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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory_of_Alaska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_of_Alaska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Prehistory of Alaska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_of_Alaska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 18th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Russian_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Russian_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early Russian settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Russian_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missionary_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionary_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Missionary activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missionary_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spanish claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain's_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain's_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Britain's presence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain's_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 19th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_Russian_settlement_and_the_Russian-American_Company_(1799–1867)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Russian_settlement_and_the_Russian-American_Company_(1799–1867)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Later Russian settlement and the Russian-American Company (1799–1867)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Russian_settlement_and_the_Russian-American_Company_(1799–1867)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alaska_purchase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alaska_purchase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alaska purchase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alaska_purchase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Department_of_Alaska_(1867–1884)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Department_of_Alaska_(1867–1884)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Department of Alaska (1867–1884)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Department_of_Alaska_(1867–1884)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-District_of_Alaska_(1884–1912)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_of_Alaska_(1884–1912)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>District of Alaska (1884–1912)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_of_Alaska_(1884–1912)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alaska_Territory_(1912–1959)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alaska_Territory_(1912–1959)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Alaska Territory (1912–1959)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alaska_Territory_(1912–1959)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Statehood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1964_earthquake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964_earthquake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>1964 earthquake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964_earthquake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_to_the_Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_to_the_Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>North to the Future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_to_the_Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968_–_present:_oil_and_land_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968_–_present:_oil_and_land_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>1968 – present: oil and land politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968_–_present:_oil_and_land_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_discovery,_the_Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act_(ANCSA),_and_the_Trans-Alaska_Pipeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_discovery,_the_Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act_(ANCSA),_and_the_Trans-Alaska_Pipeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Oil discovery, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_discovery,_the_Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act_(ANCSA),_and_the_Trans-Alaska_Pipeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmentalism,_the_Exxon_Valdez,_ADEC,_and_ANWR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmentalism,_the_Exxon_Valdez,_ADEC,_and_ANWR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Environmentalism, the <i>Exxon Valdez</i>, ADEC, and ANWR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmentalism,_the_Exxon_Valdez,_ADEC,_and_ANWR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_historical_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_historical_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable historical figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_historical_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References and further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References and further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Russian era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_language_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_language_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Foreign language books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_language_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Alaska</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7" title="تاريخ ألاسكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ ألاسكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_d%27Alaska" title="Història d'Alaska – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història d'Alaska" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskas_historie" title="Alaskas historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alaskas historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Alaskas" title="Geschichte Alaskas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Alaskas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Alaska" title="Historia de Alaska – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Alaska" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="تاریخ آلاسکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ آلاسکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Alaska" title="Histoire de l'Alaska – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'Alaska" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ալյասկայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալյասկայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Alaska" title="Historio di Alaska – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Alaska" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaszka_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Alaszka történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alaszka történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="アラスカの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラスカの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskas_historie" title="Alaskas historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alaskas historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_statului_Alaska" title="Istoria statului Alaska – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria statului Alaska" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="История Аляски – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Аляски" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q575962#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a topical guide to this subject, see <a href="/wiki/Historical_outline_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical outline of Alaska">Historical outline of Alaska</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alaska1895.jpg/350px-Alaska1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alaska1895.jpg/525px-Alaska1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alaska1895.jpg/700px-Alaska1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1307" /></a><figcaption>Alaska in 1895 (<a href="/wiki/Rand_McNally" title="Rand McNally">Rand McNally</a>). 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: gold;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Alaska</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/135px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/203px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/270px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Alaska" title="Prehistory of Alaska">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian America</a> (1733–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department of Alaska</a> (1867–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District of Alaska</a> (1884–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska</a> (1912–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska#Statehood" title="Alaska">State of Alaska</a> (1959–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Alaska" title="Category:History of Alaska">Other topics</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alaska_History_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Alaska History sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alaska_History_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Alaska History sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alaska_History_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alaska History sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Alaska</b> dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> period (around 14,000 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a>), when <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">foraging</a> groups crossed the <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Bering land bridge</a> into what is now western <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. At the time of European contact by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian explorers</a>, the area was populated by <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Native</a> groups. The name "Alaska" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> word <i>Alaxsxaq</i> (also spelled <i>Alyeska</i>), meaning "mainland" (literally, "the object toward which the action of the sea is directed").<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. In the 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rushes</a> in Alaska and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon Territory</a> brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was granted territorial status in 1912 by the United States of America. </p><p>In 1942, two of the outer <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>—<a href="/wiki/Attu_Island" title="Attu Island">Attu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiska" title="Kiska">Kiska</a>—were <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">occupied by the Japanese</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">their recovery for the U.S.</a> became a matter of national pride. The construction of <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military bases</a> contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities. </p><p>Alaska was granted U.S. statehood on January 3, 1959. </p><p>In 1964, the massive "<a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">Good Friday earthquake</a>" killed 131 people and leveled several villages. </p><p>The 1968 discovery of oil at <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay,_Alaska" title="Prudhoe Bay, Alaska">Prudhoe Bay</a> and the 1977 completion of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska Pipeline</a> led to an oil boom. In 1989, the <i><a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez" title="Exxon Valdez">Exxon Valdez</a></i> hit a reef in <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a>, spilling between 11 and 34 million US gallons (42,000 and 129,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of crude oil over 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Arctic National Wildlife Refuge">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory_of_Alaska">Prehistory of Alaska</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory of Alaska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inuit_Woman_1907_Crisco_edit_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Inuit_Woman_1907_Crisco_edit_2.jpg/150px-Inuit_Woman_1907_Crisco_edit_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Inuit_Woman_1907_Crisco_edit_2.jpg/225px-Inuit_Woman_1907_Crisco_edit_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Inuit_Woman_1907_Crisco_edit_2.jpg/300px-Inuit_Woman_1907_Crisco_edit_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4008" data-file-height="4884" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Inupiaq</a> woman, <a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome, Alaska</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1907</span></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Alaska" title="Prehistory of Alaska">Prehistory of Alaska</a></div> <p>Paleolithic families moved into northwestern North America before 10,000 BC across the <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Bering land bridge</a> in Alaska (see <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">Settlement of the Americas</a>). Alaska became populated by the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> groups. Today, early Alaskans are divided into several main groups: the Southeastern Coastal Indians (the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabascans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a>, and the two groups of Eskimos, the <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Inupiat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik" title="Yup'ik">Yup'ik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coastal migrants from Asia were probably the first wave of humans to cross the Bering land bridge in western Alaska, and many of them initially settled in the interior of what is now Canada. The Tlingit were the most numerous of this group, claiming most of the coastal <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Panhandle</a> by the time of European contact and are the northernmost of the group of advanced cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Pacific Northwest Coast</a> renowned for its complex art and political systems and the ceremonial and legal system known as the <a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">potlatch</a>. The southern portion of <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Alaska)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Alaska)">Prince of Wales Island</a> was settled by the Haidas fleeing persecution by other Haidas from the <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> (which are now named <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>). The Aleuts settled the islands of the Aleutian chain approximately 10,000 years ago. