-value) feces were detected. Findings: ALB, α-1, α-2, α-SUM, β and γ (Gamma) were examined by electrophoresis analysis of healthy calves and diarrhea calves. Test results showed that there were age differences between healthy calves and diarrheic calves. When we look at the γ-globulin at 1-14 days of age, we can see that the average calf of healthy calves is 16.8% and the average of diarrheal calves is 7.7%, when we look at the figures for the α-2 at 1-14 days, we found that healthy calves average 5.2% and diarrheal calves 8.7% higher than healthy cows. On α-1, 15-28 days, and after 28 days, healthy calves average 10.4% and diarrheal calves average 7.5% diarrhea calves were 12.6% and 12.4% higher than healthy calves. In the α-SUM, the healthy calves were 21.6%, 16.8%, and 14.5%, respectively, after 1-14 days, 15-28 days and 28 days. diarrheal calves were 23.1%, 19.5%, and 19.8%. Conclusion and Significance: In this study, we examined the electrophoresis results of healthy calves and diseased (diarrhea) calves, gamma globulin at 1-14 days of age were lower than those of healthy calves (diarrhea), indicating that the calf was unable to consume colostrum from the mother when it was a new calf. α-1, α-2, α-SUM may be associated with an acute inflammatory response as a result of increased levels of calves with diarrhea (diarrhea). Further research is needed to investigate the effects of acute inflammatory responses on additional calf-forming proteins. Information on the results of the electrophoresis test will be provided where necessary according to the item. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alpha" title="alpha">alpha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrophoretogram" title=" electrophoretogram"> electrophoretogram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serum%20protein" title=" serum protein"> serum protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B3" title=" γ"> γ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamma" title=" gamma"> gamma</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102458/comparison-of-serum-protein-fraction-between-healthy-and-diarrhea-calf-by-electrophoretogram" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102458.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">71</span> Effect of Chromium Yeast on Hematological Parameters in Camel Calves (Camelus dromedaries) Reared under Hot Summer Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20Ahmed%20Abdoun">Khalid Ahmed Abdoun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Abdulwahid%20Alsoufi"> Mohamed Abdulwahid Alsoufi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Abdullah%20Alhidary"> Ibrahim Abdullah Alhidary</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The intention of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary Cr supplementation on haematological parameters in camel calves reared under hot summer conditions. Fifteen male camel calves (5 – 6 months old) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments (n = 5) for a period of 84 days. Camel calves were fed ad libitum on basal diet without Cr supplementation (control), basal diet supplemented with 0.5 mg Cr/kg DM (Cr 0.5) or basal diet supplemented with 1.0 mg Cr/kg DM (Cr 1.0). During this, blood samples were collected every four weeks for hematological examination. The obtained results revealed that dietary Cr supplementation to camel calves reared under hot summer did not show significant effects (P> 0.05) on hematological variables. However, the neutrophil to lymphocytes ratio (N: L ratio) was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in camel calves fed on diets supplemented with chromium. In conclusion, Chromium supplementation to the diet of camel calves did not show any significant effects on hematological variables. Whereas, the neutrophil to lymphocytes ratio (N: L ratio) was reduced in camel calves fed diets supplemented with chromium. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=camel%20calves" title="camel calves">camel calves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chromium" title=" chromium"> chromium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haematological" title=" haematological"> haematological</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immune%20response" title=" immune response"> immune response</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48428/effect-of-chromium-yeast-on-hematological-parameters-in-camel-calves-camelus-dromedaries-reared-under-hot-summer-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48428.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">70</span> Determination of Some Etiologic Agents in Calves with Diarrhea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nermin%20Isik">Nermin Isik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ozlem%20Derinbay%20Ekici"> Ozlem Derinbay Ekici</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oguzhan%20Avci"> Oguzhan Avci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to determination of role infection in neonatal calves in Central Anatolian, Turkey. A total 300 fecal samples were collected from diarrheic neonatal calves, aged between 0–90 days from Konya, Karaman, and Aksaray from January to April 2014. Fecal specimens from calves with clinically diarrheic symptoms were examined for the presence of Bovine Coronavirus, Bovine Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium sp., and E. coli by commercially available capture direct enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and Modified Ziehl Neelsen method (MZN). Calves were grouped according to their age as follows: 1-14, 15-29, and 30-90 days. Cryptosporidium sp. infection was detected in 52.8%, 58.8%, and 39.2% by ELISA and 33.9%, 47%, 26.7% by MZN in the respective age groups. The seroprevalance of Rotavirus (12.5 %, 40 %, 12.5 %), Coronavirus (2.5%, 0%, 3.5%) and E. coli (5%, 4.7%, 8.9%) infections were determined according to the age groups respectively. Cryptosporidium sp. was the most detected enteropathogen (52 %) of calves and coronavirus was the least detected (2 %). The detection rate of the mixed enfection was 12.3%. In conclusion, it must be evaluated by mix infections in calves with diarrhea. These results will provide an important contribution against the factors that cause diarrhea <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptosporidium%20sp." title="cryptosporidium sp.">cryptosporidium sp.