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<span>Scientific hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Working hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypotheses,_concepts_and_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypotheses,_concepts_and_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hypotheses, concepts and measurement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hypotheses,_concepts_and_measurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypothesis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotese" title="Hipotese – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hipotese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فرضية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرضية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotesi" title="Hipotesi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hipotesi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis" title="Hipótesis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hipótesis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotez" title="Hipotez – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hipotez" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="অনুকল্প – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনুকল্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1-soat" title="Ká-soat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ká-soat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гипотеза – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гипотеза" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гіпотэза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гіпотэза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гіпотэза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіпотэза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Хипотеза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хипотеза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hipoteza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Гипотезо – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гипотезо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B2tesi" title="Hipòtesi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipòtesi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гипотеза – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гипотеза" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypot%C3%A9za" title="Hypotéza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hypotéza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisumamunyati" title="Chisumamunyati – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chisumamunyati" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipotesi" title="Ipotesi – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ipotesi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotese" title="Hypotese – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hypotese" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothese" title="Hypothese – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hypothese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCpotees" title="Hüpotees – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüpotees" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Υπόθεση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπόθεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_(m%C3%A9todo_cient%C3%ADfico)" title="Hipótesis (método científico) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipótesis (método científico)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotezo" title="Hipotezo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hipotezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotesi" title="Hipotesi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipotesi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C%D9%87" title="فرضیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرضیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoth%C3%A8se" title="Hypothèse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hypothèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoteze" title="Hypoteze – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hypoteze" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipotesi" title="Ipotesi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ipotesi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipit%C3%A9is" title="Hipitéis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hipitéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tese" title="Hipótese – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hipótese" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4" title="가설 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A6" title="Հիպոթեզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիպոթեզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="परिकल्पना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परिकल्पना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hipoteza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotezo" title="Hipotezo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hipotezo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotesis" title="Hipotesis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hipotesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothese" title="Hypothese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hypothese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiHlawumbiselo" title="IsiHlawumbiselo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiHlawumbiselo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilg%C3%A1ta" title="Tilgáta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tilgáta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipotesi" title="Ipotesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipotesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2)" title="השערה (מדע) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השערה (מדע)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="ჰიპოთეზა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიპოთეზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гипотеза – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гипотеза" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhana" title="Dhana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dhana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipot%C3%A8z" title="Ipotèz – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ipotèz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гипотеза – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гипотеза" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hypothesis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipot%C4%93ze" title="Hipotēze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hipotēze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotez%C4%97" title="Hipotezė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hipotezė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipot%C3%A9zis" title="Hipotézis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hipotézis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Хипотеза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хипотеза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra-kevitra" title="Petra-kevitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Petra-kevitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8" title="പരികല്പന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരികല്പന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotesis" title="Hipotesis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hipotesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အဆိုပြုရှင်းလင်းချက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဆိုပြုရှင်းလင်းချက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothese" title="Hypothese – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hypothese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="परिकल्पना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="परिकल्पना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%AE%E8%AA%AC" title="仮説 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仮説" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipotesi" title="Ipotesi – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ipotesi" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotese" title="Hypotese – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hypotese" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotese" title="Hypotese – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hypotese" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipot%C3%A8si" title="Ipotèsi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ipotèsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipoteza" title="Gipoteza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gipoteza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4" title="ਮਨੌਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੌਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hipoteza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tese" title="Hipótese – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipótese" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipotez%C4%83" title="Ipoteză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ipoteză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91awpariy_yuyay" title="Ñawpariy yuyay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñawpariy yuyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гипотеза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гипотеза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hipoteza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="කල්පිතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කල්පිතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hypothesis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88" title="مفروضو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مفروضو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypot%C3%A9za" title="Hypotéza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hypotéza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hipoteza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B2" title="ھیپۆتێز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیپۆتێز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Хипотеза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хипотеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hipoteza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoteesi" title="Hypoteesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hypoteesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotes" title="Hypotes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hypotes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipotesis" title="Ipotesis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ipotesis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கருதுகோள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருதுகோள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гипотеза – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гипотеза" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8" title="పరికల్పన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరికల్పన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สมมติฐาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมมติฐาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фарзия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фарзия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotez" title="Hipotez – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hipotez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гіпотеза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіпотеза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%DB%81" title="مفروضہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مفروضہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipotezi" title="Ipotezi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ipotezi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3_thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Giả thuyết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giả thuyết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotesis" title="Hipotesis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hipotesis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4" title="假说 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="假说" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="假說" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4" title="假说 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="假说" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proposed explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hypothesis (disambiguation)">Hypothesis (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hypothetical (disambiguation)">Hypothetical (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Hypothesis_Ptolemaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Hypothesis_Ptolemaica.jpg/350px-Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Hypothesis_Ptolemaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Hypothesis_Ptolemaica.jpg/525px-Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Hypothesis_Ptolemaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Hypothesis_Ptolemaica.jpg/700px-Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Hypothesis_Ptolemaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="2478" /></a><figcaption>The hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Cellarius" title="Andreas Cellarius">Andreas Cellarius</a>, showing the planetary motions in eccentric and epicyclical <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>hypothesis</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>hypotheses</b>) is a proposed <a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">explanation</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomenon</a>. For a hypothesis to be a <i>scientific hypothesis</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> requires that one can <a href="/wiki/Testable" class="mw-redirect" title="Testable">test</a> it. <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">Scientists</a> generally base scientific hypotheses on previous <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observations</a> that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Even though the words "hypothesis" and "<a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a>" are often used interchangeably, a scientific hypothesis is not the same as a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific theory</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Working_hypothesis" title="Working hypothesis">working hypothesis</a> is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a><sup id="cite_ref-HilbornMangel1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbornMangel1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a process beginning with an educated guess or thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Feynman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feynman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A different meaning of the term <i>hypothesis</i> is used in <a href="/wiki/Formal_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal logic">formal logic</a>, to denote the <a href="/wiki/Antecedent_(logic)" title="Antecedent (logic)">antecedent</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">proposition</a>; thus in the proposition "If <i>P</i>, then <i>Q</i>", <i>P</i> denotes the hypothesis (or antecedent); <i>Q</i> can be called a <a href="/wiki/Consequent" title="Consequent">consequent</a>. <i>P</i> is the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assumption" class="extiw" title="wikt:assumption">assumption</a> in a (possibly <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional" title="Counterfactual conditional">counterfactual</a>) <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/what_if" class="extiw" title="wikt:what if">What If</a></i> question. The adjective <i>hypothetical</i>, meaning "having the nature of a hypothesis", or "being assumed to exist as an immediate consequence of a hypothesis", can refer to any of these meanings of the term "hypothesis". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <p>In its ancient usage, <i><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis_(drama)" title="Hypothesis (drama)">hypothesis</a></i> referred to a summary of the <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">classical drama</a>. The English word <i>hypothesis</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὑπόθεσις">ὑπόθεσις</a> <span title="Niwer Mil-language text"><i lang="hrc">hypothesis</i></span> whose literal or etymological sense is "putting or placing under" and hence in extended use has many other meanings including "supposition".<sup id="cite_ref-HilbornMangel1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbornMangel1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i> (86e–87b), <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> dissects <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> with a method used by mathematicians,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that of "investigating from a hypothesis".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, 'hypothesis' refers to a clever idea or to a convenient mathematical approach that simplifies cumbersome <a href="/wiki/Calculation" title="Calculation">calculations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Cardinal Bellarmine</a> gave a famous example of this usage in the warning issued to <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> in the early 17th century: that he must not treat the motion of the Earth as a reality, but merely as a hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In common usage in the 21st century, a <i>hypothesis</i> refers to a provisional idea whose merit requires evaluation. For proper evaluation, the framer of a hypothesis needs to define specifics in operational terms. A hypothesis requires more work by the researcher in order to either confirm or disprove it. In due course, a confirmed hypothesis may become part of a theory or occasionally may grow to become a theory itself. Normally, scientific hypotheses have the form of a <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, but not always, one can also formulate them as <a href="/wiki/Existential_quantification" title="Existential quantification">existential statements</a>, stating that some particular instance of the phenomenon under examination has some characteristic and causal explanations, which have the general form of <a href="/wiki/Universal_quantification" title="Universal quantification">universal statements</a>, stating that every instance of the phenomenon has a particular characteristic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What has the form of a universal statement? The existential statement? The phenomenon? The hypothesis? The characteristic/causal eplanation? (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In entrepreneurial setting, a hypothesis is used to formulate provisional ideas about the attributes of products or business models. The formulated hypothesis is then evaluated, where the hypothesis is proven to be either "true" or "false" through a <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">verifiability</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsifiability</a>-oriented <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Any useful hypothesis will enable <a href="/wiki/Prediction" title="Prediction">predictions</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoning">reasoning</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive reasoning</a>). It might predict the outcome of an <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiment</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> setting or the observation of a phenomenon in <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>. The prediction may also invoke statistics and only talk about probabilities. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, following others, has argued that a hypothesis must be <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsifiable</a>, and that one cannot regard a proposition or theory as scientific if it does not admit the possibility of being shown to be false. Other philosophers of science have rejected the criterion of falsifiability or supplemented it with other criteria, such as verifiability (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">verificationism</a>) or coherence (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">confirmation holism</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> involves experimentation to test the ability of some hypothesis to adequately answer the question under investigation. In contrast, unfettered observation is not as likely to raise unexplained issues or open questions in science, as would the formulation of a <a href="/wiki/Crucial_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucial experiment">crucial experiment</a> to test the hypothesis. A <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a> might also be used to test the hypothesis. </p><p>In framing a hypothesis, the investigator must not currently know the outcome of a test or that it remains reasonably under continuing investigation. Only in such cases does the experiment, test or study potentially increase the probability of showing the truth of a hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Popper1959_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popper1959-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp17, 49–50">: pp17, 49–50 </span></sup> If the researcher already knows the outcome, it counts as a "consequence" — and the researcher should have already considered this while formulating the hypothesis. If one cannot assess the predictions by observation or by <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a>, the hypothesis needs to be tested by others providing observations. For example, a new technology or theory might make the necessary experiments feasible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_hypothesis">Scientific hypothesis</h2></div> <p>A trial solution to a problem is commonly referred to as a hypothesis—or, often, as an "<a href="/wiki/Educated_guess" class="mw-redirect" title="Educated guess">educated guess</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feynman_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feynman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—because it provides a suggested outcome based on the evidence. However, some scientists reject the term "educated guess" as incorrect. Experimenters may test and reject several hypotheses before solving the problem. </p><p>According to Schick and Vaughn,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> researchers weighing up alternative hypotheses may take into consideration: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testability" title="Testability">Testability</a> (compare <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsifiability</a> as discussed above)</li> <li>Parsimony (as in the application of "<a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a>", discouraging the postulation of excessive numbers of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/entity" class="extiw" title="wikt:entity">entities</a>)</li> <li>Scope – the apparent applicability of the hypothesis to multiple known <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomena</a></li> <li>Fruitfulness – the prospect that the hypothesis may explain further phenomena in the future</li> <li>Conservatism – the degree of "fit" with existing recognized knowledge-systems.