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Alaska" title="Prehistory of Alaska">Cultural and subsistence practices</a> varied widely among native groups, who were spread across vast geographical distances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Russian_settlement">Early Russian settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Russian settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baranov_Alexandr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Baranov_Alexandr.jpg/120px-Baranov_Alexandr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Baranov_Alexandr.jpg/180px-Baranov_Alexandr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Baranov_Alexandr.jpg/240px-Baranov_Alexandr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption> Aleksandr Baranov, "Lord of Alaska"</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russian</a> expeditions of exploration reached Alaska by the early 18th century, and colonial traders (especially <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur-traders</a>) followed. On some islands and parts of the Alaskan peninsula, groups of Russian traders proved capable of relatively peaceful coexistence with the local inhabitants. Other groups could not manage the tensions and perpetrated exactions. <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostages</a> were taken, individuals were enslaved, families were split up, and other individuals were forced to leave their villages and settle elsewhere. In addition, during the first two generations of Russian contact, eighty percent of the Aleut population died of <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">diseases</a>, against which they had no <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1784 <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Shelikhov" title="Grigory Shelikhov">Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Three_Saints_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Saints Bay">Three Saints Bay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a>, operating the fur-trading <a href="/wiki/Shelikhov-Golikov_Company" title="Shelikhov-Golikov Company">Shelikhov-Golikov Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelikhov and his group killed hundreds of indigenous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koniag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koniag (page does not exist)">Koniag</a>, then founded the first permanent Russian settlement in Alaska – on the island's Three Saints Bay. By 1788 Shelikhov and others had established a number of Russian settlements over a large region, including the mainland areas around <a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet">Cook Inlet</a>. </p><p>The Russians had gained control of the habitats of the most valuable <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea-otters</a>, the Kurilian-Kamchatkan and Aleutian sea-otters. Their fur was thicker, glossier, and blacker than that of sea-otters on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> coast and in California. The Russians, therefore, advanced southwards along the Pacific coast only after the superior varieties of sea-otters had become depleted, around 1788. The Russian entry to the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Coast_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Northwest Coast (disambiguation)">Northwest Coast</a> was slow, however, due to a shortage of ships and sailors. Russians reached <a href="/wiki/Yakutat_Bay" title="Yakutat Bay">Yakutat Bay</a> in 1794 and built the settlement of <a href="/wiki/New_Russia_(trading_post)" title="New Russia (trading post)">Slavorossiya</a> there in 1795. James Shields, a British employee of the Golikov-Shelikhov Company, reconnoitred the coast as far as the <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Queen Charlotte Islands</a>. In 1795 <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Baranov" title="Alexander Andreyevich Baranov">Alexander Baranov</a>, hired in 1790 to manage Shelikhov's fur enterprise, sailed into <a href="/wiki/Sitka_Sound" title="Sitka Sound">Sitka Sound</a> and claimed it for <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. Hunting-parties arrived in the following years, and by 1800 three-quarters of <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a>'s sea-otter skins were coming from the Sitka Sound area. In July 1799 Baranov returned<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> on the brig <i>Oryol</i> and established the settlement of <i>Arkhangelsk</i>. Destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingits</a> in 1802 but rebuilt nearby in 1804, it became <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska"><i>Novo-Arkhangelsk</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Новоархангельск</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'New Archangel'). It soon become the primary settlement and colonial capital of Russian America. (After the United States <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">purchased Alaska</a> in 1867, Novoarkhangelsk was renamed <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka</a> and became the first capital of <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Alaska Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Missionary_activity">Missionary activity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Missionary activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg/200px-Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg/300px-Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg/400px-Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_(Sitka,_Alaska)" title="St. Michael's Cathedral (Sitka, Alaska)">St. Michael's Cathedral</a> in Sitka. The original structure, built in 1848, burned down in a fire on January 2, 1966. The cathedral was rebuilt from plans of the original structure and contains artifacts rescued from the fire.</figcaption></figure> <p>Russian fur-traders informally introduced the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> church (with its rituals and sacred texts translated into Aleut at a very early stage) in the 1740s–1780s. During his settlement of Three Saints Bay in 1784, Shelikov introduced the first resident missionaries and clergymen. This missionary activity would continue into the 19th century, ultimately becoming the most visible trace<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the Russian colonial period in present-day Alaska. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_claims">Spanish claims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spanish claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg/250px-Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg/375px-Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg/500px-Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>Spanish contact in British Columbia and Alaska</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish claims to the Alaska region dated to the <a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">papal bull of 1493</a>, but never involved colonization, forts, or settlements. Instead, Madrid sent out various naval expeditions to explore the area and to claim it for Spain. In 1775 <a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Heceta" title="Bruno de Heceta">Bruno de Hezeta</a> led an expedition; the <i>Sonora</i>, under <a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Bodega y Quadra</a>, ultimately reached <a href="/wiki/58th_parallel_north" title="58th parallel north">latitude 58° north</a>, entered Sitka Sound and formally claimed the region for Spain. The 1779 expedition of <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_de_Arteaga_y_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán">Ignacio de Arteaga</a> and Bodega y Quadra reached <a href="/wiki/Port_Etches" title="Port Etches">Port Etches</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hinchinbrook_Island" title="Hinchinbrook Island">Hinchinbrook Island</a>, and entered <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a>. They reached a latitude of <a href="/wiki/61st_parallel_north" title="61st parallel north">61° north</a>, the most northern point attained by Spain. </p><p>In 1788 <a href="/wiki/Esteban_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_Fern%C3%A1ndez_y_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_la_Sierra" title="Esteban José Martínez Fernández y Martínez de la Sierra">Esteban José Martínez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Haro" title="Gonzalo López de Haro">Gonzalo López de Haro</a> visited Russian settlements at <a href="/wiki/Unalaska,_Alaska" title="Unalaska, Alaska">Unalaska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdowell_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdowell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Crisis</a> of 1789 almost led to a war between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> and Spain: Britain rejected Spanish claims to lands in British Columbia and Spain seized some British ships. The crisis was resolved in Madrid by the <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Nootka Conventions">Nootka Conventions</a> of 1790–1794, which provided that traders of both Britain and Spain could operate on the northwest coast, that the captured British ships would be returned and an indemnity paid. This marked a victory for Britain, and Spain effectively withdrew from the North Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-candianencyclopedia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-candianencyclopedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It transferred its claims in the region to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> of 1819. Today, Spain's Alaskan legacy endures as little more than a few place names, among these the <a href="/wiki/Malaspina_Glacier" title="Malaspina Glacier">Malaspina Glacier</a> and the towns of <a href="/wiki/Valdez,_Alaska" title="Valdez, Alaska">Valdez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cordova,_Alaska" title="Cordova, Alaska">Cordova</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain's_presence"><span id="Britain.27s_presence"></span>Britain's presence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Britain's presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British settlements at the time in Alaska consisted of a few scattered trading outposts, with most settlers arriving by sea. Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>, midway through his <a href="/wiki/Third_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Third voyage of James Cook">third and final voyage of exploration</a> in 1778, sailed along the west coast of North America aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a>, from then-Spanish <a href="/wiki/Las_Californias" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Californias">California</a> all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>. During the trip he discovered what became known as <a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet">Cook Inlet</a> (named in honor of Cook in 1794 by <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a>, who had served under his command) in Alaskan waters. The Bering Strait proved to be impassable, although the <i>Resolution</i> and its companion ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> made several attempts to sail through it. The British ships left the straits to return to Hawaii in 1779. </p><p>Cook's expedition spurred the British to increase their sailings along the northwest coast (the north-eastern coast of the Pacific), following in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a>. From 1791 to 1795, Vancouver would lead his own expedition to map the Pacific coastline from the Cook Inlet down to Spanish California. Alaska-based posts owned by the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> operated at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Yukon,_Alaska" title="Fort Yukon, Alaska">Fort Yukon</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Durham" title="Fort Durham">Fort Durham</a> (a.k.a. Fort Taku) at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Taku_River" title="Taku River">Taku River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Stikine" title="Fort Stikine">Fort Stikine</a>, near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Stikine_River" title="Stikine River">Stikine River</a> (associated with <a href="/wiki/Wrangell,_Alaska" title="Wrangell, Alaska">Wrangell</a> throughout the early-19th century). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Russian_settlement_and_the_Russian-American_Company_(1799–1867)"><span id="Later_Russian_settlement_and_the_Russian-American_Company_.281799.E2.80.931867.29"></span>Later Russian settlement and the Russian-American Company (1799–1867)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later Russian settlement and the Russian-American Company (1799–1867)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1860-russian-america.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1860-russian-america.jpg/180px-1860-russian-america.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1860-russian-america.jpg/270px-1860-russian-america.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1860-russian-america.jpg/360px-1860-russian-america.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>1860 map of Russian America</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_New_Archangel,_1837.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif/lossy-page1-220px-View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif/lossy-page1-330px-View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif/lossy-page1-440px-View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a>'s capital at New Archangel (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka, Alaska</a>) in 1837</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1799, Shelikhov's son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rezanov" title="Nikolai Rezanov">Nikolay Petrovich Rezanov</a>, acquired a monopoly on the American fur trade from emperor <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a> and formed the <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a>. As part of the deal, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> expected the company to establish new settlements in Alaska and carry out an expanded colonization program. </p><p>By 1804, Alexander Baranov, now manager of the Russian–American Company, had consolidated the company's hold on the American fur trade following his victory over the local Tlingit clan at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sitka" title="Battle of Sitka">Battle of Sitka</a>. Despite these efforts the Russians never fully colonized Alaska. The Russian monopoly on trade was also being weakened by the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>, which set up a post on the southern edge of Russian America in 1833. </p><p>In 1818 management of the Russian-American Company was turned over to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ukase_of_1821" title="Ukase of 1821">Ukase of 1821</a> banned foreigners from participating in the Alaskan economy. It soon entered into the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1825)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825)">Anglo-Russian Convention of 1825</a> which allowed British merchants to trade in Alaska. The convention also settled most of the border between Alaska and <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russo-American_Treaty_of_1824" title="Russo-American Treaty of 1824">Russo-American Treaty of 1824</a>, which banned American merchants above 54° 40' north latitude, was widely ignored and the Russians' hold on Alaska weakened further. </p><p>At the height of Russian America, the Russian population reached 700. </p><p>Although the mid–19th century was not a good time for Russians in Alaska, conditions improved for the coastal Alaska Natives who had survived contact. The Tlingits were never conquered and continued to wage war on the Russians into the 1850s. The Aleuts, though faced with a decreasing population in the 1840s, ultimately rebounded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alaska_purchase">Alaska purchase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alaska purchase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_Purchase_(hi-res).