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bovine%20coronavirus" title=" bovine coronavirus"> bovine coronavirus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bovine%20rotavirus" title=" bovine rotavirus"> bovine rotavirus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.coli" title=" E.coli"> E.coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calve" title=" calve"> calve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ELISA" title=" ELISA"> ELISA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27516/determination-of-some-etiologic-agents-in-calves-with-diarrhea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">553</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">69</span> Eimeria spp. in Naturally Infected Calves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nermin%20Isik">Nermin Isik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ozlem%20Derinbay%20Ekici"> Ozlem Derinbay Ekici</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bovine coccidiosis is a protozoan disease caused by various species of Eimeria and most signs of disease are chronic or subclinical. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Eimeria spp. in calves in Konya, in Turkey. The study, conducted from January- February 2015, involved 240 faecal samples of calves in the age groups of <1 month, 1-3 months and >3 months in Konya city centre, in Turkey. In a retrospective study from these faecal samples of calves submitted to the University of Selcuk, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology were evaluated regarding the prevalence of Eimeria spp. Faecal samples were examined by Fulleborn saturated salt floatation technique. Eimeria oocysts were found in 8.33% of all samples. The positivity rates in each of the age groups were different. According to the age groups (<1 month, 1-3 months and >3 months), the Eimeria spp. were determined as 0.83, 22.73 and 7.41%, respectively. After examination of stool, detected oocysts were sporulated in 2.5% potassium dichromate at 22º C and species were identified as E. cylindrica, E. zuernii, E. ellipsoidalis, E. subspherica, E. bovis, E. auburnensis, E. canadensis, E. illinoisensis and E. brasiliensis in infected calves. In conclusion, the highest prevalence was observed in the age group of 1-3 months. The presence of Eimeria species in calves demonstrated for the first time in the Konya region in Turkey. Other etiologic agents should also be investigated in calves more seriously. Further molecular epidemiological studies should be performed in this community. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eimeria%20spp." title="Eimeria spp.">Eimeria spp.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calves" title=" calves"> calves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diarrhea" title=" diarrhea"> diarrhea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bovine%20coccidiosis" title=" bovine coccidiosis"> bovine coccidiosis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27519/eimeria-spp-in-naturally-infected-calves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27519.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">537</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">68</span> Oxidantantioxidant Status in Calves Supplemented with Green Tea Extract</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20I.%20Elshahawy">Ibrahim I. Elshahawy </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of green tea extract on serum oxidant and antioxidant profile, liver and kidney function. 40 Friesian calves are included in this study and allocated into two groups: Group I (n=20) clinically healthy calves showing no clinical abnormalities, not receiving any treatment and served as control; group II (n=20) received green tea extract (GTE) for 30 days. Non-significant changes in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were detected between groups, on contrary, serum creatinine and activities of liver enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were significantly different between two groups. There were significant increases in the mean values of serum antioxidative parameters (total antioxidant capacity, catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase) in group II. Whereas, the activity of lipid peroxidase significantly decreased in GTE treated calves when compared to control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20tea%20extract" title="green tea extract">green tea extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidants" title=" antioxidants"> antioxidants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidants" title=" oxidants"> oxidants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calves" title=" calves"> calves</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71043/oxidantantioxidant-status-in-calves-supplemented-with-green-tea-extract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71043.