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Working_hypothesis">Working hypothesis</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Working_hypothesis" title="Working hypothesis">Working hypothesis</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Working_hypothesis" title="Working hypothesis">working hypothesis</a> is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails.<sup id="cite_ref-Century_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations, which can be linked to the <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_research" title="Exploratory research">exploratory research</a> purpose in empirical investigation. Working hypotheses are often used as a <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">conceptual framework</a> in qualitative research.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provisional nature of working hypotheses makes them useful as an organizing device in applied research. Here they act like a useful guide to address problems that are still in a formative phase.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, philosophers of science have tried to integrate the various approaches to evaluating hypotheses, and the scientific method in general, to form a more complete system that integrates the individual concerns of each approach. Notably, <a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a>, Karl Popper's colleague and student, respectively, have produced novel attempts at such a synthesis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypotheses,_concepts_and_measurement"><span id="Hypotheses.2C_concepts_and_measurement"></span>Hypotheses, concepts and measurement</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concepts</a> in Hempel's <a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">deductive-nomological model</a> play a key role in the development and testing of hypotheses. Most formal hypotheses connect concepts by specifying the expected relationships between <a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">propositions</a>. When a set of hypotheses are grouped together, they become a type of <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">conceptual framework</a>. When a <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">conceptual framework</a> is complex and incorporates causality or explanation, it is generally referred to as a theory. According to noted philosopher of science <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a>, </p> <dl><dd>An adequate empirical interpretation turns a theoretical system into a testable theory: The hypothesis whose constituent terms have been interpreted become capable of test by reference to observable phenomena. Frequently the interpreted hypothesis will be derivative hypotheses of the theory; but their confirmation or disconfirmation by empirical data will then immediately strengthen or weaken also the primitive hypotheses from which they were derived.<sup id="cite_ref-Hempel_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hempel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup></dd></dl> <p>Hempel provides a useful metaphor that describes the relationship between a <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">conceptual framework</a> and the framework as it is observed and perhaps tested (interpreted framework). "The whole system floats, as it were, above the plane of observation and is anchored to it by rules of interpretation. These might be viewed as strings which are not part of the network but link certain points of the latter with specific places in the plane of observation. By virtue of those interpretative connections, the network can function as a scientific theory."<sup id="cite_ref-Hempel_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hempel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> Hypotheses with concepts anchored in the plane of observation are ready to be tested. In "actual scientific practice the process of framing a theoretical structure and of interpreting it are not always sharply separated, since the intended interpretation usually guides the construction of the theoretician".<sup id="cite_ref-Hempel_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hempel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> It is, however, "possible and indeed desirable, for the purposes of logical clarification, to separate the two steps conceptually".<sup id="cite_ref-Hempel_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hempel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistical_hypothesis_testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</a></div> <p>When a possible <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation</a> or similar relation between phenomena is investigated, such as whether a proposed remedy is effective in treating a disease, the hypothesis that a relation exists cannot be examined the same way one might examine a proposed new law of nature. In such an investigation, if the tested remedy shows no effect in a few cases, these do not necessarily falsify the hypothesis. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical test">statistical tests</a> are used to determine how likely it is that the overall effect would be observed if the hypothesized relation does not exist. If that likelihood is sufficiently small (e.g., less than 1%), the existence of a relation may be assumed. Otherwise, any observed effect may be due to pure chance. </p><p>In statistical hypothesis testing, two hypotheses are compared. These are called the <a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null hypothesis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_hypothesis" title="Alternative hypothesis">alternative hypothesis</a>. The null hypothesis is the hypothesis that states that there is no relation between the phenomena whose relation is under investigation, or at least not of the form given by the alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis, as the name suggests, is the alternative to the null hypothesis: it states that there <i>is</i> some kind of relation. The alternative hypothesis may take several forms, depending on the nature of the hypothesized relation; in particular, it can be two-sided (for example: there is <i>some</i> effect, in a yet unknown direction) or one-sided (the direction of the hypothesized relation, positive or negative, is fixed in advance).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conventional significance levels for testing hypotheses (acceptable probabilities of wrongly rejecting a true null hypothesis) are .10, .05, and .01. The significance level for deciding whether the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted must be determined in advance, before the observations are collected or inspected. If these criteria are determined later, when the data to be tested are already known, the test is invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellenbergh,_2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellenbergh,_2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The above procedure is actually dependent on the number of the participants (units or <a href="/wiki/Sample_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample size">sample size</a>) that are included in the study. For instance, to avoid having the sample size be too small to reject a null hypothesis, it is recommended that one specify a sufficient sample size from the beginning. It is advisable to define a small, medium and large effect size for each of a number of important statistical tests which are used to test the hypotheses.