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg/220px-Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg/330px-Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg/440px-Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>The check that paid for Alaska</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></div> <p>Financial difficulties in Russia, the low profits of trade with Alaskan settlement, and the important desire to keep Alaska out of British hands all contributed to Russia's willingness to sell its possessions in North America. At the instigation of U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William Seward</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> approved the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">purchase of Alaska</a> from Russia for <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$7.2 million</span> on August 1, 1867 (equivalent to approximately $157M in 2023). This purchase was popularly known in the U.S. as "Seward's Folly", "Seward's Icebox," or "Andrew Johnson's Polar Bear Garden", and was unpopular among some people at the time. Later discovery of gold and oil would show it to be a worthwhile one. Scholars debate whether the purchase of Alaska was a financially profitable for the federal Treasury itself, apart from its benefits to Alaskans and to businesses, and to national defense.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Department_of_Alaska_(1867–1884)"><span id="The_Department_of_Alaska_.281867.E2.80.931884.29"></span>The Department of Alaska (1867–1884)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Department of Alaska (1867–1884)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department of Alaska</a></div> <p>The United States flag was raised on October 18, 1867, now called <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Day" title="Alaska Day">Alaska Day</a>, and the region changed from the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. Therefore, for residents, Friday, October 6, 1867, was followed by Friday, October 18, 1867—two Fridays in a row because of the 12-day shift in the calendar minus one day for the date-line shift.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Department era, from 1867 to 1884, Alaska was variously under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> (until 1877), the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> from 1877 to 1879, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> from 1879 to 1884. Civil administration of Alaska began in 1877 under the United States Treasury Department. A Collector of Customs was appointed by the president of the United States. The collector was the highest-ranking official of the United States government in Alaska and de facto governor. Henry C. DeAhna, a former Union Army officer and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicfairfax.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/HFCI1204-2015.pdf">Mottrom D. Ball</a>, a former Confederate Army officer, were the first individuals to serve as Collector of Customs. </p><p>When Alaska was first purchased, most of its land remained unexplored. In 1865, <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> laid a <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraph</a> line across Alaska to the Bering Strait where it would connect, under water, with an Asian line. It also conducted the first scientific studies of the region and produced the first map of the entire <a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Commercial_Company" title="Alaska Commercial Company">Alaska Commercial Company</a> and the military also contributed to the growing exploration of Alaska in the last decades of the 19th century, building trading posts along the Interior's many rivers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_of_Alaska_(1884–1912)"><span id="District_of_Alaska_.281884.E2.80.931912.29"></span>District of Alaska (1884–1912)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: District of Alaska (1884–1912)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District of Alaska</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miners_climb_Chilkoot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Miners_climb_Chilkoot.jpg/250px-Miners_climb_Chilkoot.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Miners_climb_Chilkoot.jpg/375px-Miners_climb_Chilkoot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Miners_climb_Chilkoot.jpg/500px-Miners_climb_Chilkoot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>Miners and prospectors climb the <a href="/wiki/Chilkoot_Trail" title="Chilkoot Trail">Chilkoot Trail</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1884, the region was organized and the name was changed from the Department of Alaska to the District of Alaska. At the time, legislators in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, were occupied with post-<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> reconstruction issues, and had little time to devote to Alaska. In 1896, the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">discovery of gold in Yukon Territory</a> in neighboring Canada, brought many thousands of miners and new settlers to Alaska, and very quickly ended the nation's four year economic depression. Although it was uncertain whether gold would also be found in Alaska, Alaska greatly profited because it was along the easiest transportation route to the Yukon goldfields. Numerous new cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway, Alaska</a>, owe their existence to a gold rush in Canada. <a href="/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</a>, a crime boss confidence man who operated the largest criminal empire in gold rush era Alaska, was shot down by vigilantes in the famed <a href="/wiki/Shootout_on_Juneau_Wharf" title="Shootout on Juneau Wharf">Shootout on Juneau Wharf</a>. He is known as "Alaska's Outlaw." </p><p>In 1899, gold was found in Alaska itself in <a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome</a>, and several towns subsequently began to be built, such as <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby,_Alaska" title="Ruby, Alaska">Ruby</a>. In 1902, the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Railroad" title="Alaska Railroad">Alaska Railroad</a> began to be built, which would connect from <a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward</a> to Fairbanks by 1914, though Alaska still does not have a railroad connecting it to the lower 48 states today. Still, an overland route was built, cutting transportation times to the contiguous states by days. The industries of <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction" title="Copper extraction">copper mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canning</a> began to become popular in the early 20th century, with 10 canneries in some major towns. </p><p>In 1903, a <a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">boundary dispute with Canada</a> was finally resolved. </p><p>By the turn of the 20th century, commercial fishing was gaining a foothold in the Aleutian Islands. Packing houses salted <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">salmon canneries</a> were opened. Another commercial occupation, whaling, continued with no regard for over-hunting. They pushed the <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead whales</a> to the edge of extinction for the oil in their tissue. The Aleuts soon suffered severe problems due to the depletion of fur <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otters</a> which they needed for survival. As well as requiring the flesh for food, they also used the skins to cover their boats, without which they could not hunt. The Americans also expanded into the Interior and Arctic Alaska, exploiting the furbearers, fish, and other game on which Natives depended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alaska_Territory_(1912–1959)"><span id="Alaska_Territory_.281912.E2.80.931959.29"></span>Alaska Territory (1912–1959)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alaska Territory (1912–1959)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska</a></div> <p>When Congress passed the <i>Second Organic Act</i> in 1912, Alaska was reorganized, and renamed the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1916, its population was about 58,000. <a href="/wiki/James_Wickersham" title="James Wickersham">James Wickersham</a>, a Delegate to Congress, introduced Alaska's first statehood bill, but it failed due to the small population and lack of interest from Alaskans. Even President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>'s visit in 1923 could not create widespread interest in statehood. Under the conditions of the Second Organic Act, Alaska had been split into four divisions. The most populous of the divisions, whose capital was Juneau, wondered if it could become a separate state from the other three. Government control was a primary concern, with the territory having 52 federal agencies governing it. </p><p>Then, in 1920, the <i><a href="/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1920" title="Merchant Marine Act of 1920">Jones Act</a></i> required U.S.-flagged vessels to be built in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and documented under the laws of the United States. All goods entering or leaving Alaska had to be transported by American carriers and shipped to <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> prior to further shipment, making Alaska dependent on Washington. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the provision of the Constitution saying one state should not hold sway over another's commerce did not apply because Alaska was only a territory. The prices Seattle shipping businesses charged began to rise to take advantage of the situation. This situation created an atmosphere of enmity among Alaskans who watched the wealth being generated by their labors flowing into the hands of Seattle business holdings. </p><p>In July 1923 <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren Harding</a> became the first sitting president to visit Alaska as part of his Pacific Northwest <a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Understanding" title="Voyage of Understanding">Voyage of Understanding</a>. Harding arrived by boat from <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and made nine stops in the Territory via train which went from Seward to Fairbanks. On July 15 Harding drove in a golden railroad spike at <a href="/wiki/Nenana,_Alaska" title="Nenana, Alaska">Nenana</a>. The train car in which he rode now sits in Fairbanks' <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Park_(Fairbanks,_Alaska)" title="Pioneer Park (Fairbanks, Alaska)">Pioneer Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">The Depression</a> caused prices of fish and copper, which were vital to Alaska's economy at the time, to decline. Wages were dropped and the workforce decreased by more than half. In 1935, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> thought Americans from agricultural areas could be transferred to Alaska's <a href="/wiki/Matanuska-Susitna_Valley" title="Matanuska-Susitna Valley">Matanuska-Susitna Valley</a> for a fresh chance at agricultural self-sustainment. Colonists were largely from northern states, such as <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> under the belief that only those who grew up with climates similar to that of Alaska's could handle settler life there. The United Congo Improvement Association asked the president to settle 400 <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> farmers in Alaska, saying that the territory would offer full political rights, but racial prejudice and the belief that only those from northern states would make suitable colonists caused the proposal to fail. </p><p>The exploration and settlement of Alaska would not have been possible without the development of the aircraft, which allowed for the influx of settlers into the state's interior, and rapid transportation of people and supplies throughout. However, due to the unfavorable weather conditions of the state, and high ratio of pilots-to-population, over 1700 <a href="/wiki/Aviation_archaeology" title="Aviation archaeology">aircraft wreck sites</a> are scattered throughout its domain. Numerous wrecks also trace their origins to the military build-up of the state during both <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. </p> <ul><li><i>See also <a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation_in_Alaska" title="History of aviation in Alaska">History of aviation in Alaska</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg/210px-Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg/315px-Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg/420px-Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_propaganda_during_World_War_II" title="American propaganda during World War II">Propaganda poster</a>, World War II, depicting Alaska as a death trap for Japan.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Attack_at_Dutch_Harbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Japanese_Attack_at_Dutch_Harbor.jpg/210px-Japanese_Attack_at_Dutch_Harbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Japanese_Attack_at_Dutch_Harbor.jpg/315px-Japanese_Attack_at_Dutch_Harbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Japanese_Attack_at_Dutch_Harbor.jpg/420px-Japanese_Attack_at_Dutch_Harbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Buildings burning after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">first Japanese attack on Dutch Harbor</a>, June 3, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, two of the outer <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>—<a href="/wiki/Attu_Island" title="Attu Island">Attu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiska" title="Kiska">Kiska</a>—were invaded and occupied by Japanese troops. They were the only parts of the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">continental United States</a> to be invaded and occupied by an enemy nation during the war. Their recovery became a matter of national pride. </p><p>On June 3, 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> launched an air attack on <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Harbor" title="Dutch Harbor">Dutch Harbor</a>, a U.S. naval base on <a href="/wiki/Unalaska_Island" title="Unalaska Island">Unalaska Island</a>, but were repelled by U.S. forces.