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">67</span> The Influence of Bacteriocins Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria Multiplied in an Alternative Substrate on Calves Blood Parameters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Bartkiene">E. Bartkiene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Krungleviciute"> V. Krungleviciute</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Kucinskiene"> J. Kucinskiene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Antanaitis"> R. Antanaitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Kucinskas"> A. Kucinskas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In calves less than 10-day-old, infection commonly cause severe diarrhoea and high mortality. To prevention of calves diseases a common practice is to treat calves with prophylactic antibiotics, in this case the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is promising. Often LAB strains are incubated in comercial de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) medium, the culture are centrifuged, the cells are washing with sterile water, and this suspension is used as a starter culture for animal health care. Juice of potatoe tubers is industrial wastes, wich may constitute a source of digestible nutrients for microorganisms. In our study the ability of LAB to utilize potatoe tubers juice in cell synthesis without external nutrient supplement was investigated, and the influence of multiplied LAB on calves blood parameters was evaluated. Calves were selected based on the analogy principle (treatment group (n=6), control group (n=8)). For the treatment group 14 days was given a 50 ml of fermented potatoe tubers juice containing 9.6 log10 cfu/ml of LAB. Blood parameters (gas and biochemical) were assessed by use of an auto-analyzers (Hitachi 705 and EPOC). Before the experiment, blood pH of treatment group calves was 7.33, control – 7.36, whereas, after 14 days, 7.28 and 7.36, respectively. Calves blood pH in the treatment group remained stable over the all experiment period. Concentration of PCO2 in control calves group blood increased from 63.95 to 70.93, whereas, in the treatment group decreased from 63.08 to 60.71. Concentration of lactate in the treatment group decreased from 3.20 mmol/l to 2.64 mmol/l, whereas, in control - increased from 3.95 mmol/l to 4.29 mmol/l. Concentration of AST in the control calves group increased from 50.18 IU/L to 58.9 IU/L, whereas, in treatment group decreased from 49.82 IU/L to 33.1 IU/L. We conclude that the 50 ml of fermented potatoe tubers juice containing 9.6 log10 cfu/ml of LAB per day, by using 14 days, reduced risk of developing acidosis (stabilizes blood pH (p < 0.05)), reduces lactates and PCO2 concentration (p < 0.05) and risk of liver lesions (reduces AST concentration (p < 0.005)) in blood of calves. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20substrate" title="alternative substrate">alternative substrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20parameters" title=" blood parameters"> blood parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calves" title=" calves"> calves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactic%20acid%20bacteria" title=" lactic acid bacteria"> lactic acid bacteria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24269/the-influence-of-bacteriocins-producing-lactic-acid-bacteria-multiplied-in-an-alternative-substrate-on-calves-blood-parameters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24269.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">66</span> Effect of Parenteral Administration of Vitamin A in Pregnant Dry Cows, on Vitamin A Status of Neonatal Calves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samad%20Lotfollahzadeh">Samad Lotfollahzadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To evaluate the effect of intramuscular administration of vitamin A during dry period in pregnant dairy cows, which already received it in their daily ration, on vitamin A status of neonatal calves, a total of 30 cows were randomly selected and divided to two main groups; treatment and control group. Animals in the treatment group were subdivided into two groups. Single intramuscular injection of 2000000 IU vitamin A; was carried in 10 dairy cows at 7 months of pregnancy (group 1). In the second group of treated animals (10 cows) the injection was performed in 8 months of pregnancy (group 2). Ten pregnant dairy cows were received saline injection as placebo and selected as the control group. Blood samples were collected from experimental dairy cows at 7 and 8 months of pregnancy as well as their newborn calves’ pre and after colostrum intake. There was no significant difference between vitamin A and β- carotene concentration of dairy cows of three groups in two last months of pregnancy (P > 0.05). Vitamin A concentration of calves of two treatment groups before and after receiving of colostrum were significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between serum concentrations of vitamin A in calves of two treated groups (P > 0.05). β- Carotene concentration of serum samples of dairy cows and neonatal calves of three groups were not significantly different as compared with together. From results of the present study it can be concluded that daily supplementation of vitamin A in late pregnancy in dairy cows may not compensate the calves need for vitamin A and single injection of this vitamin A during dry either in 7 or 8 months of pregnancy can significantly increase level of vitamin A in their colostrum and neonatal calves. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry%20cow" title="dry cow">dry cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beta%20carotene" title=" beta carotene"> beta carotene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=newborn%20calves" title=" newborn calves"> newborn calves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitamin%20A" title=" vitamin A"> vitamin A</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry%20cows" title=" dry cows"> dry cows</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37739/effect-of-parenteral-administration-of-vitamin-a-in-pregnant-dry-cows-on-vitamin-a-status-of-neonatal-calves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">65</span> Blood Analysis of Diarrheal Calves Using Portable Blood Analyzer: Analysis of Calves by Age</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwangman%20Park">Kwangman Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinhee%20Kang"> Jinhee Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suhee%20Kim"> Suhee Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dohyeon%20Yu"> Dohyeon Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyoungseong%20Choi"> Kyoungseong Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinho%20Park"> Jinho Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Statement of