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hypothesis" title="Mount Hypothesis">Mount Hypothesis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> is named in appreciation of the role of hypothesis in scientific research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Hypotheses" title="Category:Hypotheses">Hypotheses</a></div> <p>Several hypotheses have been put forth, in different subject areas: </p> <ul><li>Astronomical hypotheses</li> <li>Authorship debates</li> <li>Biological hypotheses</li> <li>Documentary hypothesis</li> <li>Hypothetical documents</li> <li>Hypothetical impact events</li> <li>Hypothetical laws</li> <li>Linguistic theories and hypotheses</li> <li>Meteorological hypotheses</li> <li>Hypothetical objects</li> <li>Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups</li> <li>Hypothetical processes</li> <li>Hypothetical spacecraft</li> <li>Statistical hypothesis testing</li> <li>Hypothetical technology</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hypothesis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hypothesis">Hypothesis</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bold_hypothesis" title="Bold hypothesis">Bold hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjecture" title="Conjecture">Conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanandum" class="mw-redirect" title="Explanandum">Explanandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothesis theory">Hypothesis theory</a> – a research area in cognitive psychology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothetical question">Hypothetical question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operationalization" title="Operationalization">Operationalization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophiae_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> – for Newton's position on hypotheses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorem#Hypothesis" title="Theorem">Theorem#Hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesis_statement" title="Thesis statement">Thesis statement</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HilbornMangel1997-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HilbornMangel1997_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HilbornMangel1997_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHilbornMangel1997" class="citation book cs1">Hilborn, Ray; Mangel, Marc (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=katmvQDi8PMC&pg=PA24"><i>The ecological detective: confronting models with data</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03497-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03497-3"><bdi>978-0-691-03497-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ecological+detective%3A+confronting+models+with+data&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03497-3&rft.aulast=Hilborn&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.au=Mangel%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkatmvQDi8PMC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feynman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feynman_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feynman_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"In general we look for a new law by the following process. First we guess it. ...", —<a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> (1965) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Character_of_Physical_Law" title="The Character of Physical Law">The Character of Physical Law</a></i> p.156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supposition" class="extiw" title="wikt:supposition">Supposition</a></i> is itself a Latinate analogue of <i>hypothesis</i> as both are compound words constructed from words meaning respectively "under, below" and "place, placing, putting" in either language, Latin or Greek.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=hypothesis">"hypothesis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=hypothesis&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dhypothesis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=u(po/qesis"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑπόθεσις</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Knorr" title="Wilbur Knorr">Wilbur R. Knorr</a>, "Construction as existence proof in ancient geometry", p. 125, as selected by Jean Christianidis (ed.), <i>Classics in the history of Greek mathematics</i>, Kluwer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Vlastos" title="Gregory Vlastos">Gregory Vlastos</a>, Myles Burnyeat (1994) <i>Socratic studies</i>, Cambridge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44735-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44735-6">0-521-44735-6</a>, p. 1 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Neutral hypotheses, those of which the subject matter can never be directly proved or disproved, are very numerous in all sciences." — <a href="/wiki/Morris_Raphael_Cohen" title="Morris Raphael Cohen">Morris Cohen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nagel" title="Ernest Nagel">Ernest Nagel</a> (1934) <i>An introduction to logic and scientific method</i> p. 375. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bellarmine (Ital. <i>Bellarmino</i>), Roberto Francesco Romolo", <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Eleventh Edition.: 'Bellarmine did not proscribe the Copernican system ... all he claimed was that it should be presented as a hypothesis until it should receive scientific demonstration.' <span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hypothesis" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hypothesis">Hypothesis</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hypothesis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=208&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crease, Robert P. (2008) <i>The Great Equations</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06204-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06204-5">978-0-393-06204-5</a>, p.112 lists the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">conservation of energy</a> as an example of accounting a <a href="/wiki/Constant_of_motion" title="Constant of motion">constant of motion</a>. Hypothesized by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Sadi Carnot</a>, truth demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a>, proven by <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Emmy Noether</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlank2013" class="citation journal cs1">Blank, Steve (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2013/05/why-the-lean-start-up-changes-everything">"Harvard Business Review (2013) "Why Lean Startup Changes Everything"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028155310/https://hbr.org/2013/05/why-the-lean-start-up-changes-everything">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Harvard+Business+Review+%282013%29+%22Why+Lean+Startup+Changes+Everything%22&rft.date=2013-05&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2013%2F05%2Fwhy-the-lean-start-up-changes-everything&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leanstartup.pbworks.com/w/page/65946049/Intro%20to%20Lean%20Startup">"Lean Startup Circle "What is Lean Startup?