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days later, the Japanese landed on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Kiska" title="Kiska">Kiska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attu_Island" title="Attu Island">Attu</a>, where they overwhelmed Attu villagers. The villagers were taken to Japan, where they were interned for the remainder of the war. Aleuts from the Pribilofs and Aleutian villages were evacuated by the United States to Southeast Alaska. Many suffered during their two years internment there, and the federal government, charged with their care, provided inadequate health care, food, and shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-Evacuation_and_Internment_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evacuation_and_Internment-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attu was regained in May 1943 after two weeks of intense fighting and 3,829 American casualties:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 549 were killed, 1,148 were injured, 1,200 had severe cold injuries, 614 succumbed to disease, and 318 died of miscellaneous causes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. then turned its attention to the other occupied island, Kiska. From June through August, a multitude of bombs were dropped on the tiny island, though the Japanese ultimately escaped via transport ships. After the war, the Native Attuans who had survived their internment were resettled to Atka by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>, which considered their home villages too remote to defend. </p><p>In 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Highway" title="Alaska Highway">Alaska–Canada Military Highway</a> was completed, in part to form an overland supply route to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on the other side of the Bering Strait. Running from <a href="/wiki/Dawson_Creek,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawson Creek, British Columbia">Dawson Creek, British Columbia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Delta_Junction,_Alaska" title="Delta Junction, Alaska">Delta Junction, Alaska</a>, the road connected the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a> to Alaska across Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military bases</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Adak_Island" title="Adak Island">Adak</a> base, contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities. <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a> almost doubled in size, from 4,200 people in 1940 to 8,000 in 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statehood">Statehood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Statehood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the turn of the 20th century, a movement pushing for Alaska <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">statehood</a> began, but in the contiguous 48 states, <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">legislators</a> were worried that Alaska's <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> was too sparse, distant, and isolated, and its economy was too unstable for it to be a worthwhile addition to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World War II and the Japanese invasion highlighted Alaska's strategic importance, and the issue of statehood was taken more seriously, but it was the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> at <a href="/wiki/Swanson_River" title="Swanson River">Swanson River</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula" title="Kenai Peninsula">Kenai Peninsula</a> that dispelled the image of Alaska as a weak, dependent region. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Statehood_Act" title="Alaska Statehood Act">Alaska Statehood Act</a> into <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">United States law</a> on July 4, 1958,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which paved the way for Alaska's admission into the Union on January 3, 1959. Juneau, the territorial <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a>, continued as state capital, and <a href="/wiki/William_A._Egan" title="William A. Egan">William A. Egan</a> was sworn in as the first <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a>. </p><p>Alaska does not have <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a>, unlike every other American state except <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. (Louisiana has <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">parishes</a>). Instead, it is divided into 16 <a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_and_census_areas_in_Alaska" title="List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska">boroughs</a> and one "<a href="/wiki/Unorganized_Borough,_Alaska" title="Unorganized Borough, Alaska">unorganized borough</a>" made up of all land not within any borough. Boroughs have organized area-wide governments, but within the unorganized borough, where there is no such government, services are provided by the state. In the unorganized borough, cities or tribal organizations often provide community services while the state government provides education services through the Regional Educational Attendance Areas (REAA).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pioneering conditions in Alaska awoke ingenuity leading to invention of the <a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Alaskan sawmill</a>, an attachment to a <a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">chainsaw</a> letting it be used to cut a felled tree into neat parallel-sided planks or boards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1964_earthquake">1964 earthquake</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1964 earthquake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlaskaQuake-FourthAve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AlaskaQuake-FourthAve.jpg/200px-AlaskaQuake-FourthAve.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AlaskaQuake-FourthAve.jpg/300px-AlaskaQuake-FourthAve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AlaskaQuake-FourthAve.jpg/400px-AlaskaQuake-FourthAve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Earthquake damage in Anchorage</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 27, 1964, the <a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">Good Friday earthquake</a> struck South-central Alaska, churning the earth for four minutes with a magnitude of 9.2. The <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> was one of the most powerful ever recorded and killed 139 people.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them were drowned by the <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a> that tore apart the towns of Valdez and Chenega. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a> region, towns and ports were destroyed and land was uplifted or shoved downward. The uplift destroyed salmon streams, as the fish could no longer jump the various newly created barriers to reach their spawning grounds. Ports at Valdez and Cordova were beyond repair, and the fires destroyed what the mudslides had not. At Valdez, an Alaska Steamship Company ship was lifted by a huge wave over the docks and out to sea, but most hands survived. At Turnagain Arm, off <a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet">Cook Inlet</a>, the incoming water destroyed trees and caused cabins to sink into the mud. On Kodiak, a tsunami wiped out the villages of <a href="/wiki/Afognak" title="Afognak">Afognak</a>, Old Harbor, and Kaguyak and damaged other communities, while Seward lost its <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">harbor</a>. Despite the extent of the catastrophe, Alaskans rebuilt many of the communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_to_the_Future">North to the Future</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North to the Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"North to the Future" is the official state motto of Alaska, adopted in 1967 for the <a href="/wiki/Centennial" title="Centennial">centennial</a> of the Alaska Purchase. As one of the events leading up to the celebration, the Alaska Centennial Commission sponsored a contest in 1963 to come up with a centennial motto and emblem that would express the unique character of the State of Alaska. They offered a $300.00 (which is about $3000 in 2023 dollars<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) prize to the winning entry. 761 entries were received by the commission. In December 1963, the commission announced that they had selected Juneau journalist Richard Peter's suggestion. He stated that the motto "...is a reminder that beyond the horizon of urban clutter there is a Great Land beneath our flag that can provide a new tomorrow for this century's 'huddled masses yearning to be free'." The motto represents a visionary optimism for a state filled with promise; promoting the State of Alaska by advising that the future lies with the next-to-the-last United States star located to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Lower 48</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968_–_present:_oil_and_land_politics"><span id="1968_.E2.80.93_present:_oil_and_land_politics"></span>1968 – present: oil and land politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1968 – present: oil and land politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_discovery,_the_Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act_(ANCSA),_and_the_Trans-Alaska_Pipeline"><span id="Oil_discovery.2C_the_Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act_.28ANCSA.29.2C_and_the_Trans-Alaska_Pipeline"></span>Oil discovery, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Oil discovery, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1968 discovery of oil on the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope" title="Alaska North Slope">North Slope</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay,_Alaska" title="Prudhoe Bay, Alaska">Prudhoe Bay</a>—which would turn out to have the most recoverable oil of any field in the United States—would change Alaska's political landscape for decades. </p><p>This discovery catapulted the issue of Native <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">land ownership</a> into the headlines.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1960s, Alaska Natives from many tribal groups had united in an effort to gain title to lands wrested from them by Europeans, but the government had responded slowly before the Prudhoe Bay discovery. The government finally took action when permitting for a pipeline crossing the state, necessary to get Alaskan oil to market, was stalled pending the settlement of Native land claims. </p><p>In 1971, with major petroleum dollars on the line, the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act" title="Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act">Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act</a> was signed into law by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>. Under the Act, Natives relinquished aboriginal claims to their lands in exchange for access to 44 million acres (180,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of land and payment of $963 million.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement was divided among regional, urban, and village corporations, which managed their funds with varying degrees of success. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trans_alaska_international.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Trans_alaska_international.jpg/200px-Trans_alaska_international.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Trans_alaska_international.jpg/300px-Trans_alaska_international.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Trans_alaska_international.jpg/400px-Trans_alaska_international.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline</figcaption></figure> <p>Though a pipeline from the North Slope to the nearest <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ice-free port</a>, almost 800 miles (1,300 km) to the south, was the only way to get Alaska's oil to market, significant engineering challenges lay ahead. Between the North Slope and Valdez, there were active fault lines, three mountain ranges, miles of unstable, boggy ground underlain with frost, and migration paths of caribou and moose. The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska Pipeline</a> was ultimately completed in 1977 at a total cost of $8 billion. </p><p>The pipeline allowed an oil bonanza to take shape. Per capita incomes rose throughout the state, with virtually every community benefiting. State leaders were determined that this boom would not end like the fur and gold booms, in an economic bust as soon as the resource had disappeared. In 1976, the state's constitution was amended to establish the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund" title="Alaska Permanent Fund">Alaska Permanent Fund</a>, in which a quarter of all mineral lease proceeds is invested. Income from the fund is used to pay annual dividends to all residents who qualify, to increase the fund's principal as a hedge against inflation, and to provide funds for the state legislature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since 1993, the fund has produced more money than the Prudhoe Bay oil fields, whose production is diminishing. In March 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the fund's value was over $30 billion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmentalism,_the_Exxon_Valdez,_ADEC,_and_ANWR"><span id="Environmentalism.2C_the_Exxon_Valdez.2C_ADEC.2C_and_ANWR"></span>Environmentalism, the <i>Exxon Valdez</i>, ADEC, and ANWR</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Environmentalism, the Exxon Valdez, ADEC, and ANWR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oil production was not the only economic value of Alaska's land, however. In the second half of the 20th century, Alaska discovered <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> as an important source of revenue. Tourism became popular after World War II, when military personnel stationed in the region returned home praising its natural splendor. The <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Highway" title="Alaska Highway">Alcan Highway</a>, built during the war, and the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Marine_Highway" title="Alaska Marine Highway">Alaska Marine Highway System</a>, completed in 1963, made the state more accessible than before. Tourism became increasingly important in Alaska, and today over 1.4 million people visit the state each year. </p><p>With tourism more vital to the economy, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a> also rose in importance. The <a href="/wiki/Alaska_National_Interest_Lands_Conservation_Act" title="Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act">Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act</a> (ANILCA) of 1980 added 53.7 million acres (217,000 km<sup>2</sup>) to the <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge system</a>, parts of 25 rivers to the <a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">National Wild and Scenic Rivers system</a>, 3.3 million acres (13,000 km<sup>2</sup>) to <a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National Forest lands</a>, and 43.6 million acres (176,000 km<sup>2</sup>) to <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park land</a>. Because of the Act, Alaska now contains two-thirds of all American national parklands. Today, more than half of Alaskan land is owned by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal Government</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OilPoolFromValdezSpill.