the Problem: Diarrhea is a major cause of death in young calves. This causes great economic damage to the livestock industry. These diarrhea cause dehydration, decrease blood flow, lower the pH and degrade enzyme function. In the past, serum screening was not possible in the field. However, now with the spread of portable serum testing devices, it is now possible to conduct tests directly on field. Thus, accurate serological changes can be identified and used in the field of large animals. Methodology and Theoretical Orientation: The test groups were calves from 1 to 44 days old. The status of the feces was divided into four grade to determine the severity of diarrhea (grade 0,1,2,3). Grade 0, 1 is considered to have no diarrhea. Grade 2, 3 is considered to diarrhea positive group. One or more viruses were detected in this group. Diarrhea negasitive group consisted of 57 calves (Asan=30, Samrye=27). Diarrhea positive group consisted of 34 calves (Kimje=27, Geochang=7). The feces of all calves were analyzed by PCR Test. Blood sample was measured using an automatic blood analyzer(i-STAT, Abbott inc. Illinois, US). Calves were divided into 3 groups according to age. Group 1 is 1 to 14 days old. Group 2 is 15 to 28 days old. Group 3 is more than 28 days old. Findings: Diarrhea caused an increase in HCT due to dehydration. The difference from normal was highest in 15 to 28 days old (p < 0.01). At all ages, bicarbonate decreased compared to normal, and therefore pH decreased. Similar to HCT, the largest difference was observed between 15 and 28 days (p < 0.01). The pCO₂ decreases to compensate for the decrease in pH. Conclusion and Significance: At all ages, HCT increases, and bicarbonate, pH, and pCO₂ decrease in diarrhea calves. The calf from 15 days to 28 days shows the most difference from normal. Over 28 days of age, weight gain and homeostasis ability increase, diarrhea is seen in the stool, there are fewer hematologic changes than groups below 28 days of age. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calves" title="calves">calves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diarrhea" title=" diarrhea"> diarrhea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hematological%20changes" title=" hematological changes"> hematological changes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=i-STAT" title=" i-STAT"> i-STAT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102455/blood-analysis-of-diarrheal-calves-using-portable-blood-analyzer-analysis-of-calves-by-age" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102455.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">64</span> Anatomical and Pathological Evaluation of Anomaly Cases Presented to the Department of Pathology at the Kafkas University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, between 2017 and 2019</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%BClseren%20K%C4%B1rba%C5%9F%20Do%C4%9Fan">Gülseren Kırbaş Doğan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emin%20Karakurt"> Emin Karakurt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mushap%20Kuru"> Mushap Kuru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hilmi%20Nuho%C4%9Flu"> Hilmi Nuhoğlu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Developmental anomalies can be caused by defects in bone tissue, cartilage tissue, or primitive mesenchymal tissue. Genetic-, environmental-, teratogenic-, faulty breeding selection–, or feeding-related anomalies can be observed either locally or systemically. This study aimed to evaluate in detail the various anomalies in six calves according to pathological and anatomical investigations. Six calves were delivered to the Department of Pathology at the Kafkas University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine between 2017 and 2019. These calves comprised one with anencephaly, one with the diencephalic syndrome, one with Schistosoma reflexum, two with anasarca, and one with nasal and calvarium openings. After necropsy, samples were taken from the organs, foreseen, and routine pathological examinations were performed. Following these procedures, the calves were brought to the anatomy laboratory and anatomically examined. As a result, various anomalies in 6 calves were evaluated according to pathological and anatomical investigations. These findings are believed to contribute to the literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anatomy" title="anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anomaly" title=" anomaly"> anomaly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calf" title=" calf"> calf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathology" title=" pathology"> pathology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110508/anatomical-and-pathological-evaluation-of-anomaly-cases-presented-to-the-department-of-pathology-at-the-kafkas-university-faculty-of-veterinary-medicine-between-2017-and-2019" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">63</span> Detection of Polymorphism of Growth Hormone Gene in Holstein Cattle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emine%20%C5%9Eahin">Emine Şahin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murat%20Soner%20Balc%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu"> Murat Soner Balcıoğlu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to determine the growth hormone (bGH) gene polymorphism in the Holstein cattle growing around Antalya in Turkey. In order to determine the bGH-AluI polymorphism, polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was performed. A 891 bp fragment of bGH was amplified and two types of alleles C and D for bGH were observed. In this study, the frequencies of C and D alleles were 0.8438 and 0.1562, respectively. The genotype frequencies for CC, CD and DD were 0.787, 0.191 and 0.022, respectively. According to the results of the chi-square test, a significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was not determined for the bGH locus in the population. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Growth%20Hormone%20Gene" title="Growth Hormone Gene">Growth Hormone Gene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holstein" title=" Holstein "> Holstein </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Polymorphism" title=" Polymorphism"> Polymorphism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RFLP" title=" RFLP"> RFLP</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63845/detection-of-polymorphism-of-growth-hormone-gene-in-holstein-cattle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63845.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">62</span> Effect of Probiotic (RE3) Supplement on Growth Performance, Diarrhea Incidence and Blood Parameters of N'dama Calves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Abdul%20Aziz">Y. Abdul Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20L.%20K.%20Osafo"> E. L. K. Osafo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20O.%20Apori"> S. O. Apori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Osman"> A. Osman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A sixteen week trial was conducted at the Research Farm (Technology Village) of the Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. This study sought to investigate the effects of Probiotic (RE3) on growth performance, diarrhea incidence and blood parameters of N’dama calves. Sixteen N’dama calves aged 3 months of an average initial weight of 44.2 kg were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments according to their body weight, age, and sex. Treatment 1 (T1) serve as a control animal (No RE3 supplementation). Treatment 2 (T2) receives 0.03 ml RE3 per kg body weight. Treatment 3 (T3) receives 0.06 ml RE3 per kg body weight, and Treatment 4 (T4) also receives 0.09 ml RE3 per kg body weight in a Completely Randomize Design (CRD). There were 4 replicates per treatment. The calves were allowed access to feed and water ad libitum. The body weight of the calves was recorded at the start of the experiment and thereafter regularly at two weeks interval. Weighing was done early morning before the calves are allowed to access feed and water and were also observed in their pens for occurrence of diarrhea and faecal scores recorded. Blood samples were obtained from each calf at the end of the study through jugular vein puncture. Supplementation of RE3 to calves had showed a beneficial effect by reducing the incidence of diarrhea. The highest faecal score was recorded in T1 and the least faecal score was recorded in T3. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) in the faecal score between the treatment group and the control after two weeks of the experiment. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the average daily gain of the animals. Hematological and biochemical indices of calves were all within the normal range except in treatments (1, 3 and 4) which recorded high White Blood Cell (WBC) count with no significant difference (P > 0.05). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probiotics%20%28RE3%29" title="probiotics (RE3)">probiotics (RE3)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diarrhea%20incidence" title=" diarrhea incidence"> diarrhea incidence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20parameters" title=" blood parameters"> blood parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N%E2%80%99dama%20calves" title=" N’dama calves"> N’dama calves</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91757/effect-of-probiotic-re3-supplement-on-growth-performance-diarrhea-incidence-and-blood-parameters-of-ndama-calves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91757.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">61</span> Reproductive Traits for Holstein Cattle </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashraf%20M.%20Ward">Ashraf M. Ward</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruban%20S.%20Yu"> Ruban S. Yu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Data consisting of 2757 records from tow Holstein herds made between 2000 and 2010 were used to examine environmental factors affecting age at first calving (AFC) and calving intervals (CI) and consequently estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters and trends. The overall means and standard errors for AFC and CI were 39.4 ± 7.2 months and 487.5 ± 151.6 days respectively. The respective heritability estimates were 0.091 ± 0.05 and 0.044 ± 0.032, while the repeatability estimate for CI was 0.096 ± 0.001. The genetic trends for CI and AFC were -0.6 d/yr and -0.01 mo/yr respectively and were both significant (P < 0.001), indicating a decrease in mean breeding value over the study period. Phenotypic trends were -0.31 mo/yr and -0.35 d/yr for AFC and CI respectively though non-significant (P > 0.05). The low heritability for CI and AFC indicated that temporary environmental influences were much greater than genetic influences or permanent environmental influences on these traits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reproductive" title=" reproductive"> reproductive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20parameters" title=" genetic parameters"> genetic parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heritability" title=" heritability "> heritability </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18509/reproductive-traits-for-holstein-cattle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18509.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">722</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">60</span> The Pathology of Bovine Rotavirus Infection in Calves That Confirmed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction and Real-Time RT-PCR</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shama%20Ranjan%20Barua">Shama Ranjan Barua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tofazzal%20M.