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150716103239/http://leanstartup.pbworks.com/w/page/65946049/Intro%20to%20Lean%20Startup">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lean+Startup+Circle+%22What+is+Lean+Startup%3F%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleanstartup.pbworks.com%2Fw%2Fpage%2F65946049%2FIntro%2520to%2520Lean%2520Startup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popper1959-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Popper1959_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopper1959">Popper 1959</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "When it is not clear under which law of nature an effect or class of effect belongs, we try to fill this gap by means of a guess. Such guesses have been given the name <i>conjectures</i> or <i>hypotheses</i>.", <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a>(1811) "First Introduction to General Physics" ¶18. <i>Selected Scientific Works of Hans Christian Ørsted</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04334-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04334-5">0-691-04334-5</a> p.297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchick,_TheodoreVaughn,_Lewis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schick" title="Theodore Schick">Schick, Theodore</a>; Vaughn, Lewis (2002). <i>How to think about weird things: critical thinking for a New Age</i>. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7674-2048-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7674-2048-9"><bdi>0-7674-2048-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+think+about+weird+things%3A+critical+thinking+for+a+New+Age&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Higher+Education&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7674-2048-9&rft.au=Schick%2C+Theodore&rft.au=Vaughn%2C+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/working-hypothesis">Eprint</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127203204/http://www.answers.com/topic/working-hypothesis">Archived</a> 2011-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> via Answers.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Century-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Century_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See in "hypothesis", <i><a href="/wiki/Century_Dictionary" title="Century Dictionary">Century Dictionary</a> Supplement</i>, v. 1, 1909, New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Century_Company" title="The Century Company">The Century Company</a>. Reprinted, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/centurydictionar11whituoft#page/616/mode/1up">v. 11, p. 616</a> (via <i>Internet Archive</i>) of the <i>Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia</i>, 1911. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>hypothesis</b> [...]—<b>Working hypothesis</b>, a hypothesis suggested or supported in some measure by features of observed facts, from which consequences may be deduced which can be tested by experiment and special observations, and which it is proposed to subject to an extended course of such investigation, with the hope that, even should the hypothesis thus be overthrown, such research may lead to a tenable theory.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_M._Shields,_Hassan_Tajalli2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_M._Shields" title="Patricia M. Shields">Patricia M. Shields</a>, Hassan Tajalli (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/39/">"Intermediate Theory: The Missing Link in Successful Student Scholarship"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Affairs Education</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 313–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15236803.2006.12001438">10.1080/15236803.2006.12001438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141201197">141201197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Affairs+Education&rft.atitle=Intermediate+Theory%3A+The+Missing+Link+in+Successful+Student+Scholarship&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=313-334&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15236803.2006.12001438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141201197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Patricia+M.+Shields%2C+Hassan+Tajalli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecommons.txstate.edu%2Fpolsfacp%2F39%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_M._Shields1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_M._Shields" title="Patricia M. Shields">Patricia M. Shields</a> (1998). "Pragmatism As a Philosophy of Science: A Tool For Public Administration". In Jay D. White (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320044357/http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/33/"><i>Research in Public Administration</i></a>. Vol. 4. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 195–225 [211]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55938-888-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55938-888-9"><bdi>1-55938-888-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/33/">the original</a> on 2012-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pragmatism+As+a+Philosophy+of+Science%3A+A+Tool+For+Public+Administration&rft.btitle=Research+in+Public+Administration&rft.pages=195-225+211&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-55938-888-9&rft.au=Patricia+M.+Shields&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecommons.txstate.edu%2Fpolsfacp%2F33%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_M._Shields" title="Patricia M. Shields">Patricia M. Shields</a> and Nandhini Rangarajan. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVYbAgAAQBAJ"><i>A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press. pp. 109–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hempel-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hempel_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hempel_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hempel_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hempel_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempel1952" class="citation book cs1">Hempel, C. G. (1952). <i>Fundamentals of Concept Formation in Empirical Science</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Concept+Formation+in+Empirical+Science&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Hempel&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-walRnRxWQC&dq=statistical+hypothesis+medical&pg=PA168">Altman. DG., <i>Practical Statistics for Medical Research</i>, CRC Press, 1990, Section 8.5</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellenbergh,_2008-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mellenbergh,_2008_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellenbergh, G.J.(2008). Chapter 8: Research designs: Testing of research hypotheses. In <a href="/wiki/H.J._Ad%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="H.J. Adèr">H.J. Adèr</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gideon_J._Mellenbergh" title="Gideon J. Mellenbergh">G.J. Mellenbergh</a> (eds.) (with contributions by D.J. Hand), Advising on Research Methods: A consultant's companion (pp. 183–209). Huizen, The Netherlands: Johannes van Kessel Publishing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-walRnRxWQC&dq=statistical+hypothesis+medical&pg=PA168">Altman. DG., <i>Practical Statistics for Medical Research</i>, CRC Press, 1990, Section 15.3</a>,</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopper1959" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper, Karl R.</a> (1959), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Scientific_Discovery" title="The Logic of Scientific Discovery">The Logic of Scientific Discovery</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Scientific+Discovery&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Karl+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypothesis" class="Z3988"></span> 1934, 1959.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/hypothesis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/hypothesis"><i>hypothesis</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Learning materials related to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hypothesis" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Hypothesis">Hypothesis</a> at Wikiversity</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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