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It is the administrative centre of the eponymous [[Lom Municipality]]. The town is {{convert|162|km|0|abbr=on}} north of [[Sofia]], {{convert|56|km|0|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Vidin]], {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on}} north of [[Montana, Bulgaria|Montana]], and {{convert|42|km|0|abbr=on}} west of [[Kozloduy]]. It is the second most important Bulgarian port on the Danube after [[Ruse, Bulgaria|Ruse]]. == Geography == The town of Lom is located near the mouth of the eponymous river Lom. Its development as a large river port center, second in importance to Bulgaria after [[Ruse, Bulgaria|Ruse]], is determined by the fact that it is the closest port to the capital. ==History== ===Antiquity and Middle Ages=== Lom was founded by the [[Thracians]] under the name of ''Artanes'' in Antiquity. The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] built the [[castrum|fort]] of ''Almus'' (from where the name of the today's city and of the Lom River comes) on the [[Limes Moesiae|Danubian Limes]] frontier system along the [[Danube]]. The town developed around it. There are no reports proving that there existed a big settlement in the [[Middle Ages]]. It was not until [[History of Ottoman Bulgaria|Ottoman rule]] that it enlarged but for a long time it was under the shadow of the dominant towns of Vidin, [[Nikopol, Bulgaria|Nikopol]] and [[Silistra]]. It is assumed that the Ottoman village was founded in 1695 by [[Kara Mustafa]]{{Dubious|date=June 2012}} and [[Murad Bey]],{{Clarify|date=June 2012}} who were defeated at [[Vienna]] in 1683 and who came here sailing rafts along the Danube. ===Ottoman rule and Bulgarian National Revival=== The name ''Lom Palanka'' was mentioned for the first time in 1704. At the time, the name ''palanka'' was used for settlements that stood between village and city (''grad'') in size and importance. In 1798 Lom suffered from brigand raids. With the development of shipping along the Danube after 1830, the importance of the town grew. The road to Sofia contributed to its progress and turned it into a main export port to Vienna ([[Austria]]). By 1869 there were 120 shops, 148 trade offices, 175 food shops, 34 coffee bars, six hotels and two mills. The town was centred on the old ''Kale'' (fortress), which was entered through three ''kapii'' (gates), each named after the place that the respective road led to - [[Vidin]], [[Belogradchik]], [[Sofia]]. The tradesmen from Lom offered goods at the biggest fairs in the region and beyond. In 1880 there were 7,500 inhabitants in the town. Lom is proud of its traditions from the period of the [[Bulgarian National Revival]]. During the [[Bulgarian National Revival]], the first ''[[chitalishte]]'' in Bulgaria (1856) was founded in the town, the first women's society in the country was also established in 1858 and one of the first theatre performances took place in the town. [[Krastyu Pishurka]], a noted educator, also worked in Lom. Until the Second World War it was a major market town. In 1943, the Bulgarian government transported several thousand Jewish captives from Bulgarian-occupied territory in [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] and [[Yugoslavia]] to Lom to be embarked on boats bound for [[Vienna]] in [[Nazi Germany]], from where they were taken to be exterminated in [[Treblinka extermination camp|Treblinka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/bulgaria|title=Bulgaria|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org|language=en|access-date=2020-03-02}}</ref> Lom was the main hub for the first deportations of victims of the Holocaust from the Axis-aligned Balkans.