%20Rakib"> Tofazzal M. Rakib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Alamgir%20Hossain"> Mohammad Alamgir Hossain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tania%20Ferdushy"> Tania Ferdushy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharmin%20Chowdhury"> Sharmin Chowdhury </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rotavirus is one of the main etiologies of neonatal diarrhea in bovine calves that causes significant economic loss in Bangladesh. The present study was carried out to investigate the pathology of neonatal enteritis in calves due to bovine rotavirus infection in south-eastern part of Bangladesh. Rotavirus was identified by using ELISA, RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction), real-time RT-PCR. We examined 12 dead calves with history of diarrhea during necropsy. Among 12 dead calves, in gross examination, 6 were found with pathological changes in intestine, 5 calves had congestion of small intestine and rest one had no distinct pathological changes. Intestinal contents and/or faecal samples of all dead calves were collected and examined to confirm the presence of bovine rotavirus A using Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR. Out 12 samples, 5 (42%) samples revealed presence of bovine rotavirus A in three diagnostic tests. The histopathological changes were found almost exclusively limited in the small intestine. The lesions of rotaviral enteritis ranged from slight to moderate shortening (atrophy) of villi in the jejunum and ileum with necrotic crypts. The villi were blunt and covered by immature epithelial cells. Infected cells, stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin staining method, showed characteristic syncytia and eosinophilc intracytoplasmic inclusion body. The presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in enterocytes is the indication of viral etiology. The presence of rotavirus in the affected tissues and/or lesions was confirmed by three different immunological and molecular tests. The findings of histopathological changes will be helpful in future diagnosis of rotaviral infection in dead calves. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calves" title="calves">calves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diarrhea" title=" diarrhea"> diarrhea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathology" title=" pathology"> pathology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotavirus" title=" rotavirus"> rotavirus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77041/the-pathology-of-bovine-rotavirus-infection-in-calves-that-confirmed-by-enzyme-linked-immunosorbant-assay-reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reaction-and-real-time-rt-pcr" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77041.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">252</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">59</span> Incidence and Etiology of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea in the Region of Blida, Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Dadda">A. Dadda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Khelef"> D. Khelef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Ait-Oudia"> K. Ait-Oudia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Kaidi"> R. Kaidi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Neonatal calf diarrhea is the most important disease of neonatal calves and results in the greatest economic losses due to disease in this age group in both dairy and beef calves. The objectives of the present study were to estimate the morbidity and the mortality of neonatal diarrhea in dairy calves also to determine aetiology and risk factors were caused diarrhea in dairy veal under 60 days old. A total of 324 claves, housed in 30 dairy breeding were followed during two velage season from January to Juan 2013. The total mortality was 5,9% and was significantly higher in calves had less than 15 days of age. The incidence rate of diarrhea was 31,5% and peaked in the first two weeks after velage. The main causes were breeding controls, defect of passive immunity, old of calf, production season, and nutrient of pregnant cattle, veal’s housing and infectious agents. ELISA test on 22 fecal samples revealed that the 31, 82% of dairy breeding were infected, by cryptosporidium parvum in 13, 6% of study population, E.Coli F5 in 9% and Rotavirus with rate of 4, 5%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diarrhoea" title="diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neonatal" title=" neonatal"> neonatal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aetiology" title=" aetiology"> aetiology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20factors" title=" risk factors"> risk factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incidence" title=" incidence"> incidence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16257/incidence-and-etiology-of-neonatal-calf-diarrhea-in-the-region-of-blida-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16257.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">635</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">58</span> Artificial Insemination of Bali Cattle with Frozen-Thawed Sexed Sperm Under District AI Station Conditions in Lombok: A Preliminary Trial</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chairussyuhur%20Arman">Chairussyuhur Arman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Totti%20Tjiptosumirat"> Totti Tjiptosumirat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Gunawan"> Muhammad Gunawan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mastur"> Mastur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joko%20Priyono"> Joko Priyono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baiq%20Tri%20Ratna%20Erawati"> Baiq Tri Ratna Erawati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study was undertaken to synchronize oestrus of bali cattle and artificially inseminated with frozen-thawed sexed-semen. The experiment was carried out at District AI Station. Four pluriparous cows and four nulliparous heifers were used in this study and they were housed in free stall barns. The heifers fed with corn silage supplemented with UMMB, while the cows fed with green fodder. All animals were given 500 mg cloprostenolum i.m. injections PGF2α twice, 11 days apart, to synchronize