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/OilPoolFromValdezSpill.jpeg/220px-OilPoolFromValdezSpill.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/OilPoolFromValdezSpill.jpeg/330px-OilPoolFromValdezSpill.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/OilPoolFromValdezSpill.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Oil pooled on rocks on the shore of Prince William Sound after the oil spill.</figcaption></figure> <p>The possible environmental repercussions of oil production became clear in the <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill"><i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill</a> of 1989. On March 24, the tanker <i><a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez" title="Exxon Valdez">Exxon Valdez</a></i> ran aground in <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a>, releasing 11 million gallons of crude oil into the water, spreading along 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of shoreline.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a>, at least 300,000 sea birds, 2,000 otters, and other marine animals died because of the <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">spill</a>. Exxon spent US$2 billion on cleaning up in the first year alone. Exxon, working with state and federal agencies, continued its cleanup into the early 1990s. Government studies show that the oil and the cleaning process itself did long-term harm to the ecology of the Sound, interfering with the reproduction of birds and animals in ways that still aren't fully understood. Prince William Sound seems to have recuperated, but scientists still dispute the extent of the recovery. In a civil settlement, Exxon agreed to pay $900 million in ten annual payments, plus an additional $100 million for newly discovered damages. In a class action suit against Exxon, a jury awarded punitive damages of US$5 billion, but as of 2008 no money has been disbursed and appellate litigation continues. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation_v._EPA" title="Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA">Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation v. EPA</a>, 540 U.S. 461 (2004), is a <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> case clarifying the scope of state environmental regulators and the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA). In a 5–4 decision, the Supreme Court found the EPA has authority to overrule state agency decisions under the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> that a company is using the "best available controlling technology" to prevent pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Teck_Resources" title="Teck Resources">Teck Cominco Alaska</a>, requested a permit to build an additional generator and to modify an existing generator at its mines in order to expand zinc extraction. In May 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation" title="Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation">Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation</a> (ADEC) issued the permit, and a technical report concluded that "Low NOx" technology was BACT and identified "selective catalytic reduction" (SCR) as the best control technology. The EPA opposed the permit and objected that the ADEC had identified SCR as the best available control technology but failed to require it as BACT. </p><p>The ADEC issued a second report reinforcing the original findings but conceded the lack of cost data from Teck Cominco made it impossible to evaluate the impact of SCR on the mine's profitability. The EPA issued orders to ADEC under §§113(a)(5) and 167 of the Act that prohibited the ADEC from issuing permits to Teck Cominco without documenting why SCR was not BACT. </p><p>The ADEC appealed the EPA's orders to the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> and argued that the EPA did not have the right to interfere with the state agency's decision. The Ninth Circuit sided with EPA, and ADEC appealed. </p><p>Today, the tension between preservation and development is seen in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy" title="Arctic Refuge drilling controversy">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) drilling controversy</a>. The question of whether to allow <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">drilling</a> for oil in <a href="/wiki/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Arctic National Wildlife Refuge">ANWR</a> has been a <a href="/wiki/Political_football" title="Political football">political football</a> for every sitting American president since <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. Studies performed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">US Geological Survey</a> have shown that the "<a href="/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy" title="Arctic Refuge drilling controversy">1002 area</a>" of ANWR, located just east of <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay,_Alaska" title="Prudhoe Bay, Alaska">Prudhoe Bay</a>, contains large deposits of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">crude oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, Alaskan residents, trade unions, and business interests have supported drilling in the refuge, while environmental groups and many within the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> have traditionally opposed it. Among native Alaskan tribes, support is mixed. In the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, votes about the status of the refuge occurred repeatedly in the U.S. House and Senate, but as of 2007 efforts to allow drilling have always been ultimately thwarted by filibusters, amendments, or vetoes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> was confirmed to have reached the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> on March 12, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 11, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alaska">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Dunleavy_(politician)" title="Mike Dunleavy (politician)">Mike Dunleavy</a>'s office declared a state of emergency to ensure all entities have the necessary response resources.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, the first case, a foreign national in <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a>, was announced to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ketchikan,_Alaska,_Estados_Unidos,_2017-08-16,_DD_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ketchikan%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-16%2C_DD_01.jpg/220px-Ketchikan%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-16%2C_DD_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ketchikan%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-16%2C_DD_01.jpg/330px-Ketchikan%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-16%2C_DD_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ketchikan%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-16%2C_DD_01.jpg/440px-Ketchikan%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-16%2C_DD_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7654" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Ketchikan, one of the places affected by COVID-19 during the 2020 outbreak in Alaska</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 21, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Ketchikan,_Alaska" title="Ketchikan, Alaska">Ketchikan</a>, a small, coastal town of approximately 8,000 residents located in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Southeast Alaska</a> was determined to have a cluster of six COVID-19 cases. The town <a href="/wiki/Shelter_in_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelter in place">sheltered in place</a> for the following 14 days.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 24, 2020, three more cases of COVID-19 were found in Ketchikan, bringing the total there to nine.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, the total cases there reached 11.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 1, 2020, the number of positive cases of COVID-19 in Ketchikan rose to 14.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_historical_figures">Notable historical figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable historical figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicfairfax.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/HFCI1204-2015.pdf">Mottrom Dulany Ball</a> (1835–1877), Collector of Customs, Department of Alaska (1879–1881). U.S. Attorney, District of Alaska (1885–1887). Ball is credited with being the first elected representative to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1881. He was not seated by the House Committee on Elections as the Territory of Alaska had not yet been established.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Baranov" title="Alexander Andreyevich Baranov">Alexander Baranov</a> (1746–1819), Russian trader and governor of Alaska.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bartlett" title="Bob Bartlett">Edward Lewis "Bob" Bartlett</a> (1904–1968), grew up in <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks</a>, was territorial delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives 1945–1959, and United States Senator from 1959 until his death. There are a substantial number of places throughout the state named for him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Benson" title="Benny Benson">Benny Benson</a> (1913–1972), <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Native</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chignik,_Alaska" title="Chignik, Alaska">Chignik</a>. Designed Alaska's flag at age 13 as a resident of the <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Lee_Home_for_Children" title="Jesse Lee Home for Children">Jesse Lee Home</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Vitus Bering</a> (1681–1741), Danish-born Russian explorer, the first European to reach Alaska.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Bunnell" title="Charles E. Bunnell">Charles E. Bunnell</a> (1878–1956), territorial federal judge, first president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks" title="University of Alaska Fairbanks">University of Alaska</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Coghill" title="Jack Coghill">John B. "Jack" Coghill</a> (1925–2019), merchant from Nenana. Held territorial or state elected offices spanning a period of over 40 years, including Lieutenant Governor 1990–1994. One of three surviving delegates to Alaska's constitutional convention 1955–1956.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle" title="Jimmy Doolittle">Jimmy Doolittle</a> (1896–1993), James Harold "Jimmy" Doolittle grew up in Nome, was a distinguished general in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, including earning the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a> (1848–1929), lived in Alaska from 1897 to 1901, built the Dexter Saloon in <a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Egan" title="William A. Egan">William A. Egan</a> (1914–1984), native of <a href="/wiki/Valdez,_Alaska" title="Valdez, Alaska">Valdez</a>. Merchant, mayor and legislator. President of Alaska's constitutional convention 1955–1956, "Alaska-Tennessee Plan" <a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">(shadow) United States Senator</a> 1956–1958, and following proclamation of statehood, the first and fourth governor of Alaska 1959–1966 and 1970–1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ben_Eielson" title="Carl Ben Eielson">Carl Ben Eielson</a> (1897–1929), pioneering aviator.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Fischer" title="Vic Fischer">Vic Fischer</a> (1924–2023), another surviving delegate to Alaska's constitutional convention (the third is Seaborn J. Buckalew Jr., born 1920). Retired professor and researcher at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Anchorage" title="University of Alaska Anchorage">University of Alaska Anchorage</a>, state senator 1981–1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gruening" title="Ernest Gruening">Ernest Henry Gruening</a> (1887–1974), veteran journalist on the east coast of the United States and bureaucrat in the FDR administration, was appointed Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska</a> in 1939, and served until 1953. He was one of the new state of Alaska's first two United States Senators, serving until 1969. Chiefly known as a Senator for one of two votes again the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Hammond" title="Jay Hammond">Jay Hammond</a> (1922–2005), resided for the better part of 50 years in rural southwest Alaska. Mayor and legislator. Fifth Governor of Alaska 1974–1982, during the <a href="/wiki/Construction_of_the_Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System</a> and the rapid changes in state government which followed, including the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund" title="Alaska Permanent Fund">Permanent Fund</a> and its dividend program. Also known for his conservationist views and a unique way with words.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Frank_Heintzleman" title="B. Frank Heintzleman">B. Frank Heintzleman</a> (1888–1965), official with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> in Alaska, appointed territorial governor and served during the height of activity on obtaining statehood for Alaska.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_of_Alaska" title="Herman of Alaska">Saint Herman of Alaska</a> (1756–1837), Russian missionary, first <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> saint in North America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Hickel" title="Wally Hickel">Walter Hickel</a> (1919–2010), real estate developer/industrialist. Governor 1966–1969, resigned to become <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">U.S. Secretary of the Interior</a> under <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>, elected to another term as governor 1990, served until 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Jackson" title="Sheldon Jackson">Sheldon Jackson</a> (1834–1909), an American missionary of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian Church</a> and educator, also instrumental in introducing reindeer to Alaska from Siberia. The educational institute he established in Sitka for Native youths became the <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Jackson_College" title="Sheldon Jackson College">Sheldon Jackson Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Jackson_College" title="Sheldon Jackson College">College</a> (the latter now closed).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Juneau_(prospector)" title="Joe Juneau (prospector)">Joseph Juneau</a> (1836–1899), and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(prospector)" title="Richard Harris (prospector)">Richard Harris</a> (1833–1907), prospectors and founders of what is now Alaska's capital city, Juneau.