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21715518|title=Bulgaria regrets failing to save Jews|date=2013-03-08|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-03-02|language=en-GB}}</ref> After 1944 the industry developed&nbsp;— sugar factory, can factory, grain industry. It became a port for the northwestern part of Bulgaria. ==Neighbourhoods== Neighbourhoods of Lom include: *Boruna *Humata *Kaletata *Lyulyatsite *Mladenovo *Mladost *Momin brod *Stadiona *Zornitsa ==Landmarks== *Plazha ({{langx|bg|Плажа}}) - the 500 m. long pebbled beach at the bank of the Danube River, 3&nbsp;km. from the centre of the city *Town Museum of History, housed in the building of the old town-hall. *Preserved foundations of the antique fortress Almus *Postoyanstvo, the oldest community centre in Bulgaria *Building of the former School of Pedagogy *The Church of Boruna *Monument of Tseko Voivoda (1807–1881), a participant in the battles for liberation of [[Serbia]] and proclaimed by the Serbian government to be a [[voivode|voyvoda]] (revolutionary leader) ==Religion== The majority of the population of Lom is [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Christian Orthodox]]. The second biggest religious group is [[Protestantism]]-[[adventists]] and [[baptists]]. ==Climate== {{Weather box |width = auto |metric first = yes |single line = yes |location = Lom (1961–1990) Elevation: 33m | precipitation colour = | unit precipitation days = | Jan high C =2.0 | Feb high C =4.4 | Mar high C =10.5 | Apr high C =17.6 | May high C =22.6 | Jun high C =26.1 | Jul high C =28.4 | Aug high C =27.8 | Sep high C =24.0 | Oct high C =17.0 | Nov high C =9.6 | Dec high C =4.3 | year high C = | Jan mean C =-0.9 | Feb mean C =1.3 | Mar mean C =6.2 | Apr mean C =12.4 | May mean C =17.4 | Jun mean C =21.1 | Jul mean C =22.6 | Aug mean C =22.0 | Sep mean C =18.2 | Oct mean C =11.9 | Nov mean C =6.1 | Dec mean C =1.4 | year mean C = | Jan low C =-3.7 | Feb low C =-1.3 | Mar low C =2.1 | Apr low C =7.6 | May low C =12.4 | Jun low C =15.6 | Jul low C =17.0 | Aug low C =16.5 | Sep low C =11.3 | Oct low C =7.6 | Nov low C =3.0 | Dec low C =1.2 | year low C = | Jan precipitation mm =38.0 | Feb precipitation mm =43.0 | Mar precipitation mm =45.0 | Apr precipitation mm =49.0 | May precipitation mm =58.0 | Jun precipitation mm =67.0 | Jul precipitation mm =40.0 | Aug precipitation mm =34.0 | Sep precipitation mm =34.0 | Oct precipitation mm =37.0 | Nov precipitation mm =51.0 | Dec precipitation mm =47.0 | year precipitation mm = | Jan rain days =4 | Feb rain days =5 | Mar rain days =8 | Apr rain days =9 | May rain days =8 | Jun rain days =6 | Jul rain days =3 | Aug rain days =4 | Sep rain days =5 | Oct rain days =7 | Nov rain days =8 | Dec rain days =6 | year rain days = | Jan humidity =80 | Feb humidity =79 | Mar humidity =74 | Apr humidity =70 | May humidity =71 | Jun humidity =72 | Jul humidity =70 | Aug humidity =70 | Sep humidity =73 | Oct humidity =78 | Nov humidity =81 | Dec humidity =82 | year humidity = | Jan sun =64 | Feb sun =78 | Mar sun =128 | Apr sun =180 | May sun =232 | Jun sun =268 | Jul sun =303 | Aug sun =283 | Sep sun =216 | Oct sun =148 | Nov sun =86 | Dec sun =67 | year sun = |source = NOAA<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/BU/15511.TXT |title=Station Name: Lom WMO Station Number: 15511 |access-date=2024-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111184450/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/BU/15511.TXT |archive-date=11 January 2024 |url-status = live|website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration]]}}</ref> }} == Notable people == === Born in Lom === [[File:Музей лом.jpg|thumb|272x272px|History museum in Lom]] * [[Alexander Belev]] (? – 1944), politician * [[Alexander Raichev]], composer * [[Alexander Chirkov]] (1938 – 2020), doctor, performed the first heart transplant in Bulgaria (1986) * [[Andrej Andreev doctor|Andrej Andreev]] (1943 –), doctor * [[Anton Tornjov]] (1868 – 1942), architect * [[Asen Parteniev]] (1876 – 1905), revolutionary * [[Bojcho Bojchev]] (1902 – 1971), doctor * [[Bojan Smilov]] (1885 – 1947), politician * [[TSvetan Minkov|Cvetan Minkov]] (1891 – 1967), writer * [[Cvetan Todorov]] (1899 – 1962), linguist[[File:Читалище лом.jpg|thumb|272x272px|Community centre „Postojanstvo“ 1856]] * [[Cenko Tsvetanov]] (1904 – 1960), writer and bibliographer * [[Chavdar Chakarov]] (1977 – 2005), writer * [[Violeta Minkova]] (1932 – 1992), actress * [[Vladimir Shkodrov]] (1930 – 2010), astronomer * [[Georgi Ivanov revolutionary|Georgi Ivanov]], revolutionary * [[Georgi Chaushov]] (1938 –), painter and animator * [[Dimitar Marinov public figure|Dimitar Marinov]] (1846 – 1940), public figure * [[Ekaterina Blagoeva]] (1933 –) geographer and landscape scientist * [[Emil Andreev]] (1956 –), writer * [[File:Църква Лом.jpg|thumb|272x272px|Church in Lom „Uspenie Bogorodichno“]][[Emil Minkov]] (1930 – 2003), musician * [[Igor Damjanov]] (1953 –), politician * [[Iskra Fidosova]] (1971 –), politician * [[Jordan Gavrilov]] (1904 – 1997), professor * [[Jana Jazova]] (1912 – 1974), writer * [[Kiril Drangov]] (1901 – 1946), revolutionary * [[Marion Koleva]] (1956 –), journalist * [[Mariyan Ognyanov]] (1988 –), footballer * [[Milko Bechev]] (1926 – 1988), architect * [[Milcho Goranov]] (1928 – 2008), footballer, [[1956 Summer Olympics|bronze medalist]] * [[Mikhail Kantardzhiev|Mihail Kantardzhiev]] (1910 – 2002), chess player * [[Mihail Lazarov revolutionary|Mihail Lazarov]], revolutionary * [[Nikola Logofetov]] (1880 – 1945), politician and lawyer * [[Nikola Parvanov]] (1837 – 1872), bookman * [[Obreten Evstatiev]] (1891 – 1946), conductor * [[Petar Berkovski]] (1852 – 1892), revolutionary * [[Parvan Draganov]] (1890 – 1945), officer and politician * [[Simeon Pironkov]] (1927 – 2000), compositor * [[Todor Borov]] (1901 – 1933), bibliographer * [[Todor Jonchov]] (1859 – 1940), teacher and public figure * [[Todor Petrov pai|Todor Petrov]] (1919 – 1992), painter * [[Todor Pironkov]] (1891 – 1962), artist[[File:Louis-Emil Eyer Balkan war.jpg|thumb|282x282px|[[Louis-Emil Eyer]]]] * [[Ralcho Trashliev]] (1930 – 2014), psychiatrist, pedagogy professor === Died in Lom === * [[Krastjo Pishurka]] (1823 – 1875), national awakener * [[Miron Iliev]] (? – 1914), icon painter === Others, connected with Lom === * [[Louis-Emil Eyer]] (1865 – 1916), Swiss, co-founder of the sport movement in Bulgaria, physical education teacher * [[Jonas Basanavičius]] (1851 – 1927), Lithuanian popular figure * [[Dimitar Spisarevski]] (1916 – 1943), fighter pilot in the Second World War ==Honour== [[Lom Peak]] on [[Livingston Island]] in the [[South Shetland Islands]], [[Antarctica]] is named after Lom. ==Municipality== {{Main|Lom Municipality}} The municipality of Lom consists of the following 9 villages plus the town of Lom itself, which is the administrative centre of the municipality. {| | valign="top" | * [[Dobri dol, Montana Province|Dobri dol]] * [[Dolno Linevo]] * [[Kovachitsa]] * '''Lom''' * [[Orsoya]] | valign="top" | * [[Slivata]] * [[Staliyska mahala]] * [[Stanevo]] * [[Traykovo]] * [[Zamfir, Bulgaria|Zamfir]] |} ==Twin towns – sister cities== Lom is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Международно сътрудничество|url=https://adm.lom.bg/inter_cooperation.html|website=adm.lom.bg|publisher=Lom|language=bg|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Băilești]], Romania *{{flagicon|MKD}} [[Debar Municipality|Debar]], North Macedonia *{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Pantelej|Pantelej (Niš)]], Serbia *{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Moudania (former municipality)|Moudania]], Greece ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} *[https://www.lom.bg The Official Site of Lom] {{Geographic location | Centre = Lom | North = ''[[Romania]]'' | Northeast = ''[[Romania]]'' | East = [[Kozloduy]] | Southeast = [[Byala Slatina]] | South = [[Montana, Bulgaria|Montana]] | Southwest = [[Belogradchik]] | West = [[Dimovo]] | Northwest = [[Vidin]] }} {{Cities in Bulgaria}} {{Lom}} {{Montana Province}} {{Danube}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Towns in Bulgaria]] [[Category:Populated places on the Danube]] [[Category:Populated places in Montana Province]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in Bulgaria]] [[Category:Roman auxiliary forts in Bulgaria]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities">Template:Adjacent communities</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Adjacent_communities&action=edit" title="Template:Adjacent communities">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Template:Authority 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