the occurrence of estrus. Estrus was detected by visual observation twice a day and determined if all cattle accepted mount from other females. All animals were inseminated twice with Bali sexed-semen at 72 and 76 h after observed oestrus. Results suggested that the percentage of calving rate either for pluriparous cows or nulliparous heifers were recorded to be 75 percent. One cow and one heifer did not produce calves because of embryonic lost. Regardless the sex of calves, the mean of birth weight of calves in cows was higher than that of heifers (18.50 ± 2.60 kg vs 13.83 ± 5.20 kg). One female calf from heifer with lower birth weight (8.0 kg) was dead one day after born. In pluriparous group, two cows delivered male calves and the other delivered female calf. Conversely in nulliparous group, two heifers delivered female calves and the other male calf. It is concluded that under the conditions of this preliminary trials, the sex ratio between pluriparous and nulliparous groups was found to be 50:50 (male:female). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20insemination" title="artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bali%20cattle" title=" bali cattle"> bali cattle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calves" title=" calves"> calves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexed%20sperm" title=" sexed sperm"> sexed sperm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40944/artificial-insemination-of-bali-cattle-with-frozen-thawed-sexed-sperm-under-district-ai-station-conditions-in-lombok-a-preliminary-trial" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40944.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">57</span> Effect of Non-Genetic Factors and Heritability Estimate of Some Productive and Reproductive Traits of Holstein Cows in Middle of Iraq</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salim%20Omar%20Raoof">Salim Omar Raoof</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted at the Al-Salam cows’ station for milk production located in Al-Latifiya district - Al-Mahmudiyah district (25 km south of Baghdad governorate) on a sample of (180) Holstein cows imported from Germany by Taj Al-Nahrain company, in order to study the effect of the sequence, season and calving year on Total Milk Production (TMP). the lactation period (LP), calving interval, Services per conception and the estimate the heritability of the studied traits. The results showed that the overall mean of TMP and LP were 3172.53 kg and237.09-day respectively. The parity effect on TMP in Holstein cows was highly significant (P≤0.01). total Milk production increased with the advanced of parity and mostly reached its maximum value in the 4th and 3rd parity being 3305.87 kg and3286.35 kg per day, respectively. Season of calving has a highly significant (P≤0.01) effect on (TMP). Cows calved in spring had a highest milk production than that calved in other seasons. Season of calving had highly significant (P≤0.01) effect on services per conception. The result of the study showed the heritability value for TMP, LP, SPC and CL were 0.21 ,0.08 ,0.08 and 0.07 respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cows" title=" cows"> cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20production" title=" milk production"> milk production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-genetic" title=" non-genetic"> non-genetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hertability" title=" hertability"> hertability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177131/effect-of-non-genetic-factors-and-heritability-estimate-of-some-productive-and-reproductive-traits-of-holstein-cows-in-middle-of-iraq" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177131.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">56</span> Associations between Polymorphism of Growth Hormone Gene on Milk Production, Fat and Protein Content in Friesian Holstein Cattle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tety%20Hartatik">Tety Hartatik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dian%20Kurniawati"> Dian Kurniawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adiarto"> Adiarto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the research was to determine the associations between polymorphism of the bovine growth hormone (GH) gene (Leu/Val, L/V) and milk production of Friesian Holstein Cattle. A total of 62 cows which consist of two Friesian Holstein groups (cattle from New Zealand are 19 heads and cattle from Australia are 43 heads). We perform the PCR and RFLP method for analyzing the genotype of the target gene GH 211 bp in the part of intron 4 and exon 5 of GH gene. The frequencies of genotypes LL were higher than genotype LV. The number of genotype LL in New Zealand and Australia groups are 84% and 79%, respectively. The number of genotype LV in New Zealand and Australia groups are 16% and 21%, respectively. The association between Leu/Val polymorphism on milk production, fat and protein content in both groups does not show the significant effect. However base on the groups (cows from New Zealand compare with those from Australia) show the significant effect on fat and protein content. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Friesian%20Holstein" title="Friesian Holstein">Friesian Holstein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fat%20content" title=" fat content"> fat content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth%20hormone%20gene" title=" growth hormone gene"> growth hormone gene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20production" title=" milk production"> milk production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PCR-RLFP" title=" PCR-RLFP"> PCR-RLFP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein%20content" title=" protein content"> protein content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22526/associations-between-polymorphism-of-growth-hormone-gene-on-milk-production-fat-and-protein-content-in-friesian-holstein-cattle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22526.