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_E._Lathrop" title="Austin E. Lathrop">Austin Eugene "Cap" Lathrop</a> (1865–1950), industrialist, founder of some of Alaska's oldest radio stations and builder of <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska">currently recognized historic architecture</a>. Produced <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chechahcos" title="The Chechahcos">The Chechahcos</a></i>, the first movie produced in Alaska. Lathrop's feud with Gruening over statehood issues spawned the novel and <a href="/wiki/Ice_Palace_(film)" title="Ice Palace (film)">film <i>Ice Palace</i></a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loren_Leman" title="Loren Leman">Loren Leman</a> (born 1950), Lieutenant Governor 2002–2006, the first <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Native</a> elected to statewide office.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Mala" title="Ray Mala">Ray Mala</a> (1906–1952), the first Native American and first Alaskan to become a film star. He starred in <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eskimo_(1933_film)" title="Eskimo (1933 film)"><i>Eskimo/Mala the Magnificent</i></a>, which was filmed entirely on location in Alaska. His son, Dr. Ted Mala, became an influential Alaska Native physician, and was also <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Health_and_Social_Services" title="Alaska Department of Health and Social Services">Commissioner of Health and Social Services</a> during Hickel's second governorship.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_McGown" title="Eva McGown">Eva McGown</a> (1883–1972), <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks</a> hostess and <a href="/wiki/Choirboy" title="Choirboy">chorister</a>. Also the basis for a character in <i>Ice Palace</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a> (1838–1914), naturalist, explorer, and conservationist who detailed his journeys throughout Alaska. Was instrumental, along with <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a>, in establishing the first wilderness and forest preserves in Alaska during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">presidency of Theodore Roosevelt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Oefelein" title="William Oefelein">William Oefelein</a> (born 1965), Alaska's first astronaut. His first mission, <a href="/wiki/STS-116" title="STS-116">STS-116</a>. Commander Oefelein, who attended <a href="/wiki/West_Anchorage_High_School" title="West Anchorage High School">West Anchorage High School</a>, received his commission from <a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">Aviation Officer Candidate School</a> in 1988.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> (born 1964), Alaska's youngest governor, first female governor and Republican vice presidential nominee in 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Peratrovich" title="Elizabeth Peratrovich">Elizabeth Peratrovich</a> (1911–1958), an Alaska Native of <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a> heritage who fought for passage of non-discrimination laws for Natives and is honored with "Elizabeth Peratrovich Day."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex_Rickard" title="Tex Rickard">Tex Rickard</a> (1870–1929), like Wyatt Earp, also a major figure in the Nome Gold Rush c. 1900–1901, and better known for exploits elsewhere.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sharrock" title="George Sharrock">George Sharrock</a> (1910–2005), moved to the territory before statehood, eventually elected as the mayor of Anchorage and served during the <a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">Good Friday earthquake</a> in March 1964. This was the most devastating earthquake to hit Alaska and it sank beach property, damaged roads and destroyed buildings all over the south central area. Sharrock, sometimes called the "earthquake mayor," led the city's rebuilding effort over six months.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</a> (1860–1898), Jefferson Randolph Smith, "Alaska's Outlaw." The infamous confidence man and early settler, who ran the goldrush town of <a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a>, Alaska, 1897–98.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Ted Stevens</a> (1923–2010), United States Senator from Alaska 1968–2009, the longest service of any Republican member. Was originally appointed by Hickel following Bartlett's death, and re-elected seven times before losing re-election in 2008 as he faced a corruption trial. Widely known as a Senator as an often loud and angry advocate for Alaska. Died in a plane crash near <a href="/wiki/Dillingham,_Alaska" title="Dillingham, Alaska">Dillingham</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran_Ulmer" title="Fran Ulmer">Fran Ulmer</a> (born 1947), Lieutenant Governor 1994–2002, the first woman elected to statewide office in Alaska, later became chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Anchorage" title="University of Alaska Anchorage">University of Alaska Anchorage</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocent_of_Alaska" title="Innocent of Alaska">Saint Innocent of Alaska</a> (1797–1879), First <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> bishop in North America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Vogler" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Vogler">Joe Vogler</a> (1913–1993), advocate of secession for Alaska, founder of the Alaskan Independence Party, multiple time unsuccessful candidate for governor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Wien" title="Noel Wien">Noel Wien</a> (1899–1977), pioneering aviator, founder of <a href="/wiki/Wien_Air_Alaska" title="Wien Air Alaska">Wien Air Alaska</a>, first to make a round trip between Alaska and Asia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Ferdinand von Wrangell</a> (1797–1870), explorer, president of the Russian-American Company in 1840–1849.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" 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navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Alaska" title="Outline of Alaska">Outline of Alaska</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Alaska" title="Women's suffrage in Alaska">Women's suffrage in Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="History of Fairbanks, Alaska">History of Fairbanks, Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">History of the west coast of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of Alaska">Legal status of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_explorers" title="List of Russian explorers">List of Russian explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska">National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndrews,_C.L.1944" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, C.L. (1944). <i>The Story of Alaska</i>. The Caxton Printers, Ltd., Caldwell, Idaho.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Alaska&rft.pub=The+Caxton+Printers%2C+Ltd.%2C+Caldwell%2C+Idaho&rft.date=1944&rft.au=Andrews%2C+C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Arnold, David F. <i>The Fisherman's Frontier: People and Salmon in Southeast Alaska," by</i> (2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman,_Walter_R.2003" class="citation book cs1">Borneman, Walter R. (2003). <i>Alaska: A Narrative History</i>. Harper-Collins, New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050306-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050306-8"><bdi>0-06-050306-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alaska%3A+A+Narrative+History&rft.pub=Harper-Collins%2C+New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-06-050306-8&rft.au=Borneman%2C+Walter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Busenberg, George J. <i>Oil and Wilderness in Alaska: Natural Resources, Environmental Protection, and National Policy Dynamics</i> (Georgetown University Press; 2013) 168 pages; studies competing environmental and developmental interests in the state regarding the Trans-Alaska pipeline, the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, and reforms after the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> disaster.</li> <li>Campbell, Robert. <i>In Darkest Alaska: Travel and Empire along the Inside Passage</i> (2008)</li> <li>Chandonnet, Fern. <i>Alaska at War, 1941–1945: The Forgotten War Remembered</i> (2007)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruening,_Ernest1967" class="citation book cs1">Gruening, Ernest (1967). <i>The Battle for Alaska Statehood</i>. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912006-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-912006-12-9"><bdi>0-912006-12-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Alaska+Statehood&rft.pub=University+of+Alaska+Press%2C+Fairbanks&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-912006-12-9&rft.au=Gruening%2C+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruening,_Ernest1954" class="citation book cs1">Gruening, Ernest (1954). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stateofalaska0000grue"><i>The State of Alaska</i></a></span>. Random House, New York. ASIN B0006ATTII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Alaska&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+New+York&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Gruening%2C+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstateofalaska0000grue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaycox,_Stephen2002" class="citation book cs1">Haycox, Stephen (2002). <i>Alaska: An American Colony</i>. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98249-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98249-7"><bdi>0-295-98249-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alaska%3A+An+American+Colony&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press%2C+Seattle%2C+WA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-295-98249-7&rft.au=Haycox%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenning1981" class="citation book cs1">Henning, Robert, ed. (1981). <i>Bits and Pieces of Alaskan History: Published over the years in From Ketchikan to Barrow, a department in the Alaska Sportsman and Alaska magazine – v.1. 1935-1959 / v.2. 1960-1974</i>. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0882401560" title="Special:BookSources/978-0882401560"><bdi>978-0882401560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bits+and+Pieces+of+Alaskan+History%3A+Published+over+the+years+in+From+Ketchikan+to+Barrow%2C+a+department+in+the+Alaska+Sportsman+and+Alaska+magazine+%E2%80%93+v.1.+1935-1959+%2F+v.2.+1960-1974&rft.place=Anchorage&rft.pub=Alaska+Northwest+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0882401560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McBeath, Jerry et al. <i>The Political Economy of Oil in Alaska: Multinationals vs. the State</i> (2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaske,_Claus-MHerman_E._Slotnick2003" class="citation book cs1">Naske, Claus-M; Herman E. Slotnick (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alaskahistoryof40000nask"><i>Alaska: A History of the 49th State</i></a></span>. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2099-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2099-1"><bdi>0-8061-2099-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alaska%3A+A+History+of+the+49th+State&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press%2C+Norman%2C+OK&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8061-2099-1&rft.au=Naske%2C+Claus-M&rft.au=Herman+E.+Slotnick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falaskahistoryof40000nask&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Spude, Catherine Holder. <i>Saloons, Prostitutes, and Temperance in Alaska Territory</i> (University of Oklahoma Press, 2015) xviii, 326 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWharton,_David1991" class="citation book cs1">Wharton, David (1991). <i>They Don't Speak Russian in Sitka: A New Look at the History of Southern Alaska</i>. Markgraf Publications Group, Menlo Park, CA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944109-08-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-944109-08-X"><bdi>0-944109-08-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Don%27t+Speak+Russian+in+Sitka%3A+A+New+Look+at+the+History+of+Southern+Alaska&rft.pub=Markgraf+Publications+Group%2C+Menlo+Park%2C+CA&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-944109-08-X&rft.au=Wharton%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Catton, Theodore. <i>Inhabited Wilderness: Indians, Eskimos, and National Parks in Alaska</i> (1997)</li> <li>Coate, Peter. <i>Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy: Technology, Conservation, and the Frontier</i> (1991)</li> <li>Fortuine, Robert. <i>Chills and Fever: Health and Disease in the Early History of Alaska</i> (1989)</li> <li>Kaye, Roger. <i>Last Great Wilderness: The Campaign to Establish the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge</i> (2007)</li> <li>Morse, Kathryn. <i>The Nature of Gold: An Environmental History of the Klondike Gold Rush</i> (2003)</li> <li>Ross, Ken. <i>Pioneering Conservation in Alaska</i> (2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(2004). Alaska: Big America (TV documentary). The History Channel: AAE-44069.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_era">Russian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Russian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfonsky,_Bishop_Gregory1977" class="citation book cs1">Afonsky, Bishop Gregory (1977). <i>A History of the Orthodox Church in Alaska, 1794–1917</i>. St. Herman's Theological Seminary, Kodiak, AK. ASIN B0006CUQ42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Orthodox+Church+in+Alaska%2C+1794%E2%80%931917&rft.pub=St.+Herman%27s+Theological+Seminary%2C+Kodiak%2C+AK&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Afonsky%2C+Bishop+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack,_Lydia_T.2004" class="citation book cs1">Black, Lydia T. (2004). <i>Russians in Alaska 1732–1867</i>. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-889963-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-889963-05-4"><bdi>1-889963-05-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russians+in+Alaska+1732%E2%80%931867&rft.pub=University+of+Alaska+Press%2C+Fairbanks&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-889963-05-4&rft.au=Black%2C+Lydia+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedorova,_Svetlana_G.,_trans._&_ed._by_Richard_A._Pierce_and_Alton_S._Donnelly1973" class="citation book cs1">Fedorova, Svetlana G., trans. & ed. by Richard A. Pierce and Alton S. Donnelly (1973). <i>The Russian Population in Alaska and California: Late 18th Century – 1867</i>. Limestone Press, Kingston, Ontario. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919642-53-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-919642-53-5"><bdi>0-919642-53-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Population+in+Alaska+and+California%3A+Late+18th+Century+%E2%80%93+1867&rft.pub=Limestone+Press%2C+Kingston%2C+Ontario&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-919642-53-5&rft.au=Fedorova%2C+Svetlana+G.%2C+trans.+%26+ed.+by+Richard+A.+Pierce+and+Alton+S.+Donnelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Grinëv, Andrei. V., and Richard L. Bland. "A Brief Survey of the Russian Historiography of Russian America of Recent Years," <i>Pacific Historical Review,</i> May 2010, Vol. 79 Issue 2, pp 265–278</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordlander,_David_J.1994" class="citation book cs1">Nordlander, David J. (1994). <i>For God & Tsar: A Brief History of Russian America 1741 – 1867</i>. Alaska Natural History Association, Anchorage, AK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930931-15-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-930931-15-7"><bdi>0-930931-15-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+God+%26+Tsar%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Russian+America+1741+%E2%80%93+1867&rft.pub=Alaska+Natural+History+Association%2C+Anchorage%2C+AK&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-930931-15-7&rft.au=Nordlander%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruening,_Ernest1966" class="citation book cs1">Gruening, Ernest (1966). <i>An Alaska Reader, 1867-1967</i>. New Amsterdam Books, New York. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/480059">480059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Alaska+Reader%2C+1867-1967&rft.pub=New+Amsterdam+Books%2C+New+York&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F480059&rft.au=Gruening%2C+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Williams, Maria Shaa Tláa, eds. <i>The Alaska Native Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i> (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. xxii, 387 pp.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4480-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4480-3">978-0-8223-4480-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_language_books">Foreign language books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Foreign language books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobtzeff,_Oleg1985" class="citation book cs1">Kobtzeff, Oleg (1985). <i>La Colonisation russe en Amérique du Nord: 18 – 19 ème siècles (Russian Colonization in North-America, 18th–19th Centuries)</i>. Department of Slavic History, University of Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Paris, France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Colonisation+russe+en+Am%C3%A9rique+du+Nord%3A+18+%E2%80%93+19+%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cles+%28Russian+Colonization+in+North-America%2C+18th%E2%80%9319th+Centuries%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Slavic+History%2C+University+of+Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne+%28Paris+1%29%2C+Paris%2C+France&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Kobtzeff%2C+Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolkhovitinov,_Nikolai_N.1997–1999" class="citation book cs1">Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai N.; et al. (1997–1999). <i>Istoria Russkoi Ameriki (History of Russian America)</i>. Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniia, Moscow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7133-0883-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-7133-0883-9"><bdi>5-7133-0883-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+Russkoi+Ameriki+%28History+of+Russian+America%29&rft.pub=Mezhdunarodnye+Otnosheniia%2C+Moscow&rft.date=1997%2F1999&rft.isbn=5-7133-0883-9&rft.au=Bolkhovitinov%2C+Nikolai+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ransom, J. Ellis. 1940. <i>Derivation of the Word 'Alaska<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>. American Anthropologist n.s., <b>42</b>: pp. 550–551</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/akso/akarc/early.htm">"Archaeological Overview of Alaska"</a>. The National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218014718/http://www.nps.gov/akso/akarc/early.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Overview+of+Alaska&rft.pub=The+National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fakso%2Fakarc%2Fearly.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102172428/http://www.alaska.net/~aleut/Culture_History.html">"The Aleut Corporation Aleut History"</a>. 2 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaska.net/~aleut/Culture_History.html">the original</a> on 2 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Aleut+Corporation+Aleut+History&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaska.net%2F~aleut%2FCulture_History.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kodiakisland.net/timeline.html">"Alaska History Timeline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817161611/http://kodiakisland.net/timeline.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alaska+History+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkodiakisland.net%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1992" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, James R. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/otterskinsboston0000gibs"><i>Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785–1841</i></a></span>. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/otterskinsboston0000gibs/page/13">13–14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2028-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2028-7"><bdi>0-7735-2028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otter+Skins%2C+Boston+Ships%2C+and+China+Goods%3A+The+Maritime+Fur+Trade+of+the+Northwest+Coast%2C+1785%E2%80%931841&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7735-2028-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fotterskinsboston0000gibs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcdowell-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcdowell_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell1998" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Jim (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josenarvaezforgo0000mcdo/page/24"><i>José Narváez: The Forgotten Explorer</i></a>. Spokane, Washington: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josenarvaezforgo0000mcdo/page/24">24–31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87062-265-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87062-265-X"><bdi>0-87062-265-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jos%C3%A9+Narv%C3%A1ez%3A+The+Forgotten+Explorer&rft.place=Spokane%2C+Washington&rft.pages=24-31&rft.pub=The+Arthur+H.+Clark+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-87062-265-X&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosenarvaezforgo0000mcdo%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-candianencyclopedia-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-candianencyclopedia_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050504001841/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005777">"Nootka Sound Controversy</a>" in <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news-releases.uiowa.edu/2009/november/David%20Barker-Alaska.pdf">unpublished paper</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919003652/http://www.news-releases.uiowa.edu/2009/november/David%20Barker-Alaska.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDershowitzReingold2008" class="citation book cs1">Dershowitz, Nachum; Reingold, Edward M. (2008). <a href="/wiki/Calendrical_Calculations" title="Calendrical Calculations"><i>Calendrical Calculations</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/calendricalcalcu00ders/page/n79">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521885409" title="Special:BookSources/9780521885409"><bdi>9780521885409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendrical+Calculations&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521885409&rft.aulast=Dershowitz&rft.aufirst=Nachum&rft.au=Reingold%2C+Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGislason" class="citation web cs1">Gislason, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621045007/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/bartlett/49state.html">"The 49th State: A Brief History of Alaska Statehood (1867–1959)"</a>. American Studies at the University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/BARTLETT/49state.html">the original</a> on 2012-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+49th+State%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Alaska+Statehood+%281867%E2%80%931959%29&rft.pub=American+Studies+at+the+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Gislason&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxroads.virginia.edu%2F~CAP%2FBARTLETT%2F49state.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eilperin, Juliet. The fascinating (and scenic) history of presidential visits to Alaska. <i>The Washington Post</i>, August 25, 2015.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/25/a-scenic-visual-history-of-presidential-visits-to-alaska/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202070423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/25/a-scenic-visual-history-of-presidential-visits-to-alaska/">Archived</a> 2017-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved June 14, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903201213/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1479">"Aleutian Islands Campaign 1942–1943"</a>. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1479">the original</a> on 2007-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleutian+Islands+Campaign+1942%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=Wright-Patterson+Air+Force+Base&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.af.mil%2Ffactsheets%2Ffactsheet.asp%3Fid%3D1479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evacuation_and_Internment-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evacuation_and_Internment_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_the_Interior" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/unangan-internment.htm">"Evacuation and Internment"</a>. <i>Aleutian World War II National Historic Area Alaska</i>. NPS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006190608/https://www.nps.gov/aleu/learn/historyculture/unangan-internment.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aleutian+World+War+II+National+Historic+Area+Alaska&rft.atitle=Evacuation+and+Internment&rft.aulast=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.aufirst=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Faleu%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Funangan-internment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorenorth.com/library/military/aleutian_war-usarmy.html">"Aleutian Islands War: June 3, 1942 – August 24, 1943"</a>. explorenorth.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608010308/http://www.explorenorth.com/library/military/aleutian_war-usarmy.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleutian+Islands+War%3A+June+3%2C+1942+%E2%80%93+August+24%2C+1943&rft.pub=explorenorth.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.explorenorth.com%2Flibrary%2Fmilitary%2Faleutian_war-usarmy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stamfordhistory.org/ww2_aleutian.htm">"Pride and Patriotism: Stamford's Role in World War II"</a>. The Stamford Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201233719/http://www.stamfordhistory.org/ww2_aleutian.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pride+and+Patriotism%3A+Stamford%27s+Role+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=The+Stamford+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stamfordhistory.org%2Fww2_aleutian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikereidconstruction.com/alaska_highway_construction_1942.htm">"Alaska Highway Construction 1942"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714092407/http://www.mikereidconstruction.com/alaska_highway_construction_1942.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+new+coronavirus+cases+bring+Ketchikan%27s+total+to+11&rft.pub=KRBD&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.krbd.org%2F2020%2F03%2F25%2Ftwo-new-coronavirus-cases-bring-ketchikans-total-to-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kinyradio.com/news/news-of-the-north/ketchikan-covid-19-cases-rise-to-14-after-new-diagnosis/">"Ketchikan COVID-19 cases rise to 14 after new diagnosis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KINY" title="KINY">KINY</a>. April 1, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404050251/https://www.kinyradio.com/news/news-of-the-north/ketchikan-covid-19-cases-rise-to-14-after-new-diagnosis/">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ketchikan+COVID-19+cases+rise+to+14+after+new+diagnosis&rft.pub=KINY&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kinyradio.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-of-the-north%2Fketchikan-covid-19-cases-rise-to-14-after-new-diagnosis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Alaska&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Alaska Humanities Forum</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050403213641/http://www.akhistorycourse.org/">Alaska History & Cultural Studies Curriculum</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical Resources From Alaska's Libraries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vilda.alaska.edu">Alaska Digital Archives</a> – Collection of thousands of historical photographs, texts, audio and video recordings. Specialized browseable collections on Alaska Natives and Alaska Statehood.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031003035421/http://uaf-db.uaf.edu/jukebox/PJWeb/pjhome.htm">Project Jukebox</a> – Oral histories on many topics from the University of Alaska at Fairbanks.</li></ul> <dl><dt>University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/thwaitesweb/index.html">John E. Thwaites Photographs</a> Images of Southeastern Alaska from 1905 to 1912 including the aftermath of Aleutian chain volcanic eruptions; maritime disasters including the famous 1910 Farallon shipwreck; Aleutian Natives and Eskimos, Alaska industries and small town daily life.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/nowellweb/index.html">Frank H. Nowell Photographs</a> Photographs documenting scenery, towns, businesses, mining activities, Native Americans, and Eskimos in the vicinity of Nome, Alaska from 1901 to 1909.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/alaskawcanadaweb/index.html">Alaska and Western Canada Collection</a> Images documenting Alaska and Western Canada, primarily the provinces of Yukon Territory and British Columbia depicting scenes of the Gold Rush of 1898, city street scenes, Eskimo and Native Americans of the region, hunting and fishing, and transportation.