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">659</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">55</span> Lactation Curve at Holstein Cows in Romania and Influencing Factors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enea%20Danut%20Nicolae">Enea Danut Nicolae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osman%20%28Defta%29%20Aurelia"> Osman (Defta) Aurelia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vidu%20Livia"> Vidu Livia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marginean%20Gheorghe"> Marginean Gheorghe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Defta%20Nicoleta"> Defta Nicoleta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moise%20Andrada"> Moise Andrada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today, as a result of population growth, there is an increase in demand for animal products; milk and dairy products are an important part of this category. Maintaining production at maximum levels for as long as possible is one of the main objectives of dairy farmers. Over the course of lactation, a cow's milk production is not uniform. During the initial stage of lactation, the cow's milk production follows an upward slope, a plateau, and then a downward slope, which is a reflection of the lactation curve. The evolution of the lactation curve is influenced by numerous factors, which are genetic, exploitation, physiological, environmental and technological. The aim of this study was to observe the lactation curve of Holstein cows in Romania and determine the extent to which they conform to the expected pattern. In addition, there has been an analysis of the factors which have an influence on this curve and the extent of this influence. In order to be able to carry out the present study, data were collected from three farms located in three different geographical areas. To highlight the findings, the data collected was then statistically processed and graphically interpreted. All the farms have only Holstein cows, which are kept in free stalls. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactation%20curve" title="lactation curve">lactation curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holstein" title=" Holstein"> Holstein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20production" title=" milk production"> milk production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influencing%20factors" title=" influencing factors"> influencing factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183985/lactation-curve-at-holstein-cows-in-romania-and-influencing-factors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183985.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">54</span> Case Report: Mandibular Area Abscesses in Calves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dovil%C4%97%20Ba%C4%8D%C4%97ninait%C4%97">Dovilė Bačėninaitė</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karina%20D%C5%BEermeikait%C4%97"> Karina Džermeikaitė</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Justinas%20Kirvela"> Justinas Kirvela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ram%C5%ABnas%20Antanaitis"> Ramūnas Antanaitis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacteria are often present in the mouth of cattle. Some of them can cause abscesses. Starting with severe swelling of the mouth, muscle spasm, or locked jaw, it can lead to inability to open its mouth, move the neck, cause pain while eating. While the calf is unable to eat properly, it becomes more susceptible to infectious diseases, lower weight gain can be observed. Abscesses can be considered as a continuum of oral disease, whereby early stages of the lumpy jaw could proceed from gingivitis to periodontal disease. In the event of tissue damage, bacteria can enter the bloodstream, even cause sepsis. The most common lesions occur when animals eat sharp grass, coarse fodder, sharp, piercing foreign bodies (this is especially common for calves when they are trying to eat inedible objects). A crossbred Holstein calf presented with a history of proliferative outgrowth in the mandibular region. On clinical examination, needle aspiration, mandibular swelling revealed sticky, white curd-like fluid containing. Pus bacteriology revealed gram-negative cocci. They were sensitive to amoxicillin, cephalexin, enrofloxacin, ceftiofur. Blood morphology was in physiological ranges. The calf was treated surgically. The growth was excised, the puss drained and the wound was flushed with potassium permanganate solution (0,01%). A week after clinical surgery examination was performed. The swelling was decreased. Superficial bacterial infections are often associated with poor hygiene, which should be improved before treatment is commenced. Clipping away dirty hair and gently washing affected areas of skin daily with solutions such as povidone-iodine, potassium permanganate is effective. Appropriate antibiotic therapy, based on sensitivity testing, may be used where there is evidence of systemic illness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calf" title="calf">calf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abscess" title=" abscess"> abscess</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lumpy%20jaw" title=" lumpy jaw"> lumpy jaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pus" title=" pus"> pus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Streptococcus" title=" Streptococcus"> Streptococcus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Staphylococcus" title=" Staphylococcus"> Staphylococcus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Actinobacillus" title=" Actinobacillus"> Actinobacillus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143420/case-report-mandibular-area-abscesses-in-calves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143420.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holstein%20calves&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holstein%20calves&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holstein%20calves&page=2" 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