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other sources</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Collection of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.old-picture.com/alaska-index-001.htm">Historical Images of Alaska</a> from 1890 to 1920</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061120174844/http://www.ww2incolor.com/gallery/black_and_white/23_0169a">Photo of Japanese fighter downed over Alaska 1942</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.20143"><i>Alaskan Heritage (1967)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.30198"><i>Alaskan Centennial (1967)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocal_History_&_Genealogy_Reference_Services" class="citation cs2">Local History & Genealogy Reference Services, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/genealogy/bib_guid/states/ak/ak.html">"Alaska"</a>, <i>Resources for Local History and Genealogy by State</i>, Bibliographies & Guides, Washington DC: Library of Congress</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources+for+Local+History+and+Genealogy+by+State&rft.atitle=Alaska&rft.au=Local+History+%26+Genealogy+Reference+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fgenealogy%2Fbib_guid%2Fstates%2Fak%2Fak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Alaska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1048">The Papers of Clarence L. Andrews</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Alaska" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alaska_history_footer" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Alaska history footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alaska_history_footer" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Alaska history footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alaska_history_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alaska history footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Alaska" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Alaska</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/100px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/150px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/200px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline of Alaska</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Alaska" title="Prehistory of Alaska">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America (1733–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department of Alaska (1867–1884)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District of Alaska (1884–1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska (1912–1959)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Statehood">Recent history (1959–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="388" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold Rush era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">Nome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_serum_run_to_Nome" title="1925 serum run to Nome">1925 serum run to Nome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Statehood_Act" title="Alaska Statehood Act">Alaska Statehood Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">1964 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act" title="Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act">Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_National_Interest_Lands_Conservation_Act" title="Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act">Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill"><i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anchorage,_Alaska" title="History of Anchorage, Alaska">History of Anchorage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Timeline of Anchorage, Alaska">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="History of Fairbanks, Alaska">History of Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Alaska" title="Category:History of Alaska">Other topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a> by polity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Alaska" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#BBDDFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alaska" title="Template:Alaska"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alaska" title="Template talk:Alaska"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alaska" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alaska"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Alaska" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#BBDDFF;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Alaska" title="Outline of Alaska">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Alaska-related_articles" title="Index of Alaska-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Alaska" title="Climate of Alaska">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Alaska" title="Geography of Alaska">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Alaska" title="Geology of Alaska">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Alaska" title="List of earthquakes in Alaska">Earthquakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Alaska" title="Government of Alaska">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Alaska" title="United States congressional delegations from Alaska">Delegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Alaska" title="Music of Alaska">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Alaska" title="List of people from Alaska">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_state_symbols" title="List of Alaska state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Alaska" title="Transportation in Alaska">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Alaska" title="Wildlife of Alaska">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg/79px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="79" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg/119px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg/158px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDFF;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Alaska" title="Abortion in Alaska">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alaska" title="Cannabis in Alaska">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Alaska" title="Climate change in Alaska">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Alaska" title="Crime in Alaska">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alaska" title="Demographics of Alaska">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Alaska" title="Economy of Alaska">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Alaska">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alaska" title="Elections in Alaska">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Alaska" title="Gun laws in Alaska">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Alaska">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Alaska">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_rural_Alaska" title="Dentistry in rural Alaska">Rural dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Alaska" title="Politics of Alaska">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Alaska">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDFF;;width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bush_(Alaska)" title="The Bush (Alaska)">The Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula" title="Alaska Peninsula">Alaska Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope" title="Alaska North Slope">North Slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Alaska" title="Southwest Alaska">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon%E2%80%93Kuskokwim_Delta" title="Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta">Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Passage" title="Inside Passage">Inside Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Alaska" title="Interior Alaska">Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula" title="Kenai Peninsula">Kenai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matanuska-Susitna_Valley" title="Matanuska-Susitna Valley">Mat‑Su Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Peninsula" title="Seward Peninsula">Seward Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska" title="Southcentral Alaska">Southcentral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanana_Valley" title="Tanana Valley">Tanana Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alaska" title="List of cities in Alaska">Largest cities</a> <br /> pop. over 25,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alaska" title="List of cities in Alaska">Smaller cities</a> <br /> pop. over 2,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethel,_Alaska" title="Bethel, Alaska">Bethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordova,_Alaska" title="Cordova, Alaska">Cordova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillingham,_Alaska" title="Dillingham, Alaska">Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer,_Alaska" title="Homer, Alaska">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenai,_Alaska" title="Kenai, Alaska">Kenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketchikan,_Alaska" title="Ketchikan, Alaska">Ketchikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska" title="Kodiak, Alaska">Kodiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotzebue,_Alaska" title="Kotzebue, Alaska">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole,_Alaska" title="North Pole, Alaska">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska" title="Palmer, Alaska">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Alaska" title="Petersburg, Alaska">Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldotna,_Alaska" title="Soldotna, Alaska">Soldotna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unalaska,_Alaska" title="Unalaska, Alaska">Unalaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdez,_Alaska" title="Valdez, Alaska">Valdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasilla,_Alaska" title="Wasilla, Alaska">Wasilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrangell,_Alaska" title="Wrangell, Alaska">Wrangell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utqia%C4%A1vik,_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Utqiaġvik, Alaska">Utqiaġvik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_and_census_areas_in_Alaska" title="List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska">Boroughs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutians_East_Borough,_Alaska" title="Aleutians East Borough, Alaska">Aleutians East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bay_Borough,_Alaska" title="Bristol Bay Borough, Alaska">Bristol Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denali_Borough,_Alaska" title="Denali Borough, Alaska">Denali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_North_Star_Borough,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska">Fairbanks North Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haines_Borough,_Alaska" title="Haines Borough, Alaska">Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula_Borough,_Alaska" title="Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska">Kenai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketchikan_Gateway_Borough,_Alaska" title="Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska">Ketchikan Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island_Borough,_Alaska" title="Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska">Kodiak Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_and_Peninsula_Borough,_Alaska" title="Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska">Lake and Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matanuska-Susitna_Borough,_Alaska" title="Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska">Matanuska‑Susitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Slope_Borough,_Alaska" title="North Slope Borough, Alaska">North Slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arctic_Borough,_Alaska" title="Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska">Northwest Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersburg_Borough,_Alaska" title="Petersburg Borough, Alaska">Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrangell,_Alaska" title="Wrangell, Alaska">Wrangell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakutat,_Alaska" title="Yakutat, Alaska">Yakutat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganized_Borough,_Alaska" title="Unorganized Borough, Alaska">Unorganized</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_corporation" title="Alaska Native corporation">Native corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Slope_Regional_Corporation" title="Arctic Slope Regional Corporation">Arctic Slope Regional Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Straits_Native_Corporation" title="Bering Straits Native Corporation">Bering Straits Native Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NANA_Regional_Corporation" title="NANA Regional Corporation">NANA Regional Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calista_Corporation" title="Calista Corporation">Calista Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyon,_Limited" title="Doyon, Limited">Doyon, Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet_Region,_Inc." title="Cook Inlet Region, Inc.">Cook Inlet Region, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bay_Native_Corporation" title="Bristol Bay Native Corporation">Bristol Bay Native Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aleut_Corporation" title="The Aleut Corporation">The Aleut Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chugach_Alaska_Corporation" title="Chugach Alaska Corporation">Chugach Alaska Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealaska_Corporation" title="Sealaska Corporation">Sealaska Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koniag,_Incorporated" title="Koniag, Incorporated">Koniag, Incorporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahtna,_Incorporated" title="Ahtna, Incorporated">Ahtna, Incorporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_13th_Regional_Corporation" title="The 13th Regional Corporation">The 13th Regional Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#BBDDFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_and_census_areas_in_Alaska" title="List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska">Census Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutians_West_Census_Area,_Alaska" title="Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska">Aleutians West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Census_Area,_Alaska" title="Bethel Census Area, Alaska">Bethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chugach_Census_Area,_Alaska" title="Chugach Census Area, Alaska">Chugach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_River_Census_Area,_Alaska" title="Copper River Census Area, Alaska">Copper River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillingham_Census_Area,_Alaska" title="Dillingham Census Area, Alaska">Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoonah%E2%80%93Angoon_Census_Area,_Alaska" title="Hoonah–Angoon Census Area, Alaska">Hoonah–Angoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusilvak_Census_Area,_Alaska" title="Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska">Kusilvak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Census_Area,_Alaska" title="Nome Census Area, Alaska">Nome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%E2%80%93Hyder_Census_Area,_Alaska" title="Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area, Alaska">Prince of Wales–Hyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Fairbanks_Census_Area,_Alaska" title="Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska">Southeast Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon%E2%80%93Koyukuk_Census_Area,_Alaska" title="Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska">Yukon–Koyukuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#BBDDFF;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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